1
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Atturu P, Mudigonda S, Wang CZ, Wu SC, Chen JW, Forgia MFF, Dahms HU, Wang CK. Adipose-derived stem cells loaded photocurable and bioprintable bioinks composed of GelMA, HAMA and PEGDA crosslinker to differentiate into smooth muscle phenotype. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 265:130710. [PMID: 38492701 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.130710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Revised: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024]
Abstract
Developing a polymer-based photocrosslinked 3D printable scaffolds comprised of gelatin methacryloyl (G) and hyaluronic acid methacryloyl (H) incorporated with two molecular weights of polyethylene glycol diacrylate (P) of various concentrations that enables rabbit adipose-derived stem cells (rADSCs) to survive, grow, and differentiate into smooth muscle cells (SMCs). Then, the chemical modification and physicochemical properties of the PGH bioinks were evaluated. The cell viability was assessed via MTT, CCK-8 assay and visualized employing Live/Dead assay. In addition, the morphology and nucleus count of differentiated SMCs were investigated by adopting TRAP (tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase) staining, and quantitative RT-PCR analysis was applied to detect gene expression using two different SMC-specific gene markers α-SMA and SM-MHC. The SMC-specific protein markers namely α-SMA and SM-MHC were applied to investigate SMC differentiation ability by implementing Immunocytofluorescence staining (ICC) and western blotting. Moreover, the disk, square, and tubular cellular models of PGH7 (GelMA/HAMA=2/1) + PEGDA-8000 Da, 3% w/v) hybrid bioink were printed using an extrusion bioprinting and cell viability of rADSCs was also analysed within 3D printed square construct practising Live/Dead assay. The results elicited the overall viability of SMCs, conserving its phenotype in biocompatible PGH7 hybrid bioink revealing its great potential to regenerate SMCs associated organs repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavanchandh Atturu
- Department of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City 80708, Taiwan; Regenerative Medicine and Cell Therapy Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan; Orthopaedic Research Center, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
| | - Sunaina Mudigonda
- Department of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City 80708, Taiwan; Department of Biomedical Science and Environmental Biology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
| | - Chau-Zen Wang
- Regenerative Medicine and Cell Therapy Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan; Orthopaedic Research Center, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan; Department of Physiology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan; Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
| | - Shun-Cheng Wu
- Regenerative Medicine and Cell Therapy Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan; Orthopaedic Research Center, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan; Department of Physiology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan; Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan; Post-Baccalaureate Program in Nursing, Asia University, Taichung 41354, Taiwan
| | - Jhen-Wei Chen
- Regenerative Medicine and Cell Therapy Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan; Orthopaedic Research Center, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
| | - Mary Fornica Francis Forgia
- Regenerative Medicine and Cell Therapy Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan; Orthopaedic Research Center, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan; Department of Physiology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
| | - Hans-Uwe Dahms
- Department of Biomedical Science and Environmental Biology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Kuang Wang
- Department of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City 80708, Taiwan; Regenerative Medicine and Cell Therapy Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan; Orthopaedic Research Center, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan.
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2
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Koh RH, Kim J, Kim SHL, Hwang NS. RGD-incorporated biomimetic cryogels for hyaline cartilage regeneration. Biomed Mater 2022; 17:024106. [PMID: 35114659 DOI: 10.1088/1748-605x/ac51b7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Maintaining the integrity of articular cartilage is paramount to joint health and function. Under constant mechanical stress, articular cartilage is prone to injury that often extends to the underlying subchondral bone. In this study, we incorporated arginine-aspartate-glycine (RGD) peptide into chondroitin sulfate-based cryogel for hyaline cartilage regeneration. Known to promote cell adhesion and proliferation, RGD peptide is a double-edged sword for cartilage regeneration. Depending on the peptide availability in the microenvironment, RGD may aid in redifferentiation of dedifferentiated chondrocytes by mimicking physiological cell-matrix interaction or inhibit chondrogenic phenotype via excessive cell spreading. Here, we observed an increase in chondrogenic phenotype with RGD concentration. The group containing the highest RGD concentration (3 mM; RGD group) experienced a 24-fold increase inCOL2expression in the 1st week ofin vitroculture and formed native cartilage-resembling ectopic tissuein vivo. No sign of dedifferentiation (COL1) was observed in all groups. Within the concentration range tested (0-3 mM RGD), RGD promotes chondrocyte redifferentiation after monolayer expansion and thus, formation of hyaline cartilage tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel H Koh
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- BioMAX/N-BIO Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jisoo Kim
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Hyun L Kim
- Interdisciplinary Program in Bioengineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Nathaniel S Hwang
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- BioMAX/N-BIO Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- Interdisciplinary Program in Bioengineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
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3
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Alizadeh Sardroud H, Wanlin T, Chen X, Eames BF. Cartilage Tissue Engineering Approaches Need to Assess Fibrocartilage When Hydrogel Constructs Are Mechanically Loaded. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 9:787538. [PMID: 35096790 PMCID: PMC8790514 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.787538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Chondrocytes that are impregnated within hydrogel constructs sense applied mechanical force and can respond by expressing collagens, which are deposited into the extracellular matrix (ECM). The intention of most cartilage tissue engineering is to form hyaline cartilage, but if mechanical stimulation pushes the ratio of collagen type I (Col1) to collagen type II (Col2) in the ECM too high, then fibrocartilage can form instead. With a focus on Col1 and Col2 expression, the first part of this article reviews the latest studies on hyaline cartilage regeneration within hydrogel constructs that are subjected to compression forces (one of the major types of the forces within joints) in vitro. Since the mechanical loading conditions involving compression and other forces in joints are difficult to reproduce in vitro, implantation of hydrogel constructs in vivo is also reviewed, again with a focus on Col1 and Col2 production within the newly formed cartilage. Furthermore, mechanotransduction pathways that may be related to the expression of Col1 and Col2 within chondrocytes are reviewed and examined. Also, two recently-emerged, novel approaches of load-shielding and synchrotron radiation (SR)–based imaging techniques are discussed and highlighted for future applications to the regeneration of hyaline cartilage. Going forward, all cartilage tissue engineering experiments should assess thoroughly whether fibrocartilage or hyaline cartilage is formed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamed Alizadeh Sardroud
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
- *Correspondence: Hamed Alizadeh Sardroud,
| | - Tasker Wanlin
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Pharmacology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Xiongbiao Chen
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - B. Frank Eames
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Pharmacology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
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4
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Yang M, Zhang ZC, Liu Y, Chen YR, Deng RH, Zhang ZN, Yu JK, Yuan FZ. Function and Mechanism of RGD in Bone and Cartilage Tissue Engineering. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 9:773636. [PMID: 34976971 PMCID: PMC8714999 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.773636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone and cartilage injury is common, tissue engineered scaffolds are potential means to repair. Because most of the scaffold materials used in bone and cartilage tissue engineering are bio-inert, it is necessary to increase the cellular adhesion ability of during tissue engineering reconstruction. The Arginine - Glycine - Aspartic acid (Arg-Gly-Asp, RGD) peptide family is considered as a specific recognition site for the integrin receptors. Integrin receptors are key regulators of cell-cell and cell-extracellular microenvironment communication. Therefore, the RGD polypeptide families are considered as suitable candidates for treatment of a variety of diseases and for the regeneration of various tissues and organs. Many scaffold material for tissue engineering and has been approved by US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for human using. The application of RGD peptides in bone and cartilage tissue engineering was reported seldom. Only a few reviews have summarized the applications of RGD peptide with alloy, bone cements, and PCL in bone tissue engineering. Herein, we summarize the application progress of RGD in bone and cartilage tissue engineering, discuss the effects of structure, sequence, concentration, mechanical stimulation, physicochemical stimulation, and time stimulation of RGD peptide on cells differentiation, and introduce the mechanism of RGD peptide through integrin in the field of bone and cartilage tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Yang
- Sports Medicine Department, Beijing Key Laboratory of Sports Injuries, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China.,Institute of Sports Medicine of Peking University, Beijing, China.,School of Clinical Medicine, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Zheng-Chu Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Liu
- Sports Medicine Department, Beijing Key Laboratory of Sports Injuries, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China.,Institute of Sports Medicine of Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - You-Rong Chen
- Sports Medicine Department, Beijing Key Laboratory of Sports Injuries, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China.,Institute of Sports Medicine of Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Rong-Hui Deng
- Sports Medicine Department, Beijing Key Laboratory of Sports Injuries, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China.,Institute of Sports Medicine of Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Zi-Ning Zhang
- Sports Medicine Department, Beijing Key Laboratory of Sports Injuries, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China.,Institute of Sports Medicine of Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Jia-Kuo Yu
- Sports Medicine Department, Beijing Key Laboratory of Sports Injuries, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China.,Institute of Sports Medicine of Peking University, Beijing, China.,School of Clinical Medicine, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Fu-Zhen Yuan
- Sports Medicine Department, Beijing Key Laboratory of Sports Injuries, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China.,Institute of Sports Medicine of Peking University, Beijing, China
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5
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Scognamiglio C, Soloperto A, Ruocco G, Cidonio G. Bioprinting stem cells: building physiological tissues one cell at a time. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2020; 319:C465-C480. [PMID: 32639873 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00124.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Bioprinting aims to direct the spatial arrangement in three dimensions of cells, biomaterials, and growth factors. The biofabrication of clinically relevant constructs for the repair or modeling of either diseased or damaged tissues is rapidly advancing, resulting in the ability to three-dimensional (3D) print biomimetic platforms which imitate a large number of tissues in the human body. Primary tissue-specific cells are typically isolated from patients and used for the fabrication of 3D models for drug screening or tissue repair purposes. However, the lack of resilience of these platforms, due to the difficulties in harnessing, processing, and implanting patient-specific cells can limit regeneration ability. The printing of stem cells obviates these hurdles, producing functional in vitro models or implantable constructs. Advancements in biomaterial science are helping the development of inks suitable for the encapsulation and the printing of stem cells, promoting their functional growth and differentiation. This review specifically aims to investigate the most recent studies exploring innovative and functional approaches for the printing of 3D constructs to model disease or repair damaged tissues. Key concepts in tissue physiology are highlighted, reporting stem cell applications in biofabrication. Bioprinting technologies and biomaterial inks are listed and analyzed, including recent advancements in biomaterial design for bioprinting applications, commenting on the influence of biomaterial inks on the encapsulated stem cells. Ultimately, most recent successful efforts and clinical potentials for the manufacturing of functional physiological tissue substitutes are reported here, with a major focus on specific tissues, such as vasculature, heart, lung and airways, liver, bone and muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Giancarlo Ruocco
- Center for Life Nano Science, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rome, Italy
| | - Gianluca Cidonio
- Center for Life Nano Science, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rome, Italy
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6
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Tomal W, Ortyl J. Water-Soluble Photoinitiators in Biomedical Applications. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:E1073. [PMID: 32392892 PMCID: PMC7285382 DOI: 10.3390/polym12051073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 05/02/2020] [Accepted: 05/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Light-initiated polymerization processes are currently an important tool in various industrial fields. The advancement of technology has resulted in the use of photopolymerization in various biomedical applications, such as the production of 3D hydrogel structures, the encapsulation of cells, and in drug delivery systems. The use of photopolymerization processes requires an appropriate initiating system that, in biomedical applications, must meet additional criteria such as high water solubility, non-toxicity to cells, and compatibility with visible low-power light sources. This article is a literature review on those compounds that act as photoinitiators of photopolymerization processes in biomedical applications. The division of initiators according to the method of photoinitiation was described and the related mechanisms were discussed. Examples from each group of photoinitiators are presented, and their benefits, limitations, and applications are outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wiktoria Tomal
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Krakow University of Technology, Warszawska 24, 31-155 Krakow, Poland;
| | - Joanna Ortyl
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Krakow University of Technology, Warszawska 24, 31-155 Krakow, Poland;
- Photo HiTech Ltd., Bobrzyńskiego 14, 30-348 Krakow, Poland
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7
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Lim KS, Klotz BJ, Lindberg GCJ, Melchels FPW, Hooper GJ, Malda J, Gawlitta D, Woodfield TBF. Visible Light Cross-Linking of Gelatin Hydrogels Offers an Enhanced Cell Microenvironment with Improved Light Penetration Depth. Macromol Biosci 2019; 19:e1900098. [PMID: 31026127 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.201900098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the cyto-compatibility and cellular functionality of cell-laden gelatin-methacryloyl (Gel-MA) hydrogels fabricated using a set of photo-initiators which absorb in 400-450 nm of the visible light range are investigated. Gel-MA hydrogels cross-linked using ruthenium (Ru) and sodium persulfate (SPS), are characterized to have comparable physico-mechanical properties as Gel-MA gels photo-polymerized using more conventionally adopted photo-initiators, such as 1-[4-(2-hydroxyethoxy)-phenyl]-2-hydroxy-2-methyl-1-propan-1-one (Irgacure 2959) and lithium phenyl(2,4,6-trimethylbenzoyl) phosphinate (LAP). It is demonstrated that the Ru/SPS system has a less adverse effect on the viability and metabolic activity of human articular chondrocytes encapsulated in Gel-MA hydrogels for up to 35 days. Furthermore, cell-laden constructs cross-linked using the Ru/SPS system have significantly higher glycosaminoglycan content and re-differentiation capacity as compared to cells encapsulated using I2959 and LAP. Moreover, the Ru/SPS system offers significantly greater light penetration depth as compared to the I2959 system, allowing thick (10 mm) Gel-MA hydrogels to be fabricated with homogenous cross-linking density throughout the construct. These results demonstrate the considerable advantages of the Ru/SPS system over traditional UV polymerizing systems in terms of clinical relevance and practicability for applications such as cell encapsulation, biofabrication, and in situ cross-linking of injectable hydrogels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khoon S Lim
- Christchurch Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering (CReaTE) Group, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Musculoskeletal Medicine, University of Otago Christchurch, Christchurch, 8011, New Zealand.,Medical Technologies Centre of Research Excellence, Auckland, 1010, New Zealand.,Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, Auckland, 1010, New Zealand
| | - Barbara J Klotz
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery & Special Dental Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, PO 85500, Utrecht, GA, 3508, The Netherlands
| | - Gabriella C J Lindberg
- Christchurch Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering (CReaTE) Group, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Musculoskeletal Medicine, University of Otago Christchurch, Christchurch, 8011, New Zealand.,Medical Technologies Centre of Research Excellence, Auckland, 1010, New Zealand
| | - Ferry P W Melchels
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Biophysics and Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, EH14 4AS, United Kingdom
| | - Gary J Hooper
- Christchurch Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering (CReaTE) Group, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Musculoskeletal Medicine, University of Otago Christchurch, Christchurch, 8011, New Zealand
| | - Jos Malda
- Regenerative Medicine Center Utrecht, PO 85500, Utrecht, GA, 3508, The Netherlands.,University Medical Center Utrecht, PO 85500, Utrecht, GA, 3508, The Netherlands.,Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 112, Utrecht, CM, 3584, The Netherlands
| | - Debby Gawlitta
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery & Special Dental Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, PO 85500, Utrecht, GA, 3508, The Netherlands
| | - Tim B F Woodfield
- Christchurch Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering (CReaTE) Group, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Musculoskeletal Medicine, University of Otago Christchurch, Christchurch, 8011, New Zealand.,Medical Technologies Centre of Research Excellence, Auckland, 1010, New Zealand.,Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, Auckland, 1010, New Zealand
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8
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Norris SCP, Delgado SM, Kasko AM. Mechanically robust photodegradable gelatin hydrogels for 3D cell culture and in situ mechanical modification. Polym Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9py00308h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Highly conjugated, hydrophobically modified gelatin hydrogels were synthesized, polymerized and degraded with orthogonal wavelengths of light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sam C. P. Norris
- Department of Bioengineering
- University of California Los Angeles
- Los Angeles
- USA
| | | | - Andrea M. Kasko
- Department of Bioengineering
- University of California Los Angeles
- Los Angeles
- USA
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9
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Armiento AR, Stoddart MJ, Alini M, Eglin D. Biomaterials for articular cartilage tissue engineering: Learning from biology. Acta Biomater 2018; 65:1-20. [PMID: 29128537 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2017.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 348] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2017] [Revised: 10/05/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Articular cartilage is commonly described as a tissue that is made of up to 80% water, is devoid of blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatics, and is populated by only one cell type, the chondrocyte. At first glance, an easy tissue for clinicians to repair and for scientists to reproduce in a laboratory. Yet, chondral and osteochondral defects currently remain an open challenge in orthopedics and tissue engineering of the musculoskeletal system, without considering osteoarthritis. Why do we fail in repairing and regenerating articular cartilage? Behind its simple and homogenous appearance, articular cartilage hides a heterogeneous composition, a high level of organisation and specific biomechanical properties that, taken together, make articular cartilage a unique material that we are not yet able to repair or reproduce with high fidelity. This review highlights the available therapies for cartilage repair and retraces the research on different biomaterials developed for tissue engineering strategies. Their potential to recreate the structure, including composition and organisation, as well as the function of articular cartilage, intended as cell microenvironment and mechanically competent replacement, is described. A perspective of the limitations of the current research is given in the light of the emerging technologies supporting tissue engineering of articular cartilage. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE The mechanical properties of articular tissue reflect its functionally organised composition and the recreation of its structure challenges the success of in vitro and in vivo reproduction of the native cartilage. Tissue engineering and biomaterials science have revolutionised the way scientists approach the challenge of articular cartilage repair and regeneration by introducing the concept of the interdisciplinary approach. The clinical translation of the current approaches are not yet fully successful, but promising results are expected from the emerging and developing new generation technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- A R Armiento
- AO Research Institute Davos, Davos Platz, Switzerland.
| | - M J Stoddart
- AO Research Institute Davos, Davos Platz, Switzerland; University Medical Center, Albert-Ludwigs University, Freiburg, Germany.
| | - M Alini
- AO Research Institute Davos, Davos Platz, Switzerland.
| | - D Eglin
- AO Research Institute Davos, Davos Platz, Switzerland.
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10
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Lim KS, Martens P, Poole-Warren L. Biosynthetic Hydrogels for Cell Encapsulation. SPRINGER SERIES IN BIOMATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-662-57511-6_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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11
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Abstract
Bioprinting is becoming a must have capability in tissue engineering research. Key to the growth of the field is the inherent flexibility, which can be used to answer basic scientific questions that can only be addressed under 3D culture conditions, or organ-on-chip systems that could quickly replace underperforming animal models. Almost certainly the most challenging application of bioprinting will be for bottom-up tissue construction, which faces many of the same challenges as scaffold-based tissue engineering. In this review, the current state-of-the-art approaches to 3D bioprinting are discussed in terms of performance and suitability. This is complemented by an overview of hydrogel-based bioinks, with a special emphasis on composite biomaterial systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeline Burke
- School of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK
- Bristol Centre for Functional Nanomaterials, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1FD, UK
| | - Benjamin M Carter
- School of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Adam W Perriman
- School of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK
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12
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Islam MT, Felfel RM, Abou Neel EA, Grant DM, Ahmed I, Hossain KMZ. Bioactive calcium phosphate-based glasses and ceramics and their biomedical applications: A review. J Tissue Eng 2017; 8:2041731417719170. [PMID: 28794848 PMCID: PMC5524250 DOI: 10.1177/2041731417719170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2017] [Accepted: 06/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
An overview of the formation of calcium phosphate under in vitro environment on the surface of a range of bioactive materials (e.g. from silicate, borate, and phosphate glasses, glass-ceramics, bioceramics to metals) based on recent literature is presented in this review. The mechanism of bone-like calcium phosphate (i.e. hydroxyapatite) formation and the test protocols that are either already in use or currently being investigated for the evaluation of the bioactivity of biomaterials are discussed. This review also highlights the effect of chemical composition and surface charge of materials, types of medium (e.g. simulated body fluid, phosphate-buffered saline and cell culture medium) and test parameters on their bioactivity performance. Finally, a brief summary of the biomedical applications of these newly formed calcium phosphate (either in the form of amorphous or apatite) is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Towhidul Islam
- Advanced Materials Research Group, Faculty of Engineering, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Reda M Felfel
- Advanced Materials Research Group, Faculty of Engineering, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
- Physics Department, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Ensanya A Abou Neel
- Division of Biomaterials, Operative Dentistry Department, Faculty of Dentistry, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Biomaterials Department, Faculty of Dentistry, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
- Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering Division, Eastman Dental Institute, University College London, London, UK
| | - David M Grant
- Advanced Materials Research Group, Faculty of Engineering, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Ifty Ahmed
- Advanced Materials Research Group, Faculty of Engineering, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Kazi M Zakir Hossain
- Advanced Materials Research Group, Faculty of Engineering, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
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13
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Hölzl K, Lin S, Tytgat L, Van Vlierberghe S, Gu L, Ovsianikov A. Bioink properties before, during and after 3D bioprinting. Biofabrication 2016; 8:032002. [PMID: 27658612 DOI: 10.1088/1758-5090/8/3/032002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 537] [Impact Index Per Article: 67.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Bioprinting is a process based on additive manufacturing from materials containing living cells. These materials, often referred to as bioink, are based on cytocompatible hydrogel precursor formulations, which gel in a manner compatible with different bioprinting approaches. The bioink properties before, during and after gelation are essential for its printability, comprising such features as achievable structural resolution, shape fidelity and cell survival. However, it is the final properties of the matured bioprinted tissue construct that are crucial for the end application. During tissue formation these properties are influenced by the amount of cells present in the construct, their proliferation, migration and interaction with the material. A calibrated computational framework is able to predict the tissue development and maturation and to optimize the bioprinting input parameters such as the starting material, the initial cell loading and the construct geometry. In this contribution relevant bioink properties are reviewed and discussed on the example of most popular bioprinting approaches. The effect of cells on hydrogel processing and vice versa is highlighted. Furthermore, numerical approaches were reviewed and implemented for depicting the cellular mechanics within the hydrogel as well as for prediction of mechanical properties to achieve the desired hydrogel construct considering cell density, distribution and material-cell interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja Hölzl
- Institute of Materials Science and Technology, Technical University Vienna, Austria. Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Austria
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14
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Finke A, Bußkamp H, Manea M, Marx A. Durch Polymerase-Kettenreaktion erzeugte DNA-Peptid-Netzwerke als künstliche extrazelluläre Matrix. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201604687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Finke
- Fachbereich Chemie und Konstanz Research School, Chemical Biology; Universität Konstanz; Universitätsstraße 10 78457 Konstanz Deutschland
| | - Holger Bußkamp
- Fachbereich Chemie und Konstanz Research School, Chemical Biology; Universität Konstanz; Universitätsstraße 10 78457 Konstanz Deutschland
| | - Marilena Manea
- Fachbereich Chemie und Konstanz Research School, Chemical Biology; Universität Konstanz; Universitätsstraße 10 78457 Konstanz Deutschland
| | - Andreas Marx
- Fachbereich Chemie und Konstanz Research School, Chemical Biology; Universität Konstanz; Universitätsstraße 10 78457 Konstanz Deutschland
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15
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Finke A, Bußkamp H, Manea M, Marx A. Designer Extracellular Matrix Based on DNA-Peptide Networks Generated by Polymerase Chain Reaction. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:10136-40. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201604687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Finke
- Department of Chemistry and Konstanz Research School Chemical Biology; University of Konstanz; Universitätsstrasse 10 78457 Konstanz Germany
| | - Holger Bußkamp
- Department of Chemistry and Konstanz Research School Chemical Biology; University of Konstanz; Universitätsstrasse 10 78457 Konstanz Germany
| | - Marilena Manea
- Department of Chemistry and Konstanz Research School Chemical Biology; University of Konstanz; Universitätsstrasse 10 78457 Konstanz Germany
| | - Andreas Marx
- Department of Chemistry and Konstanz Research School Chemical Biology; University of Konstanz; Universitätsstrasse 10 78457 Konstanz Germany
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16
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High-throughput platforms for the screening of new therapeutic targets for neurodegenerative diseases. Drug Discov Today 2016; 21:1355-1366. [PMID: 27178019 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2016.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2016] [Revised: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Despite the recent progress in the understanding of neurodegenerative disorders, a lack of solid fundamental knowledge on the etiology of many of the major neurodegenerative diseases has made it difficult to obtain effective therapies to treat these conditions. Scientists have been looking to carry out more-human-relevant studies, with strong statistical power, to overcome the limitations of preclinical animal models that have contributed to the failure of numerous therapeutics in clinical trials. Here, we identify currently existing platforms to mimic central nervous system tissues, healthy and diseased, mainly focusing on cell-based platforms and discussing their strengths and limitations in the context of the high-throughput screening of new therapeutic targets and drugs.
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Barbosa M, Martins MCL, Gomes P. Grafting Techniques towards Production of Peptide-Tethered Hydrogels, a Novel Class of Materials with Biomedical Interest. Gels 2015; 1:194-218. [PMID: 30674173 PMCID: PMC6318633 DOI: 10.3390/gels1020194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2015] [Revised: 10/01/2015] [Accepted: 10/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, new highly functional polymeric biomaterials are being developed to increase the therapeutic efficacy in tissue regeneration approaches. Peptides regulate most physiological processes and display several other biological activities. Therefore, their importance in the field of biomedical research and drug development is rapidly increasing. However, the use of peptides as therapeutic agents is restricted by some of their physicochemical properties. The development of improved routes of delivery of peptide-based therapeutics is crucial and is crucial and its biomedical value is expected to increase in the near future. The unique properties of hydrogels triggered their spreading as localized drug depots. Several strategies, such as the carbodiimide chemistry, have been used to successfully immobilize bioactive peptide sequences into the hydrogels backbone. Peptide tethering through the so-called "click" chemistry reactions is also a highly promising, yet underexplored, approach to the synthesis of hydrogels with varying dimensions and patterns. The present review focus on the approaches that are being used for the establishment of chemical bonds between peptides and non-peptidic hydrogels throughout the last decade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Barbosa
- UCIBIO-REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, P-4169-007 Porto, Portugal.
| | - M Cristina L Martins
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, P-4200-135 Porto, Portugal.
- INEB-Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, P-4150-180 Porto, Portugal.
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, P-4169-007 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Paula Gomes
- UCIBIO-REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, P-4169-007 Porto, Portugal.
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18
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Tatman PD, Gerull W, Sweeney-Easter S, Davis JI, Gee AO, Kim DH. Multiscale Biofabrication of Articular Cartilage: Bioinspired and Biomimetic Approaches. TISSUE ENGINEERING PART B-REVIEWS 2015. [PMID: 26200439 DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2015.0142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Articular cartilage is the load-bearing tissue found inside all articulating joints of the body. It vastly reduces friction and allows for smooth gliding between contacting surfaces. The structure of articular cartilage matrix and cellular composition is zonal and is important for its mechanical properties. When cartilage becomes injured through trauma or disease, it has poor intrinsic healing capabilities. The spectrum of cartilage injury ranges from isolated areas of the joint to diffuse breakdown and the clinical appearance of osteoarthritis. Current clinical treatment options remain limited in their ability to restore cartilage to its normal functional state. This review focuses on the evolution of biomaterial scaffolds that have been used for functional cartilage tissue engineering. In particular, we highlight recent developments in multiscale biofabrication approaches attempting to recapitulate the complex 3D matrix of native articular cartilage tissue. Additionally, we focus on the application of these methods to engineering each zone of cartilage and engineering full-thickness osteochondral tissues for improved clinical implantation. These methods have shown the potential to control individual cell-to-scaffold interactions and drive progenitor cell differentiation into a chondrocyte lineage. The use of these bioinspired nanoengineered scaffolds hold promise for recreation of structure and function on the whole tissue level and may represent exciting new developments for future clinical applications for cartilage injury and restoration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip David Tatman
- 1 Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington
| | - William Gerull
- 1 Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington
| | - Sean Sweeney-Easter
- 1 Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington
| | - Jeffrey Isaac Davis
- 1 Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington
| | - Albert O Gee
- 2 Department of Orthopedics and Sports Medicine, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington
| | - Deok-Ho Kim
- 1 Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington.,3 Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington
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19
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Wang K, David AE, Choi YS, Wu Y, Buschle-Diller G. Scaffold materials from glycosylated and PEGylated bovine serum albumin. J Biomed Mater Res A 2015; 103:2839-46. [DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.35430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2014] [Revised: 01/06/2015] [Accepted: 02/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kai Wang
- Department of Polymer and Fiber Engineering; Auburn University; Auburn Alabama 36849
| | - Allan E. David
- Department of Chemical Engineering; Auburn University; Auburn Alabama 36849
| | - Young-Suk Choi
- Department of Chemical Engineering; Auburn University; Auburn Alabama 36849
| | - Yonnie Wu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; Auburn University; Auburn Alabama 36849
| | - Gisela Buschle-Diller
- Department of Polymer and Fiber Engineering; Auburn University; Auburn Alabama 36849
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20
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Schmocker A, Khoushabi A, Schizas C, Bourban PE, Pioletti DP, Moser C. Miniature probe for the delivery and monitoring of a photopolymerizable material. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2015; 20:127001. [PMID: 26662066 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.20.12.127001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2015] [Accepted: 10/30/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Photopolymerization is a common method to cure materials initially in a liquid state, such as dental implants or bone or tissue fillers. Recent advances in the development of biocompatible gel- and cement-systems open up an avenue for in situ photopolymerization. For minimally invasive surgery, such procedures require miniaturized surgical endoscopic probes to activate and control photopolymerization in situ. We present a miniaturized light probe in which a photoactive material can be (1) mixed, pressurized, and injected, (2) photopolymerized/photoactivated, and (3) monitored during the chemical reaction. The device is used to implant and cure poly(ethylene glycol) dimethacrylate-hydrogel-precursor in situ with ultraviolet A (UVA) light (365 nm) while the polymerization reaction is monitored in real time by collecting the fluorescence and Raman signals generated by the 532-nm excitation light source. Hydrogels could be delivered, photopolymerized, and monitored by the probe up to a curing depth of 4 cm. The size of the photopolymerized samples could be correlated to the fluorescent signal collected by the probe, and the reproducibility of the procedure could be demonstrated. The position of the probe tip inside a bovine caudal intervertebral disc could be estimated in vitro based on the collected fluorescence and Raman signal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Schmocker
- Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne, Microengineering Institute, Laboratory of Applied Photonics Devices, Station 17, Lausanne 1015, SwitzerlandbSwiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne, Institute of Bioengineering, Laboratory of Biomecha
| | - Azadeh Khoushabi
- Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne, Institute of Bioengineering, Laboratory of Biomechanical Orthopedics, Station 19, Lausanne 1015, SwitzerlandcSwiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne, Institute of Materials, Laboratory of Polymer and
| | - Constantin Schizas
- Clinic Cecil, Neuro-orthopedic Spine Unit, Avenue Louis-Ruchonnet 53, Lausanne 1003, Switzerland
| | - Pierre-Etienne Bourban
- Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne, Institute of Materials, Laboratory of Polymer and Composite Technology, Station 12, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
| | - Dominique P Pioletti
- Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne, Institute of Bioengineering, Laboratory of Biomechanical Orthopedics, Station 19, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
| | - Christophe Moser
- Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne, Microengineering Institute, Laboratory of Applied Photonics Devices, Station 17, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
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21
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Park IK, Cho CS. Stem Cell-assisted Approaches for Cartilage Tissue Engineering. Int J Stem Cells 2014; 3:96-102. [PMID: 24855547 DOI: 10.15283/ijsc.2010.3.2.96] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/01/2010] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The regeneration of damaged articular cartilage remains challenging due to its poor intrinsic capacity for repair. Tissue engineering of articular cartilage is believed to overcome the current limitations of surgical treatment by offering functional regeneration in the defect region. Selection of proper cell sources and ECM-based scaffolds, and incorporation of growth factors or mechanical stimuli are of primary importance to successfully produce artificial cartilage for tissue repair. When designing materials for cartilage tissue engineering, biodegradability and biocompatibility are the key factors in selecting material candidates, for either synthetic or natural polymers. The unique environment of cartilage makes it suitable to use a hydrogel with high water content in the cross-linked or thermosensitive (injectable) form. Moreover, design of composite scaffolds from two polymers with complementary physicochemical and biological properties has been explored to provide residing chondrocytes with a combination of the merits that each component contributes.
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Affiliation(s)
- In-Kyu Park
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Chonnam National University Medical School, The Research Institute of Medical Science, Chonnam National University, Gwangju
| | - Chong-Su Cho
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
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22
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Xue C, Wong D, Kasko AM. Complex dynamic substrate control: dual-tone hydrogel photoresists allow double-dissociation of topography and modulus. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2014; 26:1577-83. [PMID: 24339260 PMCID: PMC4198300 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201304591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Complex substrate control is demonstrated with a dual-tone hydrogel photoresist. By exposing a photodegradable hydrogel to UV light through a photomask, both swollen and eroded micropatterns with a decreased modulus can be created on the surface under different exposure conditions. This provides an important tool for investigating the synergistic effects of spatially heterogeneous mechanical and topological cues on cell behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changying Xue
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, 410 Westwood Plaza, 4121 Eng V, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States. California Nanosystems Institute, 570 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90095 United States
| | - Darice Wong
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, 410 Westwood Plaza, 4121 Eng V, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States. California Nanosystems Institute, 570 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90095 United States
| | - Andrea M. Kasko
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, 410 Westwood Plaza, 4121 Eng V, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States. California Nanosystems Institute, 570 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90095 United States
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23
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Schmocker A, Khoushabi A, Schizas C, Bourban PE, Pioletti DP, Moser C. Photopolymerizable hydrogels for implants: Monte-Carlo modeling and experimental in vitro validation. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2014; 19:35004. [PMID: 24615642 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.19.3.035004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2013] [Accepted: 02/06/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Photopolymerization is commonly used in a broad range of bioapplications, such as drug delivery, tissue engineering, and surgical implants, where liquid materials are injected and then hardened by means of illumination to create a solid polymer network. However, photopolymerization using a probe, e.g., needle guiding both the liquid and the curing illumination, has not been thoroughly investigated. We present a Monte Carlo model that takes into account the dynamic absorption and scattering parameters as well as solid-liquid boundaries of the photopolymer to yield the shape and volume of minimally invasively injected, photopolymerized hydrogels. In the first part of the article, our model is validated using a set of well-known poly(ethylene glycol) dimethacrylate hydrogels showing an excellent agreement between simulated and experimental volume-growth-rates. In the second part, in situ experimental results and simulations for photopolymerization in tissue cavities are presented. It was found that a cavity with a volume of 152 mm3 can be photopolymerized from the output of a 0.28-mm2 fiber by adding scattering lipid particles while only a volume of 38 mm3 (25%) was achieved without particles. The proposed model provides a simple and robust method to solve complex photopolymerization problems, where the dimension of the light source is much smaller than the volume of the photopolymerizable hydrogel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Schmocker
- Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne, Microengineering Institute, Laboratory of Applied Photonics Devices, station 17, Lausanne 1015, SwitzerlandbSwiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne, Institute of Bioengineering, Laboratory of Biomecha
| | - Azadeh Khoushabi
- Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne, Institute of Bioengineering, Laboratory of Biomechanical Orthopedics, station 19, Lausanne 1015, SwitzerlandcSwiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne, Institute of Materials, Laboratory of Polymer and
| | - Constantin Schizas
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Orthopedic Department, Avenue P. Decker 4, Lausanne 1011, Switzerland
| | - Pierre-Etienne Bourban
- Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne, Institute of Materials, Laboratory of Polymer and Composite Technology, station 12, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
| | - Dominique P Pioletti
- Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne, Institute of Bioengineering, Laboratory of Biomechanical Orthopedics, station 19, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
| | - Christophe Moser
- Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne, Microengineering Institute, Laboratory of Applied Photonics Devices, station 17, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
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24
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Smith Callahan LA, Childers EP, Bernard SL, Weiner SD, Becker ML. Maximizing phenotype constraint and extracellular matrix production in primary human chondrocytes using arginine-glycine-aspartate concentration gradient hydrogels. Acta Biomater 2013; 9:7420-8. [PMID: 23567942 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2013.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2012] [Revised: 03/01/2013] [Accepted: 04/01/2013] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
New systematic approaches are necessary to determine and optimize the chemical and mechanical scaffold properties for hyaline cartilage generation using the limited cell numbers obtained from primary human sources. Peptide functionalized hydrogels possessing continuous variations in physico-chemical properties are an efficient three-dimensional platform for studying several properties simultaneously. Herein, we describe a polyethylene glycol dimethacrylate (PEGDM) hydrogel system possessing a gradient of arginine-glycine-aspartic acid peptide (RGD) concentrations from 0mM to 10mM. The system is used to correlate primary human osteoarthritic chondrocyte proliferation, phenotype maintenance and extracellular matrix (ECM) production to the gradient hydrogel properties. Cell number and chondrogenic phenotype (CD14:CD90 ratios) were found to decline in regions with higher RGD concentrations, while regions with lower RGD concentrations maintained cell number and phenotype. Over three weeks of culture, hydrogel regions containing lower RGD concentrations experience an increase in ECM content compared to regions with higher RGD concentrations. Variations in actin amounts and vinculin organization were observed within the RGD concentration gradients that contribute to the differences in chondrogenic phenotype maintenance and ECM expression.
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25
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Exploring the Future of Hydrogels in Rapid Prototyping: A Review on Current Trends and Limitations. SPRINGER SERIES IN BIOMATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-4328-5_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
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26
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Time-dependent processes in stem cell-based tissue engineering of articular cartilage. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2012; 8:863-81. [PMID: 22016073 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-011-9328-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Articular cartilage (AC), situated in diarthrodial joints at the end of the long bones, is composed of a single cell type (chondrocytes) embedded in dense extracellular matrix comprised of collagens and proteoglycans. AC is avascular and alymphatic and is not innervated. At first glance, such a seemingly simple tissue appears to be an easy target for the rapidly developing field of tissue engineering. However, cartilage engineering has proven to be very challenging. We focus on time-dependent processes associated with the development of native cartilage starting from stem cells, and the modalities for utilizing these processes for tissue engineering of articular cartilage.
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27
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Bailey BM, Fei R, Munoz-Pinto D, Hahn MS, Grunlan MA. PDMS(star)-PEG hydrogels prepared via solvent-induced phase separation (SIPS) and their potential utility as tissue engineering scaffolds. Acta Biomater 2012; 8:4324-33. [PMID: 22842033 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2012.07.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2012] [Revised: 07/10/2012] [Accepted: 07/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Inorganic-organic hydrogels based on methacrylated star polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS(star)-MA) and diacrylated poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG-DA) macromers were prepared via solvent-induced phase separation (SIPS). The macromers were combined in a dichloromethane precursor solution and sequentially photopolymerized, dried and hydrated. The chemical and physical properties of the hydrogels were further tailored by varying the number average molecular weight (M(n)) of PEG-DA (M(n)=3.4k and 6k gmol(-1)) as well as the weight percent ratio of PDMS(star)-MA (M(n)=7k gmol(-1)) to PEG-DA from 0:100 to 20:80. Compared to analogous hydrogels fabricated from aqueous precursor solutions, SIPS produced hydrogels with a macroporous morphology, a more even distribution of PDMS(star)-MA, increased modulus and enhanced degradation rates. The morphology, swelling ratio, mechanical properties, bioactivity, non-specific protein adhesion, controlled introduction of cell adhesion, and cytocompatibility of the hydrogels were characterized. As a result of their tunable properties, this library of hydrogels is useful to study material-guided cell behavior and ultimate tissue regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brennan M Bailey
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-3120, USA
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28
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Mesallati T, Buckley CT, Nagel T, Kelly DJ. Scaffold architecture determines chondrocyte response to externally applied dynamic compression. Biomech Model Mechanobiol 2012; 12:889-99. [PMID: 23160843 DOI: 10.1007/s10237-012-0451-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2012] [Accepted: 10/22/2012] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
It remains unclear how specific mechanical signals generated by applied dynamic compression (DC) regulate chondrocyte biosynthetic activity. It has previously been suggested that DC-induced interstitial fluid flow positively impacts cartilage-specific matrix production. Modifying fluid flow within dynamically compressed hydrogels therefore represents a promising approach to controlling chondrocyte behavior, which could potentially be achieved by changing the construct architecture. The objective of this study was to first determine the influence of construct architecture on the mechanical environment within dynamically compressed agarose hydrogels using finite element (FE) modeling and to then investigate how chondrocytes would respond to this altered environment. To modify construct architecture, an array of channels was introduced into the hydrogels. Increased magnitudes of fluid flow were predicted in the periphery of dynamically compressed solid hydrogels and also around the channels in the dynamically compressed channeled hydrogels. DC was found to significantly increase sGAG synthesis in solid constructs, which could be attributed at least in part to an increase in DNA. DC was also found to preferentially increase collagen accumulation in regions of solid and channeled constructs where FE modeling predicted higher levels of fluid flow, suggesting that this stimulus is important for promoting collagen production by chondrocytes embedded in agarose gels. In conclusion, this study demonstrates how the architecture of cell-seeded scaffolds or hydrogels can be modified to alter the spatial levels of biophysical cues throughout the construct, leading to greater collagen accumulation throughout the engineered tissue rather than preferentially in the construct periphery. This system also provides a novel approach to investigate how chondrocytes respond to altered levels of biophysical stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tariq Mesallati
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, School of Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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29
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Building biocompatible hydrogels for tissue engineering of the brain and spinal cord. J Funct Biomater 2012; 3:839-63. [PMID: 24955749 PMCID: PMC4030922 DOI: 10.3390/jfb3040839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2012] [Accepted: 10/24/2012] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Tissue engineering strategies employing biomaterials have made great progress in the last few decades. However, the tissues of the brain and spinal cord pose unique challenges due to a separate immune system and their nature as soft tissue. Because of this, neural tissue engineering for the brain and spinal cord may require re-establishing biocompatibility and functionality of biomaterials that have previously been successful for tissue engineering in the body. The goal of this review is to briefly describe the distinctive properties of the central nervous system, specifically the neuroimmune response, and to describe the factors which contribute to building polymer hydrogels compatible with this tissue. These factors include polymer chemistry, polymerization and degradation, and the physical and mechanical properties of the hydrogel. By understanding the necessities in making hydrogels biocompatible with tissue of the brain and spinal cord, tissue engineers can then functionalize these materials for repairing and replacing tissue in the central nervous system.
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30
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Hume SL, Hoyt SM, Walker JS, Sridhar BV, Ashley JF, Bowman CN, Bryant SJ. Alignment of multi-layered muscle cells within three-dimensional hydrogel macrochannels. Acta Biomater 2012; 8:2193-202. [PMID: 22326973 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2012.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2011] [Revised: 01/26/2012] [Accepted: 02/01/2012] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
This work describes the development and testing of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) hydrogels with independently controlled dimensions of wide and deep macrochannels for their ability to promote alignment of skeletal myoblasts and myoblast differentiation. A UV-photopatterned thiol-ene mold was employed to produce long channels, which ranged from ∼40 to 200 μm in width and from ∼100 to 200 μm in depth, within a PEG-RGD hydrogel. Skeletal myoblasts (C2C12) were successfully cultured multiple cell layers deep within the channels. Decreasing channel width, increasing channel depth and, interestingly, increasing cell layer away from the channel base all contributed to a decreased interquartile range of cell angle relative to the long axis of the channel wall, indicating improved cell alignment. Differentiation of skeletal myoblasts into myotubes was confirmed by gene expression for myoD, myogenin and MCH IIb, and myotube formation for all channel geometries, but was not dependent on channel size. Qualitatively, myotubes were characteristically different, as myotubes were larger and had more nuclei in larger channels. Overall, our findings demonstrate that relatively large features, which do not readily facilitate cell alignment in two dimensions, promote cell alignment when presented in three dimensions, suggesting an important role for three-dimensional spatial cues.
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31
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Billiet T, Vandenhaute M, Schelfhout J, Van Vlierberghe S, Dubruel P. A review of trends and limitations in hydrogel-rapid prototyping for tissue engineering. Biomaterials 2012; 33:6020-41. [PMID: 22681979 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2012.04.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 680] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2012] [Accepted: 04/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The combined potential of hydrogels and rapid prototyping technologies has been an exciting route in developing tissue engineering scaffolds for the past decade. Hydrogels represent to be an interesting starting material for soft, and lately also for hard tissue regeneration. Their application enables the encapsulation of cells and therefore an increase of the seeding efficiency of the fabricated structures. Rapid prototyping techniques on the other hand, have become an elegant tool for the production of scaffolds with the purpose of cell seeding and/or cell encapsulation. By means of rapid prototyping, one can design a fully interconnected 3-dimensional structure with pre-determined dimensions and porosity. Despite this benefit, some of the rapid prototyping techniques are not or less suitable for the generation of hydrogel scaffolds. In this review, we therefore give an overview on the different rapid prototyping techniques suitable for the processing of hydrogel materials. A primary distinction will be made between (i) laser-based, (ii) nozzle-based, and (iii) printer-based systems. Special attention will be addressed to current trends and limitations regarding the respective techniques. Each of these techniques will be further discussed in terms of the different hydrogel materials used so far. One major drawback when working with hydrogels is the lack of mechanical strength. Therefore, maintaining and improving the mechanical integrity of the processed scaffolds has become a key issue regarding 3-dimensional hydrogel structures. This limitation can either be overcome during or after processing the scaffolds, depending on the applied technology and materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Billiet
- Polymer Chemistry & Biomaterials Research Group, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 S4 Bis, Ghent 9000, Belgium
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Kouris NA, Squirrell JM, Jung JP, Pehlke CA, Hacker T, Eliceiri KW, Ogle BM. A nondenatured, noncrosslinked collagen matrix to deliver stem cells to the heart. Regen Med 2012; 6:569-82. [PMID: 21916593 DOI: 10.2217/rme.11.48] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS Stem cell transplantation holds promise as a therapeutic approach for the repair of damaged myocardial tissue. One challenge of this approach is efficient delivery and long-term retention of the stem cells. Although several synthetic and natural biomaterials have been developed for this purpose, the ideal formulation has yet to be identified. MATERIALS & METHODS Here we investigate the utility of a nondenatured, noncrosslinked, commercially available natural biomaterial (TissueMend(®) [TEI Biosciences, Boston, MA, USA]) for delivery of human mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) to the murine heart. RESULTS We found that MSCs attached, proliferated and migrated within and out of the TissueMend matrix in vitro. Human MSCs delivered to damaged murine myocardium via the matrix (2.3 × 10(4) ± 0.8 × 10(4) CD73(+) cells/matrix) were maintained in vivo for 3 weeks and underwent at least three population doublings during that period (21.9 × 10(4) ± 14.4 × 10(4) CD73(+) cells/matrix). In addition, collagen within the TissueMend matrix could be remodeled by MSCs in vivo, resulting in a significant decrease in the coefficient of alignment of fibers (0.12 ± 0.12) compared with the matrix alone (0.28 ± 0.07), and the MSCs were capable of migrating out of the matrix and into the host tissue. CONCLUSION Thus, TissueMend matrix offers a commercially available, biocompatible and malleable vehicle for the delivery and retention of stem cells to the heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas A Kouris
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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Aurand ER, Lampe KJ, Bjugstad KB. Defining and designing polymers and hydrogels for neural tissue engineering. Neurosci Res 2011; 72:199-213. [PMID: 22192467 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2011.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2011] [Revised: 11/07/2011] [Accepted: 12/07/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The use of biomaterials, such as hydrogels, as neural cell delivery devices is becoming more common in areas of research such as stroke, traumatic brain injury, and spinal cord injury. When reviewing the available research there is some ambiguity in the type of materials used and results are often at odds. This review aims to provide the neuroscience community who may not be familiar with fundamental concepts of hydrogel construction, with basic information that would pertain to neural tissue applications, and to describe the use of hydrogels as cell and drug delivery devices. We will illustrate some of the many tunable properties of hydrogels and the importance of these properties in obtaining reliable and consistent results. It is our hope that this review promotes creative ideas for ways that hydrogels could be adapted and employed for the treatment of a broad range of neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily R Aurand
- Neuroscience Program, University of Colorado Denver - Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
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Schuh E, Hofmann S, Stok KS, Notbohm H, Müller R, Rotter N. The influence of matrix elasticity on chondrocyte behavior in 3D. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2011; 6:e31-42. [PMID: 22034455 DOI: 10.1002/term.501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2011] [Revised: 05/11/2011] [Accepted: 07/13/2011] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Cells actively probe the stiffness of their surrounding and respond to it. The authors recently found that maintenance of the chondrogenic phenotype was directly influenced by this property in 2D. Since studies about this process in 3D are still largely absent, this study aimed to transfer this knowledge into a 3D environment. Agarose was modified with RGD to allow active stiffness sensing or RGE as a control. Hydrogels with different mechanical properties were produced by using different concentrations of agarose. Primary chondrocytes were incorporated into the gel, cultured for up to two weeks, and then constructs were analyzed. Cells were surrounded by their own ECM from an early stage and maintained their chondrogenic phenotype, independent of substrate composition, as indicated by a high collagen type II and a lack of collagen type I production. However, softer gels showed higher DNA and GAG content and larger cell clusters than stiff gels in both RGD- and RGE-modified agarose. The authors hypothesize that matrix elasticity in the tested range does not influence the maintenance of the chondrogenic phenotype in 3D but rather the size of the formed cell ECM clusters. The deviation of these findings from previous results in 2D stresses the importance of moving towards 3D systems that more closely mimic in vivo conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Schuh
- Institute for Biomechanics, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Bailey BM, Hui V, Fei R, Grunlan MA. Tuning PEG-DA hydrogel properties via solvent-induced phase separation (SIPS)(). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 21:18776-18782. [PMID: 22956857 DOI: 10.1039/c1jm13943f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEG-DA) hydrogels are widely utilized to probe cell-material interactions and ultimately for a material-guided approach to tissue regeneration. In this study, PEG-DA hydrogels were fabricated via solvent-induced phase separation (SIPS) to obtain hydrogels with a broader range of tunable physical properties including morphology (e.g. porosity), swelling and modulus (G'). In contrast to conventional PEG-DA hydrogels prepared from an aqueous precursor solution, the reported SIPS protocol utilized a dichloromethane (DCM) precursor solution which was sequentially photopolymerized, dried and hydrated. Physical properties were further tailored by varying the PEG-DA wt% concentration (5 wt%-25 wt%) and M(n) (3.4k and 6k g mol (-1)). SIPS produced PEG-DA hydrogels with a macroporous morphology as well as increased G' values versus the corresponding conventional PEG-DA hydrogels. Notably, since the total swelling was not significantly changed versus the corresponding conventional PEG-DA hydrogels, pairs or series of hydrogels represent scaffolds in which morphology and hydration or G' and hydration are uncoupled. In addition, PEG-DA hydrogels prepared via SIPS exhibited enhanced degradation rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brennan Margaret Bailey
- Texas A&M University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Materials Science and Engineering Program, 3120 TAMU College Station, TX, USA. ; Tel: (+979) 845-2406
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Spiller KL, Maher SA, Lowman AM. Hydrogels for the repair of articular cartilage defects. TISSUE ENGINEERING PART B-REVIEWS 2011; 17:281-99. [PMID: 21510824 DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2011.0077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 331] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The repair of articular cartilage defects remains a significant challenge in orthopedic medicine. Hydrogels, three-dimensional polymer networks swollen in water, offer a unique opportunity to generate a functional cartilage substitute. Hydrogels can exhibit similar mechanical, swelling, and lubricating behavior to articular cartilage, and promote the chondrogenic phenotype by encapsulated cells. Hydrogels have been prepared from naturally derived and synthetic polymers, as cell-free implants and as tissue engineering scaffolds, and with controlled degradation profiles and release of stimulatory growth factors. Using hydrogels, cartilage tissue has been engineered in vitro that has similar mechanical properties to native cartilage. This review summarizes the advancements that have been made in determining the potential of hydrogels to replace damaged cartilage or support new tissue formation as a function of specific design parameters, such as the type of polymer, degradation profile, mechanical properties and loading regimen, source of cells, cell-seeding density, controlled release of growth factors, and strategies to cause integration with surrounding tissue. Some key challenges for clinical translation remain, including limited information on the mechanical properties of hydrogel implants or engineered tissue that are necessary to restore joint function, and the lack of emphasis on the ability of an implant to integrate in a stable way with the surrounding tissue. Future studies should address the factors that affect these issues, while using clinically relevant cell sources and rigorous models of repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kara L Spiller
- Biomaterials and Drug Delivery Laboratory, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pensylvania, USA.
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Roberts JJ, Nicodemus GD, Giunta S, Bryant SJ. Incorporation of biomimetic matrix molecules in PEG hydrogels enhances matrix deposition and reduces load-induced loss of chondrocyte-secreted matrix. J Biomed Mater Res A 2011; 97:281-91. [PMID: 21442729 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.33057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2010] [Revised: 12/21/2010] [Accepted: 01/20/2011] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) hydrogels offer numerous advantages in designing controlled 3D environments for cartilage regeneration, but offer little biorecognition for the cells. Incorporating molecules that more closely mimic the native tissue may provide key signals for matrix synthesis and may also help in the retention of neotissue, particularly when mechanical stimulation is employed. Therefore, this research tested the hypothesis that exogenous hyaluronan encapsulated within PEG hydrogels improves tissue deposition by chondrocytes, while the incorporation of Link-N (DHLSDNYTLDHDRAIH), a fragment of link protein that is involved in stabilizing hyaluronan and aggrecan in cartilage, aids in the retention of the entrapped hyaluronan as well as cell-secreted glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), particularly when dynamic loading is employed. The incorporation of Link-N as covalent tethers resulted in a significant reduction, ~60%, in the loss of entrapped exogenous hyaluronan under dynamic stimulation. When chondrocytes were encapsulated in PEG hydrogels containing exogenous hyaluronan and/or Link-N, the extracellular matrix (ECM) analogs aided in the retention of cell-secreted GAGs under loading. The presence of hyaluronan led to enhanced deposition of collagen type II and aggrecan. In conclusion, our results highlight the importance of ECM analogs, specifically hyaluronan and Link-N, in matrix retention and matrix development and offer new strategies for designing scaffolds for cartilage regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justine J Roberts
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
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Nicodemus G, Skaalure S, Bryant S. Gel structure has an impact on pericellular and extracellular matrix deposition, which subsequently alters metabolic activities in chondrocyte-laden PEG hydrogels. Acta Biomater 2011; 7:492-504. [PMID: 20804868 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2010.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2009] [Revised: 08/02/2010] [Accepted: 08/24/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
While designing poly(ethylene glycol) hydrogels with high moduli suitable for in situ placement is attractive for cartilage regeneration, the impact of a tighter crosslinked structure on the organization and deposition of the matrix is not fully understood. The objectives of this study were to characterize the composition and spatial organization of new matrix as a function of gel crosslinking and study its impact on chondrocytes in terms of anabolic and catabolic gene expression and catabolic activity. Bovine articular chondrocytes were encapsulated in hydrogels with three crosslinking densities (compressive moduli 60, 320 and 590 kPa) and cultured for 25 days. Glycosaminoglycan production increased with culture time and was greatest in the gels with lowest crosslinking. Collagens II and VI, aggrecan, link protein and decorin were localized to pericellular regions in all gels, but their presence decreased with increasing gel crosslinking. Collagen II and aggrecan expression were initially up-regulated in gels with higher crosslinking, but increased similarly up to day 15. Matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-1 and MMP-13 expression were elevated (∼25-fold) in gels with higher crosslinking throughout the study, while MMP-3 was unaffected by gel crosslinking. The presence of aggrecan and collagen degradation products confirmed MMP activity. These findings indicate that chondrocytes synthesized the major cartilage components within PEG hydrogels, however, gel structure had a significant impact on the composition and spatial organization of the new tissue and on how chondrocytes responded to their environment, particularly with respect to their catabolic expression.
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Kim BS, Park IK, Hoshiba T, Jiang HL, Choi YJ, Akaike T, Cho CS. Design of artificial extracellular matrices for tissue engineering. Prog Polym Sci 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2010.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Lanasa SM, Hoffecker IT, Bryant SJ. Presence of pores and hydrogel composition influence tensile properties of scaffolds fabricated from well-defined sphere templates. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2010; 96:294-302. [PMID: 21210509 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.31765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2010] [Revised: 06/30/2010] [Accepted: 07/07/2010] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Sphere templating is an attractive method to produce porous polymeric scaffolds with well-defined and uniform pore structures for applications in tissue engineering. While high porosity is desired to facilitate cell seeding and enhance nutrient transport, the incorporation of pores will impact gross mechanical properties of tissue scaffolds and will likely be dependent on pore size. The goals of this study were to evaluate the effect of pores, pore diameter, and polymer composition on gross mechanical properties of hydrogels prepared from crosslinked poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) and poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) (pHEMA). Sphere templates were fabricated from uncrosslinked poly(methyl methacrylate) spheres sieved between 53-63 and 150-180 μm. Incorporating pores into hydrogels significantly decreased the quasi-static modulus and ultimate tensile stress, but increased the ultimate tensile strain. For pHEMA, decreases in gel crosslinking density and increases in pore diameters followed similar trends. Interestingly, the mechanical properties of porous PEG hydrogels were less sensitive to changes in pore diameter for a given polymer composition. Additionally, pore diameter was shown to affect skeletal myoblast adhesion whereby many cells cultured in porous hydrogels with smaller pores were seen spanning across multiple pores, but lined the inside of larger pores. In summary, incorporation of pores and changes in pore diameter significantly affect the gross mechanical properties, but in a manner that is dependent on gel chemistry, structure, and composition. Together, these findings will help to design better hydrogel scaffolds for applications where gross mechanical properties and porosity are critical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie M Lanasa
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
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Jeon O, Powell C, Ahmed SM, Alsberg E. Biodegradable, Photocrosslinked Alginate Hydrogels with Independently Tailorable Physical Properties and Cell Adhesivity. Tissue Eng Part A 2010; 16:2915-25. [DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2010.0096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Oju Jeon
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Caitlin Powell
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Shaoly M. Ahmed
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Eben Alsberg
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
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Degala S, Zipfel WR, Bonassar LJ. Chondrocyte calcium signaling in response to fluid flow is regulated by matrix adhesion in 3-D alginate scaffolds. Arch Biochem Biophys 2010; 505:112-7. [PMID: 20705051 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2010.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2010] [Revised: 08/03/2010] [Accepted: 08/05/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The interaction between chondrocytes and their surrounding extracellular matrix plays an important role in regulating cartilage metabolism in response to environmental cues. This study characterized the role of cell adhesion on the calcium signaling response of chondrocytes to fluid flow. Bovine chondrocytes were suspended in alginate hydrogels functionalized with RGD at concentrations of 0-400μM. The hydrogels were perfused and the calcium signaling response of the cells was measured over a range of fluid velocities from 0 to 68μm/s. Attachment to RGD-alginate doubled the sensitivity of chondrocytes to flows in the range of 8-13μm/s, but at higher fluid velocities, the contribution of cell adhesion to the observed calcium signaling response was no longer apparent. The enhanced sensitivity to flow was dependent on the density of RGD-ligand present in the scaffolds. The RGD-enhanced sensitivity to flow was completely inhibited by the addition of soluble RGD which acted as a competitive inhibitor. The results of this study indicate a role for matrix adhesion in regulating chondrocyte response to fluid flow through a calcium dependent mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satish Degala
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, 151 Weill Hall, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
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Guarnieri D, De Capua A, Ventre M, Borzacchiello A, Pedone C, Marasco D, Ruvo M, Netti PA. Covalently immobilized RGD gradient on PEG hydrogel scaffold influences cell migration parameters. Acta Biomater 2010; 6:2532-9. [PMID: 20051270 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2009.12.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2009] [Revised: 12/11/2009] [Accepted: 12/29/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the influence of a controlled spatial distribution of biological cues on cell activities can be useful to design "cell instructive" materials, able to control and guide the formation of engineered tissues in vivo and in vitro. To this purpose, biochemical and mechanical properties of the resulting biomaterial must be carefully designed and controlled. In this work, the effect of covalently immobilized RGD peptide gradients on poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate hydrogels on cell behaviour was studied. We set up a mechanical device generating gradients based on a fluidic chamber. Cell response to RGD gradients with different slope (0.7, 1 and 2 mM cm(-1)) was qualitatively and quantitatively assessed by evaluating cell adhesion and, in particular, cell migration, compared to cells seeded on hydrogels with uniform distribution of RGD peptides. To evaluate the influence of RGD gradient and to exclude any concentration effect on cell response, all analyses were carried out in a specific region of the gradients which displayed the same average concentration of RGD (1.5 mM). Results suggest that cells recognize the RGD gradient and adhere onto it assuming a stretched shape. Moreover, cells tend to migrate in the direction of the gradient, as their speed is higher than that of cells migrating on hydrogels with a uniform distribution of RGD and increases by increasing RGD gradient steepness. This increment is due to an augmentation of bias speed component of the mean squared speed, that is, the drift of the cell population migrating on the anisotropic surface provided by the RGD gradient.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Guarnieri
- Interdisciplinary Research Centre on Biomaterials (CRIB), Naples, Italy
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Dworak C, Koch T, Varga F, Liska R. Photopolymerization of biocompatible phosphorus-containing vinyl esters and vinyl carbamates. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.24072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Altin H, Kosif I, Sanyal R. Fabrication of “Clickable” Hydrogels via Dendron−Polymer Conjugates. Macromolecules 2010. [DOI: 10.1021/ma100292w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Huseyin Altin
- Department of Chemistry, Bogazici University, Bebek, 34342, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Irem Kosif
- Department of Chemistry, Bogazici University, Bebek, 34342, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Rana Sanyal
- Department of Chemistry, Bogazici University, Bebek, 34342, Istanbul, Turkey
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