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Hamdallah SI, Zoqlam R, Yang B, Campbell A, Booth R, Booth J, Belton P, Qi S. Using a systematic and quantitative approach to generate new insights into drug loading of PLGA nanoparticles using nanoprecipitation. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2024; 6:3188-3198. [PMID: 38868816 PMCID: PMC11166107 DOI: 10.1039/d4na00087k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024]
Abstract
The synthesis of drug-loaded PLGA nanoparticles through nanoprecipitation in solvent/antisolvent mixtures is well reported but lacks clarity in explaining drug loading mechanisms and the prediction of efficiency of drug entrapment. Various methods using physical parameters such as log P and solid-state drug-polymer solubility aim to predict the intensity of drug-polymer interactions but lack precision. In particular, the zero-enthalpy method for drug/polymer solubility may be intrinsically inaccurate, as we demonstrate. Conventional measurement of loading capacity (LC), expressed in weight ratios, can be misleading for comparing different drugs and we stress the importance of using molar units. This research aims to provide new insights and critically evaluate the established methodologies for drug loading of PLGA nanoparticles. The study employs four model drugs with varying solubilities in solvent/antisolvent mixtures, log P values, and solid-state solubility in PLGA: ketoprofen (KPN), indomethacin (IND), sorafenib (SFN), and clofazimine (CFZ). This study highlights that drug loading efficiency is primarily influenced by the drug's solubilities within the solvent system. We emphasise that both kinetic and thermodynamic factors play a role in the behaviour of the system by considering the changes in drug solubility during mixing. The study introduces a pseudo-constant K* to characterise drug-polymer interactions, with CFZ and SFN showing the highest K* values. Interestingly, while IND and KPN have lower K* values, they achieve higher loading capacities due to their greater solubilities, indicating the key role of solubility in determining LC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherif I Hamdallah
- School of Pharmacy, University of East Anglia Norwich NR4 7TJ UK
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University Alexandria Egypt
| | - Randa Zoqlam
- School of Pharmacy, University College London London WC1N 1AX UK
| | - Bin Yang
- Advanced Drug Delivery, Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Discovery Center (DISC) 1 Francis Crick Avenue Cambridge CB2 0AA UK
| | - Andrew Campbell
- Advanced Drug Delivery, Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Discovery Center (DISC) 1 Francis Crick Avenue Cambridge CB2 0AA UK
| | - Rebecca Booth
- New Modalities and Parenteral Development, Pharmaceutical Technology & Development, Operations, AstraZeneca Macclesfield SK10 2NA UK
| | - Jonathan Booth
- New Modalities and Parenteral Development, Pharmaceutical Technology & Development, Operations, AstraZeneca Macclesfield SK10 2NA UK
| | - Peter Belton
- School of Chemistry, University of East Anglia Norwich NR4 7TJ UK
| | - Sheng Qi
- School of Pharmacy, University of East Anglia Norwich NR4 7TJ UK
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2
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Pajzderska A, Mielcarek J, Wąsicki J. The Physical Stability of Felodipine and Its Recrystallization from an Amorphous Solid Dispersion Studied by NMR Relaxometry. AAPS PharmSciTech 2022; 23:93. [PMID: 35314906 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-022-02234-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) relaxometry method was applied to investigate the physical stability of an active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) and, for the first time, its recrystallization process in an amorphous solid dispersion system (ASD). The ASD of felodipine and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) was prepared using the solvent evaporation method in a mass ratio of 50:50. In the first stage of the study (250 days), the sample was stored at 0% relative humidity (RH). The recovery of magnetization was described by one-exponential function. In the second stage (300 days in 75% relative humidity), the recrystallization process of felodipine was studied, showing in the sample three components of equilibrium magnetization related to (i) crystalline felodipine, (ii) water, and (iii) felodipine and PVP remaining in the ASD. The study shows that the 1H NMR relaxometry method is a very useful tool for analysing the composition of a three-phase system mixed at the molecular level and for the investigation of recrystallization process of API in amorphous solid dispersion system.
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3
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Barbarić J, Žižek K, Rogošić M. Estimation of lurasidone hydrochloride equilibrium solubility in a polymeric solid dispersion using thermal analysis and thermodynamic modeling. J DISPER SCI TECHNOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/01932691.2021.1984937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joško Barbarić
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Department of Mechanical and Thermal Process Engineering, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Republic of Croatia
| | - Krunoslav Žižek
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Department of Mechanical and Thermal Process Engineering, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Republic of Croatia
| | - Marko Rogošić
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Republic of Croatia
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4
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Parulski C, Jennotte O, Lechanteur A, Evrard B. Challenges of fused deposition modeling 3D printing in pharmaceutical applications: Where are we now? Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 175:113810. [PMID: 34029646 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, fused deposition modeling has become one of the most used three-dimensional printing technologies in the pharmaceutical field. The production of personalized dosage forms for individualized therapy and the modification of the drug release profile by the elaboration of complex geometries make fused deposition modeling a promising tool for small-scale production. However, fused deposition modeling has a considerable number of challenges to overcome. They are divided into three categories of parameters. Material-specific parameters encompass the physicochemical properties of the filament, like thermal, mechanical and rheological properties. They determine the feasibility of the printing process. Operation-specific parameters relate to the processing conditions of printing, such as printing temperature and infill density, which have an influence on the final quality and on the dissolution behavior of the objects. The printer equipment is defined by the machine-specific parameters. Some modifications of this equipment also enhance the performance of the printing process. The aim of this review is to highlight the major fused deposition modeling critical process parameters in the pharmaceutical field and possible solutions in order to speed up the development of objects in the pharmaceutical market.
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5
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Thakore SD, Akhtar J, Jain R, Paudel A, Bansal AK. Analytical and Computational Methods for the Determination of Drug-Polymer Solubility and Miscibility. Mol Pharm 2021; 18:2835-2866. [PMID: 34041914 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.1c00141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In the pharmaceutical industry, poorly water-soluble drugs require enabling technologies to increase apparent solubility in the biological environment. Amorphous solid dispersion (ASD) has emerged as an attractive strategy that has been used to market more than 20 oral pharmaceutical products. The amorphous form is inherently unstable and exhibits phase separation and crystallization during shelf life storage. Polymers stabilize the amorphous drug by antiplasticization, reducing molecular mobility, reducing chemical potential of drug, and increasing glass transition temperature in ASD. Here, drug-polymer miscibility is an important contributor to the physical stability of ASDs. The current Review discusses the basics of drug-polymer interactions with the major focus on the methods for the evaluation of solubility and miscibility of the drug in the polymer. Methods for the evaluation of drug-polymer solubility and miscibility have been classified as thermal, spectroscopic, microscopic, solid-liquid equilibrium-based, rheological, and computational methods. Thermal methods have been commonly used to determine the solubility of the drug in the polymer, while other methods provide qualitative information about drug-polymer miscibility. Despite advancements, the majority of these methods are still inadequate to provide the value of drug-polymer miscibility at room temperature. There is still a need for methods that can accurately determine drug-polymer miscibility at pharmaceutically relevant temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samarth D Thakore
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Sector 67, S.A.S. Nagar, Mohali, Punjab 160062, India
| | - Junia Akhtar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology (Formulations), National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Sector 67, S.A.S. Nagar, Mohali, Punjab 160062, India
| | - Ranjna Jain
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Sector 67, S.A.S. Nagar, Mohali, Punjab 160062, India
| | - Amrit Paudel
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering (RCPE) GmbH, Inffeldgasse 13, 8010 Graz, Austria.,Institute for Process and Particle Engineering, Graz University of Technology, Inffeldgasse 13, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Arvind K Bansal
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Sector 67, S.A.S. Nagar, Mohali, Punjab 160062, India
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6
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Pajzderska A, Jenczyk J, Embs JP, Wąsicki J. Exploring molecular reorientations in amorphous and recrystallized felodipine at the microscopic level. RSC Adv 2020; 10:37346-37357. [PMID: 35521258 PMCID: PMC9057141 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra07266d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular reorientations were studied in amorphous, partially and fully recrystallized felodipine (calcium channel blocker, a drug from the family of 1',4-dihydropyridine) using a set of experimental methods: high-resolution solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), relaxometry NMR and quasielastic neutron scattering (QENS). The results were compared with molecular dynamics in crystalline felodipine previously investigated [A. Pajzderska, K. Drużbicki, M. A. Gonzalez, J. Jenczyk, J. Mielcarek, J. Wąsicki, Diversity of Methyl Group Dynamics in Felodipine: a DFT Supported NMR and Neutron Scattering Study, CrystEngComm, 2018, 20, 7371-7385]. The kinetics of the recrystallization was also studied. The most stable sample was the sample stored in a closed ampoule (at room temperature, in 0% RH) and its complete recrystallization lasted 105 days. In the fully recrystallized sample, the same molecular reorientation identified in the crystalline form was detected, so reorientations of all methyl groups and the ethyl ester fragment. In the partially recrystallized sample, static disorder caused by the two positions of both side chains was revealed. In the amorphous sample the reorientation of all methyl groups was analyzed and the distribution of correlation times and energy barriers connected with the loss of long-range ordering and disorder of side chains were analyzed. Additionally, inhibition of reorientation in the ethyl ester fragment was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Pajzderska
- Faculty of Physics, Adam Mickiewicz University Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 2 61-614 Poznań Poland
| | - J Jenczyk
- NanoBioMedical Centre, Adam Mickiewicz University Wszechnicy Piastowskiej 3 61-614 Poznań Poland
| | - J P Embs
- Laboratory for Neutron Scattering and Imaging, Paul Scherrer Institut 5232 Villigen Switzerland
| | - J Wąsicki
- Faculty of Physics, Adam Mickiewicz University Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 2 61-614 Poznań Poland .,NanoBioMedical Centre, Adam Mickiewicz University Wszechnicy Piastowskiej 3 61-614 Poznań Poland
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7
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Li N, Cape JL, Mankani BR, Zemlyanov DY, Shepard KB, Morgen MM, Taylor LS. Water-Induced Phase Separation of Spray-Dried Amorphous Solid Dispersions. Mol Pharm 2020; 17:4004-4017. [PMID: 32931293 PMCID: PMC7539301 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.0c00798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Spray
drying is widely used in the manufacturing of amorphous solid
dispersion (ASD) systems due to its fast drying rate, enabling kinetic
trapping of the drug in amorphous form. Spray-drying conditions, such
as solvent composition, can have a profound impact on the properties
of spray-dried dispersions. In this study, the phase behavior of spray-dried
dispersions from methanol and methanol–water mixtures was assessed
using ritonavir and copovidone [poly(vinylpyrrolidone-co-vinyl acetate)
(PVPVA)] as dispersion components. The resultant ASDs were characterized
using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), fluorescence spectroscopy,
X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), as well as surface-normalized
dissolution rate (SNDR) measurements. Quaternary phase diagrams were
calculated using a four-component Flory–Huggins model. It was
found that the addition of water to the solvent system can lead to
phase separation during the spray-drying process. A 10:90 H2O/MeOH solvent system caused a minor extent of phase separation.
Phase heterogeneity in the 50 and 75% drug loading ASDs prepared from
this spray solvent can be detected using DSC but not with other techniques
used. The 25% drug loading system did not show phase heterogeneity
in solid-state characterization but exhibited a compromised dissolution
rate compared to that of the miscible ASD prepared from H2O-free solvent. This is possibly due to the formation of slow-releasing
drug-rich phases upon phase separation. ASDs prepared with a 60:40
H2O/MeOH solvent mixture showed phase heterogeneity with
all analytical methods used. The surface composition of dispersion
particles as measured by fluorescence spectroscopy and XPS showed
good agreement, suggesting surface drug enrichment of the spray-dried
ASD particles prepared from this solvent system. Calculated phase
diagrams and drying trajectories were consistent with experimental
observations, suggesting that small variations in solvent composition
may cause significant changes in ASD phase behavior during drying.
These findings should aid in spray-drying process development for
ASD manufacturing and can be applied broadly to assess the risk of
phase separation for spray-drying systems using mixed organic solvents
or other solvent-based processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Li
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, Purdue University, 575 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, 69 North Eagleville Road Unit 3092, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
| | - Jonathan L Cape
- Research & Development, Lonza Pharma and Biotech, 1201 NW Wall Street, Suite 200, Bend, Oregon 97703, United States
| | - Bharat R Mankani
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, Purdue University, 575 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States.,MarqMetrix Inc., Emerald Landing, 2157 N Northlake Way #240, Seattle, Washington 98103, United States
| | - Dmitry Y Zemlyanov
- Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Kimberly B Shepard
- Research & Development, Lonza Pharma and Biotech, 1201 NW Wall Street, Suite 200, Bend, Oregon 97703, United States
| | - Michael M Morgen
- Research & Development, Lonza Pharma and Biotech, 1201 NW Wall Street, Suite 200, Bend, Oregon 97703, United States
| | - Lynne S Taylor
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, Purdue University, 575 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
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8
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Alhijjaj M, Belton P, Fabian L, Reading M, Qi S. Automation Potential of a New, Rapid, Microscopy-Based Method for Screening Drug-Polymer Solubility. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:11402-11410. [PMID: 32478229 PMCID: PMC7254515 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c00429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
For the pharmaceutical industry, the preformulation screening of the compatibility of drug and polymeric excipients can often be time-consuming because of the use of trial-and-error approaches. This is also the case for selecting highly effective polymeric excipients for forming molecular dispersions in order to improve the dissolution and subsequent bio-availability of a poorly soluble drug. Previously, we developed a new thermal imaging-based rapid screening method, thermal analysis by structure characterization (TASC), which can rapidly detect the melting point depression of a crystalline drug in the presence of a polymeric material. In this study, we used melting point depression as an indicator of drug solubility in a polymer and further explored the potential of using the TASC method to rapidly screen and identify polymers in which a drug is likely to have high solubility. Here, we used a data bank of 5 model drugs and 10 different pharmaceutical grade polymers to validate the screening potential of TASC. The data indicated that TASC could provide significant improvement in the screening speed and reduce the materials used without compromising the sensitivity of detection. It should be highlighted that the current method is a screening method rather than a method that provides absolute measurement of the degree of solubility of a drug in a polymer. The results of this study confirmed that the TASC results of each drug-polymer pair could be used in data matrices to indicate the presence of significant interaction and solubility of the drug in the polymer. This forms the foundation for automating the screening process using artificial intelligence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muqdad Alhijjaj
- School of Pharmacy, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, Norfolk, U.K.
- Department of Pharmaceutics,
College of Pharmacy, University of Basrah, Basrah 61004, Iraq
| | - Peter Belton
- School of Chemistry, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, Norfolk, U.K.
| | - Laszlo Fabian
- School of Pharmacy, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, Norfolk, U.K.
| | | | - Sheng Qi
- School of Pharmacy, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, Norfolk, U.K.
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9
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Pisa E, Hughes LP, Wren SAC, Booth J, McCabe JF, Whittaker DTE, Mantle MD. NMR and Thermal Studies for the Characterization of Mass Transport and Phase Separation in Paracetamol/Copovidone Hot-Melt Extrusion Formulations. Mol Pharm 2020; 17:2021-2033. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.0c00188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Elena Pisa
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Philippa Fawcett Drive, Cambridge CB3 0AS, U.K
| | - Leslie P. Hughes
- Global Product Development, AstraZeneca, Charter Way, Macclesfield SK10 2NA, U.K
| | - Stephen A. C. Wren
- Global Product Development, AstraZeneca, Charter Way, Macclesfield SK10 2NA, U.K
| | - Jonathan Booth
- Global Product Development, AstraZeneca, Charter Way, Macclesfield SK10 2NA, U.K
| | - James Francis McCabe
- Pharmaceutical Development, AstraZeneca, Charter Way, Macclesfield SK10 2NA, U.K
| | - David T. E. Whittaker
- Early Chemical Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield SK10 2NA, U.K
| | - Mick D. Mantle
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Philippa Fawcett Drive, Cambridge CB3 0AS, U.K
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10
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Tsakiridou G, Reppas C, Kuentz M, Kalantzi L. A Novel Rheological Method to Assess Drug-Polymer Interactions Regarding Miscibility and Crystallization of Drug in Amorphous Solid Dispersions for Oral Drug Delivery. Pharmaceutics 2019; 11:pharmaceutics11120625. [PMID: 31766731 PMCID: PMC6955678 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics11120625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Revised: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Solid dispersions provide a key technology to formulate poorly water-soluble drugs, and a main task of early development is appropriate selection of polymer. This study investigates the use of a novel rheology-based approach to evaluate miscibility and interactions of drugs with polymers regarding amorphous solid drug dispersions for oral administration. Tacrolimus was used as model drug and hydroxypropyl cellulose, ethylcellulose, Soluplus®, polyethyleneglycol 6000, Poloxamer-188 (Koliphor-188), and Eudragit® S100 were used as excipients. Solvent-based evaporation methods were used to prepare binary solid dispersions of drug and polymer. Data of the dilute solution viscosimetry were compared with in silico calculations of the Hansen solubility parameter (HSP), as well as phase separation/crystallization data obtained from X-ray diffraction and differential scanning calorimetry. HSP calculations in some cases led to false positive predictions of tacrolimus miscibility with the tested polymers. The novel rheology-based method provided valuable insights into drug-polymer interactions and likely miscibility with polymer. It is a rather fast, inexpensive, and robust analytical approach, which could be used complementary to in silico-based evaluation of polymers in early formulation development, especially in cases of rather large active pharmaceutical ingredients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgia Tsakiridou
- Department of Scientific Affairs, Pharmathen S/A, 15125 Marousi, Greece;
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15784 Zografou, Greece;
| | - Christos Reppas
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15784 Zografou, Greece;
| | - Martin Kuentz
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland, 4132 Muttenz, Switzerland;
| | - Lida Kalantzi
- Department of Scientific Affairs, Pharmathen S/A, 15125 Marousi, Greece;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +30-210-66-04-300
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11
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Higashi K, Ueda K, Moribe K. Intermolecular Interactions between Drugs and Aminoalkyl Methacrylate Copolymer in Solution to Enhance the Concentration of Poorly Water-Soluble Drugs. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2019; 67:906-914. [PMID: 31474728 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.c18-00849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
An aminoalkyl methacrylate copolymer, Eudragit® E (EUD-E), has gained tremendous attention as a solid dispersion carrier because it efficiently stabilizes drugs in the amorphous state. Furthermore, EUD-E remarkably enhances drug dissolution in water. This review focuses on the interaction between drugs and EUD-E in solution, which contributes to the enhancement of drug concentration. Studies examining interactions between acidic drugs and EUD-E in organic solvents have revealed that the interaction occurs predominantly by electrostatic interaction, including hydrogen bonding and dipolar interactions. Other studies on interactions in aqueous solution found evidence for strong electrostatic interactions between acidic drugs and EUD-E in ion exchange experiments. 1H-NMR studies using high-resolution magic-angle spinning, nuclear Overhauser effect spectroscopy, diffusion, and relaxation time measurements successfully identified the interaction site and strength in aqueous solution. Hydrophobic and ionic interactions occurred between drugs and EUD-E. The conformation of EUD-E, which was affected by the ionic strength and pH of the aqueous media, also influenced the interaction. The knowledge discussed in this review will be helpful in designing solid dispersion formulations with EUD-E, which will efficiently enhance drug concentration and subsequent absorption into the body.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Keisuke Ueda
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University
| | - Kunikazu Moribe
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University
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12
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Medarević D, Djuriš J, Barmpalexis P, Kachrimanis K, Ibrić S. Analytical and Computational Methods for the Estimation of Drug-Polymer Solubility and Miscibility in Solid Dispersions Development. Pharmaceutics 2019; 11:pharmaceutics11080372. [PMID: 31374926 PMCID: PMC6722809 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics11080372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of stable solid dispersion formulations that maintain desired improvement of drug dissolution rate during the entire shelf life requires the analysis of drug-polymer solubility and miscibility. Only if the drug concentration is below the solubility limit in the polymer, the physical stability of solid dispersions is guaranteed without risk for drug (re)crystallization. If the drug concentration is above the solubility, but below the miscibility limit, the system is stabilized through intimate drug-polymer mixing, with additional kinetic stabilization if stored sufficiently below the mixture glass transition temperature. Therefore, it is of particular importance to assess the drug-polymer solubility and miscibility, to select suitable formulation (a type of polymer and drug loading), manufacturing process, and storage conditions, with the aim to ensure physical stability during the product shelf life. Drug-polymer solubility and miscibility can be assessed using analytical methods, which can detect whether the system is single-phase or not. Thermodynamic modeling enables a mechanistic understanding of drug-polymer solubility and miscibility and identification of formulation compositions with the expected formation of the stable single-phase system. Advance molecular modeling and simulation techniques enable getting insight into interactions between the drug and polymer at the molecular level, which determine whether the single-phase system formation will occur or not.
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Affiliation(s)
- Djordje Medarević
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Cosmetology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 450, 11221 Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Jelena Djuriš
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Cosmetology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 450, 11221 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Panagiotis Barmpalexis
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Kyriakos Kachrimanis
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Svetlana Ibrić
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Cosmetology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 450, 11221 Belgrade, Serbia
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Tran TTD, Tran PHL. Controlled Release Film Forming Systems in Drug Delivery: The Potential for Efficient Drug Delivery. Pharmaceutics 2019; 11:E290. [PMID: 31226748 PMCID: PMC6630634 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics11060290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2019] [Revised: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite many available approaches for transdermal drug delivery, patient compliance and drug targeting at the desired concentration are still concerns for effective therapies. Precise and efficient film-forming systems provide great potential for controlling drug delivery through the skin with the combined advantages of films and hydrogels. The associated disadvantages of both systems (films and hydrogels) will be overcome in film-forming systems. Different strategies have been designed to control drug release through the skin, including changes to film-forming polymers, plasticizers, additives or even model drugs in formulations. In the current review, we aim to discuss the recent advances in film-forming systems to provide the principles and review the methods of these systems as applied to controlled drug release. Advances in the design of film-forming systems open a new generation of these systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thao T D Tran
- Department for Management of Science and Technology Development, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.
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14
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Solid dispersion technology as a strategy to improve the bioavailability of poorly soluble drugs. Ther Deliv 2019; 10:363-382. [PMID: 31094298 DOI: 10.4155/tde-2019-0007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the last half-century, solid dispersions (SDs) have been intensively investigated as a strategy to improve drugs solubility and dissolution rate, enhancing oral bioavailability. In this review, an overview of the state of the art of SDs technology is presented, focusing on their classification, the main preparation methods, the limitations associated with their instability, and the marketed products. To fully take advantage of SDs potential, an improvement in their physical stability and the ability to prolong the supersaturation of the drug in gastrointestinal fluids is required, as well as a better scientific understanding of scale-up for defining a robust manufacturing process. Taking these limitations into account will contribute to increase the number of marketed pharmaceutical products based on SD technology.
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Pajzderska A, Fojud Z, Jarek M, Wąsicki J. NMR relaxometry in the investigation of the kinetics of the recrystallization of felodipine. POWDER TECHNOL 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2019.02.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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16
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Zhang S, Lee TW, Chow AH. Thermodynamic and kinetic evaluation of the impact of polymer excipients on storage stability of amorphous itraconazole. Int J Pharm 2019; 555:394-403. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2018.11.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Revised: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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17
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Aho J, Bøtker JP, Genina N, Edinger M, Arnfast L, Rantanen J. Roadmap to 3D-Printed Oral Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms: Feedstock Filament Properties and Characterization for Fused Deposition Modeling. J Pharm Sci 2018; 108:26-35. [PMID: 30445005 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2018.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Revised: 11/03/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Application of additive manufacturing techniques (3D printing) for mass-customized products has boomed in the recent years. In pharmaceutical industry and research, the interest has grown particularly with the future scenario of more personalized medicinal products. Understanding a broad range of material properties and process behavior of the drug-excipient combinations is necessary for successful 3D printing of dosage forms. This commentary reviews recent 3D-printing studies by fused deposition modeling (FDM) technique in pharmaceutical sciences, extending into the fields of polymer processing and rapid prototyping, where more in-depth studies on the feedstock material properties, modeling, and simulation of the FDM process have been performed. A case study of a model oral dosage form from custom-prepared indomethacin-polycaprolactone feedstock filament was used as an example in the pharmaceutical context. The printability was assessed in the different process steps: preparation of customized filaments for FDM, filament feeding, deposition, and solidification. These were linked with the rheological, thermal, and mechanical properties and their characterization, relevant for understanding the printability of drug products by FDM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Aho
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Johan Peter Bøtker
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Natalja Genina
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Magnus Edinger
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lærke Arnfast
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jukka Rantanen
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
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18
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Schittny A, Ogawa H, Huwyler J, Puchkov M. A combined mathematical model linking the formation of amorphous solid dispersions with hot-melt-extrusion process parameters. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2018; 132:127-145. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2018.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Revised: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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19
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Askin S, Zhao M, Gonçalves AD, Gaisford S, Craig DQM. The Development of Quasi-isothermal Calorimetry for the Measurement of Drug–Polymer Miscibility and Crystallization Kinetics: Olanzapine-Loaded PLGA Microparticles. Mol Pharm 2018; 15:3332-3342. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.8b00364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sean Askin
- UCL School of Pharmacy, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, United Kingdom
| | - Min Zhao
- School of Pharmacy, Queen’s University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, United Kingdom
| | - Andrea D. Gonçalves
- DPDD Drug Delivery, GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage SG1 2NY, United Kingdom
| | - Simon Gaisford
- UCL School of Pharmacy, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, United Kingdom
| | - Duncan Q. M. Craig
- UCL School of Pharmacy, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, United Kingdom
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20
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Physical Stability of Amorphous Solid Dispersions: a Physicochemical Perspective with Thermodynamic, Kinetic and Environmental Aspects. Pharm Res 2018; 35:125. [PMID: 29687226 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-018-2408-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Amorphous solid dispersions (ASDs) have been widely used in the pharmaceutical industry for solubility enhancementof poorly water-soluble drugs. The physical stability, however, remainsone of the most challenging issues for the formulation development.Many factors can affect the physical stability via different mechanisms, and therefore an in-depth understanding on these factors isrequired. METHODS In this review, we intend to summarize the physical stability of ASDsfrom a physicochemical perspective whereby factors that can influence the physical stability areclassified into thermodynamic, kinetic and environmental aspects. RESULTS The drug-polymer miscibility and solubility are consideredas the main thermodynamicfactors which may determine the spontaneity of the occurrence of the physical instabilityof ASDs. Glass-transition temperature,molecular mobility, manufacturing process,physical stabilityof amorphous drugs, and drug-polymerinteractionsareconsideredas the kinetic factors which areassociated with the kinetic stability of ASDs on aging. Storage conditions including temperature and humidity could significantly affect the thermodynamicand kineticstabilityof ASDs. CONCLUSION When designing amorphous solid dispersions, it isrecommended that these thermodynamic, kinetic and environmental aspects should be completely investigatedand compared to establish rationale formulations for amorphous solid dispersions with high physical stability.
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21
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Ghaderi F, Nemati M, Siahi-Shadbad MR, Valizadeh H, Monajjemzadeh F. Physicochemical analysis and nonisothermal kinetic study of sertraline-lactose binary mixtures. J Food Drug Anal 2017; 25:709-716. [PMID: 28911656 PMCID: PMC9328830 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfda.2016.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2015] [Revised: 06/22/2016] [Accepted: 08/21/2016] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study the physicochemical stability of sertraline with lactose was evaluated in drug-excipient binary mixtures. Different physicochemical methods such as differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, and mass spectrometry were applied to confirm the incompatibility. The final aim of this study was to evaluate the kinetic parameters using a fast and sensitive DSC method. Solid-state kinetic parameters were derived from nonisothermally stressed physical mixtures using different thermal models such as Friedman, Flynn-Wall-Ozawa, and Kissinger-Akahira-Sunose. Overall, the instability of sertraline with lactose was successfully evaluated. Further confirmation was made by tracking the Maillard reaction product of sertraline and lactose by mass spectrometry. DSC scans provided important information about the stability of sertraline in solid-state condition and also revealed the related thermokinetic parameters in order to understand the nature of the chemical instability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faranak Ghaderi
- Food and drug safety research center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Department of Drug and Food Control, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Mahboob Nemati
- Food and drug safety research center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Department of Pharmaceutical and Food Control, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Siahi-Shadbad
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Food Control, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Hadi Valizadeh
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Farnaz Monajjemzadeh
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Department of Pharmaceutical and Food Control, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
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22
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Healy AM, Worku ZA, Kumar D, Madi AM. Pharmaceutical solvates, hydrates and amorphous forms: A special emphasis on cocrystals. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2017; 117:25-46. [PMID: 28342786 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2017.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2016] [Revised: 01/27/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) may exist in various solid forms, which can lead to differences in the intermolecular interactions, affecting the internal energy and enthalpy, and the degree of disorder, affecting the entropy. Differences in solid forms often lead to differences in thermodynamic parameters and physicochemical properties for example solubility, dissolution rate, stability and mechanical properties of APIs and excipients. Hence, solid forms of APIs play a vital role in drug discovery and development in the context of optimization of bioavailability, filing intellectual property rights and developing suitable manufacturing methods. In this review, the fundamental characteristics and trends observed for pharmaceutical hydrates, solvates and amorphous forms are presented, with special emphasis, due to their relative abundance, on pharmaceutical hydrates with single and two-component (i.e. cocrystal) host molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Marie Healy
- Synthesis and Solid State Pharmaceutical Centre, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland.
| | - Zelalem Ayenew Worku
- Synthesis and Solid State Pharmaceutical Centre, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Dinesh Kumar
- Synthesis and Solid State Pharmaceutical Centre, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Atif M Madi
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
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23
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Edwards A, Qi S, Liu F, Brown M, McAuley W. Rationalising polymer selection for supersaturated film forming systems produced by an aerosol spray for the transdermal delivery of methylphenidate. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2017; 114:164-174. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2017.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2016] [Revised: 01/18/2017] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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24
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Li N, Gilpin CJ, Taylor LS. Understanding the Impact of Water on the Miscibility and Microstructure of Amorphous Solid Dispersions: An AFM-LCR and TEM-EDX Study. Mol Pharm 2017; 14:1691-1705. [PMID: 28394617 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.6b01151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Miscibility is critical for amorphous solid dispersions (ASDs). Phase-separated ASDs are more prone to crystallization, and thus can lose their solubility advantage leading to product failure. Additionally, dissolution performance can be diminished as a result of phase separation in the ASD matrix. Water is known to induce phase separation during storage for some ASDs. However, the impact of water introduced during preparation has not been as thoroughly investigated to date. The purpose of this study was to develop a mechanistic understanding of the effect of water on the phase behavior and microstructure of ASDs. Evacetrapib and two polymers were selected as the model system. Atomic force microscopy coupled with Lorentz contact resonance, and transmission electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy were employed to evaluate the microstructure and composition of phase-separated ASDs. It was found that phase separation could be induced via two routes: solution-state phase separation during ASD formation caused by water absorption during film formation by a hydrophilic solvent, or solid-phase separation following exposure to high RH during storage. Water contents of as low as 2% in the organic solvent system used to dissolve the drug and polymer were found to result in phase separation in the resultant ASD film. These findings have profound implications on lab-scale ASD preparation and potentially also for industrial production. Additionally, these high-resolution imaging techniques combined with orthogonal analyses are powerful tools to visualize structural changes in ASDs, which in turn will enable better links to be made between ASD structure and performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Li
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, Purdue University , 575 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Christopher J Gilpin
- Life Science Microscopy Facility, Purdue University , 625 Agriculture Mall Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Lynne S Taylor
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, Purdue University , 575 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
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25
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Mochizuki A, Miwa Y, Miyoshi R, Namiki T. Relationship between water structure and properties of poly(methyl methacrylate-b-2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) by solid-state NMR. JOURNAL OF BIOMATERIALS SCIENCE-POLYMER EDITION 2017; 28:1199-1214. [PMID: 28325108 DOI: 10.1080/09205063.2017.1310647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
We previously reported that the platelet compatibility of methyl methacrylate (MMA)-2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) diblock copolymers is related to the characteristic water structure in the copolymer, as the copolymer has an excess amount of nonfreezing water when compared with that estimated from the amounts of water in HEMA and MMA homopolymers. Thus, in this study, the relationship between water structure and polymer structure, including the heterogeneity and mobility of the copolymer, was investigated using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. The prepared copolymers were classified into two groups: copolymers with a short, constant polyMMA segment length (Mn = ~2900) and copolymers with a constant polyHEMA segment length (Mn = ~9500), whereas the lengths of the counter segments varied. DSC analysis showed that when the polyMMA and polyHEMA segment lengths are similar, the amount of nonfreezing water increases, regardless of the total molecular weight of the copolymer. NMR analysis showed that heterogeneity of the copolymer is enhanced and the mobility of the copolymer decreases when the segment lengths are similar. These findings suggested that the excess amount of nonfreezing water is formed when the properties of water near the HEMA unit change from freezing to nonfreezing owing to interactions with the MMA unit. In addition, it is suggested that the heterogeneity of the copolymer structure or the mobility of the polymer are involved in the generation of excess nonfreezing water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Mochizuki
- a Department of Bio-Medical Engineering, School of Engineering , Tokai University , Isehara , Japan
| | - Yuko Miwa
- b Toray Research Center , Otsu , Japan
| | | | - Takahiro Namiki
- a Department of Bio-Medical Engineering, School of Engineering , Tokai University , Isehara , Japan
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26
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Maniruzzaman M, Ross SA, Islam MT, Scoutaris N, Nair A, Douroumis D. Increased dissolution rates of tranilast solid dispersions extruded with inorganic excipients. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2017; 43:947-957. [DOI: 10.1080/03639045.2017.1287716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Maniruzzaman
- Faculty of Engineering and Science, School of Science, University of Greenwich, Chatham Maritime, Chatham, Kent, UK
| | - Steven A. Ross
- Faculty of Engineering and Science, School of Science, University of Greenwich, Chatham Maritime, Chatham, Kent, UK
| | - Muhammad Tariqul Islam
- Faculty of Engineering and Science, School of Science, University of Greenwich, Chatham Maritime, Chatham, Kent, UK
| | - Nikolaos Scoutaris
- Faculty of Engineering and Science, School of Science, University of Greenwich, Chatham Maritime, Chatham, Kent, UK
| | - Arun Nair
- Fuji Chemical Industry Co, Ltd, International Business Division, Minato-Ward, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Dennis Douroumis
- Faculty of Engineering and Science, School of Science, University of Greenwich, Chatham Maritime, Chatham, Kent, UK
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27
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Polymeric Amorphous Solid Dispersions: A Review of Amorphization, Crystallization, Stabilization, Solid-State Characterization, and Aqueous Solubilization of Biopharmaceutical Classification System Class II Drugs. J Pharm Sci 2016; 105:2527-2544. [DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2015.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 557] [Impact Index Per Article: 69.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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28
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Alhijjaj M, Yassin S, Reading M, Zeitler JA, Belton P, Qi S. Characterization of Heterogeneity and Spatial Distribution of Phases in Complex Solid Dispersions by Thermal Analysis by Structural Characterization and X-ray Micro Computed Tomography. Pharm Res 2016; 34:971-989. [PMID: 27095354 PMCID: PMC5382188 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-016-1923-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2016] [Accepted: 04/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study investigated the effect of drug-excipient miscibility on the heterogeneity and spatial distribution of phase separation in pharmaceutical solid dispersions at a micron-scale using two novel and complementary characterization techniques, thermal analysis by structural characterization (TASC) and X-ray micro-computed tomography (XμCT) in conjunction with conventional characterization methods. METHOD Complex dispersions containing felodipine, TPGS, PEG and PEO were prepared using hot melt extrusion-injection moulding. The phase separation behavior of the samples was characterized using TASC and XμCT in conjunction with conventional thermal, microscopic and spectroscopic techniques. The in vitro drug release study was performed to demonstrate the impact of phase separation on dissolution of the dispersions. RESULTS The conventional characterization results indicated the phase separating nature of the carrier materials in the patches and the presence of crystalline drug in the patches with the highest drug loading (30% w/w). TASC and XμCT where used to provide insight into the spatial configuration of the separate phases. TASC enabled assessment of the increased heterogeneity of the dispersions with increasing the drug loading. XμCT allowed the visualization of the accumulation of phase separated (crystalline) drug clusters at the interface of air pockets in the patches with highest drug loading which led to poor dissolution performance. Semi-quantitative assessment of the phase separated drug clusters in the patches were attempted using XμCT. CONCLUSION TASC and XμCT can provide unique information regarding the phase separation behavior of solid dispersions which can be closely associated with important product quality indicators such as heterogeneity and microstructure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muqdad Alhijjaj
- School of Pharmacy, University of East Anglia, Norwich, Norfolk, UK, NR4 7TJ
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Basrah, Basrah, Iraq
| | - Samy Yassin
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Pembroke Street, Cambridge, CB2 3RA, UK
| | - Mike Reading
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Queensgate, Huddersfield, UK, HD1 3DH
| | - J Axel Zeitler
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Pembroke Street, Cambridge, CB2 3RA, UK
| | - Peter Belton
- School of Chemistry, University of East Anglia, Norwich, Norfolk, UK, NR4 7TJ
| | - Sheng Qi
- School of Pharmacy, University of East Anglia, Norwich, Norfolk, UK, NR4 7TJ.
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29
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Pawar J, Tayade A, Gangurde A, Moravkar K, Amin P. Solubility and dissolution enhancement of efavirenz hot melt extruded amorphous solid dispersions using combination of polymeric blends: A QbD approach. Eur J Pharm Sci 2016; 88:37-49. [PMID: 27049050 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2016.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Revised: 02/12/2016] [Accepted: 04/01/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Efavirenz is a non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor and categorized in to BCS class II drug. The aim of the present investigation was to apply quality by design approach to enhance the solubility, dissolution and stability of amorphous solid dispersions (ASDs) of efavirenz using a combination of Soluplus® and HPMCAS-HF polymers. In design of experiments, the user defined quadratic model was used to study the effect of variable concentrations of Soluplus® and HPMCAS-HF for the formation of ASDs of efavirenz. Similarly, a prototype ASD was made using Soluplus® as a carrier with efavirenz loading of 30%. The efavirenz ASDs granular extrudates were evaluated for saturation solubility as well as dissolution rate studies. X-ray powder diffraction, Differential scanning calorimetry, Fourier transform infrared, Atomic force microscopy and FTIR imaging to determine the solid state of efavirenz in the ASDs. DSC and XRD data confirmed that bulk crystalline efavirenz transformed to the amorphous form during the hot melt extrusion processing. Prototype ASD batch showed instability upon storage as per ICH guidelines over a period of 6months, observations inferred from DSC, XRD and in vitro dissolution studies. The maximum dissolution rate was observed when Soluplus® and HPMCAS-HF was in ratio of (60:20) as optimized by design of experiments study. Moreover, the optimized ASDs batch were stable at 40°C, 75% RH for a period of 6months without any dissolution rate changes, and remained into amorphous state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaywant Pawar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology, Mumbai, University under Section-3 of UGC Act-1956, Elite Status & Centre of Excellence - Govt. of Maharashtra, N. P. Marg, Matunga, Mumbai 400019, India.
| | - Apurva Tayade
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology, Mumbai, University under Section-3 of UGC Act-1956, Elite Status & Centre of Excellence - Govt. of Maharashtra, N. P. Marg, Matunga, Mumbai 400019, India
| | - Avinash Gangurde
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology, Mumbai, University under Section-3 of UGC Act-1956, Elite Status & Centre of Excellence - Govt. of Maharashtra, N. P. Marg, Matunga, Mumbai 400019, India
| | - Kailas Moravkar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology, Mumbai, University under Section-3 of UGC Act-1956, Elite Status & Centre of Excellence - Govt. of Maharashtra, N. P. Marg, Matunga, Mumbai 400019, India
| | - Purnima Amin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology, Mumbai, University under Section-3 of UGC Act-1956, Elite Status & Centre of Excellence - Govt. of Maharashtra, N. P. Marg, Matunga, Mumbai 400019, India
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30
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Li S, Tian Y, Jones DS, Andrews GP. Optimising Drug Solubilisation in Amorphous Polymer Dispersions: Rational Selection of Hot-melt Extrusion Processing Parameters. AAPS PharmSciTech 2016; 17:200-13. [PMID: 26729536 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-015-0450-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2015] [Accepted: 10/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this article was to construct a T-ϕ phase diagram for a model drug (FD) and amorphous polymer (Eudragit® EPO) and to use this information to understand the impact of how temperature-composition coordinates influenced the final properties of the extrudate. Defining process boundaries and understanding drug solubility in polymeric carriers is of utmost importance and will help in the successful manufacture of new delivery platforms for BCS class II drugs. Physically mixed felodipine (FD)-Eudragit(®) EPO (EPO) binary mixtures with pre-determined weight fractions were analysed using DSC to measure the endset of melting and glass transition temperature. Extrudates of 10 wt% FD-EPO were processed using temperatures (110°C, 126°C, 140°C and 150°C) selected from the temperature-composition (T-ϕ) phase diagrams and processing screw speed of 20, 100 and 200rpm. Extrudates were characterised using powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), optical, polarised light and Raman microscopy. To ensure formation of a binary amorphous drug dispersion (ADD) at a specific composition, HME processing temperatures should at least be equal to, or exceed, the corresponding temperature value on the liquid-solid curve in a F-H T-ϕ phase diagram. If extruded between the spinodal and liquid-solid curve, the lack of thermodynamic forces to attain complete drug amorphisation may be compensated for through the use of an increased screw speed. Constructing F-H T-ϕ phase diagrams are valuable not only in the understanding drug-polymer miscibility behaviour but also in rationalising the selection of important processing parameters for HME to ensure miscibility of drug and polymer.
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31
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Aho J, Edinger M, Botker J, Baldursdottir S, Rantanen J. Oscillatory Shear Rheology in Examining the Drug-Polymer Interactions Relevant in Hot Melt Extrusion. J Pharm Sci 2016; 105:160-7. [PMID: 26852851 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2015.11.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2015] [Revised: 11/04/2015] [Accepted: 11/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The flow properties of drug-polymer mixtures have a significant influence on their processability when using techniques such as hot melt extrusion (HME). Suitable extrusion temperature and screw speed to be used in laboratory scale HME were evaluated for mixtures containing 30% of paracetamol (PRC), ibuprofen (IBU), or indomethacin (IND), and 70% of polyethylene oxide, by using small amplitude oscillatory shear rheology. The initial evaluation of the drug:polyethylene oxide solubility was estimated by differential scanning calorimetry of the physical mixtures containing a wide range of weight fractions of the drug substances. Consecutively, the mixtures were extruded, and the maximum plasticizing weight fraction of each drug was determined by means of rheological measurements. IBU was found to have an efficient plasticizing functionality, decreasing the viscosity of the mixtures even above its apparent saturation solubility, whereas IND and PRC initially lowered the viscosity of the mixture slightly but increased it significantly with increasing drug load. The main reason for the enhanced plasticization effect seems to be the lower melting temperature of IBU, which is closer to the used HME temperature, compared to PRC and IND. This study highlights the importance of rheological investigation in understanding the drug-polymer interactions in melt processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Aho
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Magnus Edinger
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Johan Botker
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Jukka Rantanen
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
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32
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Purohit HS, Taylor LS. Miscibility of Itraconazole-Hydroxypropyl Methylcellulose Blends: Insights with High Resolution Analytical Methodologies. Mol Pharm 2015; 12:4542-53. [PMID: 26567698 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.5b00761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Drug-polymer miscibility is considered to be a prerequisite to achieve an optimally performing amorphous solid dispersion (ASD). Unfortunately, it can be challenging to evaluate drug-polymer miscibility experimentally. The aim of this study was to investigate the miscibility of ASDs of itraconazole (ITZ) and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) using a variety of analytical approaches. The phase behavior of ITZ-HPMC films prepared by solvent evaporation was studied before and after heating. Conventional methodology for miscibility determination, that is, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), was used in conjunction with emerging analytical techniques, such as fluorescence spectroscopy, fluorescence imaging, and atomic force microscopy coupled with nanoscale infrared spectroscopy and nanothermal analysis (AFM-nanoIR-nanoTA). DSC results showed a single glass transition event for systems with 10% to 50% drug loading, suggesting that the ASDs were miscible, whereas phase separation was observed for all of the films based on the other techniques. The AFM-coupled techniques indicated that the phase separation occurred at the submicron scale. When the films were heated, it was observed that the ASD components underwent mixing. The results provide new insights into the phase behavior of itraconazole-HPMC dispersions and suggest that the emerging analytical techniques discussed herein are promising for the characterization of miscibility and microstructure in drug-polymer systems. The observed differences in the phase behavior in films prepared by solvent evaporation before and after heating also have implications for processing routes and suggest that spray drying/solvent evaporation and hot melt extrusion/melt mixing can result in ASDs with varying extent of miscibility between the drug and the polymer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hitesh S Purohit
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University , West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Lynne S Taylor
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University , West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
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Physical stability of solid dispersions with respect to thermodynamic solubility of tadalafil in PVP-VA. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2015; 96:237-46. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2015.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2015] [Revised: 07/26/2015] [Accepted: 07/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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34
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Islam MT, Scoutaris N, Maniruzzaman M, Moradiya HG, Halsey SA, Bradley MSA, Chowdhry BZ, Snowden MJ, Douroumis D. Implementation of transmission NIR as a PAT tool for monitoring drug transformation during HME processing. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2015. [PMID: 26209124 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2015.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the work reported herein was to implement process analytical technology (PAT) tools during hot melt extrusion (HME) in order to obtain a better understanding of the relationship between HME processing parameters and the extruded formulations. For the first time two in-line NIR probes (transmission and reflectance) have been coupled with HME to monitor the extrusion of the water insoluble drug indomethacin (IND) in the presence of Soluplus (SOL) or Kollidon VA64 hydrophilic polymers. In-line extrusion monitoring of sheets, produced via a specially designed die, was conducted at various drug/polymer ratios and processing parameters. Characterisation of the extruded transparent sheets was also undertaken by using DSC, XRPD and Raman mapping. Analysis of the experimental findings revealed the production of molecular solutions where IND is homogeneously blended (ascertained by Raman mapping) in the polymer matrices, as it acts as a plasticizer for both hydrophilic polymers. PCA analysis of the recorded NIR signals showed that the screw speed used in HME affects the recorded spectra but not the homogeneity of the embedded drug in the polymer sheets. The IND/VA64 and IND/SOL extruded sheets displayed rapid dissolution rates with 80% and 30% of the IND being released, respectively within the first 20min.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad T Islam
- Faculty of Engineering and Science, University of Greenwich, Medway Campus, Chatham Maritime, Kent ME4 4TB, UK
| | - Nikolaos Scoutaris
- Faculty of Engineering and Science, University of Greenwich, Medway Campus, Chatham Maritime, Kent ME4 4TB, UK
| | - Mohammed Maniruzzaman
- Faculty of Engineering and Science, University of Greenwich, Medway Campus, Chatham Maritime, Kent ME4 4TB, UK
| | - Hiren G Moradiya
- Faculty of Engineering and Science, University of Greenwich, Medway Campus, Chatham Maritime, Kent ME4 4TB, UK
| | - Sheelagh A Halsey
- ThermoFisher Scientific, Stafford House, Boundary Way, Hemel Hempstead HP2 7GE, UK
| | - Michael S A Bradley
- Faculty of Engineering and Science, University of Greenwich, Medway Campus, Chatham Maritime, Kent ME4 4TB, UK
| | - Babur Z Chowdhry
- Faculty of Engineering and Science, University of Greenwich, Medway Campus, Chatham Maritime, Kent ME4 4TB, UK
| | - Martin J Snowden
- Faculty of Engineering and Science, University of Greenwich, Medway Campus, Chatham Maritime, Kent ME4 4TB, UK
| | - Dennis Douroumis
- Faculty of Engineering and Science, University of Greenwich, Medway Campus, Chatham Maritime, Kent ME4 4TB, UK.
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35
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The effect of processing on the surface physical stability of amorphous solid dispersions. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2014; 88:897-908. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2014.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2014] [Revised: 07/01/2014] [Accepted: 07/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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36
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Yang Z, Nollenberger K, Albers J, Craig D, Qi S. Molecular Indicators of Surface and Bulk Instability of Hot Melt Extruded Amorphous Solid Dispersions. Pharm Res 2014; 32:1210-28. [DOI: 10.1007/s11095-014-1527-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2014] [Accepted: 09/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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37
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Panou AI, Papadokostaki KG, Sanopoulou M. Release mechanisms of semipolar solutes from poly(dimethylsiloxane) elastomers: Effect of a hydrophilic additive. J Appl Polym Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/app.40782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Athanasia I. Panou
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Institute of Advanced Materials, Physicochemical Processes, Nanotechnology and Microsystems; National Center for Scientific Research; “Demokritos,” 15310 Ag. Paraskevi Athens Greece
| | - Kyriaki G. Papadokostaki
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Institute of Advanced Materials, Physicochemical Processes, Nanotechnology and Microsystems; National Center for Scientific Research; “Demokritos,” 15310 Ag. Paraskevi Athens Greece
| | - Merope Sanopoulou
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Institute of Advanced Materials, Physicochemical Processes, Nanotechnology and Microsystems; National Center for Scientific Research; “Demokritos,” 15310 Ag. Paraskevi Athens Greece
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38
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Maniruzzaman M, Douroumis D. An in-vitro–in-vivo taste assessment of bitter drug: comparative electronic tongues study. J Pharm Pharmacol 2014; 67:43-55. [DOI: 10.1111/jphp.12319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2014] [Accepted: 07/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Objectives
The efficiency of the Astree e-tongue and Taste Sensing system TS5000Z for the evaluation of the taste masking effect of hot melt extruded formulations was investigated in this study.
Methods
Hot melt extrusion (HME) processing was optimized using Randcastle single screw extruder (USA) to manufacture extrudates with desirable characteristics. Cationic model drug propranolol HCl (PRP) was processed with the anionic polymers – Eudragit L100 (L100) and Eudragit L100-55 (Acryl-EZE). Solid state of the drug in polymer matrices was evaluated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), differential scanning calorimetry, particle size analysis, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) analysis. In-vitro taste masking efficiency of the two polymers was performed by using two different e-tongues (Astree e-tongue and TS5000Z). The results obtained from both e-tongues were further compared and contrast to find out the sensor outputs in all formulations.
Key findings
Solid state analysis of the extruded formulations revealed the presence of amorphous PRP. Both e-tongues were able to detect the taste masking variations of the extrudates and were in good agreement with the in-vivo results obtained from a panel of six healthy human volunteers (R2 > 0.84). However, each e-tongue sensor demonstrated different sensitivity, suggesting a careful consideration of the experimental findings during melt extrusion, is necessary for the development of taste-masked formulations. Furthermore, FTIR spectroscopy and NMR studies revealed possible drug polymer intermolecular interactions as the mechanism of successful taste masking.
Conclusions
HME can effectively be used to manufacture taste-masked extruded formulations, while both e-tongues demonstrated satisfactory taste analysis for the development of taste-masked formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dennis Douroumis
- Faculty of Engineering and Science, University of Greenwich, Chatham, Kent, UK
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Paudel A, Geppi M, Mooter GVD. Structural and Dynamic Properties of Amorphous Solid Dispersions: The Role of Solid-State Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy and Relaxometry. J Pharm Sci 2014; 103:2635-2662. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.23966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2014] [Revised: 03/17/2014] [Accepted: 03/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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40
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Solubility of crystalline organic compounds in high and low molecular weight amorphous matrices above and below the glass transition by zero enthalpy extrapolation. Int J Pharm 2014; 472:241-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2014.06.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2014] [Revised: 06/16/2014] [Accepted: 06/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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41
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Physical stabilization of low-molecular-weight amorphous drugs in the solid state: a material science approach. Ther Deliv 2014; 5:817-41. [DOI: 10.4155/tde.14.39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Use of the amorphous state is considered to be one of the most effective approaches for improving the dissolution and subsequent oral bioavailability of poorly water-soluble drugs. However as the amorphous state has much higher physical instability in comparison with its crystalline counterpart, stabilization of amorphous drugs in a solid-dosage form presents a major challenge to formulators. The currently used approaches for stabilizing amorphous drug are discussed in this article with respect to their preparation, mechanism of stabilization and limitations. In order to realize the potential of amorphous formulations, significant efforts are required to enable the prediction of formulation performance. This will facilitate the development of computational tools that can inform a rapid and rational formulation development process for amorphous drugs.
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42
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Yang Z, Nollenberger K, Albers J, Qi S. Molecular Implications of Drug–Polymer Solubility in Understanding the Destabilization of Solid Dispersions by Milling. Mol Pharm 2014; 11:2453-65. [DOI: 10.1021/mp500205c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ziyi Yang
- School
of Pharmacy, University of East Anglia, Norwich, Norfolk NR4 7TJ, U.K
- School
of Pharmacy, University College London, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, U.K
| | | | | | - Sheng Qi
- School
of Pharmacy, University of East Anglia, Norwich, Norfolk NR4 7TJ, U.K
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43
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Rager T. Determination of the solubility of crystalline low molar mass compounds in polymers by differential scanning calorimetry. J Pharm Sci 2014; 103:1673-9. [PMID: 24723307 DOI: 10.1002/jps.23957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2013] [Revised: 02/09/2014] [Accepted: 02/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
A mathematical equation has been derived to calculate the liquidus for a binary system consisting of an amorphous polymer and a crystalline low molar mass compound. The experimental input to this equation is an interaction enthalpy, which is derived from the variation of the melting enthalpy with composition in differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) experiments. The predictive power of the equation has been tested with mixtures of acetylsalicylic acid, carbamazepine, or intraconazole with poly(ethylene glycol) as well as mixtures of carbamazepine with poly(acrylic acid), poly(hydroxystyrene), or poly(vinylpyrrolidone). It has been confirmed that the evaluation of the melting enthalpy in DSC is a suitable method to identify the preferred solute-polymer combinations for thermodynamically stable molecular dispersions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timo Rager
- Solvias AG, Department for Solid-State Development, Römerpark 2, 4303, Kaiseraugst, Switzerland
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44
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Spatial characterization of hot melt extruded dispersion systems using thermal atomic force microscopy methods: the effects of processing parameters on phase separation. Pharm Res 2014; 31:1744-52. [PMID: 24554116 PMCID: PMC4062809 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-013-1279-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2013] [Accepted: 12/31/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Purpose In this study we explore the use of nano-scale localized thermal analysis (LTA) and transition temperature microcopy (TTM) as a novel combined approach to studying phase separation in HME dispersions of cyclosporine A in Eudragit EPO. Methods Modulated temperature differential scanning calorimetry (MTDSC), attenuated total reflectance FTIR spectroscopy, nano-LTA and TTM were performed on raw materials and dispersions prepared by hot melt extrusion (HME) and spin coating. For samples prepared by HME, two mixing temperatures (110°C and 150°C) and residence times (5 and 15 min) were investigated. Results Spin coated samples showed an intermediate Tg for the mixed systems consistent with molecular dispersion formation. The HME samples prepared at 110°C showed evidence of inhomogeneity using MTDSC and FTIR, while those produced at 150°C h showed evidence for the formation of a single phase system using MTDSC. The nanothermal methods, however, indicated the presence of phase separated cyclosporine A at the higher preparation temperature while the TTM was able to map regions of differing penetration temperatures, indicating the presence of compositionally inhomogeneous regions in all but the high processing temperature/high residence time samples. Conclusions TTM is a potentially important new method for studying phase separation and that such separation may remain undetected or poorly understood using conventional bulk analytical techniques.
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45
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Lang B, McGinity JW, Williams RO. Hot-melt extrusion – basic principles and pharmaceutical applications. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2014; 40:1133-55. [DOI: 10.3109/03639045.2013.838577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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46
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Huang Y, Dai WG. Fundamental aspects of solid dispersion technology for poorly soluble drugs. Acta Pharm Sin B 2014; 4:18-25. [PMID: 26579360 PMCID: PMC4590721 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2013.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 338] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2013] [Revised: 10/01/2013] [Accepted: 10/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The solid dispersion has become an established solubilization technology for poorly water soluble drugs. Since a solid dispersion is basically a drug-polymer two-component system, the drug-polymer interaction is the determining factor in its design and performance. In this review, we summarize our current understanding of solid dispersions both in the solid state and in dissolution, emphasizing the fundamental aspects of this important technology.
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47
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Li Y, Pang H, Guo Z, Lin L, Dong Y, Li G, Lu M, Wu C. Interactions between drugs and polymers influencing hot melt extrusion. J Pharm Pharmacol 2013; 66:148-66. [DOI: 10.1111/jphp.12183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2013] [Accepted: 10/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Objectives
Hot melt extrusion (HME) as a technique for producing amorphous solid dispersion (ASD) has been widely used in pharmaceutical research. The biggest challenge for the application of HME is the thermal degradation of drug, poor physical stability of ASD and precipitation of drug during dissolution. Interactions between drugs and polymers may play an important role in overcoming these barriers. In this review, influence of drug–polymer interactions on HME and the methods for characterizing the drug–polymer interactions were reviewed.
Key findings
Strong drug–polymer interactions, especially ionic interactions and hydrogen bonds, are helpful to improving the thermal stability of drug during HME, enhancing the physical stability of ASD during storage and maintaining supersaturated solution after dissolution in gastrointestinal tract. The interactions can be quantitatively and qualitatively characterized by many analysing methods.
Conclusions
As many factors collectively determine the properties of HME products, drug–polymer interactions play an extremely important role. However, the action mechanisms of drug–polymer interactions need intensive investigation to provide more useful information for optimizing the formulation and the process parameters of HME.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongcheng Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huishi Pang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhefei Guo
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ling Lin
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yixuan Dong
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ge Li
- Research and Development Center of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ming Lu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chuangbin Wu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Research and Development Center of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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48
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Whiteside PT, Zhang J, Parker AP, Madden-Smith CE, Patel N, Jensen J, Sloth J, Roberts CJ. A physical and chemical comparison of material from a conventional spray-dried system and a single particle spray-dried system. Int J Pharm 2013; 455:306-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2013.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2013] [Accepted: 07/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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49
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Yang Z, Nollenberger K, Albers J, Craig D, Qi S. Microstructure of an Immiscible Polymer Blend and Its Stabilization Effect on Amorphous Solid Dispersions. Mol Pharm 2013; 10:2767-80. [DOI: 10.1021/mp400209w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ziyi Yang
- School of
Pharmacy, University
of East Anglia, Norwich, Norfolk, U.K., NR4 7TJ
| | | | - Jessica Albers
- Evonik Röhm GmbH, Kirschenallee,
64293 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Duncan Craig
- School of Pharmacy, University
College London, London
| | - Sheng Qi
- School of
Pharmacy, University
of East Anglia, Norwich, Norfolk, U.K., NR4 7TJ
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50
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Meng J, Li S, Yao Q, Zhang L, Weng Y, Cai C, Xu H, Tang X. In vitro/in vivoevaluation of felodipine micropowders prepared by the wet-milling process combined with different solidification methods. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2013; 40:929-36. [DOI: 10.3109/03639045.2013.790409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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