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Qian K, Stella L, Liu F, Jones DS, Andrews GP, Tian Y. Kinetic and Thermodynamic Interplay of Polymer-Mediated Liquid-Liquid Phase Separation for Poorly Water-Soluble Drugs. Mol Pharm 2024; 21:2878-2893. [PMID: 38767457 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.4c00033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Understanding the interplay between kinetics and thermodynamics of polymer-mediated liquid-liquid phase separation is crucial for designing and implementing an amorphous solid dispersion formulation strategy for poorly water-soluble drugs. This work investigates the phase behaviors of a poorly water-soluble model drug, celecoxib (CXB), in a supersaturated aqueous solution with and without polymeric additives (PVP, PVPVA, HPMCAS, and HPMCP). Drug-polymer-water ternary phase diagrams were also constructed to estimate the thermodynamic behaviors of the mixtures at room temperature. The liquid-liquid phase separation onset point for CXB was detected using an inline UV/vis spectrometer equipped with a fiber optic probe. Varying CXB concentrations were achieved using an accurate syringe pump throughout this study. The appearance of the transient nanodroplets was verified by cryo-EM and total internal reflection fluoresence microscopic techniques. The impacts of various factors, such as polymer composition, drug stock solution pumping rates, and the types of drug-polymer interactions, are tested against the onset points of the CXB liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS). It was found that the types of drug-polymer interactions, i.e., hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interactions, are vital to the position and shapes of LLPS in the supersaturation drug solution. A relation between the behaviors of LLPS and its location in the CXB-polymer-water ternary phase diagram was drawn from the findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaijie Qian
- School of Pharmacy, McClay Research Centre, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Northern Ireland BT9 7BL, U.K
| | - Lorenzo Stella
- School of Mathematics and Physics, Queen's University Belfast, University Road, Belfast BT7 1NN, U.K
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Queen's University Belfast, Stranmillis Road, Belfast BT9 5AG, U.K
| | - Fanjun Liu
- School of Pharmacy, McClay Research Centre, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Northern Ireland BT9 7BL, U.K
| | - David S Jones
- School of Pharmacy, McClay Research Centre, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Northern Ireland BT9 7BL, U.K
| | - Gavin P Andrews
- School of Pharmacy, McClay Research Centre, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Northern Ireland BT9 7BL, U.K
| | - Yiwei Tian
- School of Pharmacy, McClay Research Centre, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Northern Ireland BT9 7BL, U.K
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Wegner CH, Eming SM, Walla B, Bischoff D, Weuster-Botz D, Hubbuch J. Spectroscopic insights into multi-phase protein crystallization in complex lysate using Raman spectroscopy and a particle-free bypass. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2024; 12:1397465. [PMID: 38812919 PMCID: PMC11133712 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2024.1397465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024] Open
Abstract
Protein crystallization as opposed to well-established chromatography processes has the benefits to reduce production costs while reaching a comparable high purity. However, monitoring crystallization processes remains a challenge as the produced crystals may interfere with analytical measurements. Especially for capturing proteins from complex feedstock containing various impurities, establishing reliable process analytical technology (PAT) to monitor protein crystallization processes can be complicated. In heterogeneous mixtures, important product characteristics can be found by multivariate analysis and chemometrics, thus contributing to the development of a thorough process understanding. In this project, an analytical set-up is established combining offline analytics, on-line ultraviolet visible light (UV/Vis) spectroscopy, and in-line Raman spectroscopy to monitor a stirred-batch crystallization process with multiple phases and species being present. As an example process, the enzyme Lactobacillus kefir alcohol dehydrogenase (LkADH) was crystallized from clarified Escherichia coli (E. coli) lysate on a 300 mL scale in five distinct experiments, with the experimental conditions changing in terms of the initial lysate solution preparation method and precipitant concentration. Since UV/Vis spectroscopy is sensitive to particles, a cross-flow filtration (cross-flow filtration)-based bypass enabled the on-line analysis of the liquid phase providing information on the lysate composition regarding the nucleic acid to protein ratio. A principal component analysis (PCA) of in situ Raman spectra supported the identification of spectra and wavenumber ranges associated with productspecific information and revealed that the experiments followed a comparable, spectral trend when crystals were present. Based on preprocessed Raman spectra, a partial least squares (PLS) regression model was optimized to monitor the target molecule concentration in real-time. The off-line sample analysis provided information on the crystal number and crystal geometry by automated image analysis as well as the concentration of LkADH and host cell proteins (HCPs) In spite of a complex lysate suspension containing scattering crystals and various impurities, it was possible to monitor the target molecule concentration in a heterogeneous, multi-phase process using spectroscopic methods. With the presented analytical set-up of off-line, particle-sensitive on-line, and in-line analyzers, a crystallization capture process can be characterized better in terms of the geometry, yield, and purity of the crystals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Henriette Wegner
- Institute of Process Engineering in Life Sciences, Section IV: Biomolecular Separation Engineering, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Sebastian Mathis Eming
- Institute of Process Engineering in Life Sciences, Section IV: Biomolecular Separation Engineering, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Brigitte Walla
- Institute of Biochemical Engineering, Technical University of Munich, Garching, Germany
| | - Daniel Bischoff
- Institute of Biochemical Engineering, Technical University of Munich, Garching, Germany
| | - Dirk Weuster-Botz
- Institute of Biochemical Engineering, Technical University of Munich, Garching, Germany
| | - Jürgen Hubbuch
- Institute of Process Engineering in Life Sciences, Section IV: Biomolecular Separation Engineering, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany
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Jain KMH, Hou HH, Siegel RA. An Artificial Gut/Absorption Simulator: Understanding the Impact of Absorption on In Vitro Dissolution, Speciation, and Precipitation of Amorphous Solid Dispersions. Mol Pharm 2024; 21:1884-1899. [PMID: 38512389 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.3c01180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
Upon dissolution, amorphous solid dispersions (ASDs) of poorly water-soluble compounds can generate supersaturated solutions consisting of bound and free drug species that are in dynamic equilibrium with each other. Only free drug is available for absorption. Drug species bound to bile micelles, polymer excipients, and amorphous and crystalline precipitate can reduce the drug solute's activity to permeate, but they can also serve as reservoirs to replenish free drug in solution lost to absorption. However, with multiple processes of dissolution, absorption, and speciation occurring simultaneously, it may become challenging to understand which processes lead to an increase or decrease in drug solution concentration. Closed, nonsink dissolution testing methods used routinely, in the absence of drug removal, allow only for static equilibrium to exist and obscure the impact of each drug species on absorption. An artificial gut simulator (AGS) introduced recently consists of a hollow fiber-based absorption module and allows mass transfer of the drug from the dissolution media at a physiological rate after tuning the operating parameters. In the present work, ASDs of varying drug loadings were prepared with a BCS-II model compound, ketoconazole (KTZ), and hypromellose acetate succinate (HPMCAS) polymer. Simultaneous dissolution and absorption testing of the ASDs was conducted with the AGS, and simple analytical techniques were utilized to elucidate the impact of bound drug species on absorption. In all cases, a lower amount of crystalline precipitate was formed in the presence of absorption relative to the nonsink dissolution "control". However, formation of HPMCAS-bound drug species and crystalline precipitate significantly reduced KTZ absorption. Moreover, at high drug loading, inclusion of an absorption module was shown to enhance ASD dissolution. The rank ordering of the ASDs with respect to dissolution was significantly different when nonsink dissolution versus AGS was used, and this discrepancy could be mechanistically elucidated by understanding drug dissolution and speciation in the presence of absorption.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hao Helen Hou
- Small Molecule Pharmaceutical Sciences, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Ronald A Siegel
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
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4
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Hong Z, Hu S, Yang Y, Deng Z, Li X, Liu T, Li F. The key roles of Fe oxyhydroxides and humic substances during the transformation of exogenous arsenic in a redox-alternating acidic paddy soil. WATER RESEARCH 2023; 242:120286. [PMID: 37399690 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2023.120286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/05/2023]
Abstract
Arsenic (As) from mine wastewater is a significant source for acidic paddy soil pollution, and its mobility can be influenced by alternating redox conditions. However, mechanistic and quantitative insights into the biogeochemical cycles of exogenous As in paddy soil are still lacking. Herein, the variations of As species in paddy soil spiking with As(III) or As(V) were investigated in the process of 40 d of flooding followed 20 d of drainage. During flooding process, available As was immobilized in paddy soil spiking As(III) and the immobilized As was activated in paddy soil spiking As(V) owing to deprotonation. The contributions of Fe oxyhydroxides and humic substances (HS) to As immobilization in paddy soil spiking As(III) were 80.16% and 18.64%, respectively. Whereas the contributions of Fe oxyhydroxides and HS to As activation in paddy soil spiking As(V) were 47.9% and 52.1%, respectively. After entering drainage, available As was mainly immobilized by Fe oxyhydroxides and HS and adsorbed As(III) was oxidized. The contribution of Fe oxyhydroxides to As fixation in paddy soil spiking As(III) and As(V) was 88.82% and 90.26%, respectively, and of HS to As fixation in paddy soil spiking As(III) and As(V) was 11.12% and 8.95%, respectively. Based on the model fitting results, the activation of Fe oxyhydroxides and HS bound As followed with available As(V) reduction were key processes during flooding. This may be because the dispersion of soil particles and release of soil colloids activated the adsorbed As. Immobilization of available As(III) by amorphous Fe oxyhydroxides followed with adsorbed As(III) oxidation were key processes during drainage. This may be ascribe to the occurrence of coprecipitation and As(III) oxidation mediated by reactive oxygen species from Fe(II) oxidation. The results are beneficial for a deeper understanding of As species transformation at the interface of paddy soil-water as well as an estimation pathway for the impacts of key biogeochemical cycles on exogenous As species under a redox-alternating condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zebin Hong
- Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; National-Regional Joint Engineering Research Center for Soil Pollution Control and Remediation in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Integrated Agro-environmental Pollution Control and Management, Institute of Eco-environmental and Soil Sciences, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Shiwen Hu
- National-Regional Joint Engineering Research Center for Soil Pollution Control and Remediation in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Integrated Agro-environmental Pollution Control and Management, Institute of Eco-environmental and Soil Sciences, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Yang Yang
- National-Regional Joint Engineering Research Center for Soil Pollution Control and Remediation in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Integrated Agro-environmental Pollution Control and Management, Institute of Eco-environmental and Soil Sciences, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Ziwei Deng
- National-Regional Joint Engineering Research Center for Soil Pollution Control and Remediation in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Integrated Agro-environmental Pollution Control and Management, Institute of Eco-environmental and Soil Sciences, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, PR China
| | - Xiaomin Li
- SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Tongxu Liu
- National-Regional Joint Engineering Research Center for Soil Pollution Control and Remediation in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Integrated Agro-environmental Pollution Control and Management, Institute of Eco-environmental and Soil Sciences, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China.
| | - Fangbai Li
- National-Regional Joint Engineering Research Center for Soil Pollution Control and Remediation in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Integrated Agro-environmental Pollution Control and Management, Institute of Eco-environmental and Soil Sciences, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China
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5
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Tian Y, Yang L, Peng X, Qi W, Wang M. A covalent crosslinking strategy to construct a robust peptide-based artificial esterase. SOFT MATTER 2023; 19:3458-3463. [PMID: 37129250 DOI: 10.1039/d3sm00284e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Peptide-based artificial enzymes derived from the supramolecular assembly of short peptides have attracted growing attention in recent years. However, the stability of these artificial enzymes is still a problem since their noncovalent supramolecular structure is quite sensitive and frail under environmental conditions. In this study, we reported a covalent crosslinking strategy for the fabrication of a robust peptide-based artificial esterase. Inspired by the di-tyrosine bonds in many natural structural proteins, multi-tyrosines were designed into a peptide sequence with histidine as the catalytic residue for the ester hydrolysis reaction. Upon the photo-induced oxidation reaction, the short peptide YYHYY rapidly transferred into nanoparticle-shaped aggregates (CL-YYHYY) and displayed improved esterase-like catalytic activity than some previously reported noncovalent-based artificial esterases. Impressively, CL-YYHYY showed outstanding reusability and superior stability under high temperature, strong acid and alkaline and organic solvent conditions. This study provides a promising approach to improving the catalytic activity and stability of peptide-based artificial enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Tian
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, P. R. China.
| | - Lijun Yang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, P. R. China.
| | - Xin Peng
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China.
| | - Wei Qi
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, P. R. China.
- The Co-Innovation Centre of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering of Tianjin, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Membrane Science and Desalination Technology, Tianjin 300350, P. R. China
| | - Mengfan Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, P. R. China.
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China.
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Membrane Science and Desalination Technology, Tianjin 300350, P. R. China
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6
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Delpla I, Bouchard C, Dorea C, Rodriguez MJ. Assessment of rain event effects on source water quality degradation and subsequent water treatment operations. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 866:161085. [PMID: 36586684 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.161085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Heavy rainfall events can lead to the runoff of large amounts of dissolved and particulate matter into surface water sources that may represents challenges for drinking water treatment, such as membrane fouling, increases in chemical demands, and formation of various disinfection by products (DBPs) after disinfection, such as trihalomethanes (THM) and haloacetic acids (HAA). In this study, a framework is defined for analyzing water quality data in relation to climatic variables (rainfalls). The effects of 22 different rain events were assessed on an organic matter proxy (UV absorbance), and on different key water quality parameters for the coagulation step in a drinking water treatment plant. Extended impacts of rewetting events after long term dry period on source water quality were identified, with significant increases in raw water UV 254 nm that last almost 3 weeks. A significant effect on filtered water quality was also noticed and the potential impacts on finished waters quality was confirmed by HAA modelling results. Future studies could focus on the monitoring and modelling of other regulated DBPs such as THM as well as simulations of different scenarios of climate change to estimate the variability of DBPs and its precursors such as organic matter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ianis Delpla
- École supérieure d'aménagement du territoire et de développement régional (ESAD), Université Laval, Québec, Canada.
| | - Christian Bouchard
- École supérieure d'aménagement du territoire et de développement régional (ESAD), Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Caetano Dorea
- Department of Civil Engineering, Engineering and Computer Science, University of Victoria, Victoria, Canada
| | - Manuel J Rodriguez
- École supérieure d'aménagement du territoire et de développement régional (ESAD), Université Laval, Québec, Canada
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7
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Cellulose nanofibrils and silver nanoparticles enhances the mechanical and antimicrobial properties of polyvinyl alcohol nanocomposite film. Sci Rep 2022; 12:19005. [PMID: 36347953 PMCID: PMC9643461 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-23305-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent findings of microplastics in marine food such as fish, crabs and shrimps necessitate the need to develop biodegradable packaging materials. This study reports on the development of a biodegradable packing material from cellulose nanofibril-polyvinyl alcohol nanocomposite embedded with silver nanoparticles. Microcrystalline cellulose was isolated from sugarcane bagasse via the kraft process followed by conversion of cellulose I to cellulose II using NaOH/urea/water solution. The nanofibrils were then isolated using (2,2,6,6-Tetramethylpiperidin-1-yl) oxyl (TEMPO) and used as a reinforcing element in polyvinyl alcohol composite prepared through solvent casting. The tensile strength, water solubility, optical properties, water vapor permeability and wettability of the prepared films were then evaluated. The antimicrobial potency of the films was evaluated using the disc diffusion antimicrobial assay against selected microorganisms.
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Peperzak L, Stuut JBW, van der Woerd HJ. Suspended matter filtration causes a counterintuitive increase in UV-absorption. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2022; 183:114012. [PMID: 36029585 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2022.114012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In water treatment, filtration is often a first step to avoid interference of chemical or UV-disinfection with suspended matter (SPM). Surprisingly, in testing a ballast water filter with 25 and 40 μm mesh screens, UV-absorption (A, 254 nm) of filtered water increased with the largest increase in the finest screen. The hypothesis that filtration partly removes large particles and partly replaces them with small unfiltered ones, leading to an overall increase in absorption, was tested by measuring particle counts, particle-size distributions (PSD) and by modeling the Mass Normalized Beam Attenuation Coefficient (A/SPM) before and after filtration. An independent model verification was made by measuring and modeling A/SPM of three differently sized Arizona test dust suspensions. It is concluded that filtration is a good pretreatment for chemical disinfection systems because it removes the suspended matter mass, but that the production of smaller particles increases UV-absorption and hence may reduce disinfection performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis Peperzak
- NIOZ Royal Institute for Sea Research, Department of Estuarine & Delta Systems, PO Box 59, NL-1790 AB Den Burg, the Netherlands.
| | - Jan-Berend Willem Stuut
- NIOZ Royal Institute for Sea Research, Department of Ocean Systems, PO Box 59, NL-1790 AB Den Burg, the Netherlands; VU-Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Faculty of Science, Dept. of Earth Sciences, De Boelelaan 1085, NL-1081 HV Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Hendrik Jan van der Woerd
- Institute for Environmental Studies (IVM), Department of Water & Climate Risk, VU-Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1111, NL-1081 HV Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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An Artificial Gut/Absorption Simulator: Simultaneous Evaluation of Desupersaturation and Absorption from Ketoconazole Supersaturated Solutions. J Pharm Sci 2022:S0022-3549(22)00418-X. [PMID: 36162494 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2022.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
For supersaturating formulations of BCS-II compounds, which by definition have high intestinal permeability, a closed USP apparatus does not provide the necessary absorptive conditions during dissolution. To address this, an artificial gut simulator (AGS) has been constructed consisting of a 2.5 mL donor compartment in which a hollow fiber-based absorption module is suspended. Drug from donor diffuses across the hollow fiber membrane to be absorbed by the continuously flowing intraluminal receiver fluid. The membrane surface area and intraluminal fluid flow rate are tuned to obtain the physiologically observed absorption rate constant for a weakly basic, poorly water-soluble model compound, ketoconazole (KTZ). Supersaturated solutions of KTZ were generated in the donor in pH 6.5 phosphate buffer by the pH-shift method in the absence (closed system, control) and presence (open system, biorelevant) of an optimally or suboptimally tuned absorption module. Drug concentrations in the donor and intraluminal fluids were determined by in-line UV spectroscopy. The presence of an absorptive sink reduced the supersaturated solution's crystallization propensity, more so in the case of the optimally tuned AGS. This study demonstrates the significance of simulating absorption of drug at a physiological rate during dissolution studies, especially to predict the performance of formulations of BCS-II drugs.
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Abstract
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Formulations containing nanosized drug particles such
as nanocrystals
and nanosized amorphous drug aggregates recently came into light as
promising strategies to improve the bioavailability of poorly soluble
drugs. However, the increased solubility due to the reduction in particle
size cannot adequately explain the enhanced bioavailability. In this
study, the mechanisms and extent of enhanced passive permeation by
drug particles were investigated using atazanavir, lopinavir, and
clotrimazole as model drugs. Franz diffusion cells with lipid-infused
membranes were utilized to evaluate transmembrane flux. The impact
of stirring rate, receiver buffer condition, and particle size was
investigated, and mass transport analyses were conducted to calculate
transmembrane flux. Flux enhancement by particles was found to be
dependent on particle size as well as the partitioning behavior of
the drug between the receiver solution and the membrane, which is
determined by both the drug and buffer used. A flux plateau was observed
at high particle concentrations above amorphous solubility, confirming
that mass transfer of amorphous drug particles from the aqueous solution
to the membrane occurs only through the molecularly dissolved drug.
Mass transport models were used to calculate flux enhancement by particles
for various drugs at different conditions. Good agreements were obtained
between experimental and predicted values. These results should contribute
to improved bioavailability prediction of nanosized drug particles
and better design of formulations containing colloidal drug particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akshay Narula
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, 69 North Eagleville Road Unit 3092, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
| | - Rayan Sabra
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, 69 North Eagleville Road Unit 3092, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
| | - Na Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, 69 North Eagleville Road Unit 3092, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States.,Institute of Materials Science, University of Connecticut, 97 North Eagleville Road Unit 3136, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
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11
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Frank DS, Prasad P, Iuzzolino L, Schenck L. Dissolution Behavior of Weakly Basic Pharmaceuticals from Amorphous Dispersions Stabilized by a Poly(dimethylaminoethyl Methacrylate) Copolymer. Mol Pharm 2022; 19:3304-3313. [PMID: 35985017 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.2c00456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Amorphous solid dispersions (ASDs) are a well-documented formulation approach to improve the rate and extent of dissolution for hydrophobic pharmaceuticals. However, weakly basic compounds can complicate standard approaches to ASDs due to pH-dependent solubility, resulting in uncontrolled drug release in gastric conditions and unstabilized supersaturated solutions prone to precipitation at neutral pH. This work examines the release mechanisms of amorphous dispersions containing model weakly basic pharmaceuticals posaconazole and lumefantrine from a basic poly(dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate) copolymer (Eudragit EPO) and compares their dissolution behavior with ASDs stabilized by acidic and neutral polymers to understand potential benefits to release from a basic polymeric stabilizer. It was found that dissolution of Eudragit EPO ASDs resulted in supersaturation under gastric conditions, which could be sustained upon adjustment to neutral pH. However, the dissolution behavior of Eudragit EPO ASDs was sensitive to the initial pH of the gastric media. For lumefantrine, elevated initial gastric pH resulted in precipitation of amorphous nanoparticles; for posaconazole, elevated gastric pH led to crystallization of the pharmaceutical from solution. This sensitivity to gastric pH was found to originate from the impact of Eudragit EPO on gastric pH and the solubility of each pharmaceutical in the first stage of dissolution. In total, these data illustrate benefits and liabilities for the use of Eudragit EPO for ASDs containing weak pharmaceutical bases to guide the design of robust pharmaceutical formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek S Frank
- Particle Engineering Lab, Process Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Prateek Prasad
- Particle Engineering Lab, Process Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Luca Iuzzolino
- Computational and Structural Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Luke Schenck
- Particle Engineering Lab, Process Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
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12
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How to stop disproportionation of a hydrochloride salt of a very weakly basic compound in a non-clinical suspension formulation. Int J Pharm 2021; 606:120875. [PMID: 34273425 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.120875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Our objectives were to stabilize a non-clinical suspension for use in toxicological studies and to develop methods to investigate the stability of the formulation in terms of salt disproportionation. The compound under research was a hydrochloride salt of a practically insoluble discovery compound ODM-203. The first of the three formulation approaches was a suspension prepared and stored at room temperature. The second formulation was stabilized by pH adjustment. In the third approach cooling was used to prevent salt disproportionation. 5 mg/mL aqueous suspension consisting of 20 mg/mL PVP/VA and 5 mg/mL Tween 80 was prepared for each of the approaches. The polymer was used as precipitation inhibitor to provide prolonged supersaturation while Tween 80 was used to enhance dissolution and homogeneity of the suspension. The consequences of salt disproportionation were studied by a small-scale in vitro dissolution method and by an in vivo pharmacokinetic study in rats. Our results show that disproportionation was successfully suppressed by applying cooling of the suspension in an ice bath at 2-8 °C. This procedure enabled us to proceed to the toxicological studies in rats. The in vivo study results obtained for the practically insoluble compound showed adequate exposures with acceptable variation at each dose level.
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Winkler M, Gleiss M, Nirschl H. Soft Sensor Development for Real-Time Process Monitoring of Multidimensional Fractionation in Tubular Centrifuges. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 11:1114. [PMID: 33923109 PMCID: PMC8145064 DOI: 10.3390/nano11051114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
High centrifugal acceleration and throughput rates of tubular centrifuges enable the solid-liquid size separation and fractionation of nanoparticles on a bench scale. Nowadays, advantageous product properties are defined by precise specifications regarding particle size and material composition. Hence, there is a demand for innovative and efficient downstream processing of complex particle suspensions. With this type of centrifuge working in a semi-continuous mode, an online observation of the separation quality is needed for optimization purposes. To analyze the composition of fines downstream of the centrifuge, a UV/vis soft sensor is developed to monitor the sorting of polymer and metal oxide nanoparticles by their size and density. By spectroscopic multi-component analysis, a measured UV/vis signal is translated into a model based prediction of the relative solids volume fraction of the fines. High signal stability and an adaptive but mandatory calibration routine enable the presented setup to accurately predict the product's composition at variable operating conditions. It is outlined how this software-based UV/vis sensor can be utilized effectively for challenging real-time process analytics in multi-component suspension processing. The setup provides insight into the underlying process dynamics and assists in optimizing the outcome of separation tasks on the nanoscale.
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14
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Shi Z, Chow CWK, Fabris R, Zheng T, Liu J, Jin B. Evaluation of the impact of suspended particles on the UV absorbance at 254 nm (UV 254) measurements using a submersible UV-Vis spectrophotometer. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:12576-12586. [PMID: 33079347 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-11178-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
There is an increasing need to use online instrumentation for continuous monitoring of water quality. However, industrial applications using online instruments, such as submersible UV-Vis spectrophotometers, may require the use of alternative techniques to remove particle effect rather than performing a physical filtration step. Some submersible UV-Vis spectrophotometers have built-in generic particle compensation algorithms to remove the filtration step. This work studied the influence of suspended particles on the measurements of a submersible UV-Vis spectrophotometer as well as the performance of the built-in particle compensation technique under laboratory-controlled conditions. Simulated water samples were used in the combinations of standard particles from laboratory chemical and natural particles extracted from water systems with ultrapure water and treated water from a drinking water treatment plant. Particle contributions to the UV absorbance at 254 nm (UV254) measurements of water samples varied differently when particle types or concentrations changed. The compensated UV254, measured by the submersible instrument using the built-in generic particle compensation algorithms, was compared with laboratory UV254, analysed by the bench-top instrument with the physical filtration method. The results indicated that the built-in generic compensation algorithms of the submersible UV-Vis spectrophotometer may generate undercompensated UV254 or overcompensated UV254 for various surface waters. These findings provide in-depth knowledge about the impact of suspended particles on the measurements of submersible UV-Vis spectrophotometers; source water dependence; and why site-specific calibration is often needed to get accurate measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhining Shi
- School of Chemical Engineering and Advanced Materials, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia
| | - Christopher W K Chow
- Scarce Resources and Circular Economy (ScaRCE), UniSA STEM, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, SA, 5095, Australia.
- Future Industry Institute, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, Adelaide, SA, 5095, Australia.
| | - Rolando Fabris
- South Australia Water Corporation, Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia
| | - Tianlong Zheng
- Research Centre for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Jixue Liu
- UniSA STEM, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, SA, 5095, Australia
| | - Bo Jin
- School of Chemical Engineering and Advanced Materials, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia.
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15
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Le TH, Phan AHT, Le KCM, Phan TDU, Nguyen KT. Utilizing polymer-conjugate albumin-based ultrafine gas bubbles in combination with ultra-high frequency radiations in drug transportation and delivery. RSC Adv 2021; 11:34440-34448. [PMID: 35494740 PMCID: PMC9042728 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra04983f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Ultrafine bubbles stabilized by human serum albumin conjugate polyethylene glycol ameliorates the stability of complex as well as the drug payload. Polyethylene glycol presents the crucial role in releasing drug by means of acoustic sound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thi H. Le
- School of Biotechnology, International University, Vietnam National University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - An H. T. Phan
- School of Biotechnology, International University, Vietnam National University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Khoa C. M. Le
- School of Biotechnology, International University, Vietnam National University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Thy D. U. Phan
- School of Biotechnology, International University, Vietnam National University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Khoi T. Nguyen
- School of Biotechnology, International University, Vietnam National University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- School of Chemical Engineering, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
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16
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Ross-Jones J, Teumer T, Wunsch S, Petri L, Nirschl H, Krause MJ, Methner FJ, Rädle M. Feasibility Study for a Chemical Process Particle Size Characterization System for Explosive Environments Using Low Laser Power. MICROMACHINES 2020; 11:mi11100911. [PMID: 33008003 PMCID: PMC7600193 DOI: 10.3390/mi11100911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Revised: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The industrial particle sensor market lacks simple, easy to use, low cost yet robust, safe and fast response solutions. Towards development of such a sensor, for in-line use in micro channels under continuous flow conditions, this work introduces static light scattering (SLS) determination of particle diameter using a laser with an emission power of less than 5 µW together with sensitive detectors with detection times of 1 ms. The measurements for the feasibility studies are made in an angular range between 20° and 160° in 2° increments. We focus on the range between 300 and 1000 nm, for applications in the production of paints, colors, pigments and crystallites. Due to the fast response time, reaction characteristics in microchannel designs for precipitation and crystallization processes can be studied. A novel method for particle diameter characterization is developed using the positions of maxima and minima and slope distribution. The novel algorithm to classify particle diameter is especially developed to be independent of dispersed phase concentration or concentration fluctuations like product flares or signal instability. Measurement signals are post processed and particle diameters are validated against Mie light scattering simulations. The design of a low cost instrument for industrial use is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse Ross-Jones
- Center for Mass Spectrometry and Optical Spectroscopy, Mannheim University of Applied Sciences, Paul-Wittsack-Straße 10, 68163 Mannheim, Germany; (S.W.); (L.P.); (M.R.)
- Lattice Boltzmann Research Group, Institute for Mechanical Process Engineering and Mechanics, Karlsruher Institut für Technologie, Straße am Forum 8, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany; (J.R.-J.); (H.N.); (M.J.K.)
| | - Tobias Teumer
- Center for Mass Spectrometry and Optical Spectroscopy, Mannheim University of Applied Sciences, Paul-Wittsack-Straße 10, 68163 Mannheim, Germany; (S.W.); (L.P.); (M.R.)
- Chair of Brewing Science, Department of Food Technology and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Berlin, Seestraße 13, 13353 Berlin, Germany;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-621-370086-21
| | - Susann Wunsch
- Center for Mass Spectrometry and Optical Spectroscopy, Mannheim University of Applied Sciences, Paul-Wittsack-Straße 10, 68163 Mannheim, Germany; (S.W.); (L.P.); (M.R.)
| | - Lukas Petri
- Center for Mass Spectrometry and Optical Spectroscopy, Mannheim University of Applied Sciences, Paul-Wittsack-Straße 10, 68163 Mannheim, Germany; (S.W.); (L.P.); (M.R.)
| | - Hermann Nirschl
- Lattice Boltzmann Research Group, Institute for Mechanical Process Engineering and Mechanics, Karlsruher Institut für Technologie, Straße am Forum 8, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany; (J.R.-J.); (H.N.); (M.J.K.)
| | - Mathias J. Krause
- Lattice Boltzmann Research Group, Institute for Mechanical Process Engineering and Mechanics, Karlsruher Institut für Technologie, Straße am Forum 8, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany; (J.R.-J.); (H.N.); (M.J.K.)
| | - Frank-Jürgen Methner
- Chair of Brewing Science, Department of Food Technology and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Berlin, Seestraße 13, 13353 Berlin, Germany;
| | - Matthias Rädle
- Center for Mass Spectrometry and Optical Spectroscopy, Mannheim University of Applied Sciences, Paul-Wittsack-Straße 10, 68163 Mannheim, Germany; (S.W.); (L.P.); (M.R.)
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17
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Winkler M, Sonner H, Gleiss M, Nirschl H. Fractionation of ultrafine particles: Evaluation of separation efficiency by UV–vis spectroscopy. Chem Eng Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2019.115374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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18
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Zarmpi P, Flanagan T, Meehan E, Mann J, Fotaki N. Surface dissolution UV imaging for characterization of superdisintegrants and their impact on drug dissolution. Int J Pharm 2020; 577:119080. [PMID: 31988030 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2020.119080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Revised: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Superdisintegrants are a key excipient used in immediate release formulations to promote fast tablet disintegration, therefore understanding the impact of superdisintegrant variability on product performance is important. The current study examined the impact of superdisintegrant critical material attributes (viscosity for sodium starch glycolate (SSG), particle size distribution (PSD) for croscarmellose sodium (CCS)) on their performance (swelling) and on drug dissolution using surface dissolution UV imaging. Acidic and basic pharmacopoeia (compendial) media were used to assess the role of varying pH on superdisintegrant performance and its effect on drug dissolution. A highly soluble (paracetamol) and a poorly soluble (carbamazepine) drug were used as model compounds and drug compacts and drug-excipient compacts were prepared for the dissolution experiments. The presence of a swelled SSG or CCS layer on the compact surface, due to the fast excipient hydration capacity, upon contact with dissolution medium was visualized. The swelling behaviour of superdisintegrants depended on excipient critical material attributes and the pH of the medium. Drug dissolution was faster in presence compared to superdisintegrant absence due to improved compact wetting or compact disintegration. The improvement in drug dissolution was less pronounced with increasing SSG viscosity or CCS particle size. Drug dissolution was slightly more complete in basic compared to acidic conditions in presence of the studied superdisintegrants for the highly soluble drug attributed to the increased excipient hydration capacity and the fast drug release through the swelled excipient structure. The opposite was observed for the poorly soluble drug as potentially the improvement in drug dissolution was compromised by drug release from the highly swelled structure. The use of multivariate data analysis revealed the influential role of excipient and drug properties on the impact of excipient variability on drug dissolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Zarmpi
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
| | - T Flanagan
- Pharmaceutical Technology & Development, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield, United Kingdom
| | - E Meehan
- Pharmaceutical Technology & Development, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield, United Kingdom
| | - J Mann
- Pharmaceutical Technology & Development, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield, United Kingdom
| | - N Fotaki
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom.
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19
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In-situ dissolution and permeation studies of nanocrystal formulations with second-derivative UV spectroscopy. Int J Pharm 2019; 558:242-249. [PMID: 30654061 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2018.12.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Revised: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 12/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
One of the most difficult challenges in developing nanocrystal formulations is to determine the dissolution behavior of nanocrystal suspensions (nanosuspensions), which occurs within seconds. Mefenamic acid (MFA) is a poorly soluble drug thought to limit the dissolution rate for membrane permeation. In this study, in-situ dissolution-permeation studies of a nanosuspension of mefenamic acid (MFA) were carried out using second-derivative UV spectroscopy. This method enabled us to distinguish between the concentrations of dissolved MFA and nano-suspended MFA via in-situ measurement and showed an improved dissolution rate of the nanosuspension compared to that of the microsuspension. The dissolution-permeation study with second-derivative UV spectroscopy revealed that the improved dissolution rate due to nanosized MFA resulted in an increase in the permeated amount of MFA. In addition, the solubility of MFA determined by HPLC after filtration with a 0.02-μm filter indicated that enhanced solubility due to nanosizing also improves the permeability of MFA. Therefore, we concluded that the solubility and dissolution rate enhancements attained by nanosizing would be key factors in increasing membrane transportation of MFA. These novel in-situ dissolution-permeation studies using second-derivative UV spectroscopy offer considerable promise for developing and characterizing nanocrystal formulations.
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20
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Hate SS, Reutzel-Edens SM, Taylor LS. Insight into Amorphous Solid Dispersion Performance by Coupled Dissolution and Membrane Mass Transfer Measurements. Mol Pharm 2018; 16:448-461. [PMID: 30521350 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.8b01117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The tendency of highly supersaturated solutions of poorly water-soluble drugs to undergo liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) into drug-rich and water-rich phases when the concentration exceeds the amorphous solubility, for example, during dissolution of some amorphous solid dispersions, is thought to be advantageous from a bioavailability enhancement perspective. Recently, we have developed a high surface area, flow-through absorptive dissolution testing apparatus that enables fast mass transfer providing more in vivo relevant conditions and time frames for formulation testing. Using this apparatus, the absorption behaviors of solutions with different extents of supersaturation below and above the amorphous solubility were evaluated. In addition, simultaneous dissolution-absorption testing of amorphous solid dispersions (ASDs) with varying drug loadings and polymer types was carried out to study and distinguish the absorption behavior of ASDs that do or do not undergo LLPS. When compared with closed-compartment dissolution testing, a significant influence of the absorptive compartment on the dissolution rate of ASDs, particularly at high drug loadings, was observed. The formation of drug-rich nanodroplets, generated by both solvent-addition and ASD dissolution, resulted in a higher amount of drug transferred across the membrane. Moreover, the mass transfer was further enhanced with increasing concentration above the amorphous solubility, thereby showing correlation with an increase in the number of drug-rich particles. The importance of including an absorptive compartment in dissolution testing is highlighted in this study, enabling coupling of dissolution to membrane transport, and providing a more meaningful comparison between different formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siddhi S Hate
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy , Purdue University , West Lafayette , Indiana 47907 , United States
| | - Susan M Reutzel-Edens
- Lilly Research Laboratories , Eli Lilly and Co. , Indianapolis , Indiana 46285 , United States
| | - Lynne S Taylor
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy , Purdue University , West Lafayette , Indiana 47907 , United States
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21
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Tres F, Posada MM, Hall SD, Mohutsky MA, Taylor LS. Mechanistic understanding of the phase behavior of supersaturated solutions of poorly water-soluble drugs. Int J Pharm 2018; 543:29-37. [PMID: 29572154 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2018.03.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Revised: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Amorphous solid dispersions (ASDs) are a promising formulation strategy to increase both the apparent aqueous solubility and bioavailability of poorly water-soluble drugs. Upon dissolution under nonsink conditions, ASDs can generate highly supersaturated drug solutions which can undergo liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) and/or crystallization. In this study, the phase behavior of supersaturated solutions generated by antisolvent addition and upon the dissolution of ASDs was evaluated using fluorescence lifetime measurements and several other orthogonal techniques, including steady-state fluorescence spectroscopy, ultraviolet (UV) extinction and concentration profiles, ultracentrifuge measurements and nanoparticle tracking analysis. Ritonavir and lopinavir were chosen as poorly water-soluble model drugs, and the polymer, Kollidon VA64, was selected to form the dispersions. The fluorescence lifetime of the environment-sensitive fluoroprobe, PRODAN, was monitored to determine the occurrence of LLPS and crystallization. It was found that only the 10% w/w drug loading ASDs dissolved to a concentration in solution higher than the LLPS concentration and this led to an increase in the lifetime of PRODAN due to partitioning of the fluoroprobe into the drug-rich phase. In contrast, the 50% w/w drug loading ASDs did not reach the amorphous solubility, pointing to a dissolution behavior controlled by the low water solubility and high hydrophobicity of the drug. Fluorescence lifetime measurements were demonstrated to be extremely useful for the characterization of the phase behavior of supersaturated solutions of poorly water-soluble drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Tres
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, United States
| | - Maria M Posada
- Department of Drug Disposition, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Co., Indianapolis, IN 46225, United States
| | - Stephen D Hall
- Department of Drug Disposition, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Co., Indianapolis, IN 46225, United States
| | - Michael A Mohutsky
- Department of Drug Disposition, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Co., Indianapolis, IN 46225, United States
| | - Lynne S Taylor
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, United States.
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22
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Sikder M, Lead JR, Chandler GT, Baalousha M. A rapid approach for measuring silver nanoparticle concentration and dissolution in seawater by UV-Vis. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 618:597-607. [PMID: 28411867 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.04.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Revised: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 04/07/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Detection and quantification of engineered nanoparticles (NPs) in environmental systems is challenging and requires sophisticated analytical equipment. Furthermore, dissolution is an important environmental transformation process for silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) which affects the size, speciation and concentration of AgNPs in natural water systems. Herein, we present a simple approach for the detection, quantification and measurement of dissolution of PVP-coated AgNPs (PVP-AgNPs) based on monitoring their optical properties (extinction spectra) using UV-vis spectroscopy. The dependence of PVP-AgNPs extinction coefficient (ɛ) and maximum absorbance wavelength (λmax) on NP size was experimentally determined. The concentration, size, and extinction spectra of PVP-AgNPs were characterized during dissolution in 30ppt synthetic seawater. AgNPs concentration was determined as the difference between the total and dissolved Ag concentrations measured by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectroscopy (ICP-MS); extinction spectra of PVP-AgNPs were monitored by UV-vis; and size evolution was monitored by atomic force microscopy (AFM) over a period of 96h. Empirical equations for the dependence of maximum absorbance wavelength (λmax) and extinction coefficient (ɛ) on NP size were derived. These empirical formulas were then used to calculate the size and concentration of PVP-AgNPs, and dissolved Ag concentration released from PVP-AgNPs in synthetic seawater at variable particle concentrations (i.e. 25-1500μgL-1) and in natural seawater at particle concentration of 100μgL-1. These results suggest that UV-vis can be used as an easy and quick approach for detection and quantification (size and concentration) of sterically stabilized PVP-AgNPs from their extinction spectra. This approach can also be used to monitor the release of Ag from PVP-AgNPs and the concurrent NP size change. Finally, in seawater, AgNPs dissolve faster and to a higher extent with the decrease in NP concentration toward environmentally relevant concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mithun Sikder
- Center for Environmental Nanoscience and Risk, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Arnold School of Public Health, University South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, United States
| | - Jamie R Lead
- Center for Environmental Nanoscience and Risk, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Arnold School of Public Health, University South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, United States
| | - G Thomas Chandler
- Center for Environmental Nanoscience and Risk, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Arnold School of Public Health, University South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, United States
| | - Mohammed Baalousha
- Center for Environmental Nanoscience and Risk, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Arnold School of Public Health, University South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, United States.
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23
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Wang L, Liang K, Jiang X, Yang M, Liu YN. Dynamic Protein-Metal Ion Networks: A Unique Approach to Injectable and Self-Healable Metal Sulfide/Protein Hybrid Hydrogels with High Photothermal Efficiency. Chemistry 2018; 24:6557-6563. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201705841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Liqiang Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Central South University; Changsha Hunan 410083 PR China
- State Key Laboratory for Powder Metallurgy; Central South University; Changsha Hunan 410083 PR China
| | - Kaixin Liang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Central South University; Changsha Hunan 410083 PR China
| | - Xingxing Jiang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Central South University; Changsha Hunan 410083 PR China
| | - Minghui Yang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Central South University; Changsha Hunan 410083 PR China
| | - You-Nian Liu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Central South University; Changsha Hunan 410083 PR China
- State Key Laboratory for Powder Metallurgy; Central South University; Changsha Hunan 410083 PR China
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24
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Elkhabaz A, Sarkar S, Dinh JK, Simpson GJ, Taylor LS. Variation in Supersaturation and Phase Behavior of Ezetimibe Amorphous Solid Dispersions upon Dissolution in Different Biorelevant Media. Mol Pharm 2017; 15:193-206. [PMID: 29161509 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.7b00814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The delivery of poorly water-soluble drugs using amorphous solid dispersions (ASDs) has been widely acknowledged as a promising strategy for enhancing oral bioavailability. Upon dissolution, ASDs have accelerated dissolution rates and yield supersaturated solutions leading to higher apparent solubilities. Understanding the complex phase behavior of ASDs during dissolution is crucial for developing an effective formulation. Since the absorption of a lipophilic, high permeability drug is determined primarily by the intraluminal dissolution process and the final concentration achieved, there is a need for evaluation in biorelevant dissolution media that simulate both fasting and fed gastrointestinal states. In this study, using ezetimibe as a model drug, three different ASDs were prepared using poly(acrylic acid) (PAA), polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose acetyl succinate (HPMC-AS). Dissolution of ASDs was carried out in sodium phosphate buffer, fed-state simulated intestinal fluid (FeSSIF), and Ensure Plus to evaluate the impact of different dissolution media on release profile, supersaturation, and phase behavior. The supersaturation level and crystallization kinetics varied among the dispersions and were found to be highly dependent on the medium employed. The presence of solubilizing additives in biorelevant media greatly affected the generation and stabilization of supersaturated solutions. Second harmonic generation microscopy was found to enable the detection of crystals in all media including the highly turbid Ensure Plus system. In conclusion, it is important to evaluate the impact of complex biorelevant media on the dissolution performance of ASDs to better design supersaturating formulations for oral delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Elkhabaz
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy and ‡Department of Chemistry, Purdue University , West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Sreya Sarkar
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy and ‡Department of Chemistry, Purdue University , West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Janny K Dinh
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy and ‡Department of Chemistry, Purdue University , West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Garth J Simpson
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy and ‡Department of Chemistry, Purdue University , West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Lynne S Taylor
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy and ‡Department of Chemistry, Purdue University , West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
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25
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Yang Y, Pal K, Koswara A, Sun Q, Zhang Y, Quon J, McKeown R, Goss C, Nagy ZK. Application of feedback control and in situ milling to improve particle size and shape in the crystallization of a slow growing needle-like active pharmaceutical ingredient. Int J Pharm 2017; 533:49-61. [PMID: 28935256 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2017.09.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2016] [Revised: 06/18/2017] [Accepted: 09/16/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Control of crystal size and shape is crucially important for crystallization process development in the pharmaceutical industries. In general crystals of large size and low aspect ratio are desired for improved downstream manufacturability. It can be extremely challenging to design crystallization processes that achieve these targets for active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) that have very slow growth kinetics and needle-like morphology. In this work, a batch cooling crystallization process for a GlaxoSmithKline patented API, which is characterized by very slow growth rate and needle morphology, was studied and improved using process analytical technology (PAT) based feedback control techniques and in situ immersion milling. Four specific approaches were investigated: Supersaturation control (SSC), direct nucleation control (DNC), sequential milling-DNC, and simultaneous milling-DNC. This is the first time that immersion wet milling is combined with feedback control in a batch crystallization process. All four approaches were found to improve crystal size and/or shape compared to simple unseeded or seeded linear cooling crystallizations. DNC provided higher quality crystals than SSC, and sequential and simultanesou milling-DNC approaches could reduce particle 2D aspect ratio without generating too much fines. In addition, an ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) system was used online as a novel PAT tool in the crystallization study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yang
- Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA; The Dow Chemical Company, Midland, MI, 48674, USA
| | - Kanjakha Pal
- Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Andy Koswara
- Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Qingqing Sun
- Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Yuqi Zhang
- Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Justin Quon
- GlaxoSmithKline, King of Prussia, PA, 19406, USA
| | - Rahn McKeown
- GlaxoSmithKline, King of Prussia, PA, 19406, USA
| | - Charles Goss
- GlaxoSmithKline, King of Prussia, PA, 19406, USA
| | - Zoltan K Nagy
- Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA.
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26
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Purohit HS, Taylor LS. Phase Behavior of Ritonavir Amorphous Solid Dispersions during Hydration and Dissolution. Pharm Res 2017; 34:2842-2861. [PMID: 28956218 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-017-2265-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2017] [Accepted: 09/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this research was to study the interplay of solid and solution state phase transformations during the dissolution of ritonavir (RTV) amorphous solid dispersions (ASDs). METHODS RTV ASDs with polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), polyvinylpyrrolidone vinyl acetate (PVPVA) and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose acetate succinate (HPMCAS) were prepared at 10-50% drug loading by solvent evaporation. The miscibility of RTV ASDs was studied before and after exposure to 97% relative humidity (RH). Non-sink dissolution studies were performed on fresh and moisture-exposed ASDs. RTV and polymer release were monitored using ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy. Techniques including fluorescence spectroscopy, confocal imaging, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA) were utilized to monitor solid and the solution state phase transformations. RESULTS All RTV-PVP and RTV-PVPVA ASDs underwent moisture-induced amorphous-amorphous phase separation (AAPS) on high RH storage whereas RTV-HPMCAS ASDs remained miscible. Non-sink dissolution of PVP- and PVPVA-based ASDs at low drug loadings led to rapid RTV and polymer release resulting in concentrations in excess of amorphous solubility, liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) and amorphous nanodroplet formation. High drug loading PVP- and PVPVA-based ASDs did not exhibit LLPS upon dissolution as a consequence of extensive AAPS in the hydrated ASD matrix. All RTV-HPMCAS ASDs led to LLPS upon dissolution. CONCLUSIONS RTV ASD dissolution is governed by a competition between the dissolution rate and the rate of phase separation in the hydrated ASD matrix. LLPS was observed for ASDs where the drug release was polymer controlled and only ASDs that remained miscible during the initial phase of dissolution led to LLPS. Techniques such as fluorescence spectroscopy, confocal imaging and SEM were useful in understanding the phase behavior of ASDs upon hydration and dissolution and were helpful in elucidating the mechanism of generation of amorphous nanodroplets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hitesh S Purohit
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, 47907, USA
| | - Lynne S Taylor
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, 47907, USA.
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Dissolution enhancement of griseofulvin from griseofulvin-sodium dodecyl sulfate discs investigated by UV imaging. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2017.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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Balzus B, Colombo M, Sahle FF, Zoubari G, Staufenbiel S, Bodmeier R. Comparison of different in vitro release methods used to investigate nanocarriers intended for dermal application. Int J Pharm 2016; 513:247-254. [PMID: 27628784 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2016.09.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2016] [Revised: 09/08/2016] [Accepted: 09/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In vitro drug release measurement is one of the most important methods used to assess the quality of a nanocarrier and estimate it́s in vivo performance. Different in vitro drug release methods have been used to investigate the drug release from nanocarriers, however, little information is available with regard to a comparison of these methods (e.g. discriminative power, reproducibility). Thus, drug release from four nanocarriers (nanocrystals, lipid nanoparticles, Eudragit® RS and ethyl cellulose nanoparticles) was investigated under sink and non-sink conditions with three drug release methods: an in situ method using Sirius® inForm and two in vitro methods using dialysis bags and Franz diffusion cells. Dexamethasone was used as the model drug. The in situ measurement was a simple and fast method but not adequately discriminating because of a too rapid drug dissolution/release. Franz diffusion cells and dialysis bags were in most cases discriminative for the different nanocarriers with the drug dissolution/release being in the order of nanocrystals>Eudragit® RS nanoparticles>lipid nanoparticles>ethyl cellulose nanoparticles. Drug release experiments with Franz diffusion cells had the highest reproducibility. The Franz diffusion cells could also be easily used with semisolid dosage forms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Balzus
- College of Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Kelchstr. 31, 12169 Berlin, Germany
| | - Miriam Colombo
- College of Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Kelchstr. 31, 12169 Berlin, Germany
| | - Fitsum Feleke Sahle
- College of Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Kelchstr. 31, 12169 Berlin, Germany
| | - Gaith Zoubari
- College of Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Kelchstr. 31, 12169 Berlin, Germany
| | - Sven Staufenbiel
- College of Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Kelchstr. 31, 12169 Berlin, Germany
| | - Roland Bodmeier
- College of Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Kelchstr. 31, 12169 Berlin, Germany.
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Supersaturation of zafirlukast in fasted and fed state intestinal media with and without precipitation inhibitors. Eur J Pharm Sci 2016; 91:31-9. [PMID: 27260089 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2016.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2015] [Revised: 05/06/2016] [Accepted: 05/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Poor water solubility is a bottle neck in the development of many new drug candidates, and understanding and circumventing this is essential for a more effective drug development. Zafirlukast (ZA) is a leukotriene antagonist marketed for the treatment of asthma (Accolate®). ZA is poorly water soluble, and is formulated in an amorphous form (aZA) to improve its solubility and oral bioavailability. It has been shown that upon dissolution of aZa, the concentration of ZA in solution is supersaturated with respect to its stable crystalline form (ZA monohydrate), and thus, in theory, the bioavailability increases upon amorphization of ZA. The polymers hydroxypropylmethylcellulose (HPMC) and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), often used as stabilizers of the supersaturated state, are in the excipient list of Accolate®. It is not recommended to take Accolate® with food, as this reduces the bioavailability by 40%. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of simulated fasted and fed state intestinal media as well as the effect of HPMC and PVP on the supersaturation and precipitation of ZA in vitro. Supersaturation of aZA was studied in vitro in a small scale setup using the μDiss Profiler™. Several media were used for this study: One medium simulating the fasted state intestinal fluids and three media simulating different fed state intestinal fluids. Solid state changes of the drug were investigated by small angle x-ray scattering. The duration wherein aZA was maintained at a supersaturated state was prolonged in the presence of HPMC and lasted more than 20h in the presence of PVP in a fasted state intestinal medium. The presence of PVP increased the concentration of drug dissolved in the supersaturated state. The duration of supersaturation was shorter in fed than in a fasted state simulated intestinal media, but the concentration during supersaturation was higher. It was thus not possible to predict any positive or negative food effects from the dissolution/precipitation curves from different media. Lipolysis products in the fed state simulated media seemed to cause both a negative effect on the duration of supersaturation, and an increased drug concentration during supersaturation. In contrast, when testing the effect of a fed state simulated medium compared to the fasted state medium, in the presence of PVP, a clear negative effect was seen on the dissolution/precipitation curved of the fed state medium. The drug concentration during supersaturation was marginally different in the two media, but a precipitation of ZA was seen in the fed state medium, which was not observed in the fasted state medium. Solid state transformation from aZA to ZA monohydrate (mhZA) upon precipitation of the supersaturated solutions was confirmed by small angle x-ray scattering. All of these results can explain the described in vivo behavior of ZA. For ZA simple dissolution experiments in vitro can be used to examine supersaturation, effectiveness of PI and potential food effects on these.
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Sun DD, Wen H, Taylor LS. Non-Sink Dissolution Conditions for Predicting Product Quality and In Vivo Performance of Supersaturating Drug Delivery Systems. J Pharm Sci 2016; 105:2477-2488. [PMID: 27174227 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2016.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Revised: 03/18/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
With recent advances in the development of supersaturating oral dosage forms for poorly water-soluble drugs, pharmaceutical scientists are increasingly applying in vitro dissolution testing under non-sink conditions for a direct evaluation of their ability to generate and maintain supersaturation as a predictive surrogate for ensuring product quality and in vivo performance. However, the scientific rationale for developing the appropriate non-sink dissolution methodologies has not been extensively debated. This calls for a comprehensive discussion of recent research efforts on theoretical and experimental considerations of amorphous solubility, liquid-liquid phase separation, and phase transitions of drugs in a supersaturated solution when dissolution testing is performed under supersaturated non-sink conditions. In addition, we outline the concept of "sink index" that quantifies the magnitude of deviations from perfect sink dissolution conditions in the sink/non-sink continuum and some considerations of non-sink dissolution testing for marketed drug products. These factors should be carefully considered in recommending an adequately discriminatory dissolution method in the performance assessment of supersaturating drug delivery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dajun D Sun
- Office of Research and Standards, Office of Generic Drugs, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland 20993
| | - Hong Wen
- Office of Research and Standards, Office of Generic Drugs, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland 20993
| | - Lynne S Taylor
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, Purdue University, 575 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907.
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Wu B, Li J, Wang Y. Evaluation of the Microcentrifuge Dissolution Method as a Tool for Spray-Dried Dispersion. AAPS JOURNAL 2016; 18:346-53. [PMID: 26831250 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-016-9872-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2015] [Accepted: 01/08/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Although using spray-dried dispersions (SDDs) to improve the bioavailability of poorly water-soluble compounds has become a common practice in supporting the early phases of clinical studies, their performance evaluation, whether in solid dosage forms or alone, still presents significant challenges. A microcentrifuge dissolution method has been reported to quickly assess the dissolution performance of SDDs. While the microcentrifuge dissolution method has been used in the SDD community, there is still a need to understand the mechanisms about the molecular species present in supernatant after centrifugation, the molecular nature of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs), as well as the impact of experimental conditions. In this paper, we aim to assess the effect of API and polymer properties on the dissolution behavior of SDDs along with centrifuging parameters, and for this, two poorly water-soluble compounds (indomethacin and ketoconazole) and two commonly used polymers in the pharmaceutical industry (PVP and HPMC-AS) were chosen to prepare SDDs. A typical microcentrifuge dissolution procedure as reported in the publication (Curatolo et al., Pharm Res 26:1419-1431, 2009) was followed. In addition, after separation of the supernatant from precipitation, some of the samples were filtered through filters of various sizes to investigate the particulate nature (particle size) of the supernatant. Furthermore, the centrifuge speed was varied to study sedimentation of API, SDD, or polymer particles. The results indicated that for the SDDs of four drug-polymer pairs, microcentrifuge dissolution exhibited varied behaviors, depending on the polymer and the drug used. The SDDs of indomethacin with either PVP or HPMC-AS showed a reproducible dissolution with minimum variability even after filtration and subjecting to varied centrifugation speed, suggesting that the supernatant behaved solution-like. However, ketoconazole-PVP and ketoconazole-HPMC-AS SDDs displayed a significant variation in concentration as the speed of centrifugation and the pore sizes of filters were altered, indicating that their supernatant was heterogeneous with the presence of particulates. In conclusion, microcentrifuge dissolution method was more suitable for indomethacin-PVP and indomethacin-HPMC-AS systems compared with ketoconazole-PVP and ketoconazole-HPMC-AS. Therefore, the use of microcentrifuge dissolution method depends on both compounds and polymers selected, which should be examined case by case.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Wu
- Analytical & Bioanalytical Development, Research & Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Co., New Brunswick, New Jersey, 08903, USA
| | - Jinjiang Li
- , Drug Product Science and Technology, Research & Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Co., New Brunswick, New Jersey, 08903, USA.
| | - Yahong Wang
- Analytical & Bioanalytical Development, Research & Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Co., New Brunswick, New Jersey, 08903, USA.,Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, 20993, USA
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Shah DA, Murdande SB, Dave RH. A Review: Pharmaceutical and Pharmacokinetic Aspect of Nanocrystalline Suspensions. J Pharm Sci 2016; 105:10-24. [PMID: 26580860 DOI: 10.1002/jps.24694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2015] [Revised: 09/23/2015] [Accepted: 09/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Nanocrystals have emerged as a potential formulation strategy to eliminate the bioavailability-related problems by enhancing the initial dissolution rate and moderately super-saturating the thermodynamic solubility. This review contains an in-depth knowledge of, the processing method for formulation, an accurate quantitative assessment of the solubility and dissolution rates and their correlation to observe pharmacokinetic data. Poor aqueous solubility is considered the major hurdle in the development of pharmaceutical compounds. Because of a lack of understanding with regard to the change in the thermodynamic and kinetic properties (i.e., solubility and dissolution rate) upon nanosizing, we critically reviewed the literatures for solubility determination to understand the significance and accuracy of the implemented analytical method. In the latter part, we reviewed reports that have quantitatively studied the effect of the particle size and the surface area change on the initial dissolution rate enhancement using alternative approaches besides the sink condition dissolution. The lack of an apparent relationship between the dissolution rate enhancement and the observed bioavailability are discussed by reviewing the reported in vivo data on animal models along with the particle size and food effect. The review will provide comprehensive information to the pharmaceutical scientist in the area of nanoparticulate drug delivery.
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Østergaard J. UV/Vis Spectrophotometry and UV Imaging. ADVANCES IN DELIVERY SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-4029-5_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Jackson MJ, Kestur US, Hussain MA, Taylor LS. Dissolution of Danazol Amorphous Solid Dispersions: Supersaturation and Phase Behavior as a Function of Drug Loading and Polymer Type. Mol Pharm 2015; 13:223-31. [PMID: 26618718 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.5b00652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Amorphous solid dispersions (ASDs) are of great interest as enabling formulations because of their ability to increase the bioavailability of poorly soluble drugs. However, the dissolution of these formulations under nonsink dissolution conditions results in highly supersaturated drug solutions that can undergo different types of phase transitions. The purpose of this study was to characterize the phase behavior of solutions resulting from the dissolution of model ASDs as well as the degree of supersaturation attained. Danazol was chosen as a poorly water-soluble model drug, and three polymers were used to form the dispersions: polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose (HPMC), and hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose acetate succinate (HPMCAS). Dissolution studies were carried out under nonsink conditions, and solution phase behavior was characterized using several orthogonal techniques. It was found that liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) occurred following dissolution and prior to crystallization for most of the dispersions. Using flux measurements, it was further observed that the maximum attainable supersaturation following dissolution was equivalent to the amorphous solubility. The dissolution of the ASDs led to sustained supersaturation, the duration of which varied depending on the drug loading and the type of polymer used in the formulation. The overall supersaturation profile observed thus depended on a complex interplay between dissolution rate, polymer type, drug loading, and the kinetics of crystallization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Jackson
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University , West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Umesh S Kestur
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Company , New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | - Munir A Hussain
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Company , New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | - Lynne S Taylor
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University , West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
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Tres F, Coombes SR, Phillips AR, Hughes LP, Wren SAC, Aylott JW, Burley JC. Investigating the Dissolution Performance of Amorphous Solid Dispersions Using Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Proton NMR. Molecules 2015; 20:16404-18. [PMID: 26378506 PMCID: PMC6331940 DOI: 10.3390/molecules200916404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2015] [Revised: 08/30/2015] [Accepted: 09/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
We have investigated the dissolution performance of amorphous solid dispersions of poorly water-soluble bicalutamide in a Kollidon VA64 polymeric matrix as a function of the drug loading (5% vs. 30% bicalutamide). A combined suite of state-of-the-art analytical techniques were employed to obtain a clear picture of the drug release, including an integrated magnetic resonance imaging UV-Vis flow cell system and 1H-NMR. Off-line 1H-NMR was used for the first time to simultaneously measure the dissolution profiles and rates of both the drug and the polymer from a solid dispersion. MRI and 1H-NMR data showed that the 5% drug loading compact erodes linearly, and that bicalutamide and Kollidon VA64 are released at approximately the same rate from the molecular dispersion. For the 30% extrudate, data indicated a slower water ingress into the compact which corresponds to a slower dissolution rate of both bicalutamide and Kollidon VA64.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Tres
- School of Pharmacy, Boots Science Building, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK.
| | - Steven R Coombes
- Pharmaceutical Development, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield SK10 2NA, UK.
| | | | - Leslie P Hughes
- Pharmaceutical Development, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield SK10 2NA, UK.
| | - Stephen A C Wren
- Pharmaceutical Development, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield SK10 2NA, UK.
| | - Jonathan W Aylott
- School of Pharmacy, Boots Science Building, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK.
| | - Jonathan C Burley
- School of Pharmacy, Boots Science Building, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK.
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Xie L, Beyer S, Vogel V, Wacker MG, Mäntele W. Assessing the drug release from nanoparticles: Overcoming the shortcomings of dialysis by using novel optical techniques and a mathematical model. Int J Pharm 2015; 488:108-19. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2015.03.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2015] [Revised: 03/30/2015] [Accepted: 03/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Raina SA, Alonzo DE, Zhang GGZ, Gao Y, Taylor LS. Using Environment-Sensitive Fluorescent Probes to Characterize Liquid-Liquid Phase Separation in Supersaturated Solutions of Poorly Water Soluble Compounds. Pharm Res 2015; 32:3660-73. [PMID: 26123681 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-015-1725-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2015] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Highly supersaturated aqueous solutions of poorly soluble compounds can undergo liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) when the concentration exceeds the "amorphous solubility". This phenomenon has been widely observed during high throughput screening of new molecular entities as well as during the dissolution of amorphous solid dispersions. In this study, we have evaluated the use of environment-sensitive fluorescence probes to investigate the formation and properties of the non-crystalline drug-rich aggregates formed in aqueous solutions as a result of LLPS. METHODS Six different environment-sensitive fluorophores were employed to study LLPS in highly supersaturated solutions of several model compounds, all dihydropyridine derivatives. RESULTS Each fluoroprobe exhibited a large hypsochromic shift with decreasing environment polarity. Upon drug aggregate formation, the probes partitioned into the drug-rich phase and exhibited changes in emission wavelength and intensity consistent with sensing a lower polarity environment. The LLPS onset concentrations determined using the fluorescence measurements were in good agreement with light scattering measurements as well as theoretically estimated amorphous solubility values. CONCLUSIONS Environment-sensitive fluorescence probes are useful to help understand the phase behavior of highly supersaturated aqueous solutions, which in turn is important in the context of developing enabling formulations for poorly soluble compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shweta A Raina
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, 575 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana, 47907, USA
- Manufacturing Science and Technology, AbbVie Inc, North Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - David E Alonzo
- Drug Product Development, Research and Development, AbbVie Inc, North Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Formulation & Process Development, Gilead Sciences, Inc, Foster City, California, USA
| | - Geoff G Z Zhang
- Drug Product Development, Research and Development, AbbVie Inc, North Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Yi Gao
- Drug Product Development, Research and Development, AbbVie Inc, North Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Analytical Sciences, Manufacturing Science and Technology, AbbVie Inc, North Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Lynne S Taylor
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, 575 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana, 47907, USA.
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Raina SA, Zhang GGZ, Alonzo DE, Wu J, Zhu D, Catron ND, Gao Y, Taylor LS. Impact of Solubilizing Additives on Supersaturation and Membrane Transport of Drugs. Pharm Res 2015; 32:3350-64. [PMID: 26017301 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-015-1712-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2015] [Accepted: 05/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Many enabling formulations give rise to supersaturated solutions wherein the solute possesses higher thermodynamic activity gradients than the solute in a saturated solution. Since flux across a membrane is driven by solute activity rather than concentration, understanding how solute thermodynamic activity varies with solution composition, particularly in the presence of solubilizing additives, is important in the context of passive absorption. METHODS In this study, a side-by-side diffusion cell was used to evaluate solute flux for solutions of nifedipine and felodipine in the absence and presence of different solubilizing additives at various solute concentrations. RESULTS At a given solute concentration above the equilibrium solubility, it was observed that the solubilizing additives could reduce the membrane flux, indicating that the extent of supersaturation can be reduced. However, the flux could be increased back to the same maximum value (which was determined by the concentration where liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) occurred) by increasing the total solute concentration. Qualitatively, the shape of the curves of solute flux through membrane as a function of total solute concentration is the same in the absence and presence of solubilizing additives. Quantitatively, however, LLPS occurs at higher solute concentrations in the presence of solubilizing additives. Moreover, the ratios of the LLPS onset concentration and equilibrium solubility vary significantly in the absence and presence of additives. CONCLUSIONS These findings clearly point out the flaws in using solute concentration in estimating solute activity or supersaturation, and reaffirm the use of flux measurements to understand supersaturated systems. Clear differentiation between solubilization and supersaturation, as well as thorough understanding of their respective impacts on membrane transport kinetics is important for the rational design of enabling formulations for poorly soluble compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shweta A Raina
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, 575 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana, 47907, USA.,Manufacturing Science and Technology, Operations, AbbVie Inc., 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, Illinois, 60064, USA
| | - Geoff G Z Zhang
- Drug Product Development, Research and Development, AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - David E Alonzo
- Drug Product Development, Research and Development, AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, Illinois, USA.,Formulation & Process Development, Gilead Sciences Inc., Foster City, California, USA
| | - Jianwei Wu
- Drug Product Development, Research and Development, AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, Illinois, USA.,Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, FDA, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Donghua Zhu
- Drug Product Development, Research and Development, AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, Illinois, USA.,Pharmaceutical Development Manufacturing & Science, Janssen R&D China, Johnson & Johnson, Shanghai, China
| | - Nathaniel D Catron
- Drug Product Development, Research and Development, AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Yi Gao
- Drug Product Development, Research and Development, AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, Illinois, USA. .,Manufacturing Science and Technology, Operations, AbbVie Inc., 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, Illinois, 60064, USA.
| | - Lynne S Taylor
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, 575 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana, 47907, USA.
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Konnerth C, Damm C, Schmidt J, Peukert W. Mechanical activation of trans-stilbene during wet grinding. ADV POWDER TECHNOL 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apt.2014.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Jackson MJ, Toth SJ, Kestur US, Huang J, Qian F, Hussain MA, Simpson GJ, Taylor LS. Impact of polymers on the precipitation behavior of highly supersaturated aqueous danazol solutions. Mol Pharm 2014; 11:3027-38. [PMID: 25105204 DOI: 10.1021/mp500201s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The phase behavior of supersaturated solutions of a relatively hydrophobic drug, danazol, was studied in the absence and presence of polymeric additives. To differentiate between phase separation to a noncrystalline phase and phase separation to a crystalline phase, an environmentally sensitive fluorescent probe was employed. Induction times for crystallization in the presence and absence of polymeric additives were studied using a combination of ultraviolet and fluorescence spectroscopy. It was found that, when danazol was added to aqueous media at concentrations above the amorphous solubility, liquid-liquid phase separation was briefly observed prior to crystallization, resulting in a short-lived, drug-rich noncrystalline danazol phase with an initial size of around 500 nm. The addition of polymers was found to greatly extend the lifetime of the supersaturated two phase system, delaying the onset of crystallization from a few minutes to a few hours. Below a certain threshold danazol concentration, found to represent the amorphous solubility, only crystallization was observed. Thus, although the addition of polymers was unable to prevent danazol from precipitating once a threshold concentration was exceeded, they did inhibit crystallization, leading to a solution with prolonged supersaturation. This observation highlights the need to determine the structure of the precipitating phase, since it is linked to the resultant solution concentration time profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Jackson
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, and ‡Department of Chemistry, Purdue University , West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
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Madelung P, Østergaard J, Bertelsen P, Jørgensen EV, Jacobsen J, Müllertz A. Impact of sodium dodecyl sulphate on the dissolution of poorly soluble drug into biorelevant medium from drug-surfactant discs. Int J Pharm 2014; 467:1-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2014.02.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2013] [Revised: 02/22/2014] [Accepted: 02/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Classification of the Crystallization Behavior of Amorphous Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients in Aqueous Environments. Pharm Res 2013; 31:969-82. [DOI: 10.1007/s11095-013-1216-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2013] [Accepted: 09/18/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Sarnes A, Østergaard J, Jensen SS, Aaltonen J, Rantanen J, Hirvonen J, Peltonen L. Dissolution study of nanocrystal powders of a poorly soluble drug by UV imaging and channel flow methods. Eur J Pharm Sci 2013; 50:511-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2013.08.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2013] [Revised: 08/20/2013] [Accepted: 08/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Sun DD, Lee PI. Evolution of Supersaturation of Amorphous Pharmaceuticals: The Effect of Rate of Supersaturation Generation. Mol Pharm 2013; 10:4330-46. [DOI: 10.1021/mp400439q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Dajun D. Sun
- Department
of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3M2, Canada
| | - Ping I. Lee
- Department
of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3M2, Canada
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45
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Mechanochemical activation of vincamine mediated by linear polymers: Assessment of some “critical” steps. Eur J Pharm Sci 2013; 50:56-68. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2013.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2012] [Revised: 03/04/2013] [Accepted: 03/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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46
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Childs SL, Kandi P, Lingireddy SR. Formulation of a Danazol Cocrystal with Controlled Supersaturation Plays an Essential Role in Improving Bioavailability. Mol Pharm 2013; 10:3112-27. [DOI: 10.1021/mp400176y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Scott L. Childs
- Renovo Research, Atlanta, Georgia 30316, United States
- Triclinic Labs, West Lafayette,
Indiana 47906, United States
| | - Praveen Kandi
- Renovo Research, Atlanta, Georgia 30316, United States
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47
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Williams HD, Trevaskis NL, Charman SA, Shanker RM, Charman WN, Pouton CW, Porter CJH. Strategies to address low drug solubility in discovery and development. Pharmacol Rev 2013; 65:315-499. [PMID: 23383426 DOI: 10.1124/pr.112.005660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 985] [Impact Index Per Article: 89.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Drugs with low water solubility are predisposed to low and variable oral bioavailability and, therefore, to variability in clinical response. Despite significant efforts to "design in" acceptable developability properties (including aqueous solubility) during lead optimization, approximately 40% of currently marketed compounds and most current drug development candidates remain poorly water-soluble. The fact that so many drug candidates of this type are advanced into development and clinical assessment is testament to an increasingly sophisticated understanding of the approaches that can be taken to promote apparent solubility in the gastrointestinal tract and to support drug exposure after oral administration. Here we provide a detailed commentary on the major challenges to the progression of a poorly water-soluble lead or development candidate and review the approaches and strategies that can be taken to facilitate compound progression. In particular, we address the fundamental principles that underpin the use of strategies, including pH adjustment and salt-form selection, polymorphs, cocrystals, cosolvents, surfactants, cyclodextrins, particle size reduction, amorphous solid dispersions, and lipid-based formulations. In each case, the theoretical basis for utility is described along with a detailed review of recent advances in the field. The article provides an integrated and contemporary discussion of current approaches to solubility and dissolution enhancement but has been deliberately structured as a series of stand-alone sections to allow also directed access to a specific technology (e.g., solid dispersions, lipid-based formulations, or salt forms) where required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hywel D Williams
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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Hasa D, Perissutti B, Cepek C, Bhardwaj S, Carlino E, Grassi M, Invernizzi S, Voinovich D. Drug Salt Formation via Mechanochemistry: The Case Study of Vincamine. Mol Pharm 2012. [DOI: 10.1021/mp300371f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dritan Hasa
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical
Sciences, University of Trieste, P.le Europa 1, I-34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Beatrice Perissutti
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical
Sciences, University of Trieste, P.le Europa 1, I-34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Cinzia Cepek
- TASC-IOM-CNR AREA Science Park,
S.S.14, Km. 163 Basovizza, I-34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - Sunil Bhardwaj
- TASC-IOM-CNR AREA Science Park,
S.S.14, Km. 163 Basovizza, I-34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - Elvio Carlino
- TASC-IOM-CNR AREA Science Park,
S.S.14, Km. 163 Basovizza, I-34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - Mario Grassi
- Department of Industrial Engineering
and Information Technology, Via Valerio 6/A, I-34127, Trieste, Italy
| | - Sergio Invernizzi
- Department of Life Sciences,
University of Trieste, Via Giorgieri 10, I-34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Dario Voinovich
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical
Sciences, University of Trieste, P.le Europa 1, I-34127 Trieste, Italy
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Anhalt K, Geissler S, Harms M, Weigandt M, Fricker G. Development of a new method to assess nanocrystal dissolution based on light scattering. Pharm Res 2012; 29:2887-901. [PMID: 22688901 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-012-0795-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2012] [Accepted: 05/22/2012] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Nanocrystals exhibit enhanced dissolution rates and can effectively increase the bioavailability of poorly water soluble drug substances. However, methods for in vitro characterization of dissolution are unavailable. The objective of this study was to develop an in situ noninvasive analytical method to measure dissolution of crystalline nanosuspensions based on light scattering. METHODS Fenofibrate nanosuspensions were prepared by wet media milling. Their solubilities and dissolution profiles in simulated gastric fluid supplemented with 0.1% Tween(®) 80 were measured in a small scale setup with an instrument for dynamic light scattering and the intensity of scattered light as readout parameter. RESULTS A good correlation was achieved between the dissolution profile of a nanosuspension measured in the light scattering setup and a conventional dissolution experiment. Nanosuspensions of 120-270 nm size could be distinguished by the light scattering method. The suspensions dissolved within 1.9-12.3 min. Over a concentration range of 40-87% of the solubility dissolution profiles of a nanosuspension with 140 nm were monitored and the determined total dissolution times were in good agreement with the Noyes-Whitney dissolution model. CONCLUSIONS A noninvasive, sensitive and reproducible method is presented to assess nanocrystal dissolution. In situ measurements based on light scattering allow a straightforward experimental setup with high temporal resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Anhalt
- Research Pharmaceutics and Drug Product Development, Merck Serono, Frankfurter Str. 250, 64293, Darmstadt, Germany
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50
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Williams HD, Sassene P, Kleberg K, Bakala-N'Goma JC, Calderone M, Jannin V, Igonin A, Partheil A, Marchaud D, Jule E, Vertommen J, Maio M, Blundell R, Benameur H, Carrière F, Müllertz A, Porter CJH, Pouton CW. Toward the establishment of standardized in vitro tests for lipid-based formulations, part 1: method parameterization and comparison of in vitro digestion profiles across a range of representative formulations. J Pharm Sci 2012; 101:3360-80. [PMID: 22644939 DOI: 10.1002/jps.23205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2012] [Revised: 04/24/2012] [Accepted: 05/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The Lipid Formulation Classification System Consortium is an industry-academia collaboration, established to develop standardized in vitro methods for the assessment of lipid-based formulations (LBFs). In this first publication, baseline conditions for the conduct of digestion tests are suggested and a series of eight model LBFs are described to probe test performance across different formulation types. Digestion experiments were performed in vitro using a pH-stat apparatus and danazol employed as a model poorly water-soluble drug. LBF digestion (rate and extent) and drug solubilization patterns on digestion were examined. To evaluate cross-site reproducibility, experiments were conducted at two sites and highly consistent results were obtained. In a further refinement, bench-top centrifugation was explored as a higher throughput approach to separation of the products of digestion (and compared with ultracentrifugation), and conditions under which this method was acceptable were defined. Drug solubilization was highly dependent on LBF composition, but poorly correlated with simple performance indicators such as dispersion efficiency, confirming the utility of the digestion model as a means of formulation differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hywel D Williams
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
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