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Felicijan T, Rakoše I, Prislan M, Locatelli I, Bogataj M, Trontelj J. Application of a Novel Dissolution Medium with Lipids for In Vitro Simulation of the Postprandial Gastric Content. Pharmaceutics 2024; 16:1040. [PMID: 39204385 PMCID: PMC11359312 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16081040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2024] [Revised: 07/31/2024] [Accepted: 08/01/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Food can change various physiological parameters along the gastrointestinal tract, potentially impacting postprandial drug absorption. It is thus important to consider different in vivo conditions during in vitro studies. Therefore, a novel dissolution medium simulating variable postprandial pH values and lipid concentrations was developed and used in this study. Additionally, by establishing and validating a suitable analytical method, the effects of these parameters on the dissolution of a model drug, cinnarizine, and on its distribution between the lipid and aqueous phases of the medium were studied. Both parameters, pH value and lipid concentration, were shown to influence cinnarizine behavior in the in vitro dissolution studies. The amount of dissolved drug decreased with increasing pH due to cinnarizine's decreasing solubility. At pH values 5 and 7, the higher concentration of lipids in the medium increased drug dissolution, and most of the dissolved drug was distributed in the lipid phase. In all media with a lower pH of 3, dissolution was fast and complete, with a significant amount of drug distributed in the lipid phase. These results are in accordance with the in vivo observed positive food effect on cinnarizine bioavailability described in the literature. The developed medium, with its ability to easily adjust the pH level and lipid concentration, thus offers a promising tool for assessing the effect of co-ingested food on the dissolution kinetics of poorly soluble drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Marija Bogataj
- Department of Biopharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva cesta 7, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (T.F.); (I.R.); (M.P.); (I.L.); (J.T.)
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2
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Tanaka Y, Arai H, Hidaka A, Noda S, Imai K, Tsujisawa F, Yagi H, Sakuma S. In Vitro Digestion-In Situ Absorption Setup Employing a Physiologically Relevant Value of the Membrane Surface Area/Volume Ratio for Evaluating Performance of Lipid-Based Formulations: A Comparative Study with an In Vitro Digestion-Permeation Model. Mol Pharm 2024; 21:3459-3470. [PMID: 38809159 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.4c00161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
The aim of this study is to establish and test an in vitro digestion-in situ absorption model that can mimic in vivo drug flux by employing a physiologically relevant value of the membrane surface area (S)/volume (V) ratio for accurate prediction of oral drug absorption from lipid-based formulations (LBFs). Three different types of LBFs (Type IIIA-MC, Type IIIA-LC, and Type IV) loaded with cinnarizine (CNZ), a lipophilic weak base with borderline permeability, and a control suspension were prepared. Subsequently, a simultaneous in vitro digestion-permeation experiment was conducted using a side-by-side diffusion cell with a dialysis membrane having a low S/V value. During digestion, CNZ partially precipitated for Type IV, while it remained solubilized in the aqueous phase for Type IIIA-MC and Type IIIA-LC in the donor compartment. However, in vitro drug fluxes for Type IIIA-MC and Type IIIA-LC were lower than those for Type IV due to the reduced free fraction of CNZ in the donor compartment. In pharmacokinetic studies, a similar improvement in in vivo oral exposure relative to suspension was observed, regardless of the LBFs used. Consequently, a poor correlation was found between in vitro permeation and areas under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUCoral) (R2 = 0.087). A luminal concentration measurement study revealed that this discrepancy was attributed to the extremely high absorption rate of CNZ in the gastrointestinal tract compared to that across a dialysis membrane evaluated by the in vitro digestion-permeation model, i.e., the absorption of CNZ in vivo was completed regardless of the extent of the free fraction, owing to the rapid removal of CNZ from the intestine. Subsequently, we aimed to predict the oral absorption of CNZ from the same formulations using a model that demonstrated high drug flux by employing the physiologically relevant S/V value and rat jejunum segment as an absorption sink (for replicating in vivo intestinal permeability). Predigested formulations were injected into the rat intestinal loop, and AUCloop values were calculated from the plasma concentration-time profiles. A better correlation was found between AUCloop and AUCoral (R2 = 0.72), although AUCloop underestimated AUCoral for Type IV due to the precipitation of CNZ during the predigestion process. However, this result indicated the importance of mimicking the in vivo drug absorption rate in the predictive model. The method presented herein is valuable for the development of LBFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Tanaka
- Laboratory of Drug Delivery System, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Setsunan University, 45-1 Nagaotoge-cho, Hirakata, Osaka 573-0101, Japan
| | - Hinata Arai
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hiroshima International University, 5-1-1 Hiro-koshingai, Kure, Hiroshima 737-0112, Japan
| | - Aya Hidaka
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hiroshima International University, 5-1-1 Hiro-koshingai, Kure, Hiroshima 737-0112, Japan
| | - Saki Noda
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hiroshima International University, 5-1-1 Hiro-koshingai, Kure, Hiroshima 737-0112, Japan
| | - Ko Imai
- Laboratory of Drug Delivery System, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Setsunan University, 45-1 Nagaotoge-cho, Hirakata, Osaka 573-0101, Japan
| | - Fumiya Tsujisawa
- Laboratory of Drug Delivery System, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Setsunan University, 45-1 Nagaotoge-cho, Hirakata, Osaka 573-0101, Japan
| | - Haruya Yagi
- Laboratory of Drug Delivery System, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Setsunan University, 45-1 Nagaotoge-cho, Hirakata, Osaka 573-0101, Japan
| | - Shinji Sakuma
- Laboratory of Drug Delivery System, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Setsunan University, 45-1 Nagaotoge-cho, Hirakata, Osaka 573-0101, Japan
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3
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Shafe MO, Gumede NM, Nyakudya TT, Chivandi E. Lycopene: A Potent Antioxidant with Multiple Health Benefits. J Nutr Metab 2024; 2024:6252426. [PMID: 38883868 PMCID: PMC11179732 DOI: 10.1155/2024/6252426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2023] [Revised: 05/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Lycopene is a naturally occurring carotenoid predominantly found in tomatoes and tomato-based products. Like other phytochemicals, it exhibits health beneficial biological activities that can be exploited when it is used as a dietary supplement. In vitro and in vivo, lycopene has been demonstrated to mitigate oxidative stress-induced metabolic dysfunctions and diseases including inflammation, obesity, and diabetes mellitus. Lycopene has been shown to alleviate metabolic diseases that affect the bone, eye, kidney, liver, lungs, heart, and nervous system. This review presents the state of the art regarding lycopene's health benefits and its potential applications in health system delivery. Furthermore, lycopene's protective effects against toxins, safety in its use, and possible toxicity are explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mercy Omoye Shafe
- School of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, 7 York Road, Parktown, Johannesburg 2193, South Africa
- Department of Human Physiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine and Allied Health Sciences, Bingham University, P.M.B. 005, New Karu, Nasarawa 961002, Nigeria
| | - Nontobeko Myllet Gumede
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X323, Gezina, Pretoria 0031, South Africa
| | - Trevor Tapiwa Nyakudya
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X323, Gezina, Pretoria 0031, South Africa
| | - Eliton Chivandi
- School of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, 7 York Road, Parktown, Johannesburg 2193, South Africa
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4
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Kovačević M, Gašperlin M, Pobirk AZ. Lipid-based systems with precipitation inhibitors as formulation approach to improve the drug bioavailability and/or lower its dose: a review. ACTA PHARMACEUTICA (ZAGREB, CROATIA) 2024; 74:201-227. [PMID: 38815207 DOI: 10.2478/acph-2024-0023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
Lipid-based systems, such as self-microemulsifying systems (SMEDDS) are attracting strong attention as a formulation approach to improve the bioavailability of poorly water-soluble drugs. By applying the "spring and parachute" strategy in designing supersaturable SMEDDS, it is possible to maintain the drug in the supersaturated state long enough to allow absorption of the complete dose, thus improving the drug's bio-availability. As such an approach allows the incorporation of larger amounts of the drug in equal or even lower volumes of SMEDDS, it also enables the production of smaller final dosage forms as well as decreased gastrointestinal irritation, being of particular importance when formulating dosage forms for children or the elderly. In this review, the technological approaches used to prolong the drug supersaturation are discussed regarding the type and concentration of polymers used in liquid and solid SMEDDS formulation. The addition of hypromellose derivatives, vinyl polymers, polyethylene glycol, polyoxyethylene, or polymetacrylate copolymers proved to be effective in inhibiting drug precipitation. Regarding the available literature, hypromellose has been the most commonly used polymeric precipitation inhibitor, added in a concentration of 5 % (m/m). However, the inhibiting ability is mainly governed not only by the physicochemical properties of the polymer but also by the API, therefore the choice of optimal precipitation inhibitor is recommended to be evaluated on an individual basis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mila Kovačević
- 1University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Pharmacy 1000 Ljubljana Slovenia
| | - Mirjana Gašperlin
- 1University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Pharmacy 1000 Ljubljana Slovenia
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5
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Sirvi A, Jadhav K, Sangamwar AT. Enabling superior drug loading in lipid-based formulations with lipophilic salts for a brick dust molecule: Exploration of lipophilic counterions and in vitro-in vivo evaluation. Int J Pharm 2024; 656:124108. [PMID: 38604540 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2024.124108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Revised: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
Lipid-based formulations (LbFs) are an extensively used approach for oral delivery of poorly soluble drug compounds in the form of lipid suspension and lipid solution. However, the high target dose and inadequate lipid solubility limit the potential of brick dust molecules to be formulated as LbFs. Thus, the complexation of such molecules with a lipophilic counterion can be a plausible approach to improve the solubility in lipid-based solutions via reducing drug crystallinity and polar surface area. The study aimed to enhance drug loading in lipid solution for Nilotinib (Nil) through complexation or salt formation with different lipophilic counterions. We synthesized different lipophilic salts/ complexes via metathesis reactions and confirmed their formation by 1H NMR and FTIR. Docusate-based lipophilic salt showed improved solubility in medium-chain triglycerides (∼7 to 7.5-fold) and long-chain triglycerides (∼30 to 35-fold) based lipids compared to unformulated crystalline Nil. The increased lipid solubility could be attributed to the reduction in drug crystallinity which was further confirmed by the PXRD and DSC. Prototype LbFs were prepared to evaluate drug loading and their physicochemical characteristics. The findings suggested that structural features of counterion including chain length and lipophilicity affect the drug loading in LbF. In addition, physical stability testing of formulations was performed, inferring that aliphatic sulfate-based LbFs were stable with no sign of drug precipitation or salt disproportionation. An in vitro lipolysis-permeation study revealed that the primary driver of absorptive flux is the solubilization of the drug and reduced amount of lipid. Further, the in vivo characterization was conducted to measure the influence of increased drug load on oral bioavailability. Overall, the results revealed enhanced absorption of lipophilic salt-based LbF over unformulated crystalline Nil and conventional LbF (drug load equivalent to equilibrium solubility) which supports the idea that lipophilic salt-based LbF enhances drug loading, and supersaturation-mediated drug solubilization, unlocking the full potential of LbF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arvind Sirvi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Sector-67, S.A.S Nagar, Punjab, India
| | - Karan Jadhav
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Sector-67, S.A.S Nagar, Punjab, India
| | - Abhay T Sangamwar
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Sector-67, S.A.S Nagar, Punjab, India.
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Patil J, Pawde DM, Bhattacharya S, Srivastava S. Phospholipid Complex Formulation Technology for Improved Drug Delivery in Oncological Settings: a Comprehensive Review. AAPS PharmSciTech 2024; 25:91. [PMID: 38664316 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-024-02813-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Addressing poor solubility and permeability issues associated with synthetic drugs and naturally occurring active compounds is crucial for improving bioavailability. This review explores the potential of phospholipid complex formulation technology to overcome these challenges. Phospholipids, as endogenous molecules, offer a viable solution, with drugs complexed with phospholipids demonstrating a similar absorption mechanism. The non-toxic and biodegradable nature of the phospholipid complex positions it as an ideal candidate for drug delivery. This article provides a comprehensive exploration of the mechanisms underlying phospholipid complexes. Special emphasis is placed on the solvent evaporation method, with meticulous scrutiny of formulation aspects such as the phospholipid ratio to the drug and solvent. Characterization techniques are employed to understand structural and functional attributes. Highlighting the adaptability of the phospholipid complex, the review discusses the loading of various nanoformulations and emulsion systems. These strategies aim to enhance drug delivery and efficacy in various malignancies, including breast, liver, lung, cervical, and pancreatic cancers. The broader application of the drug phospholipid complex is showcased, emphasizing its adaptability in diverse oncological settings. The review not only explores the mechanisms and formulation aspects of phospholipid complexes but also provides an overview of key clinical studies and patents. These insights contribute to the intellectual and translational advancements in drug phospholipid complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayesh Patil
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy & Technology Management, SVKM'S NMIMS Deemed-to-Be University, Shirpur, Maharashtra, 425405, India
| | - Datta Maroti Pawde
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy & Technology Management, SVKM'S NMIMS Deemed-to-Be University, Shirpur, Maharashtra, 425405, India
| | - Sankha Bhattacharya
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy & Technology Management, SVKM'S NMIMS Deemed-to-Be University, Shirpur, Maharashtra, 425405, India.
| | - Sauarbh Srivastava
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, KPJ Healthcare University, 71800, Nilai, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia
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7
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Klitgaard M, Jacobsen J, Kristensen MN, Berthelsen R, Müllertz A. Characterizing interregional differences in the rheological properties and composition of rat small intestinal mucus. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2024:10.1007/s13346-024-01574-1. [PMID: 38526635 DOI: 10.1007/s13346-024-01574-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
The mucus layer in the small intestine is generally regarded as a barrier to drug absorption. However, the mucus layer is a complex system, and presently, only a few studies have been conducted to elucidate its physicochemical properties. The current study hypothesizes that the mucus layer contains solubility-enhancing surfactants and thus might aid the oral absorption of poorly water-soluble drugs. Mucus was sampled from sections of the small intestine of fasted rats to analyze the rheological properties and determine the mucus pH and concentrations of proteins and endogenous surfactants, i.e., bile salts, polar lipids, and neutral lipids. The mucus layer in the two proximal sections of the small intestine exhibited different rheological properties such as higher zero-shear viscosity and lower loss tangent and higher protein concentrations compared to all subsequent sections of the small intestine. The pH of the mucus layer was stable at ~ 6.5 throughout most of the small intestine, but increased to 7.5 in the ileum. The bile salt concentrations increased from the duodenum (16.0 ± 2.2 mM) until the mid jejunum (55.1 ± 9.5 mM), whereas the concentrations of polar lipids and neutral lipids decreased from the duodenum (17.4 ± 2.2 mM and 37.8 ± 1.6 mM, respectively) until the ileum (4.8 ± 0.4 mM and 10.7 ± 1.1 mM, respectively). In conclusion, the mucus layer of the rat small intestine contains endogenous surfactants at levels that might benefit solubilization and absorption of orally administered poorly water-soluble drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mette Klitgaard
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jette Jacobsen
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Maja Nørgaard Kristensen
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ragna Berthelsen
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anette Müllertz
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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8
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Tanaka Y, Doi H, Katano T, Kasaoka S. The impact of quantity of lipid based formulations with different compositions on the oral absorption of ritonavir: A trade-off between apparent solubility and permeability. Eur J Pharm Sci 2022; 168:106079. [PMID: 34843915 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2021.106079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In this study, the effect of the quantity of lipid-based formulations (LBFs) on the oral absorption of ritonavir (RTV), a model for poorly water-soluble drugs, was investigated. Two types of LBFs, comprising short- and medium-chain lipids (LBF-SMC) and long-chain lipids (LBF-LC) loaded with different masses of RTV, were prepared. Then, the respective LBFs were dispersed in distilled water at concentrations of 1.0, 2.0, and 3.0% w/w, which provided the same drug concentration for all formulations. When 1.0% LBF-SMC and LBF-LC were orally administered to rats, the oral absorption was significantly improved compared with that of the suspension (a reference formulation) because of enhanced solubilization of RTV in the gastrointestinal tract; however, this improvement was lower for LBF-LC than for LBF-SMC. The oral absorption decreased with increasing LBF concentration for both LBF-SMC and LBF-LC. The in vitro permeation in sequence with in vitro digestion revealed that this phenomenon was caused by a reduction in the free drug concentration in the gastrointestinal tract. Moreover, the effect of decreasing the free concentration was more remarkable for LBF-LC than for LBF-SMC because of the greater solubilization capacity of LC digestion products. These findings may be useful for designing improved drug delivery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Tanaka
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hiroshima International University, 5-1-1 Hiro-koshingai, Kure, Hiroshima 737-0112, Japan.
| | - Hirotaka Doi
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hiroshima International University, 5-1-1 Hiro-koshingai, Kure, Hiroshima 737-0112, Japan
| | - Takeru Katano
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hiroshima International University, 5-1-1 Hiro-koshingai, Kure, Hiroshima 737-0112, Japan
| | - Satoshi Kasaoka
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hiroshima International University, 5-1-1 Hiro-koshingai, Kure, Hiroshima 737-0112, Japan
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9
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Vinarov Z, Abrahamsson B, Artursson P, Batchelor H, Berben P, Bernkop-Schnürch A, Butler J, Ceulemans J, Davies N, Dupont D, Flaten GE, Fotaki N, Griffin BT, Jannin V, Keemink J, Kesisoglou F, Koziolek M, Kuentz M, Mackie A, Meléndez-Martínez AJ, McAllister M, Müllertz A, O'Driscoll CM, Parrott N, Paszkowska J, Pavek P, Porter CJH, Reppas C, Stillhart C, Sugano K, Toader E, Valentová K, Vertzoni M, De Wildt SN, Wilson CG, Augustijns P. Current challenges and future perspectives in oral absorption research: An opinion of the UNGAP network. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 171:289-331. [PMID: 33610694 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Although oral drug delivery is the preferred administration route and has been used for centuries, modern drug discovery and development pipelines challenge conventional formulation approaches and highlight the insufficient mechanistic understanding of processes critical to oral drug absorption. This review presents the opinion of UNGAP scientists on four key themes across the oral absorption landscape: (1) specific patient populations, (2) regional differences in the gastrointestinal tract, (3) advanced formulations and (4) food-drug interactions. The differences of oral absorption in pediatric and geriatric populations, the specific issues in colonic absorption, the formulation approaches for poorly water-soluble (small molecules) and poorly permeable (peptides, RNA etc.) drugs, as well as the vast realm of food effects, are some of the topics discussed in detail. The identified controversies and gaps in the current understanding of gastrointestinal absorption-related processes are used to create a roadmap for the future of oral drug absorption research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahari Vinarov
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Sofia University, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Bertil Abrahamsson
- Oral Product Development, Pharmaceutical Technology & Development, Operations, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Per Artursson
- Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Hannah Batchelor
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Philippe Berben
- Pharmaceutical Development, UCB Pharma SA, Braine- l'Alleud, Belgium
| | - Andreas Bernkop-Schnürch
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - James Butler
- GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development, Ware, United Kingdom
| | | | - Nigel Davies
- Advanced Drug Delivery, Pharmaceutical Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | | | - Gøril Eide Flaten
- Department of Pharmacy, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Nikoletta Fotaki
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Martin Kuentz
- Institute for Pharma Technology, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Alan Mackie
- School of Food Science & Nutrition, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Anette Müllertz
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | | | | | - Petr Pavek
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | | | - Christos Reppas
- Department of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Kiyohiko Sugano
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Shiga, Japan
| | - Elena Toader
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Iasi, Romania
| | - Kateřina Valentová
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Maria Vertzoni
- Department of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Saskia N De Wildt
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Clive G Wilson
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Patrick Augustijns
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
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Tanaka Y, Nguyen TH, Suys EJA, Porter CJH. Digestion of Lipid-Based Formulations Not Only Mediates Changes to Absorption of Poorly Soluble Drugs Due to Differences in Solubilization But Also Reflects Changes to Thermodynamic Activity and Permeability. Mol Pharm 2021; 18:1768-1778. [PMID: 33729806 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.1c00015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of lipid digestion on the permeability and absorption of orally administered saquinavir (SQV), a biopharmaceutics classification system (BCS) class IV drug, in different lipid-based formulations. Three LBFs were prepared: a mixed short- and medium-chain lipid-based formulation (SMCF), a medium-chain lipid-based formulation (MCF), and a long-chain lipid-based formulation (LCF). SQV was loaded into these LBFs at 26.7 mg/g. To evaluate the pharmacokinetics of SQV in vivo, drug-loaded formulations were predispersed in purified water at 3% w/w and orally administered to rats. A low dose (0.8 mg/rat) was employed to limit confounding effects on drug solubilization, and consistent with this design, presolubilization of SQV in the LBFs did not increase in vivo exposure compared to a control suspension formulation. The areas under the plasma concentration-time curve were, however, significantly lower after administration of SQV as MCF and LCF compared to SMCF. To evaluate the key mechanisms underpinning absorption, each LBF containing SQV was digested, and the flux of SQV from the digests across a dialysis membrane was evaluated in in vitro permeation experiments. This study revealed that the absorption profiles were driven by the free concentration of SQV and that this varied due to differences in SQV solubilization in the digestion products generated by LBF digestion. The apparent first-order permeation rate constants of SQV (kapp,total) were estimated by dividing the flux of SQV in the dialysis membrane experiments by the concentration of total SQV on the donor side. kapp,total values strongly correlated with in vivo AUC. The data provide one of the first studies of the effect of digestion products on the free concentration of a drug in the GI fluid and oral absorption. This simple permeation model may be a useful tool for the evaluation of the impact of lipid digestion on apparent drug permeability from lipid-based formulations. These effects should be assessed alongside, and in addition to, the more well-known effects of lipids on enhancing intestinal solubilization of poorly water-soluble drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Tanaka
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hiroshima International University, 5-1-1 Hiro-koshingai, Kure, Hiroshima 737-0112, Japan
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11
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Falavigna M, Brurok S, Klitgaard M, Flaten GE. Simultaneous assessment of in vitro lipolysis and permeation in the mucus-PVPA model to predict oral absorption of a poorly water soluble drug in SNEDDSs. Int J Pharm 2021; 596:120258. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.120258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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12
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Effects of Lipid Digestion and Drug Permeation/Re-Dissolution on Absorption of Orally Administered Ritonavir as Different Lipid-Based Formulations. Eur J Pharm Sci 2021; 157:105604. [PMID: 33098990 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2020.105604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study is to clarify absorption mechanisms after oral administration of ritonavir (RTV) from different types of lipid-based formulations (LBFs) with particular emphasis on the effect of lipid digestion and drug permeation/re-dissolution on the oral absorption. Four LBFs were prepared; three contained either long-chain (LC) or medium-chain (MC) lipids [lipid formulation classification system (LFCS) Type II-LC, Type IIIA-MC, and Type IIIB-MC] and the fourth contained only surfactant and co-solvent (Type IV). The solubility of RTV in those LBFs was determined and drug subsequently loaded at 85% w/w of the saturated solubility in the formulations. Then, each LBF containing drug was added into a model rat intestinal fluid at approximately 2.5% w/v for evaluation using an in vitro digestion model. In vitro digestion study showed the ability of Type II-LC and Type IIIA-MC to support continued solubilization of RTV, and moderate supersaturation was observed in Type IIIA-MC. In contrast, RTV partly precipitated in the Type IIIB-MC during digestion, and the Type IV formulation lost its solubilization capacity rapidly upon dispersion, leading to drastic precipitation. Oral administration of RTV as Type IIIA-MC to rats showed significantly higher area under the plasma concentration-time curve compared to control suspension, whereas it was not improved with Type II-LC administration despite complete solubilization of RTV during digestion. From the results of in vitro permeation across dialysis membrane (a molecular weight cutoff of > 1000 Da), this may be attributed to the lowered free concentration in the gastrointestinal tract owing to incorporation of RTV into the undigested LC lipid. Oral absorption drastically increased with Type IIIB-MC and Type IV despite the observed moderate and drastic precipitation, respectively. Powder X-ray diffraction analysis revealed that the precipitate was amorphous. Therefore, improved re-solubilization may partly contribute to improved absorption. The present study revealed detailed absorption mechanisms from LBFs with different compositions. Our findings may be useful for selecting appropriate excipients to design optimal LBFs for poorly water-soluble drugs.
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Kang H, Yao Y, Zhang X. Mixed Micelles with Galactose Ligands for the Oral Delivery of Berberine to Enhance Its Bioavailability and Hypoglycemic Effects. J Biomed Nanotechnol 2021; 16:1755-1764. [PMID: 33485402 DOI: 10.1166/jbn.2020.30041755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) has become an epidemic disorder that is an escalating public health risk. Currently, DM treatment is highly challenging due to temporary medical relief rather than a permanent cure. This article reports a ligand-anchored mixed micellar system formed by phospholipids and N -oleoyl-D-galactosamine aiming to enhance the oral bioavailability and hypoglycemic effects of berberine, an antidiabetic agent with poor absorption. Berberine-loaded mixed micelles (BBMMs) were prepared through a solvent diffusion technique. The resulting BB-MMs were characterized by particle size, potential, morphology, entrapment efficiency (EE) and in vitro release. The oral pharmacokinetics and hypoglycemic efficacy of BB-MMs were evaluated in rats and compared with a berberine suspension. As a result, BB-MMs prepared with the preferable formulation had a particle size of approximately 100 nm with an EE of over 85%. BB-MMs exhibited sustained drug release owing to the entrapment in the micelles. After oral administration, BB-MMs ameliorated the pharmacokinetic profile of berberine and significantly enhanced its oral bioavailability (317.17% relative to the suspension). The pharmacological effect (PE) of BB-MMs was approximately 3.44 times greater than that of the suspension. In addition, in situ single-pass intestinal perfusion and cellular testing results illustrated that BB-MMs had good intestinal permeability and cellular uptake. Our findings demonstrate that the oral bioavailability and hypoglycemic effects of berberine could be largely enhanced by encapsulation into mixed micelles with a galactose moiety. Thus, galactosylated micelles may be promising for developing berberine nanomedicines to fight DM.
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Loisios-Konstantinidis I, Dressman J. Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic/Pharmacodynamic Modeling to Support Waivers of In Vivo Clinical Studies: Current Status, Challenges, and Opportunities. Mol Pharm 2020; 18:1-17. [PMID: 33320002 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.0c00903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Physiologically based pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PBPK/PD) modeling has been extensively applied to quantitatively translate in vitro data, predict the in vivo performance, and ultimately support waivers of in vivo clinical studies. In the area of biopharmaceutics and within the context of model-informed drug discovery and development (MID3), there is a rapidly growing interest in applying verified and validated mechanistic PBPK models to waive in vivo clinical studies. However, the regulatory acceptance of PBPK analyses for biopharmaceutics and oral drug absorption applications, which is also referred to variously as "PBPK absorption modeling" [Zhang et al. CPT: Pharmacometrics Syst. Pharmacol. 2017, 6, 492], "physiologically based absorption modeling", or "physiologically based biopharmaceutics modeling" (PBBM), remains rather low [Kesisoglou et al. J. Pharm. Sci. 2016, 105, 2723] [Heimbach et al. AAPS J. 2019, 21, 29]. Despite considerable progress in the understanding of gastrointestinal (GI) physiology, in vitro biopharmaceutic and in silico tools, PBPK models for oral absorption often suffer from an incomplete understanding of the physiology, overparameterization, and insufficient model validation and/or platform verification, all of which can represent limitations to their translatability and predictive performance. The complex interactions of drug substances and (bioenabling) formulations with the highly dynamic and heterogeneous environment of the GI tract in different age, ethnic, and genetic groups as well as disease states have not been yet fully elucidated, and they deserve further research. Along with advancements in the understanding of GI physiology and refinement of current or development of fully mechanistic in silico tools, we strongly believe that harmonization, interdisciplinary interaction, and enhancement of the translational link between in vitro, in silico, and in vivo will determine the future of PBBM. This Perspective provides an overview of the current status of PBBM, reflects on challenges and knowledge gaps, and discusses future opportunities around PBPK/PD models for oral absorption of small and large molecules to waive in vivo clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jennifer Dressman
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main 60438, Germany.,Fraunhofer Institute of Translational Pharmacology and Medicine (ITMP), Carl-von-Noorden Platz 9, Frankfurt am Main 60438, Germany
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15
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Strindberg S, Plum J, Stie MB, Christiansen ML, Hagner Nielsen L, Rades T, Müllertz A. Effect of supersaturation on absorption of indomethacin and tadalafil in a single pass intestinal perfusion rat model, in the absence and presence of a precipitation inhibitor. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2020; 151:108-115. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2020.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Revised: 03/08/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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16
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McClements DJ. Enhancing Efficacy, Performance, and Reliability of Cannabis Edibles: Insights from Lipid Bioavailability Studies. Annu Rev Food Sci Technol 2020; 11:45-70. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-food-032519-051834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The legal sale of cannabis-enriched foods and beverages for medical or recreational purposes is increasing in many states and countries, especially in North America and Europe. These food-based cannabis delivery systems vary considerably in their compositions and structures, ranging from low-viscosity watery beverages to solid fatty chocolates. The rate and extent of release of the bioactive components in cannabis within the human gastrointestinal tract (GIT) affect their health and psychoactive effects. Studies with other types of hydrophobic bioactives, such as nutraceuticals and vitamins, have shown that food composition and structure have a major impact on their bioaccessibility, transformation, and absorption within the GIT, thereby influencing their bioavailability and bioactivity. This review outlines how insights on the bioavailability of other lipophilic bioactives can be used to facilitate the design of more efficacious and consistent cannabis-enriched products intended for oral consumption. In particular, the importance of food-matrix composition (such as fat type and level) and structural organization (such as fat domain dimensions) are discussed.
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Lavan M, Knipp G. Considerations for Determining Direct Versus Indirect Functional Effects of Solubilizing Excipients on Drug Transporters for Enhancing Bioavailability. J Pharm Sci 2020; 109:1833-1845. [PMID: 32142715 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2020.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Revised: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Excipients used in drug formulations at clinically safe levels have been considered to be pharmacologically inert; however, numerous studies have suggested that many solubilizing agents may modulate drug transporter activities and intestinal absorption. Here, the reported interactions between various solubilizing excipients and drug transporters are evaluated to consider various potential underlying mechanisms. This forms the basis for debate in the field in regard to whether or not the effects are based on "direct" interactions or "indirect" consequences arising from the role of the excipients. For example, an increase in apparent drug solubility can give rise to saturation of transporters according to Michaelis-Menten kinetics. This is also drawing the attention of regulatory agencies as they seek to understand the role of formulation additives. The continued application of excipients as a tool in solubility enhancement is crucial in the drug development process, creating a need for additional data to verify the proposed mechanism behind these changes. A literature review is provided here with some guidance on other factors that should be considered to delineate the effects that arise from direct physiological interactions or indirect effects. The results of such studies may aid the rational design of bioavailability-enhancing formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Lavan
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, 575 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907
| | - Gregory Knipp
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, 575 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907.
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18
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Tanaka Y, Tay E, Nguyen TH, Porter CJH. Quantifying In Vivo Luminal Drug Solubilization -Supersaturation-Precipitation Profiles to Explain the Performance of Lipid Based Formulations. Pharm Res 2020; 37:47. [DOI: 10.1007/s11095-020-2762-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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19
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Michaelsen MH, Siqueira Jørgensen SD, Abdi IM, Wasan KM, Rades T, Müllertz A. Fenofibrate oral absorption from SNEDDS and super-SNEDDS is not significantly affected by lipase inhibition in rats. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2019; 142:258-264. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2019.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Revised: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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20
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Successful oral delivery of poorly water-soluble drugs both depends on the intraluminal behavior of drugs and of appropriate advanced drug delivery systems. Eur J Pharm Sci 2019; 137:104967. [PMID: 31252052 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2019.104967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Revised: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Poorly water-soluble drugs continue to be a problematic, yet important class of pharmaceutical compounds for treatment of a wide range of diseases. Their prevalence in discovery is still high, and their development is usually limited by our lack of a complete understanding of how the complex chemical, physiological and biochemical processes that occur between administration and absorption individually and together impact on bioavailability. This review defines the challenge presented by these drugs, outlines contemporary strategies to solve this challenge, and consequent in silico and in vitro evaluation of the delivery technologies for poorly water-soluble drugs. The next steps and unmet needs are proposed to present a roadmap for future studies for the field to consider enabling progress in delivery of poorly water-soluble compounds.
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Vithani K, Jannin V, Pouton CW, Boyd BJ. Colloidal aspects of dispersion and digestion of self-dispersing lipid-based formulations for poorly water-soluble drugs. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2019; 142:16-34. [PMID: 30677448 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2019.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2018] [Revised: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Self-dispersing lipid-based formulations, particularly self-microemulsifying drug delivery systems (SMEDDS) have gained an increased interest in recent times as a means to enhance the oral bioavailability of poorly water-soluble lipophilic drugs. Upon dilution, SMEDDS self-emulsify in an aqueous fluid and usually form a kinetically stable oil-in-water emulsion or in some rare cases a true thermodynamically stable microemulsion. The digestion of the formulation leads to the production of amphiphilic digestion products that interact with endogenous amphiphilic components and form self-assembled colloidal phases in the aqueous environment of the intestine. The formed colloidal phases play a pivotal role in maintaining the lipophilic drug in the solubilised state during gastrointestinal transit prior to absorption. Thus, this review describes the structural characterisation techniques employed for SMEDDS and the recent literature studies that elucidated the colloidal aspects during dispersion and digestion of SMEDDS and solid SMEDDS. Possible future studies are proposed to gain better understanding on the colloidal aspects of SMEDDS and solid SMEDDS.
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22
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Kuentz M. Drug supersaturation during formulation digestion, including real-time analytical approaches. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2019; 142:50-61. [PMID: 30445096 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2018.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Revised: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Self-emulsifying and other lipid-based drug delivery systems have drawn considerable interest from pharmaceutical scientists for managing oral delivery of poorly water-soluble compounds. Following administration, self-emulsifying systems exhibit complex aqueous dispersion and digestion in the gastro-intestinal tract. These processes generally result in drug supersaturation, which leads to enhanced absorption or the high drug concentrations may cause precipitation with erratic and variable oral bioavailability. This review briefly outlines drug supersaturation obtained from self-emulsifying and other lipid-based formulations; recent advancements of in vitro lipolysis testing are also discussed. Further, a main focus is mechanisms by which supersaturation is triggered from gastro-intestinal processes, as well as analytical techniques that are promising from a research and development perspective. Comparatively simple approaches are presented together with more sophisticated process analytics to enable direct examination of kinetic changes. The analytical methods together with their sensor probes are discussed in detail to clarify opportunities as well as technical limitations. Some of the more sophisticated methods, including those based on synchrotron radiation, are primarily research oriented despite interesting experimental findings from an industrial viewpoint. The availability of kinetic data further opens the door to mathematical modeling of supersaturation and precipitation versus permeation, which lays the groundwork for better in vitro to in vivo correlations as well as for physiologically-based modeling of lipid-based systems.
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23
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Yeap YY, Lock J, Lerkvikarn S, Semin T, Nguyen N, Carrier RL. Intestinal mucus is capable of stabilizing supersaturation of poorly water-soluble drugs. J Control Release 2019; 296:107-113. [PMID: 30527813 PMCID: PMC6467574 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2018.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2018] [Revised: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 11/25/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The utilization of polymers to stabilize drug supersaturation and enhance oral drug absorption has recently garnered considerable interest. The potential role of intestinal mucus in stabilizing drug supersaturation, however, has not been previously explored. The ability for intestinal mucus to stabilize drug supersaturation and delay drug precipitation is potentially useful in enhancing the absorption of orally dosed compounds from drug delivery systems that generate supersaturation within the gastrointestinal tract (e.g., solid dispersions, lipid-based drug delivery systems). This work aims to evaluate the precipitation-delaying abilities of intestinal mucus using carvedilol (CVDL) and piroxicam (PXM) as model drugs. In supersaturation-precipitation (S-P) experiments, CVDL and PXM supersaturation were induced in test media (0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.4%w/v mucin and 8%w/v native pig intestinal mucus (PIM)) via the solvent-shift method at supersaturation ratios (SSR) of 5 and 6, respectively. Time to drug precipitation was assessed using ion-selective electrodes and HPLC. The S-P experiments showed that increasing mucin concentration led to increasingly delayed CVDL precipitation, while PXM precipitation was prevented at all mucin concentrations studied. The ability of mucus-stabilized CVDL supersaturation to translate into enhanced CVDL absorption was evaluated in transport experiments using mucus-producing (90% Caco-2:10% HT29-MTX-E12 co-cultures) vs. non-mucus-producing intestinal monolayers (100% Caco-2 cultures). The absorption enhancement of CVDL (SSR = 5 relative to SSR = 1) was higher across mucus-producing than non-mucus-producing intestinal monolayers. This work demonstrates the potential for intestinal mucus to delay the precipitation and enhance the absorption of poorly water-soluble compounds, suggesting that drug supersaturation can be stabilized in close proximity to the absorptive site, thereby presenting a possible novel approach for targeted supersaturating drug delivery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Yan Yeap
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02110, United States
| | - Jaclyn Lock
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02110, United States
| | - Sean Lerkvikarn
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02110, United States
| | - Tanner Semin
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02110, United States
| | - Nicholas Nguyen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02110, United States
| | - Rebecca L Carrier
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02110, United States.
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24
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Siepmann J, Faham A, Clas SD, Boyd BJ, Jannin V, Bernkop-Schnürch A, Zhao H, Lecommandoux S, Evans JC, Allen C, Merkel OM, Costabile G, Alexander MR, Wildman RD, Roberts CJ, Leroux JC. Lipids and polymers in pharmaceutical technology: Lifelong companions. Int J Pharm 2019; 558:128-142. [PMID: 30639218 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2018.12.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Revised: 12/22/2018] [Accepted: 12/24/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In pharmaceutical technology, lipids and polymers are considered pillar excipients for the fabrication of most dosage forms, irrespective of the administration route. They play various roles ranging from support vehicles to release rate modifiers, stabilizers, solubilizers, permeation enhancers and transfection agents. Focusing on selected applications, which were discussed at the Annual Scientific Meeting of the Gattefossé Foundation 2018, this manuscript recapitulates the fundamental roles of these two important classes of excipients, either employed alone or in combination, and provides insight on their functional properties in various types of drug formulations. Emphasis is placed on oral formulations for the administration of active pharmaceutical ingredients with low aqueous solubilities or poor permeation properties. Additionally, this review article covers the use of lipids and polymers in the design of colloidal injectable delivery systems, and as substrates in additive manufacturing technologies for the production of tailor-made dosage forms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juergen Siepmann
- University of Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1008, 59000 Lille, France
| | - Amina Faham
- DuPont Health & Nutrition (formerly Dow Pharma Solutions), 8810 Horgen, Switzerland
| | | | - Ben J Boyd
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | | | - Andreas Bernkop-Schnürch
- University of Innsbruck, Institute of Pharmacy, Center for Chemistry and Biomedicine, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Hang Zhao
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Polymères Organiques LCPO, UMR 5629 CNRS, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux-INP, 33600 Pessac, France
| | - Sébastien Lecommandoux
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Polymères Organiques LCPO, UMR 5629 CNRS, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux-INP, 33600 Pessac, France
| | - James C Evans
- Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3M2, Canada
| | - Christine Allen
- Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3M2, Canada
| | - Olivia M Merkel
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Gabriella Costabile
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Morgan R Alexander
- Advanced Materials and Healthcare Technologies, School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Ricky D Wildman
- Centre for Additive Manufacturing, Faculty of Engineering, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Clive J Roberts
- Advanced Materials and Healthcare Technologies, School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Jean-Christophe Leroux
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland.
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Ravi GS, Charyulu RN, Dubey A, Prabhu P, Hebbar S, Mathias AC. Nano-lipid Complex of Rutin: Development, Characterisation and In Vivo Investigation of Hepatoprotective, Antioxidant Activity and Bioavailability Study in Rats. AAPS PharmSciTech 2018; 19:3631-3649. [PMID: 30280357 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-018-1195-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The current study was aimed to develop an amphiphilic drug-lipid nano-complex of rutin:egg phosphatidylcholine (EPC) to enhance its poor absorption and bioavailability, and investigated the impact of the complex on hepatoprotective and antioxidant activity. Rutin nano-complexes were prepared by solvent evaporation, salting out and lyophilisation methods and compared for the complex formation. For the selected lyophilisation method, principal solvent DMSO, co-solvent (t-butyl alcohol) and rutin:EPC ratios (1:1, 1:2 and 1:3) were selected after optimisation. The properties of the nano-complexes such as complexation, thermal behaviour, surface morphology, molecular crystallinity, particle size, zeta potential, drug content, solubility, in vitro stability study, in vitro drug release, in vitro and in vivo antioxidant study, in vivo hepatoprotective activity and oral bioavailability/pharmacokinetic studies were investigated. Rutin nano-complexes were developed successfully via the lyophilisation method and found to be in nanometric range. Rutin nano-complexes significantly improved the solubility and in vitro drug release, and kinetic studies confirmed the diffusion-controlled release of the drug from the formulation. The nano-complex showed better antioxidant activity in vitro and exhibited well in vitro stability in different pH media. The in vivo study showed better hepatoprotective activity of the formulation compared to pure rutin at the same dose levels with improved oral bioavailability. Carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-treated animals (group II) failed to restore the normal levels of serum hepatic marker enzymes and liver antioxidant enzyme compared to the nano-complex-treated animals. The results obtained from solubility, hepatoprotective activity and oral bioavailability studies proved the better efficacy of the nano-complex compared to the pure drug.
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Addition of Cationic Surfactants to Lipid-Based Formulations of Poorly Water-Soluble Acidic Drugs Alters the Phase Distribution and the Solid-State Form of the Precipitate Upon In Vitro Lipolysis. J Pharm Sci 2018; 107:2420-2427. [DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2018.04.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2018] [Revised: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Riethorst D, Mitra A, Kesisoglou F, Xu W, Tack J, Brouwers J, Augustijns P. Human intestinal fluid layer separation: The effect on colloidal structures & solubility of lipophilic compounds. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2018; 129:104-110. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2018.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Revised: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 05/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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28
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Suys EJA, Chalmers DK, Pouton CW, Porter CJH. Polymeric Precipitation Inhibitors Promote Fenofibrate Supersaturation and Enhance Drug Absorption from a Type IV Lipid-Based Formulation. Mol Pharm 2018; 15:2355-2371. [PMID: 29659287 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.8b00206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The ability of lipid-based formulations (LBFs) to increase the solubilization, and prolong the supersaturation, of poorly water-soluble drugs (PWSDs) in the gastrointestinal (GI) fluids has generated significant interest in the past decade. One mechanism to enhance the utility of LBFs is to prolong supersaturation via the addition of polymers that inhibit drug precipitation (polymeric precipitation inhibitors or PPIs) to the formulation. In this work, we have evaluated the performance of a range of PPIs and have identified PPIs that are sufficiently soluble in LBF to allow the construction of single phase formulations. An in vitro model was first employed to assess drug (fenofibrate) solubilization and supersaturation on LBF dispersion and digestion. An in vitro-in situ model was subsequently employed to simultaneously evaluate the impact of PPI enhanced drug supersaturation on drug absorption in rats. The stabilizing effect of the polymers was polymer specific and most pronounced at higher drug loads. Polymers that were soluble in LBF allowed simple processing as single phase formulations, while formulations containing more hydrophilic polymers required polymer suspension in the formulation. The lipid-soluble polymers Eudragit (EU) RL100 and poly(propylene glycol) bis(2-aminopropyl ether) (PPGAE) and the water-soluble polymer hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose (HPMC) E4M were identified as the most effective PPIs in delaying fenofibrate precipitation in vitro. An in vitro model of lipid digestion was subsequently coupled directly to an in situ single pass intestinal perfusion assay to evaluate the influence of PPIs on fenofibrate absorption from LBFs in vivo. This coupled model allowed for real-time evaluation of the impact of supersaturation stabilization on absorptive drug flux and provided better discrimination between the different PPIs and formulations. In the presence of the in situ absorption sink, increased fenofibrate supersaturation resulted in increased drug exposure, and a good correlation was found between the degree of in vitro supersaturation and in vivo drug exposure. An improved in vitro-in vivo correlation was apparent when comparing the same formulation under different supersaturation conditions. These observations directly exemplify the potential utility of PPIs in promoting drug absorption from LBF, via stabilization of supersaturation, and further confirm that relatively brief periods of supersaturation may be sufficient to promote drug absorption, at least for highly permeable drugs such as fenofibrate.
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de Gelder S, Sundh H, Pelgrim TNM, Rasinger JD, van Daal L, Flik G, Berntssen MHG, Klaren PHM. Transepithelial transfer of phenanthrene, but not of benzo[a]pyrene, is inhibited by fatty acids in the proximal intestine of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2018; 204:97-105. [PMID: 29223736 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2017.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2017] [Revised: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The inclusion of vegetable oils in aquafeeds introduces contaminating polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in salmonids. Since lipophilic PAHs solubilize in micelles composed of lipids, bile salts and fatty acids, dietary lipid composition can alter intestinal transepithelial PAH transfer. We studied the uptake of two PAHs, viz. benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) and phenanthrene (PHE), in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) intestine. We also investigated the effects of two fatty acids, viz. fish oil-derived eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5n-3) and vegetable oil-derived oleic acid (18:1n-9) on intestinal uptake. Radiolabeled PAHs were solubilized in micelles composed of tritiated EPA and oleic acid, respectively, and administrated to intestinal segments mounted in Ussing chambers. In the absence of micelles, PHE accumulation was two times higher than BaP in the mucosal and serosal layers of proximal and distal intestine. Administration of PHE in micelles composed of oleic acid resulted in a 50% lower accumulation of PHE in the mucosal layers of the proximal intestine compared to EPA-composed micelles. Accumulation of EPA and oleic acid in the proximal intestinal mucosa correlated negatively with the transepithelial transfer of these fatty acids across the proximal intestinal epithelium. Transepithelial PHE transfer across the proximal intestine was reduced by 30% in co-exposure with EPA-composed micelles compared to 80% with oleic acid micelles. BaP was not transferred across the intestine. We conclude that the lipid composition of an aquafeed is an important determinant of PAH bioavailability. Therefore, lipid composition should be an important consideration in choosing vegetable oils as alternatives for fish oil in aquafeeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan de Gelder
- Radboud University, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Department of Animal Ecology and Physiology, P.O. Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen, The Netherlands; National Institute of Nutrition and Seafood Research, P.O. Box 2029, Nordnes, 5817 Bergen, Norway
| | - Henrik Sundh
- Fish Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Box 463, 40530 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Thamar N M Pelgrim
- Radboud University, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Department of Animal Ecology and Physiology, P.O. Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Josef D Rasinger
- National Institute of Nutrition and Seafood Research, P.O. Box 2029, Nordnes, 5817 Bergen, Norway
| | - Lotte van Daal
- Radboud University, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Department of Animal Ecology and Physiology, P.O. Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Gert Flik
- Radboud University, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Department of Animal Ecology and Physiology, P.O. Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Marc H G Berntssen
- National Institute of Nutrition and Seafood Research, P.O. Box 2029, Nordnes, 5817 Bergen, Norway
| | - Peter H M Klaren
- Radboud University, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Department of Animal Ecology and Physiology, P.O. Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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de Gelder S, Sæle Ø, de Veen BTH, Vos J, Flik G, Berntssen MHG, Klaren PHM. The polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons benzo[a]pyrene and phenanthrene inhibit intestinal lipase activity in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2017; 198:1-8. [PMID: 28476648 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2017.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2017] [Revised: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Elevated levels of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are detected in aquafeeds where fish oils are (partially) replaced by vegetable oils. The highly lipophilic PAHs solubilize readily in oil droplets and micelles in the intestinal lumen that can affect enzymatic lipid digestion by altering lipase activity. We therefore investigated the effect of two PAHs, benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) and phenanthrene (PHE), on bile salt-activated lipase (BAL) activity in desalted luminal extracts of the proximal intestine of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) using the triacylglycerides rapeseed oil and fish oil as substrates. The hydrolysis of rapeseed oil and fish oil measured at a calculated substrate concentration of 2.2mM, increased linearly up to 30min at 15°C. Substrate dependency under initial velocity conditions was described by simple Michaelis-Menten kinetics with a Km value of 1.2mM for rapeseed and fish oil. Rapeseed oil hydrolysis was inhibited by 1nM BaP and 10nM PHE. The hydrolysis of fish oil was only inhibited by 10μM BaP. The in vitro lipase activity data were corroborated by TLC/HPLC analysis of the reaction products, showing that in the presence of BaP and PHE, 46-80% less free fatty acids (FFA) were hydrolysed from rapeseed and fish oil triacylglycerides. The presence of low concentrations of BaP and PHE decreased rapeseed oil hydrolysis by BAL whereas fish oil hydrolysis was not affected. The replacement of fish oil by rapeseed oil in aquafeeds introduces PAHs that could affect lipid digestion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan de Gelder
- Radboud University, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Department of Animal Ecology and Physiology, P.O. Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen, The Netherlands; National Institute of Nutrition and Seafood Research, P.O. Box 2029, Nordnes, 5817 Bergen, Norway.
| | - Øystein Sæle
- National Institute of Nutrition and Seafood Research, P.O. Box 2029, Nordnes, 5817 Bergen, Norway
| | - Bas T H de Veen
- Radboud University, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Department of Animal Ecology and Physiology, P.O. Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Joëlle Vos
- Radboud University, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Department of Animal Ecology and Physiology, P.O. Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Gert Flik
- Radboud University, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Department of Animal Ecology and Physiology, P.O. Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Marc H G Berntssen
- National Institute of Nutrition and Seafood Research, P.O. Box 2029, Nordnes, 5817 Bergen, Norway
| | - Peter H M Klaren
- Radboud University, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Department of Animal Ecology and Physiology, P.O. Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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de Gelder S, van Och L, Zethof J, Pelgrim TNM, Rasinger JD, Flik G, Berntssen MHG, Klaren PHM. Uptake of benzo[a]pyrene, but not of phenanthrene, is inhibited by fatty acids in intestinal brush border membrane vesicles of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2017; 195:1-8. [PMID: 28216010 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2017.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2016] [Revised: 02/07/2017] [Accepted: 02/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Partial replacement of fish ingredients with vegetable ingredients has elevated levels of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Atlantic salmon reared on these feeds. PAH uptake in the intestinal tract is postulated to occur in association with lipid absorption and could well be affected by fatty acid composition. We therefore investigated the effects of a fish oil and vegetable oil fatty acid, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA; 20:5n-3) and oleic acid (18:1n-9) respectively, on the uptake of benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) and phenanthrene (PHE) across the intestinal brush border membrane in the salmonid species rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). BaP and PHE were solubilized in mixed micelles composed of either EPA or oleic acid and administrated to isolated brush border membrane vesicles (BBMV) derived from the pyloric caeca, proximal intestine and distal intestine. In the absence of free fatty acids (FFA) trans-membrane uptake of BaP and PHE was 2-7 times lower than the fraction associated to or in the membrane. In the presence of FFA, trans-membrane BaP uptake had decreased by 80 and 40% at the highest EPA and oleic acid concentration, respectively, whereas PHE uptake was virtually unaffected. In the presence of BaP, but not PHE, trans-membrane EPA uptake in BBMV had decreased. This study obtained evidence for PAH-dependent interactions with FFA uptake. We conclude that intestinal BaP uptake is reduced by luminal FFA contents whereas PHE uptake is not. A large fraction of the administrated BaP and PHE remains associated with the cellular membrane of enterocytes and may interfere with uptake of nutrients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan de Gelder
- Radboud University, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Department of Animal Ecology and Physiology, P.O. Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen, The Netherlands; National Institute of Nutrition and Seafood Research, P.O. Box 2029, Nordnes, 5817 Bergen, Norway.
| | - Liselot van Och
- Radboud University, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Department of Animal Ecology and Physiology, P.O. Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jan Zethof
- Radboud University, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Department of Animal Ecology and Physiology, P.O. Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Thamar N M Pelgrim
- Radboud University, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Department of Animal Ecology and Physiology, P.O. Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Josef D Rasinger
- National Institute of Nutrition and Seafood Research, P.O. Box 2029, Nordnes, 5817 Bergen, Norway
| | - Gert Flik
- Radboud University, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Department of Animal Ecology and Physiology, P.O. Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Marc H G Berntssen
- National Institute of Nutrition and Seafood Research, P.O. Box 2029, Nordnes, 5817 Bergen, Norway
| | - Peter H M Klaren
- Radboud University, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Department of Animal Ecology and Physiology, P.O. Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Gnananath K, Sri Nataraj K, Ganga Rao B. Phospholipid Complex Technique for Superior Bioavailability of Phytoconstituents. Adv Pharm Bull 2017; 7:35-42. [PMID: 28507935 PMCID: PMC5426732 DOI: 10.15171/apb.2017.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Revised: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Phytoconstituents have been utilized as medicines for thousands of years, yet their application is limited owing to major hurdles like deficit lipid solubility, large molecular size and degradation in the gastric environment of gut. Recently, phospholipid-complex technique has unveiled in addressing these stumbling blocks either by enhancing the solubilizing capacity or its potentiating ability to pass through the biological membranes and it also protects the active herbal components from degradation. Hence, this phospholipid-complex-technique can enable researchers to deliver the phytoconstituents into systemic circulation by using certain conventional dosage forms like tablets and capsules. This review highlights the unique property of phospholipids in drug delivery, their role as adjuvant in health benefits, and their application in the herbal medicine systems to improve the bioavailability of active herbal components. Also we summarize the prerequisites for phytosomes preparation like the selection of type of phytoconstituents, solvents used, various methods employed in phytosomal preparation and its characterization. Further we discuss the key findings of recent research work conducted on phospholipid-based delivery systems which can enable new directions and advancements to the development of herbal dosage forms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kattamanchi Gnananath
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Shri Vishnu College of Pharmacy, Vishnupur, Bhimavaram-534202, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Kalakonda Sri Nataraj
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Shri Vishnu College of Pharmacy, Vishnupur, Bhimavaram-534202, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Battu Ganga Rao
- Department of Pharmacognosy, University College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Vishakhapatnam-530003, Andhra Pradesh, India
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Rezhdo O, Speciner L, Carrier R. Lipid-associated oral delivery: Mechanisms and analysis of oral absorption enhancement. J Control Release 2016; 240:544-560. [PMID: 27520734 PMCID: PMC5082615 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2016.07.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Revised: 07/27/2016] [Accepted: 07/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The majority of newly discovered oral drugs are poorly water soluble, and co-administration with lipids has proven effective in significantly enhancing bioavailability of some compounds with low aqueous solubility. Yet, lipid-based delivery technologies have not been widely employed in commercial oral products. Lipids can impact drug transport and fate in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract through multiple mechanisms including enhancement of solubility and dissolution kinetics, enhancement of permeation through the intestinal mucosa, and triggering drug precipitation upon lipid emulsion depletion (e.g., by digestion). The effect of lipids on drug absorption is currently not quantitatively predictable, in part due to the multiple complex dynamic processes that can be impacted by lipids. Quantitative mechanistic analysis of the processes significant to lipid system function and overall impact on drug absorption can aid in the understanding of drug-lipid interactions in the GI tract and exploitation of such interactions to achieve optimal lipid-based drug delivery. In this review, we discuss the impact of co-delivered lipids and lipid digestion on drug dissolution, partitioning, and absorption in the context of the experimental tools and associated kinetic expressions used to study and model these processes. The potential benefit of a systems-based consideration of the concurrent multiple dynamic processes occurring upon co-dosing lipids and drugs to predict the impact of lipids on drug absorption and enable rational design of lipid-based delivery systems is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oljora Rezhdo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | - Lauren Speciner
- Department of Bioengineering, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | - Rebecca Carrier
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, United States.
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Dubray O, Jannin V, Demarne F, Pellequer Y, Lamprecht A, Béduneau A. In-vitro investigation regarding the effects of Gelucire ® 44/14 and Labrasol® ALF on the secretory intestinal transport of P-gp substrates. Int J Pharm 2016; 515:293-299. [PMID: 27720954 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2016.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2016] [Revised: 09/29/2016] [Accepted: 10/05/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
In this present study, the secretory transport of P-gp substrates, rhodamine 123 and digoxin, was evaluated using a Caco-2/HT29-MTX co-culture characterized by an efflux mechanism and a paracellular permeability closer to the human intestinal barrier compared to the Caco-2 monolayer gold standard. The influence of simulated intestinal fluids termed FeSSIF and FaSSIF on the intestinal absorption was also assessed in comparison with a conventional saline buffer. Labrasol® ALF and Gelucire® 44/14 in saline buffer significantly decreased to 83% and 62%, the P-gp-mediated transport of rhodamine 123 across the co-culture, respectively. The effects of Gelucire® 44/14 were much more exacerbated with the Caco-2 monolayer model with a reduced permeability to 34% but they were partially reversed in the co-culture with FeSSIF. The modulation by the lipid excipients of digoxin secretory transport across the Caco-2 monolayer and the co-culture was reduced compared with the rhodamine 123. This work also emphasizes the numerous parameters that have to be considered for predicting accurately the effects of potential P-gp inhibitors including the in-vitro model, the incubation media and the intrinsic properties of P-gp substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Océane Dubray
- FDE EA4267, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, F-25000, Besançon, France
| | - Vincent Jannin
- Gattefossé SAS, 36 chemin de Genas, 69804, Saint-Priest cedex, France
| | - Fréderic Demarne
- Gattefossé SAS, 36 chemin de Genas, 69804, Saint-Priest cedex, France
| | - Yann Pellequer
- FDE EA4267, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, F-25000, Besançon, France
| | - Alf Lamprecht
- FDE EA4267, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, F-25000, Besançon, France; Department of Pharmaceutics, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Bonn, Germany
| | - Arnaud Béduneau
- FDE EA4267, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, F-25000, Besançon, France.
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Riethorst D, Mols R, Duchateau G, Tack J, Brouwers J, Augustijns P. Characterization of Human Duodenal Fluids in Fasted and Fed State Conditions. J Pharm Sci 2016; 105:673-681. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.24603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2015] [Revised: 07/07/2015] [Accepted: 07/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Khan J, Rades T, Boyd B. The Precipitation Behavior of Poorly Water-Soluble Drugs with an Emphasis on the Digestion of Lipid Based Formulations. Pharm Res 2015; 33:548-62. [DOI: 10.1007/s11095-015-1829-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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37
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Rao S, Richter K, Nguyen TH, Boyd BJ, Porter CJH, Tan A, Prestidge CA. Pluronic-Functionalized Silica–Lipid Hybrid Microparticles: Improving the Oral Delivery of Poorly Water-Soluble Weak Bases. Mol Pharm 2015; 12:4424-33. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.5b00622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shasha Rao
- School
of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Division of Health Sciences, University of South Australia, City East Campus, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia
| | - Katharina Richter
- Ian
Wark Research Institute, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes Campus, Mawson Lakes, South Australia 5095, Australia
| | - Tri-Hung Nguyen
- Monash
Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville Campus, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Ben J. Boyd
- Monash
Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville Campus, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
- ARC
Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology,
Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville Campus, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Christopher J. H. Porter
- Monash
Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville Campus, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
- ARC
Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology,
Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville Campus, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Angel Tan
- Ian
Wark Research Institute, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes Campus, Mawson Lakes, South Australia 5095, Australia
| | - Clive A Prestidge
- School
of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Division of Health Sciences, University of South Australia, City East Campus, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia
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Wąsik S, Bryll A, Drabik M, Dworecki K, Ślęzak A. Laser interferometric investigation of solute transport through membrane-concentration boundary layer system. J Biol Phys 2015; 41:409-20. [PMID: 26099494 PMCID: PMC4550621 DOI: 10.1007/s10867-015-9387-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2015] [Accepted: 04/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigate diffusive transport in a membrane system with a horizontally mounted membrane under concentration polarization conditions performed by a laser interferometry method. The data obtained from two different theoretical models are compared to the experimental results of the substance flux. In the first model, the membrane is considered as infinitely thin, while in the second one as a wall of finite thickness. The theoretical calculations show sufficient correspondence with the experimental results. On the basis of interferometric measurements, the relative permeability coefficient (ζs) for the system, consisting of the membrane and concentration boundary layers, was also obtained. This coefficient reflects the concentration polarization of the membrane system. The obtained results indicate that the coefficient ζs of the membrane-concentration boundary layer system decreases in time and seems to be independent of the initial concentration of the solute.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sławomir Wąsik
- Institute of Physics, Jan Kochanowski University, Świętokrzyska 15, 25406, Kielce, Poland,
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Stappaerts J, Brouwers J, Annaert P, Augustijns P. In situ perfusion in rodents to explore intestinal drug absorption: challenges and opportunities. Int J Pharm 2014; 478:665-81. [PMID: 25448559 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2014.11.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2014] [Revised: 11/13/2014] [Accepted: 11/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The in situ intestinal perfusion technique in rodents is a very important absorption model, not only because of its predictive value, but it is also very suitable to unravel the mechanisms underlying intestinal drug absorption. This literature overview covers a number of specific applications for which the in situ intestinal perfusion set-up can be applied in favor of established in vitro absorption tools, such as the Caco-2 cell model. Qualities including the expression of drug transporters and metabolizing enzymes relevant for human intestinal absorption and compatibility with complex solvent systems render the in situ technique the most designated absorption model to perform transporter-metabolism studies or to evaluate the intestinal absorption from biorelevant media. Over the years, the in situ intestinal perfusion model has exhibited an exceptional ability to adapt to the latest challenges in drug absorption profiling. For instance, the introduction of the mesenteric vein cannulation allows determining the appearance of compounds in the blood and is of great use, especially when evaluating the absorption of compounds undergoing intestinal metabolism. Moreover, the use of the closed loop intestinal perfusion set-up is interesting when compounds or perfusion media are scarce. Compatibility with emerging trends in pharmaceutical profiling, such as the use of knockout or transgenic animals, generates unparalleled possibilities to gain mechanistic insight into specific absorption processes. Notwithstanding the fact that the in situ experiments are technically challenging and relatively time-consuming, the model offers great opportunities to gain insight into the processes determining intestinal drug absorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jef Stappaerts
- Drug Delivery and Disposition, KU Leuven Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Joachim Brouwers
- Drug Delivery and Disposition, KU Leuven Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Pieter Annaert
- Drug Delivery and Disposition, KU Leuven Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Patrick Augustijns
- Drug Delivery and Disposition, KU Leuven Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Leuven, Belgium.
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40
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Stappaerts J, Wuyts B, Tack J, Annaert P, Augustijns P. Human and simulated intestinal fluids as solvent systems to explore food effects on intestinal solubility and permeability. Eur J Pharm Sci 2014; 63:178-86. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2014.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2014] [Revised: 06/26/2014] [Accepted: 07/14/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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41
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Birru WA, Warren DB, Ibrahim A, Williams HD, Benameur H, Porter CJH, Chalmers DK, Pouton CW. Digestion of Phospholipids after Secretion of Bile into the Duodenum Changes the Phase Behavior of Bile Components. Mol Pharm 2014; 11:2825-34. [DOI: 10.1021/mp500193g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Hywel D. Williams
- Capsugel Research & Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Strasbourg, France
| | - Hassan Benameur
- Capsugel Research & Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Strasbourg, France
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Williams HD, Speybroeck MV, Augustijns P, Porter CJ. Lipid-Based Formulations Solidified Via Adsorption onto the Mesoporous Carrier Neusilin® US2: Effect of Drug Type and Formulation Composition on In Vitro Pharmaceutical Performance. J Pharm Sci 2014; 103:1734-46. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.23970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2013] [Revised: 03/18/2014] [Accepted: 03/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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43
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Anby MU, Williams HD, Feeney O, Edwards GA, Benameur H, Pouton CW, Porter CJH. Non-linear Increases in Danazol Exposure with Dose in Older vs. Younger Beagle Dogs: The Potential Role of Differences in Bile Salt Concentration, Thermodynamic Activity, and Formulation Digestion. Pharm Res 2014; 31:1536-52. [DOI: 10.1007/s11095-013-1260-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2013] [Accepted: 12/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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44
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Lipid-Based Formulations and Drug Supersaturation: Harnessing the Unique Benefits of the Lipid Digestion/Absorption Pathway. Pharm Res 2013; 30:2976-92. [DOI: 10.1007/s11095-013-1126-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2013] [Accepted: 06/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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45
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Williams HD, Sassene P, Kleberg K, Calderone M, Igonin A, Jule E, Vertommen J, Blundell R, Benameur H, Müllertz A, Pouton CW, Porter CJH. Toward the establishment of standardized in vitro tests for lipid-based formulations, part 3: understanding supersaturation versus precipitation potential during the in vitro digestion of type I, II, IIIA, IIIB and IV lipid-based formulations. Pharm Res 2013; 30:3059-76. [PMID: 23661145 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-013-1038-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2013] [Accepted: 03/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Recent studies have shown that digestion of lipid-based formulations (LBFs) can stimulate both supersaturation and precipitation. The current study has evaluated the drug, formulation and dose-dependence of the supersaturation - precipitation balance for a range of LBFs. METHODS Type I, II, IIIA/B LBFs containing medium-chain (MC) or long-chain (LC) lipids, and lipid-free Type IV LBF incorporating different doses of fenofibrate or tolfenamic acid were digested in vitro in a simulated intestinal medium. The degree of supersaturation was assessed through comparison of drug concentrations in aqueous digestion phases (APDIGEST) during LBF digestion and the equilibrium drug solubility in the same phases. RESULTS Increasing fenofibrate or tolfenamic acid drug loads (i.e., dose) had negligible effects on LC LBF performance during digestion, but promoted drug crystallization (confirmed by XRPD) from MC and Type IV LBF. Drug crystallization was only evident in instances when the calculated maximum supersaturation ratio (SR(M)) was >3. This threshold SR(M) value was remarkably consistent across all LBF and was also consistent with previous studies with danazol. CONCLUSIONS The maximum supersaturation ratio (SR(M)) provides an indication of the supersaturation 'pressure' exerted by formulation digestion and is strongly predictive of the likelihood of drug precipitation in vitro. This may also prove effective in discriminating the in vivo performance of LBFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hywel D Williams
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia
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