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Bi F, Yuan T, Zhang B, Li J, Lin Y, Yang J. Establishment of Biopredictive Dissolution and Bioequivalence Safe Space Using the Physiologically Based Biopharmaceutics Modeling for Tacrolimus Extended-Release Capsules. AAPS PharmSciTech 2024; 26:13. [PMID: 39690309 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-024-03006-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2024] [Accepted: 11/20/2024] [Indexed: 12/19/2024] Open
Abstract
A slight variation in in vivo exposure for tacrolimus extended-release (ER) capsules, which have a narrow therapeutic index (NTI), significantly affects the pharmacodynamics of the drug. Generic drug bioequivalence (BE) standards are stricter, necessitating accurate assessment of the rate and extent of drug release. Therefore, an in vitro dissolution method with high in vivo predictive power is crucial for developing generic drugs. In this study, physiologically based biopharmaceutics modeling (PBBM) for 5 mg tacrolimus ER capsules was developed and validated. The reference and non-BE test formulations were assessed using the Flow-Through Cell apparatus (USP IV) with biorelevant media to establish a biopredictive dissolution method. Using PBBM, virtual bioequivalence trials with virtual batches were conducted to propose a BE safe space. These criteria can identify formulations that pass the internal quality control test but are likely non-BE. This study highlights the benefits of developing biopredictive dissolution methods that are based on biorelevant dissolution. The PBBM, constructed by integrating various drug parameters, combined with the developed biopredictive dissolution methods, is a convenient approach for BE evaluation of NTI drugs and a practical tool for developing new drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fulin Bi
- Center of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Tong Yuan
- Center of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Baohong Zhang
- Logan Instruments (Shanghai) Co; Ltd, Shanghai, 201107, People's Republic of China
| | - Jixia Li
- Center of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Yan Lin
- School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, China
| | - Jin Yang
- Center of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China.
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Tannergren C, Arora S, Babiskin A, Borges L, Chatterjee P, Cheng YH, Dallmann A, Govada A, Heimbach T, Hingle M, Kollipara S, Kotzagiorgis E, Lindahl A, Mackie C, Malamatari M, Mitra A, Moody R, Pepin X, Polli J, Raines K, Rullo G, Sanghavi M, Savkur R, Singh R, Sjögren E, Suarez-Sharp S, Thomas S, Veerasingham S, Wei K, Wu F, Xu Y, Yoon M, Rege B. Current State and New Horizons in Applications of Physiologically Based Biopharmaceutics Modeling (PBBM): A Workshop Report. Mol Pharm 2024. [PMID: 39680866 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.4c01148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2024]
Abstract
This report summarizes the proceedings for Day 3 of the workshop titled "Physiologically Based Biopharmaceutics Modeling (PBBM) Best Practices for Drug Product Quality: Regulatory and Industry Perspectives". This day focused on the current and future drug product quality applications of PBBM from the innovator and generic industries as well as the regulatory agencies perspectives. The presentations, which included several case studies, covered the applications of PBBM in generic drug product development, applications of virtual bioequivalence trials to support formulation bridging and the utility of absorption modeling in clinical pharmacology assessments. In addition, recent progress in the prediction of colon absorption and in vivo performance of extended-release drug products was shared. The morning session was concluded by representatives from FDA, ANVISA, MHRA, Health Canada, EMA, and PMDA giving their perspectives on the application of PBBM in regulatory submissions. The afternoon breakout sessions focused on four parallel topics: 1) PBBM in generic drug product development; 2) virtual bioequivalence trials applications; 3) safe space and extrapolation; and 4) regional absorption and modified release PBBM applications. This allowed the participants to engage in in-depth discussions of best practices as well to identify key points of consideration to allow further progress on the applications of PBBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christer Tannergren
- Biopharmaceutics Science, New Modalities & Parenteral Product Development, Pharmaceutical Technology & Development, Operations, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg 43183, Sweden
| | - Sumit Arora
- Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Andrew Babiskin
- Division of Quantitative Methods and Modeling, Office of Research and Standards, Office of Generic Drugs, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland 20903-1058, United States
| | - Luiza Borges
- Brazilian Health Regulatory Agency (ANVISA), SIA Trecho 5 - Guará, Brasília, Distrito Federal 71205-050, Brazil
| | - Parnali Chatterjee
- Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland 20993-0002, United States
| | - Yi-Hsien Cheng
- Division of Quantitative Methods and Modeling, Office of Research and Standards, Office of Generic Drugs, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland 20903-1058, United States
| | - André Dallmann
- Bayer HealthCare SAS, Lille, France, on behalf of Pharmacometrics/Modeling & Simulation, Research & Development, Pharmaceuticals, Bayer AG, Leverkusen 51368, Germany
| | - Anitha Govada
- Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland 20993-0002, United States
| | - Tycho Heimbach
- Pharmaceutical Sciences and Clinical Supply, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Martin Hingle
- Technical Research and Development, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel 4056, Switzerland
| | - Sivacharan Kollipara
- Biopharmaceutics Group, Global Clinical Management, Dr. Reddy's Laboratories Ltd., Integrated Product Development Organization (IPDO), Bachupally, Medchal Malkajgiri District, Hyderabad, Telangana 500 090, India
| | - Evangelos Kotzagiorgis
- European Medicines Agency (EMA), Domenico Scarlattilaan 6, Amsterdam 1083 HS, The Netherlands
| | | | - Claire Mackie
- Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Maria Malamatari
- Medicines & Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency, London E14 4PU, United Kingdom
| | - Amitava Mitra
- Clinical Pharmacology, Kura Oncology, Inc., Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Rebecca Moody
- Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland 20993-0002, United States
| | - Xavier Pepin
- Regulatory Strategies Center of Excellence, Simulations Plus, Inc., 42505 10th Street West, Lancaster, California 93534-7059, United States
| | - James Polli
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, United States
| | - Kimberly Raines
- Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland 20993-0002, United States
| | - Gregory Rullo
- Regulatory CMC, AstraZeneca, 1 Medimmune Way, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20878, United States
| | - Maitri Sanghavi
- Certara Predictive Technologies, Level 2-Acero, Simcyp, Ltd., 1 Concourse Way, Sheffield S1 2BJ, United Kingdom
| | - Rajesh Savkur
- Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland 20993-0002, United States
| | - Rajendra Singh
- Teva Branded Pharmaceutical Products R&D, Inc., West Chester, Pennsylvania 19380, United States
| | - Erik Sjögren
- Pharmetheus, Uppsala 752 37, Sweden
- Department of Pharmaceutical Bioscience, Translational Drug Discovery and Development, Uppsala University, SE-75124 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Sandra Suarez-Sharp
- Regulatory Strategies Center of Excellence, Simulations Plus, Inc., 42505 10th Street West, Lancaster, California 93534-7059, United States
| | - Sherin Thomas
- Division of Quantitative Methods and Modeling, Office of Research and Standards, Office of Generic Drugs, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland 20903-1058, United States
| | - Shereeni Veerasingham
- Pharmaceutical Drugs Directorate (PDD), Health Canada, 1600 Scott St., Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0K9, Canada
| | - Kevin Wei
- Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland 20993-0002, United States
| | - Fang Wu
- Division of Quantitative Methods and Modeling, Office of Research and Standards, Office of Generic Drugs, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland 20903-1058, United States
| | - Yunming Xu
- Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland 20993-0002, United States
| | - Miyoung Yoon
- Division of Pharmacometrics, Office of Clinical Pharmacology, Office of Translational Sciences, Centre for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Silver Spring, Maryland 20993-0002, United States
| | - Bhagwant Rege
- Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland 20993-0002, United States
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Kollipara S, Prabhat PK, Saha P, Gupta S, Naidu VR, Ahmed T. Physiologically Based Biopharmaceutics Modeling Coupled with Biopredictive Dissolution in Development of Bioequivalent Formulation for Mesalamine Enteric Coated Tablet: A Tough Nut to Crack. AAPS PharmSciTech 2024; 26:1. [PMID: 39627629 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-024-02990-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2024] [Accepted: 11/01/2024] [Indexed: 12/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Mesalamine is a locally acting anti-inflammatory drug used to treat mild to moderate ulcerative colitis. Because of complex formulation principle and high in vivo variability, development of bioequivalent formulation for mesalamine is challenging. Further, fed state possess significant challenges for bioequivalence (BE) due to interplay of multiple factors. In the work, we have developed a novel biopredictive media for mesalamine enteric coated tablets and integrated into physiologically based biopharmaceutics model (PBBM) to predict in vivo fed behavior. USP III based gradient media was developed to mimic in vivo fed condition. The developed PBBM was initially validated with literature data and subsequently re-optimized with pilot BE study data. Further, virtual bioequivalence (VBE) was performed to evaluate model predictability for pilot BE data. Later, the model was applied for prospective BE predictions with increased subjects and parametric sensitivity analysis was performed to identify physiological factors that can impact in vivo performance. Further, the model was used to predict luminal and enterocyte concentrations in colon to demonstrate equivalent efficacy. Additionally, a novel dissolution/permeation tool (Dissoflux) was employed to compare permeability behavior of formulations. Overall, this work enabled BE prediction for complex mesalamine enteric coated tablets and helped to understand parameters that can impact in vivo performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sivacharan Kollipara
- Biopharmaceutics Group, Global Clinical Management, Dr. Reddy's Laboratories Ltd., Integrated Product Development Organization (IPDO), Bachupally, Medchal Malkajgiri District, Hyderabad, 500090, Telangana, India.
| | - Pankaj Kumar Prabhat
- Formulation R&D, China Formulation Development, Dr. Reddy's Laboratories Ltd., Integrated Product Development Organization (IPDO), Bachupally, Medchal Malkajgiri District, Hyderabad, 500090, Telangana, India
| | - Paramita Saha
- Biopharmaceutics Group, Global Clinical Management, Dr. Reddy's Laboratories Ltd., Integrated Product Development Organization (IPDO), Bachupally, Medchal Malkajgiri District, Hyderabad, 500090, Telangana, India
| | - Saurabh Gupta
- Formulation R&D, China Formulation Development, Dr. Reddy's Laboratories Ltd., Integrated Product Development Organization (IPDO), Bachupally, Medchal Malkajgiri District, Hyderabad, 500090, Telangana, India
| | - Venkat Ramana Naidu
- Formulation R&D, China Formulation Development, Dr. Reddy's Laboratories Ltd., Integrated Product Development Organization (IPDO), Bachupally, Medchal Malkajgiri District, Hyderabad, 500090, Telangana, India
| | - Tausif Ahmed
- Biopharmaceutics Group, Global Clinical Management, Dr. Reddy's Laboratories Ltd., Integrated Product Development Organization (IPDO), Bachupally, Medchal Malkajgiri District, Hyderabad, 500090, Telangana, India
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Chougule M, Kollipara S, Mondal S, Ahmed T. A critical review on approaches to generate and validate virtual population for physiologically based pharmacokinetic models: Methodologies, case studies and way forward. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2024; 80:1903-1922. [PMID: 39377787 DOI: 10.1007/s00228-024-03763-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2024] [Accepted: 09/28/2024] [Indexed: 10/09/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE In silico modeling and simulation techniques such as physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) and physiologically based biopharmaceutics modeling (PBBM) have demonstrated various applications in drug discovery and development. Virtual bioequivalence leverages these computation tools to predict bioequivalence between reference and test formulations thereby demonstrating possibilities to reduce human studies. A pre-requisite for virtual bioequivalence is development of validated virtual population that depicts the same variability as that of observed in clinic. This development, validation and optimization of virtual population is a key attribute of virtual bioequivalence based on which conclusion of bioequivalence is made. METHODS Various strategies for optimization of virtual population based on appropriate considerations of physicochemical, physiological and disposition aspects are demonstrated with the help of six diverse case studies of immediate and modified release formulations. Once the virtual population is optimized to match in vivo variability, it can be used for various applications such as biowaivers, dissolution specification justification, f2 mismatch, establishing dissolution safe space, etc. In this review article, we attempted to describe various methodologies and approaches for optimization of virtual population using Gastroplus. RESULTS Strategies based on optimization of virtual population with emphasis on specific and sensitive parameters were portrayed. We have further elucidated considerations related to study design, in vivo variability, sample size for optimization of virtual population from Gastroplus perspective. CONCLUSION We believe that this review article provides a step-by-step process for virtual population optimization for interest of biopharmaceutics modeling scientists in order to ensure reliable and credible physiological models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahendra Chougule
- Biopharmaceutics Group, Global Clinical Management, Dr. Reddy's Laboratories Ltd., Integrated Product Development Organization (IPDO), Bachupally, Medchal Malkajgiri District, Hyderabad, 500 090, Telangana, India
| | - Sivacharan Kollipara
- Biopharmaceutics Group, Global Clinical Management, Dr. Reddy's Laboratories Ltd., Integrated Product Development Organization (IPDO), Bachupally, Medchal Malkajgiri District, Hyderabad, 500 090, Telangana, India
| | - Smritilekha Mondal
- Biopharmaceutics Group, Global Clinical Management, Dr. Reddy's Laboratories Ltd., Integrated Product Development Organization (IPDO), Bachupally, Medchal Malkajgiri District, Hyderabad, 500 090, Telangana, India
| | - Tausif Ahmed
- Biopharmaceutics Group, Global Clinical Management, Dr. Reddy's Laboratories Ltd., Integrated Product Development Organization (IPDO), Bachupally, Medchal Malkajgiri District, Hyderabad, 500 090, Telangana, India.
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Borges LN, Fernandes EAF, Oliveira ÉMD, Pereira VG, Diniz A. Experiences and initiatives on pharmacokinetic modeling and simulation data analysis: Perspectives from the Brazilian Health Regulatory Agency (ANVISA). Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2024; 154:105728. [PMID: 39442666 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2024.105728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2024] [Revised: 10/13/2024] [Accepted: 10/19/2024] [Indexed: 10/25/2024]
Abstract
The landscape of drug product development and regulatory sciences is evolving, driven by the increasing application of systems thinking and modeling and simulation (M&S) techniques, especially from a biopharmaceutics perspective. Patient-centric quality standards can be achieved within this context through the application of quality by design (QbD) principles and M&S, specifically by defining clinically relevant dissolution specifications (CRDS). To this end, it is essential to bridge in vitro results to drug product in vivo performance, emphasizing the need to explore the translational capacity of biopharmaceutics tools. Physiologically based M&S analyses offer a unique avenue for integrating the drug, drug product, and biological properties of a target organism to study their interactions on the pharmacokinetic response. Accordingly, Physiologically Based Biopharmaceutics Modeling (PBBM) has seen increasing use to support drug development and regulatory applications globally. In Brazil, a Model-Informed Drug Development (MIDD) policy and strategic project are not yet established, limiting applicability of M&S techniques. Drawing from the experience of the ANVISA-Academia PBBM Working Group (WG), this article assesses the opportunities and challenges for pharmacometrics (PMx) in Brazil and proposes strategies to advance the adoption of M&S analyses into regulatory decision-making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luiza Novaes Borges
- Pharmacokinetics and Biopharmaceutics Laboratory (PKBio), Department of Pharmacy, State University of Maringá, PR, Brazil; Brazilian Health Regulatory Agency (ANVISA), Division of Therapeutic Equivalence (CETER), Brasília, Brazil.
| | | | - Érico Miroro de Oliveira
- Brazilian Health Regulatory Agency (ANVISA), Office of Synthetic Medicines Quality Assessment (GQMED), Brasília, Brazil.
| | - Victor Gomes Pereira
- Brazilian Health Regulatory Agency (ANVISA), Office of Synthetic Medicines Quality Assessment (GQMED), Brasília, Brazil.
| | - Andréa Diniz
- Pharmacokinetics and Biopharmaceutics Laboratory (PKBio), Department of Pharmacy, State University of Maringá, PR, Brazil.
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Krajcar D, Velušček D, Grabnar I. Machine learning driven bioequivalence risk assessment at an early stage of generic drug development. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2024; 205:114553. [PMID: 39490606 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2024.114553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2024] [Revised: 10/05/2024] [Accepted: 10/20/2024] [Indexed: 11/05/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bioequivalence risk assessment as an extension of quality risk management lacks examples of quantitative approaches to risk assessment at an early stage of generic drug development. The aim of our study was to develop a model-based approach for bioequivalence risk assessment that uses pharmacokinetic and physicochemical characteristics of drugs as predictors and would standardize the first step of risk assessment. METHODS The Sandoz in-house bioequivalence database of 128 bioequivalence studies with poorly soluble drugs (23.5% non-bioequivalent) was used to train and validate the model. Four different modeling approaches, random forest, XGBoost, logistic regression and naïve Bayes, were compared. RESULTS Among the best performing machine learning models, random forest was selected and optimized for the number of features, resulting in an accuracy of 84% on the test data set. The most important features for prediction were those related to solubility (dose number, acid dissociation constant), absorption and elimination rate, effective permeability, variability of pharmacokinetic endpoints, and absolute bioavailability. All features had a conceivable influence on the model predictions. CONCLUSION The model was used to develop a bioequivalence risk assessment approach to categorize drugs in early development into high, medium or low risk classes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dejan Krajcar
- Lek Pharmaceuticals d.d., A Sandoz Company, Verovskova 57, 1526 Ljubljana, Slovenia; Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva cesta 7, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Dejan Velušček
- Lek Pharmaceuticals d.d., A Sandoz Company, Verovskova 57, 1526 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Iztok Grabnar
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva cesta 7, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Purohit V, Sagawa K, Hsu HJ, Kushner J, Dowty ME, Tse S, Lin J, Blanchard A, Mukherjee A, Le V, Chang C. Integrating Clinical Variability into PBPK Models for Virtual Bioequivalence of Single and Multiple Doses of Tofacitinib Modified-Release Dosage Form. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2024; 116:996-1004. [PMID: 38797995 DOI: 10.1002/cpt.3313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Tofacitinib is a potent, selective inhibitor of the Janus kinase (JAK) family of kinases with a high degree of selectivity within the human genome's set of protein kinases. Currently approved formulations for tofacitinib citrate are immediate-release (IR) tablets, modified-release (MR) tablets, and IR solution. A once daily MR microsphere formulation was developed for use in pediatric patients. Demonstration of bioequivalence (BE) between the 10 mg once daily (q.d.) MR microsphere formulation and 5 mg twice daily (b.i.d.) IR solution is needed to enable the exposure-response analyses-based bridging to support regulatory approval. To assess BE between MR microsphere and IR solution, an innovative approach was utilized with physiologically-based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) virtual BE trials (VBE) in lieu of a clinical BE trial. A PBPK model was developed to characterize the absorption of different formulations of tofacitinib using Simcyp ADAM module. VBE trials were conducted by simulating PK profiles using the verified PBPK model and integrating the clinically observed intrasubject coefficient of variation (ICV) where BE was assessed with a predetermined sample size and prespecified criteria. The VBE trials demonstrated BE between IR solution 5 mg b.i.d. and MR microsphere 10 mg q.d. after a single dose on day 1 and after multiple doses on day 5. This research presents an innovative approach that incorporates clinically observed ICV in PBPK model-based VBE trials, which could reduce unnecessary drug exposure to healthy volunteers and streamline new formulation development strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivek Purohit
- Translational Clinical Sciences, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut, USA
| | - Kazuko Sagawa
- Pharmaceutical Science, Drug Product Design, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut, USA
| | - Hao-Jui Hsu
- Pharmaceutical Science, Drug Product Design, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut, USA
| | - Joseph Kushner
- Pharmaceutical Science, Drug Product Design, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut, USA
| | - Martin E Dowty
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Susanna Tse
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut, USA
| | - Jian Lin
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut, USA
| | - Andrew Blanchard
- Pharmaceutical Science, Analytical Research and Development, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut, USA
| | - Arnab Mukherjee
- Translational Clinical Sciences, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut, USA
| | - Vu Le
- Global Biometrics and Data Management, New York, New York, USA
| | - Cheng Chang
- Translational Clinical Sciences, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut, USA
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Bhattiprolu AK, Kollipara S, Boddu R, Arumugam A, Khan SM, Ahmed T. A Semi-Mechanistic Physiologically Based Biopharmaceutics Model to Describe Complex and Saturable Absorption of Metformin: Justification of Dissolution Specifications for Extended Release Formulation. AAPS PharmSciTech 2024; 25:193. [PMID: 39168956 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-024-02904-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2024] [Accepted: 07/26/2024] [Indexed: 08/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) or physiologically based biopharmaceutics models (PBBM) demonstrated plethora of applications in both new drugs and generic product development. Justification of dissolution specifications and establishment of dissolution safe space is an important application of such modeling approaches. In case of molecules exhibiting saturable absorption behavior, justification of dissolution specifications requires development of a model that incorporates effects of transporters is critical to simulate in vivo scenario. In the present case, we have developed a semi-mechanistic PBBM to describe the non-linearity of BCS class III molecule metformin for justification of dissolution specifications of extended release formulation at strengths 500 mg and 1000 mg. Semi-mechanistic PBBM was built using physicochemical properties, dissolution and non-linearity was accounted through incorporation of multiple transporter kinetics at absorption level. The model was extensively validated using literature reported intravenous, oral (immediate & extended release) formulations and further validated using in-house bioequivalence data in fasting and fed conditions. Virtual dissolution profiles at lower and upper specifications were generated to justify the dissolution specifications. The model predicted literature as well as in-house clinical study data with acceptable prediction errors. Further, virtual bioequivalence trials predicted the bioequivalence outcome that matched with clinical study data. The model predicted bioequivalence when lower and upper specifications were compared against pivotal test formulations thereby justifying dissolution specifications. Overall, complex and saturable absorption pathway of metformin was successfully simulated and this work resulted in regulatory acceptance of dissolution specifications which has ability to reduce multiple dissolution testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adithya Karthik Bhattiprolu
- Biopharmaceutics Group, Global Clinical Management, Dr. Reddy's Laboratories Ltd., Integrated Product Development Organization (IPDO), BachupallyMedchal Malkajgiri District, Hyderabad, Telangana, 500 090, India
| | - Sivacharan Kollipara
- Biopharmaceutics Group, Global Clinical Management, Dr. Reddy's Laboratories Ltd., Integrated Product Development Organization (IPDO), BachupallyMedchal Malkajgiri District, Hyderabad, Telangana, 500 090, India
| | - Rajkumar Boddu
- Biopharmaceutics Group, Global Clinical Management, Dr. Reddy's Laboratories Ltd., Integrated Product Development Organization (IPDO), BachupallyMedchal Malkajgiri District, Hyderabad, Telangana, 500 090, India
| | - Anand Arumugam
- Clinical Pharmacokinetics, Global Clinical Management, Dr. Reddy's Laboratories Ltd., Integrated Product Development Organization (IPDO), BachupallyMedchal Malkajgiri District, Hyderabad, Telangana, 500 090, India
| | - Sohel Mohammed Khan
- Clinical Pharmacokinetics, Global Clinical Management, Dr. Reddy's Laboratories Ltd., Integrated Product Development Organization (IPDO), BachupallyMedchal Malkajgiri District, Hyderabad, Telangana, 500 090, India
| | - Tausif Ahmed
- Biopharmaceutics Group, Global Clinical Management, Dr. Reddy's Laboratories Ltd., Integrated Product Development Organization (IPDO), BachupallyMedchal Malkajgiri District, Hyderabad, Telangana, 500 090, India.
- Clinical Pharmacokinetics, Global Clinical Management, Dr. Reddy's Laboratories Ltd., Integrated Product Development Organization (IPDO), BachupallyMedchal Malkajgiri District, Hyderabad, Telangana, 500 090, India.
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Kollipara S, Chougule M, Boddu R, Bhatia A, Ahmed T. Playing Hide-and-Seek with Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors: Can We Overcome Administration Challenges? AAPS J 2024; 26:66. [PMID: 38862853 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-024-00939-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) have demonstrated significant efficacy against various types of cancers through molecular targeting mechanisms. Over the past 22 years, more than 100 TKIs have been approved for the treatment of various types of cancer indicating the significant progress achieved in this research area. Despite having significant efficacy and ability to target multiple pathways, TKIs administration is associated with challenges. There are reported inconsistencies between observed food effect and labeling administration, challenges of concomitant administration with acid-reducing agents (ARA), pill burden and dosing frequency. In this context, the objective of present review is to visit administration challenges of TKIs and effective ways to tackle them. We have gathered data of 94 TKIs approved in between 2000 and 2022 with respect to food effect, ARA impact, administration schemes (food and PPI restrictions), number of pills per day and administration frequency. Further, trend analysis has been performed to identify inconsistencies in the labeling with respect to observed food effect, molecules exhibiting ARA impact, in order to identify solutions to remove these restrictions through novel formulation approaches. Additionally, opportunities to reduce number of pills per day and dosing frequency for better patient compliance were suggested using innovative formulation interventions. Finally, utility of physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling (PBPK) for rationale formulation development was discussed with literature reported examples. Overall, this review can act as a ready-to-use-guide for the formulation, biopharmaceutics scientists and medical oncologists to identify opportunities for innovation for TKIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sivacharan Kollipara
- Biopharmaceutics Group, Global Clinical Management, Dr. Reddy's Laboratories Ltd, Integrated Product Development Organization (IPDO), Bachupally, Medchal Malkajgiri District, Hyderabad, 500 090, Telangana, India
| | - Mahendra Chougule
- Biopharmaceutics Group, Global Clinical Management, Dr. Reddy's Laboratories Ltd, Integrated Product Development Organization (IPDO), Bachupally, Medchal Malkajgiri District, Hyderabad, 500 090, Telangana, India
| | - Rajkumar Boddu
- Biopharmaceutics Group, Global Clinical Management, Dr. Reddy's Laboratories Ltd, Integrated Product Development Organization (IPDO), Bachupally, Medchal Malkajgiri District, Hyderabad, 500 090, Telangana, India
| | - Ashima Bhatia
- Biopharmaceutics Group, Global Clinical Management, Dr. Reddy's Laboratories Ltd, Integrated Product Development Organization (IPDO), Bachupally, Medchal Malkajgiri District, Hyderabad, 500 090, Telangana, India
| | - Tausif Ahmed
- Biopharmaceutics Group, Global Clinical Management, Dr. Reddy's Laboratories Ltd, Integrated Product Development Organization (IPDO), Bachupally, Medchal Malkajgiri District, Hyderabad, 500 090, Telangana, India.
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Wang M, Heimbach T, Zhu W, Wu D, Reuter KG, Kesisoglou F. Physiologically Based Biopharmaceutics Modeling for Gefapixant IR Formulation Development and Defining the Bioequivalence Dissolution Safe Space. AAPS J 2024; 26:69. [PMID: 38862807 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-024-00938-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Gefapixant is a weakly basic drug which has been formulated as an immediate release tablet for oral administration. A physiologically based biopharmaceutics model (PBBM) was developed based on gefapixant physicochemical properties and clinical pharmacokinetics to aid formulation selection, bioequivalence safe space assessment and dissolution specification settings. In vitro dissolution profiles of different free base and citrate salt formulations were used as an input to the model. The model was validated against the results of independent studies, which included a bioequivalence and a relative bioavailability study, as well as a human ADME study, all meeting acceptance criteria of prediction errors ≤ 20% for both Cmax and AUC. PBBM was also applied to evaluate gastric pH-mediated drug-drug-interaction potential with co-administration of a proton pump inhibitor (PPI), omeprazole. Model results showed good agreement with clinical data in which omeprazole lowered gefapixant exposure for the free base formulation but did not significantly alter gefapixant pharmacokinetics for the citrate based commercial drug product. An extended virtual dissolution bioequivalence safe space was established. Gefapixant drug product batches are anticipated to be bioequivalent with the clinical reference batch when their dissolution is > 80% in 60 minutes. PBBM established a wide dissolution bioequivalence space as part of assuring product quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Wang
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc, Rahway, NJ, 07065, USA
| | - Tycho Heimbach
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc, Rahway, NJ, 07065, USA.
| | - Wei Zhu
- Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacometrics, Janssen Research & Development, Raritan, NJ, USA
| | - Di Wu
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc, Rahway, NJ, 07065, USA
| | - Kevin G Reuter
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc, Rahway, NJ, 07065, USA
- Analytical Sciences, Haleon, 1211 Sherwood Ave., Richmond, VA, 23220, USA
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11
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Kollipara S, Ahmed T, Chougule M, Guntupalli C, Sivadasu P. Conventional vs Mechanistic IVIVC: A Comparative Study in Establishing Dissolution Safe Space for Extended Release Formulations. AAPS PharmSciTech 2024; 25:118. [PMID: 38806735 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-024-02819-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024] Open
Abstract
The use of in vitro-in vivo correlation (IVIVC) for extended release oral dosage forms is an important technique that can avoid potential clinical studies. IVIVC has been a topic of discussion over the past two decades since the inception of USFDA guidance. It has been routinely used for biowaivers, establishment of dissolution safe space and clinically relevant dissolution specifications, for supporting site transfers, scale-up and post approval changes. Although conventional or mathematical IVIVC is routinely used, other approach such as mechanistic IVIVC can be of attractive choice as it integrates all the physiological aspects. In the present study, we have performed comparative evaluation of mechanistic and conventional IVIVC for establishment of dissolution safe space using divalproex sodium and tofacitinib extended release formulations as case examples. Conventional IVIVC was established using Phoenix and mechanistic IVIVC was set up using Gastroplus physiologically based biopharmaceutics model (PBBM). Virtual dissolution profiles with varying release rates were constructed around target dissolution profile using Weibull function. After internal and external validation, the virtual dissolution profiles were integrated into mechanistic and conventional IVIVC and safe space was established by absolute error and T/R ratio's methods. The results suggest that mechanistic IVIVC yielded wider safe space as compared to conventional IVIVC. The results suggest that a mechanistic approach of establishing IVIVC may be a flexible approach as it integrates physiological aspects. These findings suggest that mechanistic IVIVC has wider potential as compared to conventional IVIVC to gain wider dissolution safe space and thus can avoid potential clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sivacharan Kollipara
- Department of Pharmacy, Koneru Lakshmaiah Education Foundation, Green Fields, Vaddeswaram, Andhra Pradesh, 522302, India
| | - Tausif Ahmed
- Biopharmaceutics Group, Global Clinical Management, Dr. Reddy's Laboratories Ltd., Integrated Product Development Organization (IPDO), Bachupally, Medchal Malkajgiri District, Hyderabad, Telangana, 500 090, India
| | - Mahendra Chougule
- Biopharmaceutics Group, Global Clinical Management, Dr. Reddy's Laboratories Ltd., Integrated Product Development Organization (IPDO), Bachupally, Medchal Malkajgiri District, Hyderabad, Telangana, 500 090, India
| | - Chakravarthi Guntupalli
- Department of Pharmacy, Koneru Lakshmaiah Education Foundation, Green Fields, Vaddeswaram, Andhra Pradesh, 522302, India
| | - Praveen Sivadasu
- Department of Pharmacy, Koneru Lakshmaiah Education Foundation, Green Fields, Vaddeswaram, Andhra Pradesh, 522302, India.
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12
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Kesharwani SS, Louit G, Ibrahim F. The Use of Global Sensitivity Analysis to Assess the Oral Absorption of Weakly Basic Compounds: A Case Example of Dipyridamole. Pharm Res 2024; 41:877-890. [PMID: 38538971 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-024-03688-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To utilize the global system analysis (GSA) in oral absorption modeling to gain a deeper understanding of system behavior, improve model accuracy, and make informed decisions during drug development. METHODS GSA was utilized to give insight into which drug substance (DS), drug product (DP), and/or physiological parameter would have an impact on peak plasma concentration (Cmax) and area under the curve (AUC) of dipyridamole as a model weakly basic compound. GSA guided the design of in vitro experiments and oral absorption risk assessment using FormulatedProducts v2202.1.0. The solubility and precipitation profiles of dipyridamole in different bile salt concentrations were measured. The results were then used to build a mechanistic oral absorption model. RESULTS GSA warranted further investigation into the precipitation kinetics and its link to the levels of bile salt concentrations. Mechanistic modeling studies demonstrated that a precipitation-integrated modeling approach appropriately predicted the mean plasma profiles, Cmax, and AUC from the clinical studies. CONCLUSIONS This work shows the value of GSA utilization in early development to guide in vitro experimentation and build more confidence in identifying the critical parameters for the mathematical models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siddharth S Kesharwani
- US Early Development Biopharmacy, Synthetics Platform, Sanofi, 350 Water St, Cambridge, MA, 02141, USA
| | - Guillaume Louit
- Siemens K.K, DI SW Division, 1-6-1 Miyahara, Osaka, 532-0003, Japan
| | - Fady Ibrahim
- US Early Development Biopharmacy, Synthetics Platform, Sanofi, 350 Water St, Cambridge, MA, 02141, USA.
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Kowthavarapu VK, Charbe NB, Gupta C, Iakovleva T, Stillhart C, Parrott NJ, Schmidt S, Cristofoletti R. Mechanistic Modeling of In Vitro Biopharmaceutic Data for a Weak Acid Drug: A Pathway Towards Deriving Fundamental Parameters for Physiologically Based Biopharmaceutic Modeling. AAPS J 2024; 26:44. [PMID: 38575716 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-024-00912-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Mechanistic modeling of in vitro experiments using metabolic enzyme systems enables the extrapolation of metabolic clearance for in vitro-in vivo predictions. This is particularly important for successful clearance predictions using physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling. The concept of mechanistic modeling can also be extended to biopharmaceutics, where in vitro data is used to predict the in vivo pharmacokinetic profile of the drug. This approach further allows for the identification of parameters that are critical for oral drug absorption in vivo. However, the routine use of this analysis approach has been hindered by the lack of an integrated analysis workflow. The objective of this tutorial is to (1) review processes and parameters contributing to oral drug absorption in increasing levels of complexity, (2) outline a general physiologically based biopharmaceutic modeling workflow for weak acids, and (3) illustrate the outlined concepts via an ibuprofen (i.e., a weak, poorly soluble acid) case example in order to provide practical guidance on how to integrate biopharmaceutic and physiological data to better understand oral drug absorption. In the future, we plan to explore the usefulness of this tutorial/roadmap to inform the development of PBPK models for BCS 2 weak bases, by expanding the stepwise modeling approach to accommodate more intricate scenarios, including the presence of diprotic basic compounds and acidifying agents within the formulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venkata Krishna Kowthavarapu
- Center for Pharmacometrics and Systems Pharmacology, Department of Pharmaceutics Lake Nona (Orlando), College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, 6550 Sanger Road, Office 467, Orlando, Florida, 32827, USA
| | - Nitin Bharat Charbe
- Center for Pharmacometrics and Systems Pharmacology, Department of Pharmaceutics Lake Nona (Orlando), College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, 6550 Sanger Road, Office 467, Orlando, Florida, 32827, USA
| | - Churni Gupta
- Center for Pharmacometrics and Systems Pharmacology, Department of Pharmaceutics Lake Nona (Orlando), College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, 6550 Sanger Road, Office 467, Orlando, Florida, 32827, USA
| | - Tatiana Iakovleva
- Center for Pharmacometrics and Systems Pharmacology, Department of Pharmaceutics Lake Nona (Orlando), College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, 6550 Sanger Road, Office 467, Orlando, Florida, 32827, USA
| | - Cordula Stillhart
- Pharmaceutical Research & Development, Formulation & Process Development, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., 4070, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Neil John Parrott
- Pharmaceutical Research & Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., 4070, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Stephan Schmidt
- Center for Pharmacometrics and Systems Pharmacology, Department of Pharmaceutics Lake Nona (Orlando), College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, 6550 Sanger Road, Office 467, Orlando, Florida, 32827, USA
| | - Rodrigo Cristofoletti
- Center for Pharmacometrics and Systems Pharmacology, Department of Pharmaceutics Lake Nona (Orlando), College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, 6550 Sanger Road, Office 467, Orlando, Florida, 32827, USA.
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14
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Kollipara S, Martins FS, Sanghavi M, Santos GML, Saini A, Ahmed T. Role of Physiologically Based Biopharmaceutics Modeling (PBBM) in Fed Bioequivalence Study Waivers: Regulatory Outlook, Case Studies and Future Perspectives. J Pharm Sci 2024; 113:345-358. [PMID: 38043684 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2023.11.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
Over the past few decades, physiologically based biopharmaceutics modeling (PBBM) has demonstrated its utility in both new drug and generic product development. Applications of PBBM for fed bioequivalence study waivers is an upcoming area. Recently Innovation & Quality (IQ) consortium demonstrated utility of PBBM to avoid repeat food effect studies for new drugs. In the similar lines, the current manuscript aims to discuss role of PBBM in generic fed bioequivalence study waivers. Generic industry practices related to PBBM model development to predict fed bioequivalence was portrayed with special emphasis on fed bio-predictive media. Media that can simulate fed bioequivalence study outcome were discussed from practical perspective. In-depth analysis, collating the data from 36 products was performed to understand predictability of PBBM for fed bioequivalence. Cases where PBBM was successful to predict fed bioequivalence was correlated with BCS class, formulation category and type of food effect. Further, two case studies were presented wherein fed bioequivalence study waiver obtained with PBBM approach. Lastly, future direction in terms of fed bioequivalence study waivers, regulatory perspectives and best practices for PBBM were portrayed. Overall, this article paves a way to utilize PBBM for generic fed bioequivalence study waivers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sivacharan Kollipara
- Biopharmaceutics Group, Global Clinical Management, Dr. Reddy's Laboratories Ltd., Integrated Product Development Organization (IPDO), Bachupally, Medchal Malkajgiri District, Hyderabad, Telangana 500 090, India
| | | | - Maitri Sanghavi
- Biopharmaceutics & Clinical Development, Pharmaceutical Technology Center (PTC), Zydus Lifesciences Ltd., NH-8A, Sarkhej-Bavla Highway, Moraiya, Ahmedabad-382210, Gujrat, India
| | | | - Anuj Saini
- Biopharmaceutics & Clinical Development, Pharmaceutical Technology Center (PTC), Zydus Lifesciences Ltd., NH-8A, Sarkhej-Bavla Highway, Moraiya, Ahmedabad-382210, Gujrat, India
| | - Tausif Ahmed
- Biopharmaceutics Group, Global Clinical Management, Dr. Reddy's Laboratories Ltd., Integrated Product Development Organization (IPDO), Bachupally, Medchal Malkajgiri District, Hyderabad, Telangana 500 090, India.
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Saadeddin A, Purohit V, Huh Y, Wong M, Maulny A, Dowty ME, Sagawa K. Virtual Bioequivalence Assessment of Ritlecitinib Capsules with Incorporation of Observed Clinical Variability Using a Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Model. AAPS J 2024; 26:17. [PMID: 38267790 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-024-00888-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Ritlecitinib, an orally available Janus kinase 3 and tyrosine kinase inhibitor being developed for the treatment of alopecia areata (AA), is highly soluble across the physiological pH range at the therapeutic dose. As such, it is expected to dissolve rapidly in any in vitro dissolution conditions. However, in vitro dissolution data showed slower dissolution for 100-mg capsules, used for the clinical bioequivalence (BE) study, compared with proposed commercial 50-mg capsules. Hence, a biowaiver for the lower 50-mg strength using comparable multimedia dissolution based on the f2 similarity factor was not possible. The in vivo relevance of this observed in vitro dissolution profile was evaluated with a physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model. This report describes the development, verification, and application of the ritlecitinib PBPK model to translate observed in vitro dissolution data to an in vivo PK profile for ritlecitinib capsule formulations. Virtual BE (VBE) trials were conducted using the Simcyp VBE module, including the model-predicted within-subject variability or intra-subject coefficient of variation (ICV). The results showed the predicted ICV was predicted to be smaller than observed clinical ICV, resulting in a more optimistic BE risk assessment. Additional VBE assessment was conducted by incorporating clinically observed ICV. The VBE trial results including clinically observed ICV demonstrated that proposed commercial 50-mg capsules vs clinical 100-mg capsules were bioequivalent, with > 90% probability of success. This study demonstrates a PBPK model-based biowaiver for a clinical BE study while introducing a novel method to integrate clinically observed ICV into VBE trials with PBPK models. Trial registration: NCT02309827, NCT02684760, NCT04004663, NCT04390776, NCT05040295, NCT05128058.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anas Saadeddin
- Pharmaceutical Science, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Madrid, Spain
| | - Vivek Purohit
- Translational Clinical Science, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut, USA
| | - Yeamin Huh
- Translational Clinical Science, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut, USA
| | - Mei Wong
- Pharmaceutical Science, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Sandwich, UK
| | - Aurelia Maulny
- Pharmaceutical Science, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Sandwich, UK
| | - Martin E Dowty
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Kazuko Sagawa
- Pharmaceutical Science, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 445 Eastern Point Road, Groton, CT, 06340, USA.
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16
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Miranda Dos Santos E, Ferraz HG, Issa MG, Duque MD. Development of Extended-Release Formulations Containing Cyclobenzaprine Based on Physiologically Based Biopharmaceutics Modeling and Bioequivalence Safe Space. J Pharm Sci 2023; 112:3131-3140. [PMID: 37473918 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2023.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
The use of physiologically based biopharmaceutics modeling (PBBM) and bioequivalence safe space is increasingly common for immediate-release drug products. However, for extended-release (ER) formulations there are only a few examples of this application. In this study, we developed ER formulations containing cyclobenzaprine 15 mg, supported by PBBM and bioequivalence safe space. Four formulations were prepared, F1, F2, F3 (ER mini-tablet formulations) and F4 (ER tablet formulation), and the dissolution profiles were evaluated. The dissolution profile of the reference drug product was also evaluated and used to set a bioequivalence safe space. A PBBM was set up, evaluated, and used to predict the in vivo behavior of the formulations. The bioequivalence safe space was calculated to be between - 25% and + 75% of the k1 and Tlag values of the dissolution profile of the reference drug product when applying the first-order dissolution kinetic model. All time points of the dissolution profile of the ER mini-tablet formulation F2, were within the safe space, and was approved in 10 of 10 trials of crossover virtual bioequivalence studies. Based on the PBBM strategy and bioequivalence safe space, it was possible to develop an ER mini-tablet formulation virtually bioequivalent to the reference drug product, even though this formulation failed the f2 test.
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Affiliation(s)
- Everton Miranda Dos Santos
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Environmental, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, UNIFESP, Rua São Nicolau, 210, Centro, Diadema, 09913-030, SP, Brazil
| | - Humberto Gomes Ferraz
- Departament of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidade de São Paulo, USP, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 580, São Paulo, 05508-080, SP, Brazil
| | - Michele Georges Issa
- Departament of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidade de São Paulo, USP, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 580, São Paulo, 05508-080, SP, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Dutra Duque
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Environmental, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, UNIFESP, Rua São Nicolau, 210, Centro, Diadema, 09913-030, SP, Brazil.
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Perrier J, Gualano V, Helmer E, Namour F, Lukacova V, Taneja A. Drug-drug interaction prediction of ziritaxestat using a physiologically based enzyme and transporter pharmacokinetic network interaction model. Clin Transl Sci 2023; 16:2222-2235. [PMID: 37667518 PMCID: PMC10651654 DOI: 10.1111/cts.13622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Ziritaxestat, an autotaxin inhibitor, was under development for the treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. It is a substrate of cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4) and P-glycoprotein and a weak inhibitor of the CYP3A4 and OATP1B1 pathways. We developed a physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) network interaction model for ziritaxestat that incorporated its metabolic and transporter pathways, enabling prediction of its potential as a victim or perpetrator of drug-drug interactions (DDIs). Concurrently, we evaluated CYP3A4 autoinhibition, including time-dependent inhibition. In vitro information and clinical data from healthy volunteer studies were used for model building and validation. DDIs with rifampin, itraconazole, voriconazole, pravastatin, and rosuvastatin were predicted, followed by validation against a test dataset. DDIs of ziritaxestat as a victim or perpetrator were simulated using the final model. Predicted-to-observed DDI ratios for the maximum plasma concentration (Cmax ) and the area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC) were within a two-fold ratio for both the metabolic and transporter-mediated simulated DDIs. The predicted impact of autoinhibition/autoinduction or time-dependent inhibition of CYP3A4 was a 12% decrease in exposure. Model-based predictions for ziritaxestat as a victim of DDIs with a moderate CYP3A4 inhibitor (fluconazole) suggested a 2.6-fold increase in the AUC of ziritaxestat, while multiple doses of a strong inhibitor (voriconazole) would increase the AUC by 15-fold. Efavirenz would yield a three-fold decrease in the AUC of ziritaxestat. As a perpetrator, ziritaxestat was predicted to increase the AUC of the CYP3A4 index substrate midazolam by 2.7-fold. An overarching PBPK model was developed that could predict DDI liability of ziritaxestat for both CYP3A4 and the transporter pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Eric Helmer
- Early Development, ExscientiaOxfordUK
- Galapagos SASURomainvilleFrance
| | | | | | - Amit Taneja
- Galapagos SASURomainvilleFrance
- Simulations Plus, Inc.LancasterCaliforniaUSA
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18
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Tsakalozou E, Mohamed MEF, Polak S, Heimbach T. Applications of Modeling and Simulation Approaches in Support of Drug Product Development of Oral Dosage Forms and Locally Acting Drug Products: a Symposium Summary. AAPS J 2023; 25:96. [PMID: 37783902 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-023-00862-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The number of modeling and simulation applications, including physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models, physiologically based biopharmaceutics modeling (PBBM), and empirical models, has been constantly increasing along with the regulatory acceptance of these methodologies. While aiming at minimizing unnecessary human testing, these methodologies are used today to support the development and approval of novel drug products and generics. Modeling approaches are leveraged today for assessing drug-drug interaction, informing dose adjustments in renally or hepatically impaired patients, perform dose selection in pediatrics and pregnant women and diseased populations, and conduct biopharmaceutics-related assessments such as establish clinically relevant specifications for drug products and achieve quality assurance throughout the product life cycle. In the generics space, PBPK analyses are utilized toward virtual bioequivalence assessments within the scope of alternative bioequivalence approaches, product-specific guidance development, and food effect assessments among others. Case studies highlighting the evolving and expanding role of modeling and simulation approaches within the biopharmaceutics space were presented at the symposium titled "Model Informed Drug Development (MIDD): Role in Dose Selection, Vulnerable Populations, and Biowaivers - Chemical Entities" and Prologue "PBPK/PBBM to inform the Bioequivalence Safe Space, Food Effects, and pH-mediated DDIs" at the American Association of Pharmaceutical Scientists (AAPS) PharmSci 360 Annual Meeting in Boston, MA, on October 16-19, 2022, and are summarized here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleftheria Tsakalozou
- Division of Quantitative Methods and Modeling, Office of Research and Standards (ORS), Office of Generic Drugs (OGD), Center for Drug Evaluation and Research (CDER), US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA.
| | | | - Sebastian Polak
- Certara UK, Simcyp Division, Sheffield, UK
- Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Tycho Heimbach
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc, Rahway, New Jersey, 07065, USA
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19
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Boddu R, Kollipara S, Bhattiprolu AK, Ahmed T. Novel application of PBBM to justify impact of faster dissolution on safety and pharmacokinetics - a case study and utility in regulatory justifications. Xenobiotica 2023; 53:587-602. [PMID: 38062540 DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2023.2289160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/26/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023]
Abstract
Physiologically based biopharmaceutics modelling (PBBM) was recognised as potential approach for biopharmaceutics applications. However, PBBM to justify safety is an unexplored area.In this manuscript, we elucidated PBBM application for safety justification. Product DRL is a generic extended release tablet containing an anti-epileptic narrow therapeutic index (NTI) drug. During dossier review, regulatory agency requested to evaluate the impact of faster dissolution profiles observed during stability on safety aspects. In order to justify, PBBMbased strategy was adapted.Model was validated and population simulations were performed for reference and test formulations and the predictions matched with clinical outcome. The model was found to be sensitive to dissolution changes and hence applied for the prediction of stability batches exhibiting faster dissolution profiles, virtually generated profiles at lower and upper specifications. The maximum predicted plasma levels were well below the reported safety levels, thereby demonstrating safety of the product.Overall, a novel application of PBBM to justify safety was demonstrated. Similar justifications using PBBM and linking with safety can be adopted where safety can be impacted due to aggravated dissolution profiles. Such justifications have potential to avoid clinical safety studies and helps in faster approval of drug product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajkumar Boddu
- Biopharmaceutics Group, Global Clinical Management, Dr. Reddy's Laboratories Ltd, Integrated Product Development Organization (IPDO), Hyderabad, India
| | - Sivacharan Kollipara
- Biopharmaceutics Group, Global Clinical Management, Dr. Reddy's Laboratories Ltd, Integrated Product Development Organization (IPDO), Hyderabad, India
| | - Adithya Karthik Bhattiprolu
- Biopharmaceutics Group, Global Clinical Management, Dr. Reddy's Laboratories Ltd, Integrated Product Development Organization (IPDO), Hyderabad, India
| | - Tausif Ahmed
- Biopharmaceutics Group, Global Clinical Management, Dr. Reddy's Laboratories Ltd, Integrated Product Development Organization (IPDO), Hyderabad, India
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Golhar A, Pillai M, Dhakne P, Rajput N, Jadav T, Sengupta P. Progressive tools and critical strategies for development of best fit PBPK model aiming better in vitro-in vivo correlation. Int J Pharm 2023; 643:123267. [PMID: 37488057 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2023.123267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023]
Abstract
Nowadays, conducting discriminative dissolution experiments employing physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling (PBPK) or physiologically based biopharmaceutical modeling (PBBM) is gaining significant importance in quantitatively predicting oral absorption of drugs. Mechanistic understanding of each process involved in drug absorption and its impact on the performance greatly facilitates designing a formulation with high confidence. Unfortunately, the biggest challenge scientists are facing in current days is the lack of standardized protocol for integrating dissolution experiment data during PBPK modeling. However, in vitro-in vivo drug release interrelation can be improved with the consideration and development of appropriate biorelevant dissolution media that closely mimic physiological conditions. Multiple reported dissolution models have described nature and functionality of different regions of the gastrointestinal tract (GI) to more accurately design discriminative dissolution media. Dissolution experiment data can be integrated either mechanistically or without a mechanism depending primarily on the formulation type, biopharmaceutics classification system (BCS) class and particle size of the drug substance. All such parameters are required to be considered for selecting the appropriate functions during PBPK modeling to produce a best fit model. The primary focus of this review is to critically discuss various progressive dissolution models and tools, existing challenges and approaches for establishing best fit PBPK model aiming better in vitro-in vivo correlation (IVIVC). Strategies for proper selection of dissolution models as an input function in PBPK/PBBM modeling have also been critically discussed. Logical and scientific pathway for selection of different type of functions and integration events in the commercially available in silico software has been described through case studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnav Golhar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Ahmedabad (NIPER-A), An Institute of National Importance, Government of India, Department of Pharmaceuticals, Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers, Opp. Airforce Station, Palaj, Gandhinagar 382355, Gujarat, India
| | - Megha Pillai
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Ahmedabad (NIPER-A), An Institute of National Importance, Government of India, Department of Pharmaceuticals, Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers, Opp. Airforce Station, Palaj, Gandhinagar 382355, Gujarat, India
| | - Pooja Dhakne
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Ahmedabad (NIPER-A), An Institute of National Importance, Government of India, Department of Pharmaceuticals, Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers, Opp. Airforce Station, Palaj, Gandhinagar 382355, Gujarat, India
| | - Niraj Rajput
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Ahmedabad (NIPER-A), An Institute of National Importance, Government of India, Department of Pharmaceuticals, Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers, Opp. Airforce Station, Palaj, Gandhinagar 382355, Gujarat, India
| | - Tarang Jadav
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Ahmedabad (NIPER-A), An Institute of National Importance, Government of India, Department of Pharmaceuticals, Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers, Opp. Airforce Station, Palaj, Gandhinagar 382355, Gujarat, India
| | - Pinaki Sengupta
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Ahmedabad (NIPER-A), An Institute of National Importance, Government of India, Department of Pharmaceuticals, Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers, Opp. Airforce Station, Palaj, Gandhinagar 382355, Gujarat, India.
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Ahmed T, Kollipara S, Boddu R, Bhattiprolu AK. Biopharmaceutics Risk Assessment-Connecting Critical Bioavailability Attributes with In Vitro, In Vivo Properties and Physiologically Based Biopharmaceutics Modeling to Enable Generic Regulatory Submissions. AAPS J 2023; 25:77. [PMID: 37498474 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-023-00837-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Quality risk assessment following ICH Q9 principles is an important activity to ensure optimal clinical efficacy and safety of a drug product. Typically, risk assessment is focused on product performance wherein critical material attributes, formulation variables, and process parameters are evaluated from a manufacturing perspective. Extending ICH Q9 principles to biopharmaceutics risk assessment to identify factors that can impact in vivo performance is an upcoming area. This is evident by recent regulatory trends wherein a new term critical bioavailability attributes (CBA) has been coined to identify such factors. Although significant work has been performed for biopharmaceutics risk assessment for new molecules, there is a need for harmonized biopharmaceutics risk assessment workflow for generic submissions. In this manuscript, we attempted to provide a framework for performing biopharmaceutics risk assessment for generic regulatory submissions. A detailed workflow for performing biopharmaceutics risk assessment includes identification of initial CBA (iCBA), their confirmatory evaluation followed by definition of the control strategy. Tools for biopharmaceutics risk assessment, i.e., bio-discriminatory dissolution method and physiologically based biopharmaceutics modeling (PBBM) were discussed from a practical perspective. Furthermore, a case study for CBA evaluation using PBBM modeling for an extended-release product for regulatory submission has been described using the proposed workflow. Finally, future directions of integrating CBA evaluation, biopharmaceutics risk assessment to the FDA Knowledge Aided Structured Assessment (KASA) initiative, the necessity of risk assessment templates, and knowledge sharing between industry and academia are discussed. Overall, the work described in this manuscript can facilitate and provide guidance for biopharmaceutics risk assessment for generic submissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tausif Ahmed
- Biopharmaceutics Group, Global Clinical Management, Integrated Product Development Organization (IPDO), Dr. Reddy's Laboratories Ltd, Bachupally, Medchal Malkajgiri District, Hyderabad-500 090, Telangana, Hyderabad, India.
| | - Sivacharan Kollipara
- Biopharmaceutics Group, Global Clinical Management, Integrated Product Development Organization (IPDO), Dr. Reddy's Laboratories Ltd, Bachupally, Medchal Malkajgiri District, Hyderabad-500 090, Telangana, Hyderabad, India
| | - Rajkumar Boddu
- Biopharmaceutics Group, Global Clinical Management, Integrated Product Development Organization (IPDO), Dr. Reddy's Laboratories Ltd, Bachupally, Medchal Malkajgiri District, Hyderabad-500 090, Telangana, Hyderabad, India
| | - Adithya Karthik Bhattiprolu
- Biopharmaceutics Group, Global Clinical Management, Integrated Product Development Organization (IPDO), Dr. Reddy's Laboratories Ltd, Bachupally, Medchal Malkajgiri District, Hyderabad-500 090, Telangana, Hyderabad, India
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Boddu R, Kollipara S, Vijaywargi G, Ahmed T. Power of Integrating PBPK with PBBM (PBPK-BM): A Single Model Predicting Food Effect, Gender Impact, Drug-Drug Interactions and Bioequivalence in Fasting & Fed Conditions. Xenobiotica 2023:1-21. [PMID: 37471259 DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2023.2238048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
Over the past few years, PBPK and PBBM modeling have proven their significance in drug development. PBPK modeling is traditionally used to predict drug-drug interactions, exposures in special populations whereas PBBM modeling is a part of PBPK modeling that is used for a range of biopharmaceutics applications.Because of these differences in utilities, often PBPK and PBBM models are developed separately. When both models are combined, they serve multiple purposes through unified model. In the present case, an integrated PBPK-PBBM model for an IR product has been utilized for bioequivalence prediction in fasting & fed conditions, evaluating gender impact and food effect, prediction of drug-drug interactions.Model was built using physicochemical properties, enzymes and transporter kinetics, bio-predictive dissolution and has been validated with passing and failed pilot BE studies. The validated model predicted pivotal bioequivalence outcome in fasting & fed conditions accurately, predicted gender impact and food effect in line with literature. Drug-drug interactions arising from transporter and metabolizing enzymes were predicted accurately.Overall, this work demonstrates utility of combining PBPK and PBBM model that can yield a single model which can be used for multiple purposes, regulatory justifications and can reduce regulatory review timelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajkumar Boddu
- Biopharmaceutics Group, Global Clinical Management, Dr. Reddy's Laboratories Ltd., Integrated Product Development Organization (IPDO), Bachupally, Medchal Malkajgiri District, Hyderabad-500 090, Telangana, India
| | - Sivacharan Kollipara
- Biopharmaceutics Group, Global Clinical Management, Dr. Reddy's Laboratories Ltd., Integrated Product Development Organization (IPDO), Bachupally, Medchal Malkajgiri District, Hyderabad-500 090, Telangana, India
| | - Gautam Vijaywargi
- Biopharmaceutics Group, Global Clinical Management, Dr. Reddy's Laboratories Ltd., Integrated Product Development Organization (IPDO), Bachupally, Medchal Malkajgiri District, Hyderabad-500 090, Telangana, India
| | - Tausif Ahmed
- Biopharmaceutics Group, Global Clinical Management, Dr. Reddy's Laboratories Ltd., Integrated Product Development Organization (IPDO), Bachupally, Medchal Malkajgiri District, Hyderabad-500 090, Telangana, India
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Karnati P, Murthy A, Gundeti M, Ahmed T. Modelling Based Approaches to Support Generic Drug Regulatory Submissions-Practical Considerations and Case Studies. AAPS J 2023; 25:63. [PMID: 37353655 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-023-00831-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Model informed drug development (MiDD) is useful to predict in vivo exposure of drugs during various stages of the drug development process. This approach employs a variety of quantitative tools to assess the risks during the drug development process. One important tool in the MiDD tool kit is the Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Modelling (PBPK). This tool is extensively used to reduce the development cost and to accelerate the access of medicines to the patients. In this work, we provide an overview of PBPK modelling approaches in the generic drug development process, with a special emphasis on the bio-waiver applications. We describe herein approaches and common pitfalls while submitting model based justifications as a response to the regulatory deficiencies during the generic drug development process. With some in-house case studies, we have attempted to provide a clear path for PBPK model based justifications for bio-waivers. With this review, the gap between theoretical knowledge and practical application of modelling and simulation tools for generic drug product development could be potentially reduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prajwala Karnati
- Biopharmaceutics Department, Global Clinical Management, Dr. Reddy's Laboratories Ltd., Hyderabad, India
| | - Aditya Murthy
- Biopharmaceutics Department, Global Clinical Management, Dr. Reddy's Laboratories Ltd., Hyderabad, India
| | - Manoj Gundeti
- Biopharmaceutics Department, Global Clinical Management, Dr. Reddy's Laboratories Ltd., Hyderabad, India
| | - Tausif Ahmed
- Biopharmaceutics Department, Global Clinical Management, Dr. Reddy's Laboratories Ltd., Hyderabad, India.
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Kollipara S, Ahmed T, Praveen S. Physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling (PBPK) to predict drug-drug interactions for encorafenib. Part II. Prospective predictions in hepatic and renal impaired populations with clinical inhibitors and inducers. Xenobiotica 2023; 53:339-356. [PMID: 37584612 DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2023.2246153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 08/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/17/2023]
Abstract
Encorafenib, a potent BRAF kinase inhibitor gets significantly metabolised by CYP3A4 (83%) and CYP2C19 (16%) and is a substrate for P-glycoprotein (P-gp). Due to significant metabolism by CYP3A4, encorafenib exposure can increase in hepatic and renal impairment and may lead to altered magnitude of drug-drug interactions (DDI). Hence, it is necessary to assess the exposures & DDI's in impaired population.Physiologically based pharmacokinetic modelling (PBPK) was utilised to determine the exposures of encorafenib in hepatic and renal impairment along with altered DDI's. Prospective DDI's were predicted with USFDA recommended clinical CYP3A4, CYP2C19, P-gp inhibitors and CYP3A4 inducers.PBPK models for encorafenib, perpetrators simulated PK parameters within 2-folds error. Encorafenib exposures significantly increased in hepatic as compared to renal impairment because of reduced CYP3A4 levels.Hepatic impairment caused changes in inhibition and induction DDI's, when compared to healthy population. Renal impairment did not cause significant changes in DDIs except for itraconazole. P-gp, CYP2C19 inhibitors did not result in altered DDI's. The DDI's were found to have insignificant correlation with relative exposure increase of perpetrators in case of impairment. Overall, this work signifies use of PBPK modelling for DDI's evaluations in hepatic and renal impairment populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sivacharan Kollipara
- KL College of Pharmacy, Koneru Lakshmaiah Education Foundation, Vaddeswaram, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Tausif Ahmed
- Biopharmaceutics Group, Global Clinical Management, Dr. Reddy's Laboratories Ltd., Integrated Product Development Organization (IPDO), Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Sivadasu Praveen
- KL College of Pharmacy, Koneru Lakshmaiah Education Foundation, Vaddeswaram, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, India
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Kollipara S, Ahmed T, Praveen S. Physiologically based pharmacokinetic modelling to predict drug-drug interactions for encorafenib. Part I. Model building, validation, and prospective predictions with enzyme inhibitors, inducers, and transporter inhibitors. Xenobiotica 2023; 53:366-381. [PMID: 37609899 DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2023.2250856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
Encorafenib, a potent BRAF kinase inhibitor undergoes significant metabolism by CYP3A4 (83%) and CYP2C19 (16%) and also a substrate of P-glycoprotein (P-gp). Because of this, encorafenib possesses potential for enzyme-transporter related interactions. Clinically, its drug-drug interactions (DDIs) with CYP3A4 inhibitors (posaconazole, diltiazem) were reported and hence there is a necessity to study DDIs with multiple enzyme inhibitors, inducers, and P-gp inhibitors.USFDA recommended clinical CYP3A4, CYP2C19, P-gp inhibitors, CYP3A4 inducers were selected and prospective DDIs were simulated using physiologically based pharmacokinetic modelling (PBPK). Impact of dose (50 mg vs. 300 mg) and staggering of administrations (0-10 h) on the DDIs were predicted.PBPK models for encorafenib, perpetrators simulated PK parameters within twofold prediction error. Clinically reported DDIs with posaconazole and diltiazem were successfully predicted.CYP2C19 inhibitors did not result in significant DDI whereas strong CYP3A4 inhibitors resulted in DDI ratio up to 4.5. Combining CYP3A4, CYP2C19 inhibitors yielded DDI equivalent CYP3A4 alone. Strong CYP3A4 inducers yielded DDI ratio up to 0.3 and no impact of P-gp inhibitors on DDIs was observed. The DDIs were not impacted by dose and staggering of administration. Overall, this work indicated significance of PBPK modelling for evaluating clinical DDIs with enzymes, transporters and interplay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sivacharan Kollipara
- KL College of Pharmacy, Koneru Lakshmaiah Education Foundation, Vaddeswaram, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Tausif Ahmed
- Biopharmaceutics Group, Global Clinical Management, Dr. Reddy's Laboratories Ltd., Integrated Product Development Organization (IPDO), Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Sivadasu Praveen
- KL College of Pharmacy, Koneru Lakshmaiah Education Foundation, Vaddeswaram, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, India
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Kollipara S, Bhattiprolu AK, Boddu R, Ahmed T, Chachad S. Best Practices for Integration of Dissolution Data into Physiologically Based Biopharmaceutics Models (PBBM): A Biopharmaceutics Modeling Scientist Perspective. AAPS PharmSciTech 2023; 24:59. [PMID: 36759492 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-023-02521-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Dissolution is considered as a critical input into physiologically based biopharmaceutics models (PBBM) as it governs in vivo exposure. Despite many workshops, initiatives by academia, industry, and regulatory, wider practices are followed for dissolution data input into PBBM models. Due to variety of options available for dissolution data input into PBBM models, it is important to understand pros, cons, and best practices while using specific dissolution model. This present article attempts to summarize current understanding of various dissolution models and data inputs in PBBM software's and aims to discuss practical challenges and ways to overcome such scenarios. Different approaches to incorporate dissolution data for immediate, modified, and delayed release formulations are discussed in detail. Common challenges faced during fitting of z-factor are discussed along with novel approach of dissolution data incorporation using P-PSD model. Ways to incorporate dissolution data for MR formulations using Weibull and IVIVR approaches were portrayed with examples. Strategies to incorporate dissolution data for DR formulations was depicted along with practical aspects. Approaches to generate virtual dissolution profiles, using Weibull function, DDDPlus, and time scaling for defining dissolution safe space, and strategies to generate virtual dissolution profiles for justifying single and multiple dissolution specifications were discussed. Finally, novel ways to integrate dissolution data for complex products such as liposomes, data from complex dissolution systems, importance of precipitation, and bio-predictive ability of QC media for evaluation of CBA's impact were discussed. Overall, this article aims to provide an easy guide for biopharmaceutics modeling scientist to integrate dissolution data effectively into PBBM models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sivacharan Kollipara
- Biopharmaceutics Group, Global Clinical Management, Integrated Product Development Organization (IPDO), Dr. Reddy's Laboratories Ltd, Bachupally, Medchal Malkajgiri District, Hyderabad, 500 090, Telangana, India
| | - Adithya Karthik Bhattiprolu
- Biopharmaceutics Group, Global Clinical Management, Integrated Product Development Organization (IPDO), Dr. Reddy's Laboratories Ltd, Bachupally, Medchal Malkajgiri District, Hyderabad, 500 090, Telangana, India
| | - Rajkumar Boddu
- Biopharmaceutics Group, Global Clinical Management, Integrated Product Development Organization (IPDO), Dr. Reddy's Laboratories Ltd, Bachupally, Medchal Malkajgiri District, Hyderabad, 500 090, Telangana, India
| | - Tausif Ahmed
- Biopharmaceutics Group, Global Clinical Management, Integrated Product Development Organization (IPDO), Dr. Reddy's Laboratories Ltd, Bachupally, Medchal Malkajgiri District, Hyderabad, 500 090, Telangana, India.
| | - Siddharth Chachad
- Biopharmaceutics Group, Global Clinical Management, Integrated Product Development Organization (IPDO), Dr. Reddy's Laboratories Ltd, Bachupally, Medchal Malkajgiri District, Hyderabad, 500 090, Telangana, India
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Wu D, Li M. Current State and Challenges of Physiologically Based Biopharmaceutics Modeling (PBBM) in Oral Drug Product Development. Pharm Res 2023; 40:321-336. [PMID: 36076007 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-022-03373-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Physiologically based biopharmaceutics modeling (PBBM) emphasizes the integration of physicochemical properties of drug substance and formulation characteristics with system physiological parameters to predict the absorption and pharmacokinetics (PK) of a drug product. PBBM has been successfully utilized in drug development from discovery to postapproval stages and covers a variety of applications. The use of PBBM facilitates drug development and can reduce the number of preclinical and clinical studies. In this review, we summarized the major applications of PBBM, which are classified into six categories: formulation selection and development, biopredictive dissolution method development, biopharmaceutics risk assessment, clinically relevant specification settings, food effect evaluation and pH-dependent drug-drug-interaction risk assessment. The current state of PBBM applications is illustrated with examples from published studies for each category of application. Despite the variety of PBBM applications, there are still many hurdles limiting the use of PBBM in drug development, that are associated with the complexity of gastrointestinal and human physiology, the knowledge gap between the in vitro and the in vivo behavior of drug products, the limitations of model interfaces, and the lack of agreed model validation criteria, among other issues. The challenges and essential considerations related to the use of PBBM are discussed in a question-based format along with the scientific thinking on future research directions. We hope this review can foster open discussions between the pharmaceutical industry and regulatory agencies and encourage collaborative research to fill the gaps, with the ultimate goal to maximize the applications of PBBM in oral drug product development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Wu
- Pharmaceutical Sciences and Clinical Supply, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ, 07065, USA
| | - Min Li
- Office of Clinical Pharmacology, Office of Translational Sciences, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, 20993, USA.
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