1
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Liu L, Liu X, Bai Z, Tanveer M, Zhang Y, Chen W, Shabala S, Huang L. Small but powerful: RALF peptides in plant adaptive and developmental responses. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 343:112085. [PMID: 38588983 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2024.112085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Revised: 03/30/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
Plants live in a highly dynamic environment and require to rapidly respond to a plethora of environmental stimuli, so that to maintain their optimal growth and development. A small plant peptide, rapid alkalization factor (RALF), can rapidly increase the pH value of the extracellular matrix in plant cells. RALFs always function with its corresponding receptors. Mechanistically, effective amount of RALF is induced and released at the critical period of plant growth and development or under different external environmental factors. Recent studies also highlighted the role of RALF peptides as important regulators in plant intercellular communications, as well as their operation in signal perception and as ligands for different receptor kinases on the surface of the plasma membrane, to integrate various environmental cues. In this context, understanding the fine-print of above processes may be essential to solve the problems of crop adaptation to various harsh environments under current climate trends scenarios, by genetic means. This paper summarizes the current knowledge about the structure and diversity of RALF peptides and their roles in plant development and response to stresses, highlighting unanswered questions and problems to be solved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lining Liu
- International Research Center for Environmental Membrane Biology, Foshan University, Foshan, China
| | - Xing Liu
- International Research Center for Environmental Membrane Biology, Foshan University, Foshan, China
| | - Zhenkun Bai
- International Research Center for Environmental Membrane Biology, Foshan University, Foshan, China
| | - Mohsin Tanveer
- Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, China
| | - Yujing Zhang
- International Research Center for Environmental Membrane Biology, Foshan University, Foshan, China
| | - Wenjie Chen
- International Research Center for Environmental Membrane Biology, Foshan University, Foshan, China
| | - Sergey Shabala
- International Research Center for Environmental Membrane Biology, Foshan University, Foshan, China; School of Biological Science, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Perth, Australia.
| | - Liping Huang
- International Research Center for Environmental Membrane Biology, Foshan University, Foshan, China.
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2
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Zhou LZ, Wang L, Chen X, Ge Z, Mergner J, Li X, Küster B, Längst G, Qu LJ, Dresselhaus T. The RALF signaling pathway regulates cell wall integrity during pollen tube growth in maize. THE PLANT CELL 2024; 36:1673-1696. [PMID: 38142229 PMCID: PMC11062432 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koad324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/25/2023]
Abstract
Autocrine signaling pathways regulated by RAPID ALKALINIZATION FACTORs (RALFs) control cell wall integrity during pollen tube germination and growth in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). To investigate the role of pollen-specific RALFs in another plant species, we combined gene expression data with phylogenetic and biochemical studies to identify candidate orthologs in maize (Zea mays). We show that Clade IB ZmRALF2/3 mutations, but not Clade III ZmRALF1/5 mutations, cause cell wall instability in the sub-apical region of the growing pollen tube. ZmRALF2/3 are mainly located in the cell wall and are partially able to complement the pollen germination defect of their Arabidopsis orthologs AtRALF4/19. Mutations in ZmRALF2/3 compromise pectin distribution patterns leading to altered cell wall organization and thickness culminating in pollen tube burst. Clade IB, but not Clade III ZmRALFs, strongly interact as ligands with the pollen-specific Catharanthus roseus RLK1-like (CrRLK1L) receptor kinases Z. mays FERONIA-like (ZmFERL) 4/7/9, LORELEI-like glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchor (LLG) proteins Z. mays LLG 1 and 2 (ZmLLG1/2), and Z. mays pollen extension-like (PEX) cell wall proteins ZmPEX2/4. Notably, ZmFERL4 outcompetes ZmLLG2 and ZmPEX2 outcompetes ZmFERL4 for ZmRALF2 binding. Based on these data, we suggest that Clade IB RALFs act in a dual role as cell wall components and extracellular sensors to regulate cell wall integrity and thickness during pollen tube growth in maize and probably other plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang-Zi Zhou
- Cell Biology and Plant Biochemistry, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat Improvement, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, Shandong 271018, China
| | - Lele Wang
- Cell Biology and Plant Biochemistry, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Xia Chen
- Cell Biology and Plant Biochemistry, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Zengxiang Ge
- Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences at College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Julia Mergner
- Chair of Proteomics and Bioanalytics, Technical University of Munich (TUM), 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Xingli Li
- Cell Biology and Plant Biochemistry, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Bernhard Küster
- Chair of Proteomics and Bioanalytics, Technical University of Munich (TUM), 85354 Freising, Germany
- Bavarian Center for Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry (BayBioMS), Technical University of Munich (TUM), 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Gernot Längst
- Biochemistry Center Regensburg, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Li-Jia Qu
- Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences at College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Thomas Dresselhaus
- Cell Biology and Plant Biochemistry, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
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3
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Zhang R, Shi PT, Zhou M, Liu HZ, Xu XJ, Liu WT, Chen KM. Rapid alkalinization factor: function, regulation, and potential applications in agriculture. STRESS BIOLOGY 2023; 3:16. [PMID: 37676530 PMCID: PMC10442051 DOI: 10.1007/s44154-023-00093-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
Rapid alkalinization factor (RALF) is widespread throughout the plant kingdom and controls many aspects of plant life. Current studies on the regulatory mechanism underlying RALF function mainly focus on Arabidopsis, but little is known about the role of RALF in crop plants. Here, we systematically and comprehensively analyzed the relation between RALF family genes from five important crops and those in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana. Simultaneously, we summarized the functions of RALFs in controlling growth and developmental behavior using conservative motifs as cues and predicted the regulatory role of RALFs in cereal crops. In conclusion, RALF has considerable application potential in improving crop yields and increasing economic benefits. Using gene editing technology or taking advantage of RALF as a hormone additive are effective way to amplify the role of RALF in crop plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Area, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Peng-Tao Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Area, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Min Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Area, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Huai-Zeng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Area, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiao-Jing Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Area, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Wen-Ting Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Area, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Kun-Ming Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Area, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China.
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4
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Fedoreyeva LI. Molecular Mechanisms of Regulation of Root Development by Plant Peptides. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:1320. [PMID: 36987008 PMCID: PMC10053774 DOI: 10.3390/plants12061320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Peptides perform many functions, participating in the regulation of cell differentiation, regulating plant growth and development, and also involved in the response to stress factors and in antimicrobial defense. Peptides are an important class biomolecules for intercellular communication and in the transmission of various signals. The intercellular communication system based on the ligand-receptor bond is one of the most important molecular bases for creating complex multicellular organisms. Peptide-mediated intercellular communication plays a critical role in the coordination and determination of cellular functions in plants. The intercellular communication system based on the receptor-ligand is one of the most important molecular foundations for creating complex multicellular organisms. Peptide-mediated intercellular communication plays a critical role in the coordination and determination of cellular functions in plants. The identification of peptide hormones, their interaction with receptors, and the molecular mechanisms of peptide functioning are important for understanding the mechanisms of both intercellular communications and for regulating plant development. In this review, we drew attention to some peptides involved in the regulation of root development, which implement this regulation by the mechanism of a negative feedback loop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larisa I Fedoreyeva
- All-Russia Research Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology, Timiryazevskaya 42, 127550 Moscow, Russia
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5
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Sui J, Xiao X, Yang J, Fan Y, Zhu S, Zhu J, Zhou B, Yu F, Tang C. The rubber tree RALF peptide hormone and its receptor protein kinase FER implicates in rubber production. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 326:111510. [PMID: 36341879 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2022.111510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Revised: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
RAPID ALKALINIZATION FACTORs (RALFs), which are secreted peptides serving as extracellular signals transduced to the inside of the cell, interact with the receptor-like kinase FERONIA (FER) and participates in various biological pathways. Here, we identified 23 RALF and 2 FER genes in Hevea brasiliensis (para rubber tree), and characterized their expression patterns in different tissues, across the process of leaf development, and in response to the rubber yield-stimulating treatments of tapping and ethylene. Four Hevea latex (the cytoplasm of rubber-producing laticifers)-abundant RALF isoforms, HbRALF19, HbRALF3, HbRALF22, and HbRALF16 were listed with descending expression levels. Of the four HbRALFs, expressions of HbRALF3 were markedly regulated in an opposite way by the treatments of tapping (depression) and ethylene (stimulation). All of the four latex-abundant RALFs specifically interacted with the extracellular domain of HbFER1. Transgenic Arabidopsis plants overexpressing these HbRALFs displayed phenotypes similar to those reported for AtRALFs, such as shorter roots, smaller plant architecture, and delayed flowering. The application of HbRALF3 and HbRALF19 recombinant proteins significantly reduced the pH of Hevea latex, an important factor regulating latex metabolism. An in vitro rubber biosynthesis assay in a mixture of latex cytosol (C-serum) revealed a positive role of HbFER1 in rubber biosynthesis. Taken together, these data provide evidence for the participation of the HbRALF-FER module in rubber production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinlei Sui
- Natural Rubber Cooperative Innovation Center of Hainan Province & Ministry of Education of PRC, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; Rubber Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China; Scientific Research Centre, Key Laboratory of Emergency and Trauma, Ministry of Education, Hainan Medical University, Haikou 571199, China
| | - Xiaohu Xiao
- Rubber Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China
| | - Jianghua Yang
- Rubber Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China
| | - Yujie Fan
- Natural Rubber Cooperative Innovation Center of Hainan Province & Ministry of Education of PRC, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; Rubber Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China
| | - Sirui Zhu
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Developmental Regulation, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Jinheng Zhu
- Natural Rubber Cooperative Innovation Center of Hainan Province & Ministry of Education of PRC, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; Rubber Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China
| | - Binhui Zhou
- Natural Rubber Cooperative Innovation Center of Hainan Province & Ministry of Education of PRC, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; Rubber Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China
| | - Feng Yu
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Developmental Regulation, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China.
| | - Chaorong Tang
- Natural Rubber Cooperative Innovation Center of Hainan Province & Ministry of Education of PRC, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China.
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Liu Y, Chen Y, Jiang H, Shui Z, Zhong Y, Shang J, Yang H, Sun X, Du J. Genome-wide characterization of soybean RALF genes and their expression responses to Fusarium oxysporum. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1006028. [PMID: 36275562 PMCID: PMC9583537 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1006028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
RALFs (RAPID ALKALINIZATION FACTORs) are small peptides required for plant growth, development and immunity. RALF has recently been discovered to regulate plant resistance to fungal infection. However, little is known in crops, particularly in soybean. Here, 27 RALFs were identified in the genome of Glycine max. All Glycine max RALFs (GmRALFs) and 34 Arabidopsis RALFs were classified into 12 clades via the phylogenetic analyses. Gene structures, conserved motifs, chromosome distribution and cis-elements were analyzed in this study. Furthermore, 18 GmRALFs were found in response to Fusarium oxysporum (F. oxysporum) infection in soybean and to have distinct expression patterns. Among them, secretory function of two GmRALFs were identified, and three GmRALFs were detected to interact with FERONIA in Glycine max (GmFERONIA, GmFER). Our current study systematically identified and characterized GmRALFs in the soybean genome, laying a groundwork for further functional analyses and soybean breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhan Liu
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Research Center for Modern Agriculture of the Middle East, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuhui Chen
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Research Center for Modern Agriculture of the Middle East, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hengke Jiang
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Research Center for Modern Agriculture of the Middle East, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhaowei Shui
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Research Center for Modern Agriculture of the Middle East, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yujun Zhong
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Research Center for Modern Agriculture of the Middle East, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jing Shang
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Research Center for Modern Agriculture of the Middle East, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hui Yang
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Research Center for Modern Agriculture of the Middle East, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xin Sun
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Research Center for Modern Agriculture of the Middle East, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Junbo Du
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Research Center for Modern Agriculture of the Middle East, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
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7
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Ginanjar EF, Teh OK, Fujita T. Characterisation of rapid alkalinisation factors in Physcomitrium patens reveals functional conservation in tip growth. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 233:2442-2457. [PMID: 34954833 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Small signalling peptides are key molecules for cell-to-cell communications in plants. The cysteine-rich signalling peptide, rapid alkalinisation factors (RALFs) family are involved in diverse developmental and stress responses and have expanded considerably during land plant evolution, implying neofunctionalisations in the RALF family. However, the ancestral roles of RALFs when land plant first acquired them remain unknown. Here, we functionally characterised two of the three RALFs in bryophyte Physcomitrium patens using loss-of-function mutants, overexpressors, as well as fluorescent proteins tagged reporter lines. We showed that PpRALF1 and PpRALF2 have overlapping functions in promoting protonema tip growth and elongation, showing a homologous function as the Arabidopsis RALF1 in promoting root hair tip growth. Although both PpRALFs are secreted to the plasma membrane on which PpRALF1 symmetrically localised, PpRALF2 showed a polarised localisation at the growing tip. Notably, proteolytic cleavage of PpRALF1 is necessary for its function. Our data reveal a possible evolutionary origin of the RALF functions and suggest that functional divergence of RALFs is essential to drive complex morphogenesis and to facilitate other novel processes in land plants.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ooi-Kock Teh
- Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido, 060-0810, Japan
- Institute for the Advancement of Higher Education, Hokkaihdo University, Sapporo, 060-0817, Japan
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, 128 Sec.2, Academia Rd, Nankang, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tomomichi Fujita
- Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido, 060-0810, Japan
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Lin H, Han X, Feng X, Chen X, Lu X, Yuan Z, Li Y, Ye W, Yin Z. Molecular traits and functional analysis of Rapid Alkalinization Factors (RALFs) in four Gossypium species. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 194:84-99. [PMID: 34852258 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.11.127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Rapid Alkalinization Factors (RALFs) are plant-secreted, cysteine-rich polypeptides which are known to play essential roles in plant developmental processes and in several defense mechanisms. So far, RALF polypeptides have not been investigated in the Gossypium genus. In this study, 42, 38, 104 and 120 RALFs were identified from diploid G. arboreum and G. raimondi and tetraploid G. hirsutum and G. barbadense, respectively. These were further divided into four groups. Protein characteristics, sequence alignment, gene structure, conserved motifs, chromosomal location and cis-element identification were comprehensively analyzed. Whole genome duplication (WGD) /segmental duplication may be the reason why the number of RALF genes doubled in tetraploid Gossypium species. Expression patterns analysis showed that GhRALFs had different transcript accumulation patterns in the tested tissues and were differentially expressed in response to various abiotic stresses. Furthermore, GhRALF41-3 over-expressing (OE) plants showed reduction in root length and developed later with short stems and small rosettes than that of the wild type. The GhRALF14-8 and GhRALF27-8 OE plants, especially the latter, showed increase in seed abortion. Both transgenic Arabidopsis and VIGS cotton demonstrate that three GhRALFs are negative regulators in response to salt stress. Our systematic analyses provided insights into the characterization of RALF genes in Gossypium, which forms genetic basis for further exploration in their potential applications in cotton production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Lin
- Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Henan, China; Henan Institute of Grains and Cotton, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Key Laboratory of Biological and Genetic Breeding of Cotton, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Henan, China.
| | - Xiulan Han
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Agronomy, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China.
| | - Xuemei Feng
- Shandong Denghai Shofine Seed Limited Company, Jining, China.
| | - Xiugui Chen
- Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Henan, China.
| | - Xuke Lu
- Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Henan, China.
| | - Zeze Yuan
- Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Henan, China.
| | - Yan Li
- Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Henan, China.
| | - Wuwei Ye
- Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Henan, China; Henan Institute of Grains and Cotton, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Key Laboratory of Biological and Genetic Breeding of Cotton, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Henan, China.
| | - Zujun Yin
- Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Henan, China; Henan Institute of Grains and Cotton, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Key Laboratory of Biological and Genetic Breeding of Cotton, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Henan, China.
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9
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Chakraborty S, Nguyen B, Wasti SD, Xu G. Plant Leucine-Rich Repeat Receptor Kinase (LRR-RK): Structure, Ligand Perception, and Activation Mechanism. Molecules 2019. [PMID: 31450667 DOI: 10.3390/molecules2473081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/17/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, secreted peptides have been recognized as essential mediators of intercellular communication which governs plant growth, development, environmental interactions, and other mediated biological responses, such as stem cell homeostasis, cell proliferation, wound healing, hormone sensation, immune defense, and symbiosis, among others. Many of the known secreted peptide ligand receptors belong to the leucine-rich repeat receptor kinase (LRR-RK) family of membrane integral receptors, which contain more than 200 members within Arabidopsis making it the largest family of plant receptor kinases (RKs). Genetic and biochemical studies have provided valuable data regarding peptide ligands and LRR-RKs, however, visualization of ligand/LRR-RK complex structures at the atomic level is vital to understand the functions of LRR-RKs and their mediated biological processes. The structures of many plant LRR-RK receptors in complex with corresponding ligands have been solved by X-ray crystallography, revealing new mechanisms of ligand-induced receptor kinase activation. In this review, we briefly elaborate the peptide ligands, and aim to detail the structures and mechanisms of LRR-RK activation as induced by secreted peptide ligands within plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayan Chakraborty
- Department of Molecular and Structural Biochemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Brian Nguyen
- Department of Molecular and Structural Biochemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Syed Danyal Wasti
- Department of Molecular and Structural Biochemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Guozhou Xu
- Department of Molecular and Structural Biochemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA.
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10
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Plant Leucine-Rich Repeat Receptor Kinase (LRR-RK): Structure, Ligand Perception, and Activation Mechanism. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24173081. [PMID: 31450667 PMCID: PMC6749341 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24173081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Revised: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, secreted peptides have been recognized as essential mediators of intercellular communication which governs plant growth, development, environmental interactions, and other mediated biological responses, such as stem cell homeostasis, cell proliferation, wound healing, hormone sensation, immune defense, and symbiosis, among others. Many of the known secreted peptide ligand receptors belong to the leucine-rich repeat receptor kinase (LRR-RK) family of membrane integral receptors, which contain more than 200 members within Arabidopsis making it the largest family of plant receptor kinases (RKs). Genetic and biochemical studies have provided valuable data regarding peptide ligands and LRR-RKs, however, visualization of ligand/LRR-RK complex structures at the atomic level is vital to understand the functions of LRR-RKs and their mediated biological processes. The structures of many plant LRR-RK receptors in complex with corresponding ligands have been solved by X-ray crystallography, revealing new mechanisms of ligand-induced receptor kinase activation. In this review, we briefly elaborate the peptide ligands, and aim to detail the structures and mechanisms of LRR-RK activation as induced by secreted peptide ligands within plants.
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11
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Brito MS, DePaoli HC, Cossalter V, Avanci NC, Ferreira PB, Azevedo MS, Strini EJ, Quiapim AC, Goldman GH, Peres LEP, Goldman MHS. A novel cysteine-rich peptide regulates cell expansion in the tobacco pistil and influences its final size. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 277:55-67. [PMID: 30466601 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2018.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2018] [Revised: 09/01/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Plant morphogenesis is dependent on cell proliferation and cell expansion, which are responsible for establishing final organ size and shape during development. Several genes have been described as encoding components of the plant cell development machinery, among which are the plant peptides. Here we describe a novel cysteine-rich plant peptide (68 amino acids), encoded by a small open reading frame gene (sORF). It is specifically expressed in the reproductive organs of Nicotiana tabacum and is developmentally regulated. N- and C-terminal translational fusions with GFP in protoplasts have demonstrated that the peptide is not secreted. Knockdown transgenic plants produced by RNAi exhibited enlarged pistils due to cell expansion and the gene was named Small Peptide Inhibitor of Cell Expansion (SPICE). Estimation of nuclear DNA content using flow cytometry has shown that cell expansion in pistils was not correlated with endoreduplication. Decreased SPICE expression also affected anther growth and pollen formation, resulting in male sterility in at least one transgenic plant. Our results revealed that SPICE is a novel reproductive organ specific gene that controls cell expansion, probably as a component of a signal transduction pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael S Brito
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, 14040-901, Brazil; PPG - Genética, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, 14049-900, Brazil.
| | - Henrique C DePaoli
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, 14040-901, Brazil; PPG - Genética, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Viviani Cossalter
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, 14040-901, Brazil; PPG - Biologia Comparada, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, 14040-901, Brazil
| | - Nilton C Avanci
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, 14040-901, Brazil; PPG - Biologia Comparada, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, 14040-901, Brazil
| | - Pedro B Ferreira
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, 14040-901, Brazil; PPG - Genética, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, 14049-900, Brazil
| | | | - Edward J Strini
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, 14040-901, Brazil; PPG - Genética, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Andréa C Quiapim
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, 14040-901, Brazil
| | - Gustavo H Goldman
- Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, 14040-903, Brazil
| | - Lázaro E P Peres
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz Universidade de São Paulo, 13418-900, Brazil
| | - Maria Helena S Goldman
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, 14040-901, Brazil.
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12
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Tuskan GA, Mewalal R, Gunter LE, Palla KJ, Carter K, Jacobson DA, Jones PC, Garcia BJ, Weighill DA, Hyatt PD, Yang Y, Zhang J, Reis N, Chen JG, Muchero W. Defining the genetic components of callus formation: A GWAS approach. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0202519. [PMID: 30118526 PMCID: PMC6097687 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0202519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
A characteristic feature of plant cells is the ability to form callus from parenchyma cells in response to biotic and abiotic stimuli. Tissue culture propagation of recalcitrant plant species and genetic engineering for desired phenotypes typically depends on efficient in vitro callus generation. Callus formation is under genetic regulation, and consequently, a molecular understanding of this process underlies successful generation for propagation materials and/or introduction of genetic elements in experimental or industrial applications. Herein, we identified 11 genetic loci significantly associated with callus formation in Populus trichocarpa using a genome-wide association study (GWAS) approach. Eight of the 11 significant gene associations were consistent across biological replications, exceeding a chromosome-wide-log10 (p) = 4.46 [p = 3.47E-05] Bonferroni-adjusted significance threshold. These eight genes were used as hub genes in a high-resolution co-expression network analysis to gain insight into the genome-wide basis of callus formation. A network of positively and negatively co-expressed genes, including several transcription factors, was identified. As proof-of-principle, a transient protoplast assay confirmed the negative regulation of a Chloroplast Nucleoid DNA-binding-related gene (Potri.018G014800) by the LEC2 transcription factor. Many of the candidate genes and co-expressed genes were 1) linked to cell division and cell cycling in plants and 2) showed homology to tumor and cancer-related genes in humans. The GWAS approach based on a high-resolution marker set, and the ability to manipulate targets genes in vitro, provided a catalog of high-confidence genes linked to callus formation that can serve as an important resource for successful manipulation of model and non-model plant species, and likewise, suggests a robust method of discovering common homologous functions across organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerald A Tuskan
- Plant Systems Biology Group, Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Ritesh Mewalal
- Department of Forest Ecosystems and Society, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Lee E Gunter
- Plant Systems Biology Group, Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Kaitlin J Palla
- The Bredesen Center for Interdisciplinary Research and Graduate Education, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Kelsey Carter
- School of Forest Resources and Environmental Science, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Daniel A Jacobson
- Computational Biology Group, Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Piet C Jones
- The Bredesen Center for Interdisciplinary Research and Graduate Education, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, United States of America.,Computational Biology Group, Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Benjamin J Garcia
- Computational Biology Group, Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Deborah A Weighill
- The Bredesen Center for Interdisciplinary Research and Graduate Education, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, United States of America.,Computational Biology Group, Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Philip D Hyatt
- Computational Biology Group, Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Yongil Yang
- Plant Systems Biology Group, Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Jin Zhang
- Plant Systems Biology Group, Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Nicholas Reis
- Oak Ridge Associated Universities, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Jin-Gui Chen
- Plant Systems Biology Group, Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Wellington Muchero
- Plant Systems Biology Group, Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, United States of America
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13
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Franck CM, Westermann J, Boisson-Dernier A. Plant Malectin-Like Receptor Kinases: From Cell Wall Integrity to Immunity and Beyond. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 69:301-328. [PMID: 29539271 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-arplant-042817-040557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Plant cells are surrounded by cell walls protecting them from a myriad of environmental challenges. For successful habitat adaptation, extracellular cues are perceived at the cell wall and relayed to downstream signaling constituents to mediate dynamic cell wall remodeling and adapted intracellular responses. Plant malectin-like receptor kinases, also known as Catharanthus roseus receptor-like kinase 1-like proteins (CrRLK1Ls), take part in these perception and relay processes. CrRLK1Ls are involved in many different plant functions. Their ligands, interactors, and downstream signaling partners are being unraveled, and studies about CrRLK1Ls' roles in plant species other than the plant model Arabidopsis thaliana are beginning to flourish. This review focuses on recent CrRLK1L-related advances in cell growth, reproduction, hormone signaling, abiotic stress responses, and, particularly, immunity. We also give an overview of the comparative genomics and evolution of CrRLK1Ls, and present a brief outlook for future research.
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14
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Campos WF, Dressano K, Ceciliato PHO, Guerrero-Abad JC, Silva AL, Fiori CS, Morato do Canto A, Bergonci T, Claus LAN, Silva-Filho MC, Moura DS. Arabidopsis thaliana rapid alkalinization factor 1-mediated root growth inhibition is dependent on calmodulin-like protein 38. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:2159-2171. [PMID: 29282286 PMCID: PMC5808775 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.808881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Revised: 12/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Arabidopsis thaliana rapid alkalinization factor 1 (AtRALF1) is a small secreted peptide hormone that inhibits root growth by repressing cell expansion. Although it is known that AtRALF1 binds the plasma membrane receptor FERONIA and conveys its signals via phosphorylation, the AtRALF1 signaling pathway is largely unknown. Here, using a yeast two-hybrid system to search for AtRALF1-interacting proteins in Arabidopsis, we identified calmodulin-like protein 38 (CML38) as an AtRALF1-interacting partner. We also found that CML38 and AtRALF1 are both secreted proteins that physically interact in a Ca2+- and pH-dependent manner. CML38-knockout mutants generated via T-DNA insertion were insensitive to AtRALF1, and simultaneous treatment with both AtRALF1 and CML38 proteins restored sensitivity in these mutants. Hybrid plants lacking CML38 and having high accumulation of the AtRALF1 peptide did not exhibit the characteristic short-root phenotype caused by AtRALF1 overexpression. Although CML38 was essential for AtRALF1-mediated root inhibition, it appeared not to have an effect on the AtRALF1-induced alkalinization response. Moreover, acridinium-labeling of AtRALF1 indicated that the binding of AtRALF1 to intact roots is CML38-dependent. In summary, we describe a new component of the AtRALF1 response pathway. The new component is a calmodulin-like protein that binds AtRALF1, is essential for root growth inhibition, and has no role in AtRALF1 alkalinization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wellington F Campos
- From the Laboratório de Bioquímica de Proteínas, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz, ESALQ, Universidade de São Paulo, USP, Piracicaba, SP, 13418-900 and
| | - Keini Dressano
- From the Laboratório de Bioquímica de Proteínas, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz, ESALQ, Universidade de São Paulo, USP, Piracicaba, SP, 13418-900 and
| | - Paulo H O Ceciliato
- From the Laboratório de Bioquímica de Proteínas, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz, ESALQ, Universidade de São Paulo, USP, Piracicaba, SP, 13418-900 and
| | - Juan Carlos Guerrero-Abad
- From the Laboratório de Bioquímica de Proteínas, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz, ESALQ, Universidade de São Paulo, USP, Piracicaba, SP, 13418-900 and
| | - Aparecida Leonir Silva
- From the Laboratório de Bioquímica de Proteínas, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz, ESALQ, Universidade de São Paulo, USP, Piracicaba, SP, 13418-900 and
| | - Celso S Fiori
- From the Laboratório de Bioquímica de Proteínas, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz, ESALQ, Universidade de São Paulo, USP, Piracicaba, SP, 13418-900 and
| | - Amanda Morato do Canto
- From the Laboratório de Bioquímica de Proteínas, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz, ESALQ, Universidade de São Paulo, USP, Piracicaba, SP, 13418-900 and
| | - Tábata Bergonci
- From the Laboratório de Bioquímica de Proteínas, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz, ESALQ, Universidade de São Paulo, USP, Piracicaba, SP, 13418-900 and
| | - Lucas A N Claus
- From the Laboratório de Bioquímica de Proteínas, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz, ESALQ, Universidade de São Paulo, USP, Piracicaba, SP, 13418-900 and
| | - Marcio C Silva-Filho
- the Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Plantas, Departamento de Genética, Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz, ESALQ, Universidade de São Paulo, USP, Piracicaba, SP, 13418-900, Brazil
| | - Daniel S Moura
- From the Laboratório de Bioquímica de Proteínas, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz, ESALQ, Universidade de São Paulo, USP, Piracicaba, SP, 13418-900 and
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15
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Dressano K, Ceciliato PHO, Silva AL, Guerrero-Abad JC, Bergonci T, Ortiz-Morea FA, Bürger M, Silva-Filho MC, Moura DS. BAK1 is involved in AtRALF1-induced inhibition of root cell expansion. PLoS Genet 2017; 13:e1007053. [PMID: 29028796 PMCID: PMC5656322 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1007053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2017] [Revised: 10/25/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The rapid alkalinization factor (RALF) peptide negatively regulates cell expansion, and an antagonistic relationship has been demonstrated between AtRALF1, a root-specific RALF isoform in Arabidopsis, and brassinosteroids (BRs). An evaluation of the response of BR signaling mutants to AtRALF1 revealed that BRI1-associated receptor kinase1 (bak1) mutants are insensitive to AtRALF1 root growth inhibition activity. BAK1 was essential for the induction of AtRALF1-responsive genes but showed no effect on the mobilization of Ca2+ and alkalinization responses. Homozygous plants accumulating AtRALF1 and lacking the BAK1 gene did not exhibit the characteristic semi-dwarf phenotype of AtRALF1-overexpressors. Biochemical evidence indicates that AtRALF1 and BAK1 physically interact with a Kd of 4.6 μM and acridinium-labeled AtRALF1 was used to demonstrate that part of the specific binding of AtRALF1 to intact seedlings and to a microsomal fraction derived from the roots of Arabidopsis plants is BAK1-dependent. Moreover, AtRALF1 induces an increase in BAK1 phosphorylation, suggesting that the binding of AtRALF1 to BAK1 is functional. These findings show that BAK1 contains an additional AtRALF1 binding site, indicating that this protein may be part of a AtRALF1-containing complex as a co-receptor, and it is required for the negative regulation of cell expansion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keini Dressano
- Laboratório de Bioquímica de Proteínas, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz, Universidade de São Paulo (ESALQ/USP), Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Paulo H. O. Ceciliato
- Laboratório de Bioquímica de Proteínas, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz, Universidade de São Paulo (ESALQ/USP), Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Aparecida L. Silva
- Laboratório de Bioquímica de Proteínas, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz, Universidade de São Paulo (ESALQ/USP), Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Juan Carlos Guerrero-Abad
- Laboratório de Bioquímica de Proteínas, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz, Universidade de São Paulo (ESALQ/USP), Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Tábata Bergonci
- Laboratório de Bioquímica de Proteínas, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz, Universidade de São Paulo (ESALQ/USP), Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Fausto Andrés Ortiz-Morea
- Laboratório de Bioquímica de Proteínas, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz, Universidade de São Paulo (ESALQ/USP), Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Marco Bürger
- Plant Biology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Marcio C. Silva-Filho
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Plantas, Departamento de Genética, Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz, Universidade de São Paulo (ESALQ/USP), Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Daniel S. Moura
- Laboratório de Bioquímica de Proteínas, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz, Universidade de São Paulo (ESALQ/USP), Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
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16
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Liu X, Zhang H, Jiao H, Li L, Qiao X, Fabrice MR, Wu J, Zhang S. Expansion and evolutionary patterns of cysteine-rich peptides in plants. BMC Genomics 2017; 18:610. [PMID: 28806914 PMCID: PMC5557327 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-017-3948-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cysteine-rich peptides (CRPs) are gaining recognition as regulators of cell-cell communication in plants. RESULTS We identified 9556 CRPs in 12 plant species and analysed their evolutionary patterns. In most angiosperm plants, whole genome duplication and segmental duplication are the major factors driving the expansion of CRP family member genes, especially signal peptides. About 30% of the CRP genes were found clustered on the chromosomes, except in maize (Zea mays). Considerable collinearities between CRP genes between or within species reveal several syntenic regions on the chromosomes. Different subfamilies display diverse evolutionary rates, suggesting that these subfamilies are subjected to different selective pressures. CRPs in different duplication models also show contrasting evolutionary rates, although the underlying mechanism is unclear because of the complexity of gene evolution. The 1281 positively selected genes identified are probably generated within a certain period of time. While most of these belonged to maize and sorghum (Sorghum bicolor), new CRP functions would also be expected. Up-regulation of 10 CRPs was observed in self-pollinated pear pistils and pollen tubes under self S-RNase treatments in vitro. The expression divergence between different CRP gene duplication types suggests that different duplication mechanisms affected the fate of the duplicated CRPs. CONCLUSION Our analyses of the evolution of the CRP gene family provides a unique view of the evolution of this large gene family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Liu
- Center of Pear Engineering Technology Research, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Huping Zhang
- Center of Pear Engineering Technology Research, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Huijun Jiao
- Center of Pear Engineering Technology Research, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Leiting Li
- Center of Pear Engineering Technology Research, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Xin Qiao
- Center of Pear Engineering Technology Research, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Musana Rwalinda Fabrice
- Center of Pear Engineering Technology Research, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Juyou Wu
- Center of Pear Engineering Technology Research, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
| | - Shaoling Zhang
- Center of Pear Engineering Technology Research, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
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17
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Sharma A, Hussain A, Mun BG, Imran QM, Falak N, Lee SU, Kim JY, Hong JK, Loake GJ, Ali A, Yun BW. Comprehensive analysis of plant rapid alkalization factor (RALF) genes. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2016; 106:82-90. [PMID: 27155375 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2016.03.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2016] [Revised: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 03/27/2016] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Receptor mediated signal carriers play a critical role in the regulation of plant defense and development. Rapid alkalization factor (RALF) proteins potentially comprise important signaling components which may have a key role in plant biology. The RALF gene family contains large number of genes in several plant species, however, only a few RALF genes have been characterized to date. In this study, an extensive database search identified 39, 43, 34 and 18 RALF genes in Arabidopsis, rice, maize and soybean, respectively. These RALF genes were found to be highly conserved across the 4 plant species. A comprehensive analysis including the chromosomal location, gene structure, subcellular location, conserved motifs, protein structure, protein-ligand interaction and promoter analysis was performed. RALF genes from four plant species were divided into 7 groups based on phylogenetic analysis. In silico expression analysis of these genes, using microarray and EST data, revealed that these genes exhibit a variety of expression patterns. Furthermore, RALF genes showed distinct expression patterns of transcript accumulation in vivo following nitrosative and oxidative stresses in Arabidopsis. Predicted interaction between RALF and heme ligand also showed that RALF proteins may contribute towards transporting or scavenging oxygen moieties. This suggests a possible role for RALF genes during changes in cellular redox status. Collectively, our data provides a valuable resource to prime future research in the role of RALF genes in plant growth and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arti Sharma
- School of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea.
| | - Adil Hussain
- School of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea; Department of Agriculture, Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan, Pakistan.
| | - Bong-Gyu Mun
- School of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea.
| | - Qari Muhammad Imran
- School of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea.
| | - Noreen Falak
- School of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sang-Uk Lee
- School of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jae Young Kim
- School of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jeum Kyu Hong
- Department of Horticultural Science, Gyeongnam National University of Science and Technology (GNTech), Jinju, Republic of Korea.
| | - Gary John Loake
- Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
| | - Asad Ali
- Department of Plant Pathology, The University of Agriculture, Peshawar, Pakistan.
| | - Byung-Wook Yun
- School of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea.
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18
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Murphy E, Vu LD, Van den Broeck L, Lin Z, Ramakrishna P, van de Cotte B, Gaudinier A, Goh T, Slane D, Beeckman T, Inzé D, Brady SM, Fukaki H, De Smet I. RALFL34 regulates formative cell divisions in Arabidopsis pericycle during lateral root initiation. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2016; 67:4863-75. [PMID: 27521602 PMCID: PMC4983113 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erw281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
In plants, many signalling molecules, such as phytohormones, miRNAs, transcription factors, and small signalling peptides, drive growth and development. However, very few small signalling peptides have been shown to be necessary for lateral root development. Here, we describe the role of the peptide RALFL34 during early events in lateral root development, and demonstrate its specific importance in orchestrating formative cell divisions in the pericycle. Our results further suggest that this small signalling peptide acts on the transcriptional cascade leading to a new lateral root upstream of GATA23, an important player in lateral root formation. In addition, we describe a role for ETHYLENE RESPONSE FACTORs (ERFs) in regulating RALFL34 expression. Taken together, we put forward RALFL34 as a new, important player in lateral root initiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan Murphy
- Division of Plant and Crop Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Loughborough LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Lam Dai Vu
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium Department of Medical Protein Research, VIB, 9000 Ghent, Belgium Department of Biochemistry, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Lisa Van den Broeck
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Zhefeng Lin
- Division of Plant and Crop Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Loughborough LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Priya Ramakrishna
- Division of Plant and Crop Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Loughborough LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Brigitte van de Cotte
- Division of Plant and Crop Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Loughborough LE12 5RD, UK Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Allison Gaudinier
- Department of Plant Biology and Genome Center, University of California Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Tatsuaki Goh
- Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Daniel Slane
- Department of Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, D- 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Tom Beeckman
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Dirk Inzé
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Siobhan M Brady
- Department of Plant Biology and Genome Center, University of California Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Hidehiro Fukaki
- Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Ive De Smet
- Division of Plant and Crop Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Loughborough LE12 5RD, UK Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium Centre for Plant Integrative Biology, University of Nottingham, Loughborough LE12 5RD, UK
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Wei Z, Li J. Brassinosteroids Regulate Root Growth, Development, and Symbiosis. MOLECULAR PLANT 2016; 9:86-100. [PMID: 26700030 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2015.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2015] [Revised: 10/29/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Brassinosteroids (BRs) are natural plant hormones critical for growth and development. BR deficient or signaling mutants show significantly shortened root phenotypes. However, for a long time, it was thought that these phenotypes were solely caused by reduced cell elongation in the mutant roots. Functions of BRs in regulating root development have been largely neglected. Nonetheless, recent detailed analyses, revealed that BRs are not only involved in root cell elongation but are also involved in many aspects of root development, such as maintenance of meristem size, root hair formation, lateral root initiation, gravitropic response, mycorrhiza formation, and nodulation in legume species. In this review, current findings on the functions of BRs in mediating root growth, development, and symbiosis are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuoyun Wei
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Jia Li
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China.
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20
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Busch A, Horn S, Zachgo S. Differential transcriptome analysis reveals insight into monosymmetric corolla development of the crucifer Iberis amara. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2014; 14:285. [PMID: 25407089 PMCID: PMC4245847 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-014-0285-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2014] [Accepted: 10/14/2014] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the co-evolution between insects and plants, the establishment of floral monosymmetry was an important step in angiosperm development as it facilitated the interaction with insect pollinators and, by that, likely enhanced angiosperm diversification. In Antirrhinum majus, the TCP transcription factor CYCLOIDEA is the molecular key regulator driving the formation of floral monosymmetry. Although most Brassicaceae form a polysymmetric corolla, six genera develop monosymmetric flowers with two petal pairs of unequal size. In the monosymmetric crucifer Iberis amara, formation of the different petal pairs coincides with a stronger expression of the CYC-homolog IaTCP1 in the small, adaxial petals. RESULTS In this study, RNA-Seq was employed to reconstruct the petal transcriptome of the non-model species Iberis amara. About 9 Gb of sequence data was generated, processed and re-assembled into 18,139 likely Iberis unigenes, from which 15,983 showed high sequence homology to Arabidopsis proteins. The transcriptome gives detailed insight into the molecular mechanisms governing late petal development. In addition, it was used as a scaffold to detect genes differentially expressed between the small, adaxial and the large, abaxial petals in order to understand the molecular mechanisms driving unequal petal growth. Far more genes are expressed in adaxial compared to abaxial petals implying that IaTCP1 activates more genes than it represses. Amongst all genes upregulated in adaxial petals, a significantly enhanced proportion is associated with cell wall modification and cell-cell signalling processes. Furthermore, microarrays were used to detect and compare quantitative differences in TCP target genes in transgenic Arabidopsis plants ectopically expressing different TCP transcription factors. CONCLUSIONS The increased occurrences of genes implicated in cell wall modification and signalling implies that unequal petal growth is achieved through an earlier stop of the cell proliferation phase in the small, adaxial petals, followed by the onset of cell expansion. This process, which forms the monosymmetric corolla of Iberis amara, is likely driven by the enhanced activity of IaTCP1 in adaxial petals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Busch
- Department of Botany, Osnabrück University, Barbarastrasse, 11, Osnabrück, 49076 Germany
| | - Stefanie Horn
- Department of Botany, Osnabrück University, Barbarastrasse, 11, Osnabrück, 49076 Germany
| | - Sabine Zachgo
- Department of Botany, Osnabrück University, Barbarastrasse, 11, Osnabrück, 49076 Germany
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21
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Murphy E, De Smet I. Understanding the RALF family: a tale of many species. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 19:664-71. [PMID: 24999241 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2014.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2014] [Revised: 06/04/2014] [Accepted: 06/05/2014] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Small secreted peptides are gaining importance as signalling molecules in plants. Among the 1000 open reading frames (ORFs) in the Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) genome potentially encoding small secreted peptides, the members of the RAPID ALKALINIZATION FACTOR (RALF) family of peptides have been linked to several physiological and developmental processes. Here, we provide a comprehensive overview of current knowledge on the RALF family. Discovered in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum), the role of RALF peptides has been investigated in numerous plant species. Together, these observations suggest that RALF peptides impact on acidification and cell expansion during growth and development. Although few components of the signalling pathway have been revealed, the recent identification of FERONIA (FER) as a RALF receptor and plasma membrane H(+)-ATPase 2 as a downstream target provide a major step forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan Murphy
- Division of Plant and Crop Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Ive De Smet
- Division of Plant and Crop Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, LE12 5RD, UK; Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Technologiepark 927, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium; Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark 927, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium.
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22
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Bergonci T, Ribeiro B, Ceciliato PH, Guerrero-Abad JC, Silva-Filho MC, Moura DS. Arabidopsis thaliana RALF1 opposes brassinosteroid effects on root cell elongation and lateral root formation. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2014; 65:2219-30. [PMID: 24620000 PMCID: PMC3991750 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eru099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Rapid alkalinization factor (RALF) is a peptide signal that plays a basic role in cell biology and most likely regulates cell expansion. In this study, transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana lines with high and low levels of AtRALF1 transcripts were used to investigate this peptide's mechanism of action. Overexpression of the root-specific isoform AtRALF1 resulted in reduced cell size. Conversely, AtRALF1 silencing increased root length by increasing the size of root cells. AtRALF1-silenced plants also showed an increase in the number of lateral roots, whereas AtRALF1 overexpression produced the opposite effect. In addition, four AtRALF1-inducible genes were identified: two genes encoding proline-rich proteins (AtPRP1 and AtPRP3), one encoding a hydroxyproline-rich glycoprotein (AtHRPG2), and one encoding a xyloglucan endotransglucosylase (TCH4). These genes were expressed in roots and involved in cell-wall rearrangement, and their induction was concentration dependent. Furthermore, AtRALF1-overexpressing plants were less sensitive to exogenous brassinolide (BL); upon BL treatment, the plants showed no increase in root length and a compromised increase in hypocotyl elongation. In addition, the treatment had no effect on the number of emerged lateral roots. AtRALF1 also induces two brassinosteroid (BR)-downregulated genes involved in the BR biosynthetic pathway: the cytochrome P450 monooxygenases CONSTITUTIVE PHOTOMORPHISM AND DWARFISM (CPD) and DWARF4 (DWF4). Simultaneous treatment with both AtRALF1 and BL caused a reduction in AtRALF1-inducible gene expression levels, suggesting that these signals may compete for components shared by both pathways. Taken together, these results indicate an opposing effect of AtRALF1 and BL, and suggest that RALF's mechanism of action could be to interfere with the BR signalling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tábata Bergonci
- Laboratório de Bioquímica de Proteínas, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz, Universidade de São Paulo (ESALQ/USP), Piracicaba, SP, 13418–900, Brazil
| | - Bianca Ribeiro
- Laboratório de Bioquímica de Proteínas, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz, Universidade de São Paulo (ESALQ/USP), Piracicaba, SP, 13418–900, Brazil
| | - Paulo H.O. Ceciliato
- Laboratório de Bioquímica de Proteínas, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz, Universidade de São Paulo (ESALQ/USP), Piracicaba, SP, 13418–900, Brazil
| | - Juan Carlos Guerrero-Abad
- Laboratório de Bioquímica de Proteínas, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz, Universidade de São Paulo (ESALQ/USP), Piracicaba, SP, 13418–900, Brazil
| | - Marcio C. Silva-Filho
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Plantas, Departamento de Genética, Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz, Universidade de São Paulo (ESALQ/USP), Piracicaba, SP, 13418–900, Brazil
| | - Daniel S. Moura
- Laboratório de Bioquímica de Proteínas, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz, Universidade de São Paulo (ESALQ/USP), Piracicaba, SP, 13418–900, Brazil
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Morato do Canto A, Ceciliato PHO, Ribeiro B, Ortiz Morea FA, Franco Garcia AA, Silva-Filho MC, Moura DS. Biological activity of nine recombinant AtRALF peptides: implications for their perception and function in Arabidopsis. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2014; 75:45-54. [PMID: 24368323 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2013.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2013] [Accepted: 12/06/2013] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
RALF is a small (5 kDa) and ubiquitous plant peptide signal. It was first isolated from tobacco leaf protein extracts owing to its capacity to alkalinize the extracellular media of cell suspensions. RALFs inhibit root growth and hypocotyl elongation, and a role for RALFs in cell expansion has also been proposed. Arabidopsis has 37 RALF isoforms (AtRALF), but only a small group of nine has high primary structure identity to the original RALF peptide isolated from tobacco. Herein, we report the heterologous production of these nine peptides in Escherichia coli and the evaluation of their activity in five biological assays. All AtRALF peptides produced showed strong alkalinizing activities, with the exception of the pollen-specific isoform AtRALF4. Although it exhibited no inhibitory activity in the root growth and hypocotyl elongation assays, AtRALF4 is a strong inhibitor of pollen germination. Our data demonstrate that the divergence in the tissue specificity and gene expression patterns of the different AtRALFs does not change the fact that their main role seems to be the regulation of cell expansion. Furthermore, different activities in the alkalinization assays upon the addition of two consecutive and saturating doses of the peptides suggest that the peptides are likely being sensed by specific receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Morato do Canto
- Laboratório de Bioquímica de Proteínas, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz, Universidade de São Paulo - USP, Piracicaba, SP 13418-900, Brazil.
| | - Paulo H O Ceciliato
- Laboratório de Bioquímica de Proteínas, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz, Universidade de São Paulo - USP, Piracicaba, SP 13418-900, Brazil.
| | - Bianca Ribeiro
- Laboratório de Bioquímica de Proteínas, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz, Universidade de São Paulo - USP, Piracicaba, SP 13418-900, Brazil.
| | - Fausto Andrés Ortiz Morea
- Laboratório de Bioquímica de Proteínas, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz, Universidade de São Paulo - USP, Piracicaba, SP 13418-900, Brazil.
| | - Antonio Augusto Franco Garcia
- Laboratório de Genética Estatística, Departamento de Genética, Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz, Universidade de São Paulo - USP, Piracicaba, SP 13418-900, Brazil.
| | - Marcio C Silva-Filho
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Plantas, Departamento de Genética, Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz, Universidade de São Paulo - USP, Piracicaba, SP 13418-900, Brazil.
| | - Daniel S Moura
- Laboratório de Bioquímica de Proteínas, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz, Universidade de São Paulo - USP, Piracicaba, SP 13418-900, Brazil.
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Bergonci T, Silva-Filho MC, Moura DS. Antagonistic relationship between AtRALF1 and brassinosteroid regulates cell expansion-related genes. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2014; 9:e976146. [PMID: 25482784 PMCID: PMC4621977 DOI: 10.4161/15592324.2014.976146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2014] [Revised: 08/04/2014] [Accepted: 08/04/2014] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Rapid alkalinization factor (RALF) is a peptide signal that plays a role in plant cell expansion. We have recently proposed that AtRALF1 negatively regulates root cell elongation and lateral root formation by opposing the effects of brassinosteroid (BR). We reported 6 AtRALF1-inducible cell wall-related genes and 2 P450 monooxygenase -encoding genes involved in the BR biosynthetic pathway. The AtRALF1-inducible genes implicated in cell wall remodeling were not downregulated by brassinolide (BL) treatment alone; their induction was only compromised following simultaneous treatment with AtRALF1 and BL. We further examined the cell wall-remodeling gene EXPANSIN A5 (AtEXPA5), which is upregulated by BL and has been shown to positively affect root cell elongation. Herein, we report that AtEXPA5 expression is downregulated by AtRALF1 in a dose-dependent manner in the roots and hypocotyls of Arabidopsis plants. AtEXPA5 is also downregulated in plants that overexpress AtRALF1, and it is upregulated in plants in which the AtRALF1 gene is partially silenced. The AtRALF1 peptide is also able to repress AtEXPA5 induction following a pre-treatment with BL. A schematic diagram showing the gene regulatory network connecting the recently reported genes with the regulation of cell expansion by AtEXPA5 is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tábata Bergonci
- Laboratório de Bioquímica de Proteínas; Departamento de Ciências Biológicas; Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz; Universidade de São Paulo (ESALQ/USP); Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Marcio C Silva-Filho
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Plantas; Departamento de Genética; Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz; Universidade de São Paulo (ESALQ/USP); Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Daniel S Moura
- Laboratório de Bioquímica de Proteínas; Departamento de Ciências Biológicas; Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz; Universidade de São Paulo (ESALQ/USP); Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
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25
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Chevalier E, Loubert-Hudon A, Matton DP. ScRALF3, a secreted RALF-like peptide involved in cell-cell communication between the sporophyte and the female gametophyte in a solanaceous species. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2013; 73:1019-33. [PMID: 23237060 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.12096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2012] [Revised: 11/29/2012] [Accepted: 12/06/2012] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Small peptides have been shown to regulate numerous aspects of plant development through cell-cell communication. These signaling events are particularly important during reproduction, regulating gamete development and embryogenesis. Rapid alkalinization factor (RALF)-like genes, a large gene family that encodes secreted peptides, have specific or ubiquitous expression patterns. Previously, five RALF-like genes with potential involvement during reproduction were isolated from Solanum chacoense. Here, we show that ScRALF3 is an important peptide regulator of female gametophyte development. Its expression, which is auxin-inducible, is strictly regulated before and after fertilization. Down-regulation of ScRALF3 expression by RNA interference leads to the production of smaller fruits that produce fewer seeds, due to improper development of the embryo sacs. Defects include loss of embryo sac nuclei polarization, as well as an increase in asynchronous division, accounting for cellular dysfunctions and premature embryo sac development arrest during megagametogenesis. ScRALF3 is expressed in the sporophytic tissue surrounding the embryo sac, the integument and the nucellus, as revealed by in situ hybridization and GUS staining. As expected for a secreted peptide, fluorescence from an ScRALF3-GFP fusion construct is detected throughout the secretory pathway. Therefore, the ScRALF3 secreted peptide may be directly involved in the regulation of multiple aspects of cell-cell communication between the female gametophyte and its surrounding sporophytic tissue during ovule development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Chevalier
- Institut de Recherche en Biologie Végétale, Département de Sciences Biologiques Université de Montréal, 4101 rue Sherbrooke est, Montréal, Québec, H1X 2B2, Canada
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26
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Cao J, Shi F. Evolution of the RALF Gene Family in Plants: Gene Duplication and Selection Patterns. Evol Bioinform Online 2012; 8:271-92. [PMID: 22745530 PMCID: PMC3382376 DOI: 10.4137/ebo.s9652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Rapid alkalinization factors (RALFs) are plant small peptides that could induce a rapid pH increase in the medium of plant cell suspension culture and play a critical role in plant development. The evolutionary process of the RALF gene family remains unclear. To obtain details of the phylogeny of these genes, this study characterized RALF genes in Arabidopsis, rice, poplar and maize. Phylogenetic trees, evolutionary patterns and molecular evolutionary rates were used to elucidate the evolutionary process of this gene family. In addition, the different signatures of selection, expression patterns, and subcellular localization of RALFs were also analyzed. We found that the RALF gene family had a rapid birth process after the separation of the eudicot and monocot species about 145 million years ago, that tandem duplication played a dominant role in the expansion of Arabidopsis and rice RALF gene family, and that RALFs were under purifying selection according to estimations of the substitution rates of these genes. We also identified a diverse expression pattern of RALF genes and predominant extracellular localization feature of RALF proteins. Our findings shed light on several key differences in RALF gene family evolution among the plant species, which may provide a scaffold for future functional analysis of this family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Cao
- Institute of Life Science, Jiangsu University, Xuefu Road 301, Zhenjiang (212013), Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Feng Shi
- Shandong Lvdu Bio-technique Industry, 169# Huanghe 2 Road, Binzhou (256600), Shandong, PR China
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27
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Marshall E, Costa LM, Gutierrez-Marcos J. Cysteine-rich peptides (CRPs) mediate diverse aspects of cell-cell communication in plant reproduction and development. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2011; 62:1677-86. [PMID: 21317212 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/err002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Cell-cell communication in plants is essential for the correct co-ordination of reproduction, growth, and development. Studies to dissect this mode of communication have previously focussed primarily on the action of plant hormones as mediators of intercellular signalling. In animals, peptide signalling is a well-documented intercellular communication system, however, relatively little is known about this system in plants. In recent years, numerous reports have emerged about small, secreted peptides controlling different aspects of plant reproduction. Interestingly, most of these peptides are cysteine-rich, and there is convincing evidence suggesting multiple roles for related cysteine-rich peptides (CRPs) as signalling factors in developmental patterning as well as during plant pathogen responses and symbiosis. In this review, we discuss how CRPs are emerging as key signalling factors in regulating multiple aspects of vegetative growth and reproductive development in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleanor Marshall
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Wellesbourne Campus, Wellesbourne, UK
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28
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Bedinger PA, Pearce G, Covey PA. RALFs: peptide regulators of plant growth. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2010; 5:1342-6. [PMID: 21045555 PMCID: PMC3115231 DOI: 10.4161/psb.5.11.12954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2010] [Accepted: 07/06/2010] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Peptide signaling regulates a variety of developmental processes and environmental responses in plants. For example, the peptide systemin induces the systemic defense response in tomato and defensins are small cysteine-rich proteins that are involved in the innate immune system of plants. The CLAVATA3 peptide regulates meristem size and the SCR peptide is the pollen self-incompatibility recognition factor in the Brassicaceae. LURE peptides produced by synergid cells attract pollen tubes to the embryo sac. RALFs are a recently discovered family of plant peptides that play a role in plant cell growth.
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Pearce G, Yamaguchi Y, Munske G, Ryan CA. Structure-activity studies of RALF, Rapid Alkalinization Factor, reveal an essential--YISY--motif. Peptides 2010; 31:1973-7. [PMID: 20800638 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2010.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2010] [Revised: 08/13/2010] [Accepted: 08/13/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Rapid Alkalinization Factor (RALF) is a 49-amino acid peptide initially isolated from tobacco leaves that is capable of arresting both root and pollen tube growth. With suspension cells, addition of RALF causes an elevation of the pH of the extracellular media, caused by the blockage of a proton pump. RALF associates with a putative receptor(s) on the surface of the plant cell, initiating a signal transduction pathway. Although the exact function(s) of RALFs are unknown, its presence throughout the plant kingdom attests to its importance in some type of basic regulatory role. In the present study, deletion and substitution analyses of RALF reveal a specific - YISY - motif located at positions 5 through 8 from the N-terminus, highly conserved within the plant kingdom, which is a requirement for productive binding of RALF to its putative receptor. Replacement of isoleucine with alanine in the - YISY - motif caused a severe reduction in alkalinization of suspension cell media and a loss of root growth inhibition with tomato seedlings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory Pearce
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-6340, USA.
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Covey PA, Subbaiah CC, Parsons RL, Pearce G, Lay FT, Anderson MA, Ryan CA, Bedinger PA. A pollen-specific RALF from tomato that regulates pollen tube elongation. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2010; 153:703-15. [PMID: 20388667 PMCID: PMC2879774 DOI: 10.1104/pp.110.155457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2010] [Accepted: 04/07/2010] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Rapid Alkalinization Factors (RALFs) are plant peptides that rapidly increase the pH of plant suspension cell culture medium and inhibit root growth. A pollen-specific tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) RALF (SlPRALF) has been identified. The SlPRALF gene encodes a preproprotein that appears to be processed and released from the pollen tube as an active peptide. A synthetic SlPRALF peptide based on the putative active peptide did not affect pollen hydration or viability but inhibited the elongation of normal pollen tubes in an in vitro growth system. Inhibitory effects of SlPRALF were detectable at concentrations as low as 10 nm, and complete inhibition was observed at 1 mum peptide. At least 10-fold higher levels of alkSlPRALF, which lacks disulfide bonds, were required to see similar effects. A greater effect of peptide was observed in low-pH-buffered medium. Inhibition of pollen tube elongation was reversible if peptide was removed within 15 min of exposure. Addition of 100 nm SlPRALF to actively growing pollen tubes inhibited further elongation until tubes were 40 to 60 mum in length, after which pollen tubes became resistant to the peptide. The onset of resistance correlated with the timing of the exit of the male germ unit from the pollen grain into the tube. Thus, exogenous SlPRALF acts as a negative regulator of pollen tube elongation within a specific developmental window.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Patricia A. Bedinger
- Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523–1878 (P.A.C., C.C.S., R.L.P., P.A.B.); Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164 (G.P., C.A.R.); Department of Biochemistry, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria 3086, Australia (F.T.L., M.A.A.)
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