1
|
Robinson R, Sprott D, Couroux P, Routly E, Labbé N, Xing T, Robert LS. The triticale mature pollen and stigma proteomes - assembling the proteins for a productive encounter. J Proteomics 2023; 278:104867. [PMID: 36870675 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2023.104867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Abstract
Triticeae crops are major contributors to global food production and ensuring their capacity to reproduce and generate seeds is critical. However, despite their importance our knowledge of the proteins underlying Triticeae reproduction is severely lacking and this is not only true of pollen and stigma development, but also of their pivotal interaction. When the pollen grain and stigma are brought together they have each accumulated the proteins required for their intended meeting and accordingly studying their mature proteomes is bound to reveal proteins involved in their diverse and complex interactions. Using triticale as a Triticeae representative, gel-free shotgun proteomics was used to identify 11,533 and 2977 mature stigma and pollen proteins respectively. These datasets, by far the largest to date, provide unprecedented insights into the proteins participating in Triticeae pollen and stigma development and interactions. The study of the Triticeae stigma has been particularly neglected. To begin filling this knowledge gap, a developmental iTRAQ analysis was performed revealing 647 proteins displaying differential abundance as the stigma matures in preparation for pollination. An in-depth comparison to an equivalent Brassicaceae analysis divulged both conservation and diversification in the makeup and function of proteins involved in the pollen and stigma encounter. SIGNIFICANCE: Successful pollination brings together the mature pollen and stigma thus initiating an intricate series of molecular processes vital to crop reproduction. In the Triticeae crops (e.g. wheat, barley, rye, triticale) there persists a vast deficit in our knowledge of the proteins involved which needs to be addressed if we are to face the many upcoming challenges to crop production such as those associated with climate change. At maturity, both the pollen and stigma have acquired the protein complement necessary for their forthcoming encounter and investigating their proteomes will inevitably provide unprecedented insights into the proteins enabling their interactions. By combining the analysis of the most comprehensive Triticeae pollen and stigma global proteome datasets to date with developmental iTRAQ investigations, proteins implicated in the different phases of pollen-stigma interaction enabling pollen adhesion, recognition, hydration, germination and tube growth, as well as those underlying stigma development were revealed. Extensive comparisons between equivalent Triticeae and Brassiceae datasets highlighted both the conservation of biological processes in line with the shared goal of activating the pollen grain and promoting pollen tube invasion of the pistil to effect fertilization, as well as the significant distinctions in their proteomes consistent with the considerable differences in their biochemistry, physiology and morphology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Reneé Robinson
- Ottawa Research and Development Centre, 960 Carling Ave., Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0C6, Canada; Carleton University, Department of Biology, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, Ontario K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - David Sprott
- Ottawa Research and Development Centre, 960 Carling Ave., Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0C6, Canada
| | - Philippe Couroux
- Ottawa Research and Development Centre, 960 Carling Ave., Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0C6, Canada
| | - Elizabeth Routly
- Ottawa Research and Development Centre, 960 Carling Ave., Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0C6, Canada
| | - Natalie Labbé
- Ottawa Research and Development Centre, 960 Carling Ave., Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0C6, Canada
| | - Tim Xing
- Carleton University, Department of Biology, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, Ontario K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - Laurian S Robert
- Ottawa Research and Development Centre, 960 Carling Ave., Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0C6, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Han L, Wu X, Hou K, Zhang H, Liang X, Chen C, Wang Z, Shen C. Identification and functional analysis of calcium sensor calmodulins from heavy metal hyperaccumulator Noccaea caerulescens. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2023; 50:294-302. [PMID: 36683141 DOI: 10.1071/fp22243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Noccaea caerulescens (J. Presl & C. Presl) F. K. Mey. is a heavy metal hyperaccumulator exhibiting extreme tolerance to various environmental stresses. To date, the functional role of Ca2+ -binding protein in this plant is largely unknown. To investigate the function of calmodulins (CaMs) in N. caerulescens , CaM2 , a Ca2+ sensor encoding gene, was identified and functionally characterised. Protein structure analysis showed that NcCaM2 contains four classic exchange factor (EF)-hand motifs with high sequence similarity to the CaM proteins from model plant Arabidopsis thaliana L. Tissue specific expression analysis showed that NcCaM2 is constitutively expressed in stems, leaves, and roots. Expression level of NcCaM2 was significantly upregulated under various environmental stimulus, indicating a potential involvement of NcCaM2 in the tolerance to abiotic stresses. The heterologous expression of NcCaM2 in a yeast mutant strain increased the heavy metal tolerance in yeast cells. Furthermore, the constitutive expression of NcCaM2 enhanced the heavy metal tolerance capability of transgenic tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) plants. Our data suggested an important role of NcCaM2 in the responses to environmental stresses and provided a potential target gene to enhance of the ability to hyperaccumulate metals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lu Han
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310036, China; and Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Organ Development and Regeneration, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310036, China
| | - Xiaohua Wu
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310036, China; and Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Organ Development and Regeneration, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310036, China
| | - Kailin Hou
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310036, China; and Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Genetic Improvement and Quality Control of Medicinal Plants, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310036, China
| | - Hongshan Zhang
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310036, China; and Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Genetic Improvement and Quality Control of Medicinal Plants, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310036, China
| | - Xueshuang Liang
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310036, China; and Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Genetic Improvement and Quality Control of Medicinal Plants, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310036, China
| | - Cheng Chen
- College of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Zhijing Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Chenjia Shen
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310036, China; and Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Genetic Improvement and Quality Control of Medicinal Plants, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310036, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
CALMODULIN1 and WRKY53 Function in Plant Defense by Negatively Regulating the Jasmonic Acid Biosynthesis Pathway in Arabidopsis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23147718. [PMID: 35887066 PMCID: PMC9323616 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23147718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Revised: 07/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Jasmonic acid (JA) is an important hormone that functions in plant defense. cam1 and wrky53 mutants were more resistant to Spodoptera littoralis than in the wild-type (WT) Arabidopsis group. In addition, JA concentration in cam1 and wrky53 mutants was higher compared with the WT group. To explore how these two proteins affect the resistance of Arabidopsis plants, we used a yeast two-hybrid assay, firefly luciferase complementation imaging assay and in vitro pull-down assay confirming that calmodulin 1 (CAM1) interacted with WRKY53. However, these two proteins separate when calcium concentration increases in Arabidopsis leaf cells. Then, electrophoretic mobility shift assay and luciferase activation assay were used to verify that WRKY53 could bind to lipoxygenases 3 (LOX3) and lipoxygenases 4 (LOX4) gene promoters and negatively regulate gene expression. This study reveals that CAM1 and WRKY53 negatively regulate plant resistance to herbivory by regulating the JA biosynthesis pathway via the dissociation of CAM1-WRKY53, then the released WRKY53 binds to the LOXs promoters to negatively regulate LOXs gene expression. This study reveals WRKY53′s mechanism in insect resistance, a new light on the function of WRKY53.
Collapse
|
4
|
Characterization of the Calmodulin/Calmodulin-like Protein (CAM/CML) Family in Ginkgo biloba, and the Influence of an Ectopically Expressed GbCML Gene (Gb_30819) on Seedling and Fruit Development of Transgenic Arabidopsis. PLANTS 2022; 11:plants11111506. [PMID: 35684283 PMCID: PMC9183014 DOI: 10.3390/plants11111506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Calmodulins (CAMs) and calmodulin-like proteins (CMLs) can participate in the regulation of various physiological processes via sensing and decoding Ca2+ signals. To reveal the characteristics of the CAM/CML family in Ginkgo biloba, a comprehensive analysis was performed at the genome-wide level. A total of 26 CAMs/CMLs, consisting of 5 GbCAMs and 21 GbCMLs, was identified on 11 out of 12 chromosomes in G. biloba. They displayed a certain degree of multiplicity in their sequences, albeit with conserved EF hands. Collinearity analysis suggested that tandem rather than segmental or whole-genome duplications were likely to play roles in the evolution of the Ginkgo CAM/CML family. Furthermore, GbCAMs/GbCMLs were grouped into higher, lower, and moderate expression in magnitude. The cis-acting regulatory elements involved in phytohormone-responsiveness within GbCAM/GbCML promotors may explain their varied expression profiles. The ectopic expression of a GbCML gene (Gb_30819) in transgenic Arabidopsis led to phenotypes with significantly shortened root length and seedling height, and decreased yields of both pods and seeds. Moreover, an electrophoresis mobility shift assay demonstrated the Ca2+-binding activity of Gb_30819 in vitro. Altogether, these results contribute to insights into the characteristics of the evolution and expression of GbCAMs/GbCMLs, as well as evidence for Ca2+-CAM/CML pathways functioning within the ancient gymnosperm G. biloba.
Collapse
|
5
|
Basu R, Dutta S, Pal A, Sengupta M, Chattopadhyay S. Calmodulin7: recent insights into emerging roles in plant development and stress. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 107:1-20. [PMID: 34398355 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-021-01177-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Analyses of the function of Arabidopsis Calmodulin7 (CAM7) in concert with multiple regulatory proteins involved in various signal transduction processes. Calmodulin (CaM) plays various regulatory roles in multiple signaling pathways in eukaryotes. Arabidopsis CALMODULIN 7 (CAM7) is a unique member of the CAM family that works as a transcription factor in light signaling pathways. CAM7 works in concert with CONSTITUTIVE PHOTOMORPHOGENIC 1 and ELONGATED HYPOCOTYL 5, and plays an important role in seedling development. Further, it is involved in the regulation of the activity of various Ca2+-gated channels such as cyclic nucleotide gated channel 6 (CNGC6), CNGC14 and auto-inhibited Ca2+ ATPase 8. Recent studies further indicate that CAM7 is also an integral part of multiple signaling pathways including hormone, immunity and stress. Here, we review the recent advances in understanding the multifaceted role of CAM7. We highlight the open-ended questions, and also discuss the diverse aspects of CAM7 characterization that need to be addressed for comprehensive understanding of its cellular functions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Riya Basu
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology, Mahatma Gandhi Avenue, Durgapur, West Bengal, 713209, India
| | - Siddhartha Dutta
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology, Mahatma Gandhi Avenue, Durgapur, West Bengal, 713209, India
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Engineering and Management, University Area, Plot, Street Number 03, Action Area III, B/5, Newtown, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700156, India
| | - Abhideep Pal
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology, Mahatma Gandhi Avenue, Durgapur, West Bengal, 713209, India
| | - Mandar Sengupta
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology, Mahatma Gandhi Avenue, Durgapur, West Bengal, 713209, India
| | - Sudip Chattopadhyay
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology, Mahatma Gandhi Avenue, Durgapur, West Bengal, 713209, India.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Zhu L, Zhang XQ, Ye D, Chen LQ. The Mildew Resistance Locus O 4 Interacts with CaM/CML and Is Involved in Root Gravity Response. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22115962. [PMID: 34073116 PMCID: PMC8198571 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22115962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The plant-specific mildew resistance locus O (MLO) proteins, which contain seven transmembrane domains and a conserved calmodulin-binding domain, play important roles in many plant developmental processes. However, their mechanisms that regulate plant development remain unclear. Here, we report the functional characterization of the MLO4 protein in Arabidopsis roots. The MLO4 was identified as interacting with CML12 in a screening for the interaction between the proteins from Arabidopsis MLO and calmodulin/calmodulin-like (CaM/CML) families using yeast two hybrid (Y2H) assays. Then, the interaction between MLO4 and CML12 was further verified by Luciferase Complementation Imaging (LCI) and Bimolecular Fluorescence Complementation (BiFC) assays. Genetic analysis showed that the mlo4, cml12, and mlo4 cml12 mutants displayed similar defects in root gravity response. These results imply that the MLO4 might play an important role in root gravity response through interaction with CML12. Moreover, our results also demonstrated that the interaction between the MLO and CaM/CML families might be conservative.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhu
- College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (X.-Q.Z.); (D.Y.)
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
- Correspondence: (L.Z.); (L.-Q.C.)
| | - Xue-Qin Zhang
- College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (X.-Q.Z.); (D.Y.)
| | - De Ye
- College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (X.-Q.Z.); (D.Y.)
| | - Li-Qun Chen
- College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (X.-Q.Z.); (D.Y.)
- Correspondence: (L.Z.); (L.-Q.C.)
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Bai M, Liang M, Huai B, Gao H, Tong P, Shen R, He H, Wu H. Ca2+-dependent nuclease is involved in DNA degradation during the formation of the secretory cavity by programmed cell death in fruit of Citrus grandis 'Tomentosa'. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2020; 71:4812-4827. [PMID: 32324220 PMCID: PMC7410178 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The secretory cavity is a typical structure in Citrus fruit and is formed by schizolysigeny. Previous reports have indicated that programmed cell death (PCD) is involved in the degradation of secretory cavity cells in the fruit, and that the spatio-temporal location of calcium is closely related to nuclear DNA degradation in this process; however, the molecular mechanisms underlying this Ca2+ regulation remain largely unknown. Here, we identified CgCaN that encodes a Ca2+-dependent DNase in the fruit of Citrus grandis 'Tomentosa', the function of which was studied using calcium ion localization, DNase activity assays, in situ hybridization, and protein immunolocalization. The results suggested that the full-length cDNA of CgCaN contains an ORF of 1011 bp that encodes a protein 336 amino acids in length with a SNase-like functional domain. CgCaN digests dsDNA at neutral pH in a Ca2+-dependent manner. In situ hybridization signals of CgCaN were particularly distributed in the secretory cavity cells. Ca2+ and Ca2+-dependent DNases were mainly observed in the condensed chromatin and in the nucleolus. In addition, spatio-temporal expression patterns of CgCaN and its protein coincided with the time-points that corresponded to chromatin degradation and nuclear rupture during the PCD in the development of the fruit secretory cavity. Taken together, our results suggest that Ca2+-dependent DNases play direct roles in nuclear DNA degradation during the PCD of secretory cavity cells during Citrus fruit development. Given the consistency of the expression patterns of genes regulated by calmodulin (CaM) and calcium-dependent protein kinases (CDPK) and the dynamics of calcium accumulation, we speculate that CaM and CDPK proteins might be involved in Ca2+ transport from the extracellular walls through the cytoplasm and into the nucleus to activate CgCaN for DNA degradation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mei Bai
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Minjian Liang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bin Huai
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Han Gao
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Panpan Tong
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Rongxin Shen
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hanjun He
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hong Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Zhang Q, Hou C, Tian Y, Tang M, Feng C, Ren Z, Song J, Wang X, Li T, Li M, Tian W, Qiu J, Liu L, Li L. Interaction Between AtCML9 and AtMLO10 Regulates Pollen Tube Development and Seed Setting. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:1119. [PMID: 32793269 PMCID: PMC7394235 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.01119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In higher-plant reproduction, the compatibility of pollen tube germination in the pistil is essential for successful double fertilization. It has been reported that Mildew Locus O (MLO) family gene NTA (MLO7), expressing in synergid cells, can correctly guide pollen tubes. However, the molecular mechanism underlying the interacting partners to MLOs in the fertilization is still unknown. In our study, we identified the direct protein interaction between CML9 and MLO10 within a non-canonical CaMBD. In GUS reporter assays, CML9 expresses in a high level in pollens, whereas MLO10 can be specifically detected in stigma which reaches up to a peaking level before fertilization. Therefore, the spatio-temporal expression patterns of MLO10 and CML9 are required for the time-window of pollination. When we observed the pollen germination in vitro, two cml9 mutant alleles dramatically reduced germination rate by 15% compared to wild-type. Consistently, the elongation rate of pollen tubes in planta was obviously slow while manually pollinating cml9-1 pollens to mlo10-1 stigmas. Additionally, cml9-1 mlo10-1 double mutant alleles had relatively lower rate of seed setting. Taken together, protein interaction between MLO10 and CML9 is supposed to affect pollen tube elongation and further affect seed development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qian Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, and Beijing Key Laboratory of Plant Gene Resources and Biotechnology for Carbon Reduction and Environmental Improvement, Beijing, China
| | - Congcong Hou
- College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, and Beijing Key Laboratory of Plant Gene Resources and Biotechnology for Carbon Reduction and Environmental Improvement, Beijing, China
| | - Yudan Tian
- College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, and Beijing Key Laboratory of Plant Gene Resources and Biotechnology for Carbon Reduction and Environmental Improvement, Beijing, China
| | - Mitianguo Tang
- College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, and Beijing Key Laboratory of Plant Gene Resources and Biotechnology for Carbon Reduction and Environmental Improvement, Beijing, China
| | - Changxin Feng
- College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, and Beijing Key Laboratory of Plant Gene Resources and Biotechnology for Carbon Reduction and Environmental Improvement, Beijing, China
| | - Zhijie Ren
- College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, and Beijing Key Laboratory of Plant Gene Resources and Biotechnology for Carbon Reduction and Environmental Improvement, Beijing, China
| | - Jiali Song
- College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, and Beijing Key Laboratory of Plant Gene Resources and Biotechnology for Carbon Reduction and Environmental Improvement, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaohan Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, and Beijing Key Laboratory of Plant Gene Resources and Biotechnology for Carbon Reduction and Environmental Improvement, Beijing, China
| | - Tiange Li
- College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, and Beijing Key Laboratory of Plant Gene Resources and Biotechnology for Carbon Reduction and Environmental Improvement, Beijing, China
| | - Mengou Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wang Tian
- College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, and Beijing Key Laboratory of Plant Gene Resources and Biotechnology for Carbon Reduction and Environmental Improvement, Beijing, China
| | - Jinlong Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Liangyu Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, and Beijing Key Laboratory of Plant Gene Resources and Biotechnology for Carbon Reduction and Environmental Improvement, Beijing, China
| | - Legong Li
- College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, and Beijing Key Laboratory of Plant Gene Resources and Biotechnology for Carbon Reduction and Environmental Improvement, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Tian W, Wang C, Gao Q, Li L, Luan S. Calcium spikes, waves and oscillations in plant development and biotic interactions. NATURE PLANTS 2020; 6:750-759. [PMID: 32601423 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-020-0667-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The calcium ion (Ca2+) is a universal signal in all eukaryotic cells. A fundamental question is how Ca2+, a simple cation, encodes complex information with high specificity. Extensive research has established a two-step process (encoding and decoding) that governs the specificity of Ca2+ signals. While the encoding mechanism entails a complex array of channels and transporters, the decoding process features a number of Ca2+ sensors and effectors that convert Ca2+ signals into cellular effects. Along this general paradigm, some signalling components may be highly conserved, but others are divergent among different organisms. In plant cells, Ca2+ participates in numerous signalling processes, and here we focus on the latest discoveries on Ca2+-encoding mechanisms in development and biotic interactions. In particular, we use examples such as polarized cell growth of pollen tube and root hair in which tip-focused Ca2+ oscillations specify the signalling events for rapid cell elongation. In plant-microbe interactions, Ca2+ spiking and oscillations hold the key to signalling specificity: while pathogens elicit cytoplasmic spiking, symbiotic microorganisms trigger nuclear Ca2+ oscillations. Herbivore attacks or mechanical wounding can trigger Ca2+ waves traveling a long distance to transmit and convert the local signal to a systemic defence program in the whole plant. What channels and transporters work together to carve out the spatial and temporal patterns of the Ca2+ fluctuations? This question has remained enigmatic for decades until recent studies uncovered Ca2+ channels that orchestrate specific Ca2+ signatures in each of these processes. Future work will further expand the toolkit for Ca2+-encoding mechanisms and place Ca2+ signalling steps into larger signalling networks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wang Tian
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
- School of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Chao Wang
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Qifei Gao
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
- School of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Legong Li
- School of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Sheng Luan
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Zheng YY, Lin XJ, Liang HM, Wang FF, Chen LY. The Long Journey of Pollen Tube in the Pistil. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E3529. [PMID: 30423936 PMCID: PMC6275014 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19113529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2018] [Revised: 11/04/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In non-cleistogamous plants, the male gametophyte, the pollen grain is immotile and exploits various agents, such as pollinators, wind, and even water, to arrive to a receptive stigma. The complex process of pollination involves a tubular structure, i.e., the pollen tube, which delivers the two sperm cells to the female gametophyte to enable double fertilization. The pollen tube has to penetrate the stigma, grow in the style tissues, pass through the septum, grow along the funiculus, and navigate to the micropyle of the ovule. It is a long journey for the pollen tube and its two sperm cells before they meet the female gametophyte, and it requires very accurate regulation to perform successful fertilization. In this review, we update the knowledge of molecular dialogues of pollen-pistil interaction, especially the progress of pollen tube activation and guidance, and give perspectives for future research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yang-Yang Zheng
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Center for Genomics and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
| | - Xian-Ju Lin
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Center for Genomics and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
| | - Hui-Min Liang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Center for Genomics and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
| | - Fang-Fei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
| | - Li-Yu Chen
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Center for Genomics and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Chu M, Li J, Zhang J, Shen S, Li C, Gao Y, Zhang S. AtCaM4 interacts with a Sec14-like protein, PATL1, to regulate freezing tolerance in Arabidopsis in a CBF-independent manner. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2018; 69:5241-5253. [PMID: 30124909 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ery278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/28/2018] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Calmodulin (CaM), a multifunctional Ca2+ sensor, mediates multiple reactions involved in regulation of plant growth and responses to environmental stress. In this study, we found that AtCaM4 plays a negative role in freezing tolerance in Arabidopsis. The deletion of AtCaM4 resulted in enhanced freezing tolerance in cam4 mutant plants. Although AtCaM4 and AtCaM1 were cold-induced isoforms, cam4/cam1Ri double-mutant and cam4 single-mutant plants exhibited similar improvements in freezing tolerance, indicating that AtCaM4 plays major role. Furthermore, we found that AtCaM4 may influence freezing tolerance in a C-repeat binding factor (CBF)-independent manner as cold-induced expression patterns of CBFs did not change in the cam4/cam1Ri mutant. In addition, among the cold-responsive (COR) genes detected, KIN1, COR15b, and COR8.6 exhibited clearly enhanced expression over the long term in cam4/cam1Ri mutant plants exposed to cold stress. Using immunoprecipitation and mass spectrometry, we identified multiple candidate AtCaM4-interacting proteins. Co-immunoprecipitation assays confirmed the interaction of AtCaM4 with PATL1 in vivo and a phenotype analysis showed that patl1 mutant plants exhibited enhanced freezing tolerance. Thus, we conclude that AtCaM4 negatively regulates freezing tolerance in Arabidopsis by interacting with the novel CaM-binding protein PATL1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mingxue Chu
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Hebei, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology of Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Hebei Normal University, Hebei, P.R. China
- Hebei Collaboration Innovation Center for Cell Signaling, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, P.R. China
| | - Jiaojiao Li
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Hebei, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology of Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Hebei Normal University, Hebei, P.R. China
- Hebei Collaboration Innovation Center for Cell Signaling, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, P.R. China
| | - Jingyu Zhang
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Hebei, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology of Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Hebei Normal University, Hebei, P.R. China
- Hebei Collaboration Innovation Center for Cell Signaling, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, P.R. China
| | - Sufen Shen
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Hebei, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology of Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Hebei Normal University, Hebei, P.R. China
- Hebei Collaboration Innovation Center for Cell Signaling, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, P.R. China
| | - Cuina Li
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Hebei, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology of Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Hebei Normal University, Hebei, P.R. China
- Hebei Collaboration Innovation Center for Cell Signaling, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, P.R. China
| | - Yingjie Gao
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Hebei, P.R. China
| | - Suqiao Zhang
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Hebei, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology of Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Hebei Normal University, Hebei, P.R. China
- Hebei Collaboration Innovation Center for Cell Signaling, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Shi Y, Liu W, He M. Proteome and Transcriptome Analysis of Ovary, Intersex Gonads, and Testis Reveals Potential Key Sex Reversal/Differentiation Genes and Mechanism in Scallop Chlamys nobilis. MARINE BIOTECHNOLOGY (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2018; 20:220-245. [PMID: 29546597 DOI: 10.1007/s10126-018-9800-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2017] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Bivalve mollusks exhibit hermaphroditism and sex reversal/differentiation. Studies generally focus on transcriptional profiling and specific genes related to sex determination and differentiation. Few studies on sex reversal/differentiation have been reported. A combination analysis of gonad proteomics and transcriptomics was conducted on Chlamys nobilis to provide a systematic understanding of sex reversal/differentiation in bivalves. We obtained 4258 unique peptides and 93,731 unigenes with good correlation between messenger RNA and protein levels. Candidate genes in sex reversal/differentiation were found: 15 genes differentially expressed between sexes were identified and 12 had obvious sexual functions. Three novel genes (foxl2, β-catenin, and sry) were expressed highly in intersex individuals and were likely involved in the control of gonadal sex in C. nobilis. High expression of foxl2 or β-catenin may inhibit sry and activate 5-HT receptor and vitellogenin to maintain female development. High expression of sry may inhibit foxl2 and β-catenin and activate dmrt2, fem-1, sfp2, sa6, Amy-1, APCP4, and PLK to maintain male function. High expression of sry, foxl2, and β-catenin in C. nobilis may be involved in promoting and maintaining sex reversal/differentiation. The downstream regulator may not be dimorphic expressed genes, but genes expressed in intersex individuals, males and females. Different expression patterns of sex-related genes and gonadal histological characteristics suggested that C. nobilis may change its sex from male to female. These findings suggest highly conserved sex reversal/differentiation with diverged regulatory pathways during C. nobilis evolution. This study provides valuable genetic resources for understanding sex reversal/differentiation (intersex) mechanisms and pathways underlying bivalve reproductive regulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Shi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 164 West Xingang Road, Guangzhou, 510301, China
| | - Wenguang Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 164 West Xingang Road, Guangzhou, 510301, China
| | - Maoxian He
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 164 West Xingang Road, Guangzhou, 510301, China.
- Key Laboratory of Marine Bio-resources Sustainable Utilization, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301, China.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Koseva B, Crawford DJ, Brown K, Mort ME, Kelly JK. The genetic breakdown of sporophytic self-incompatibility in Tolpis coronopifolia (Asteraceae). THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2017; 216:1256-1267. [PMID: 28892151 PMCID: PMC5675808 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2017] [Accepted: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Angiosperm diversity has been shaped by mating system evolution, with the most common transition from outcrossing to self-fertilizing. To investigate the genetic basis of this transition, we performed crosses between two species endemic to the Canary Islands, the self-compatible (SC) species Tolpis coronopifolia and its self-incompatible (SI) relative Tolpis santosii. We scored self-compatibility as self-seed set of recombinant plants within two F2 populations. To map and genetically characterize the breakdown of SI, we built a draft genome sequence of T. coronopifolia, genotyped F2 plants using multiplexed shotgun genotyping (MSG), and located MSG markers to the genome sequence. We identified a single quantitative trait locus (QTL) that explains nearly all variation in self-seed set in both F2 populations. To identify putative causal genetic variants within the QTL, we performed transcriptome sequencing on mature floral tissue from both SI and SC species, constructed a transcriptome for each species, and then located each predicted transcript to the T. coronopifolia genome sequence. We annotated each predicted gene within the QTL and found two strong candidates for SI breakdown. Each gene has a coding sequence insertion/deletion mutation within the SC species that produces a truncated protein. Homologs of each gene have been implicated in pollen development, pollen germination, and pollen tube growth in other species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Boryana Koseva
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045-7534, USA
| | - Daniel J. Crawford
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045-7534, USA
- Biodiversity Institute, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045-7534, USA
| | - Keely Brown
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045-7534, USA
| | - Mark E. Mort
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045-7534, USA
- Biodiversity Institute, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045-7534, USA
| | - John K. Kelly
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045-7534, USA
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Campe R, Langenbach C, Leissing F, Popescu GV, Popescu SC, Goellner K, Beckers GJM, Conrath U. ABC transporter PEN3/PDR8/ABCG36 interacts with calmodulin that, like PEN3, is required for Arabidopsis nonhost resistance. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2016; 209:294-306. [PMID: 26315018 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2015] [Accepted: 06/30/2015] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Nonhost resistance (NHR) is the most prevalent form of plant immunity. In Arabidopsis, NHR requires membrane-localized ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter PENETRATION (PEN) 3. Upon perception of pathogen-associated molecular patterns, PEN3 becomes phosphorylated, suggestive of PEN3 regulation by post-translational modification. Here, we investigated the PEN3 protein interaction network. We probed the Arabidopsis protein microarray AtPMA-5000 with the N-terminal cytoplasmic domain of PEN3. Several of the proteins identified to interact with PEN3 in vitro represent cellular Ca(2+) sensors, including calmodulin (CaM) 3, CaM7 and several CaM-like proteins, pointing to the importance of Ca(2+) sensing to PEN3-mediated NHR. We demonstrated co-localization of PEN3 and CaM7, and we confirmed PEN3-CaM interaction in vitro and in vivo by PEN3 pull-down with CaM Sepharose, CaM overlay assay and bimolecular fluorescence complementation. We also show that just like in pen3, NHR to the nonadapted fungal pathogens Phakopsora pachyrhizi and Blumeria graminis f.sp. hordei is compromised in the Arabidopsis cam7 and pen3 cam7 mutants. Our study discloses CaM7 as a PEN3-interacting protein crucial to Arabidopsis NHR and emphasizes the importance of Ca(2+) sensing to plant immunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Campe
- Department of Plant Physiology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, 52056, Germany
| | - Caspar Langenbach
- Department of Plant Physiology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, 52056, Germany
| | - Franz Leissing
- Department of Plant Physiology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, 52056, Germany
| | - George V Popescu
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, 533 Tower Road, Ithaca, NY, 14853-1801, USA
- National Institute for Laser, Plasma & Radiation Physics, Str. Atomistilor, Nr. 409, Magurele, 077125, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Sorina C Popescu
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, 533 Tower Road, Ithaca, NY, 14853-1801, USA
| | - Katharina Goellner
- Department of Plant Physiology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, 52056, Germany
| | - Gerold J M Beckers
- Department of Plant Physiology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, 52056, Germany
| | - Uwe Conrath
- Department of Plant Physiology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, 52056, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Wang SS, Diao WZ, Yang X, Qiao Z, Wang M, Acharya BR, Zhang W. Arabidopsis thaliana CML25 mediates the Ca(2+) regulation of K(+) transmembrane trafficking during pollen germination and tube elongation. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2015; 38:2372-86. [PMID: 25923414 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2014] [Accepted: 04/09/2015] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The concentration alteration of cytosolic-free calcium ([Ca(2+) ]cyt ) is a well-known secondary messenger in plants and plays important roles during pollen grain germination and tube elongation. Here we demonstrate that CML25, a member of calmodulin-like proteins, has Ca(2+) -binding activity and plays a role in pollen grain germination, tube elongation and seed setting. CML25 transcript was abundant in mature pollen grains and pollen tubes, and its product CML25 protein was primarily directed to the cytoplasm. Two independent CML25 loss-of-function T-DNA insertion mutants suffered a major reduction in both the rate of pollen germination and the elongation of the pollen tube. Also, pollen grains of cml25 mutants were less sensitive to the external K(+) and Ca(2+) concentration than wild-type pollen. The disruption of CML25 increased the [Ca(2+) ]cyt in both the pollen grain and the pollen tube, which in turn impaired the Ca(2+) -dependent inhibition of whole-cell inward K(+) currents in protoplasts prepared from these materials (pollen grain and pollen tube). Complementation of cml25-1 mutant resulted in the recovery of wild-type phenotype. Our findings indicate that CML25 is an important transducer in the Ca(2+) -mediated regulation of K(+) influx during pollen germination and tube elongation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuang-Shuang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Cell Engineering and Germplasm Innovation, Ministry of Education, School of Life Science, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, China
| | - Wen-Zhu Diao
- Key Laboratory of Plant Cell Engineering and Germplasm Innovation, Ministry of Education, School of Life Science, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, China
| | - Xue Yang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Cell Engineering and Germplasm Innovation, Ministry of Education, School of Life Science, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, China
- College of Technological Gardening, Shandong Yingcai University, Jinan, 250104, China
| | - Zhu Qiao
- Key Laboratory of Plant Cell Engineering and Germplasm Innovation, Ministry of Education, School of Life Science, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, China
| | - Mei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Cell Engineering and Germplasm Innovation, Ministry of Education, School of Life Science, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, China
| | - Biswa R Acharya
- Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University University Park, State College, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Wei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Cell Engineering and Germplasm Innovation, Ministry of Education, School of Life Science, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, China
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Yang T, Peng H, Bauchan GR. Functional analysis of tomato calmodulin gene family during fruit development and ripening. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2014; 1:14057. [PMID: 26504554 PMCID: PMC4596335 DOI: 10.1038/hortres.2014.57] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2014] [Revised: 10/02/2014] [Accepted: 10/03/2014] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Calmodulin is a ubiquitous calcium sensor to recognize the different developmental and/or stimulus-triggered calcium changes and regulate plant growth and development. However, the function of calmodulin remains elusive for fleshy fruit development. We performed expression studies of a family of six calmodulin genes (SlCaMs) in tomato fruit. All calmodulins showed a double peak expression pattern. The first flat peak appeared at 10-30 days after anthesis, but their expression rapidly declined at mature green and breaker. Then a sharp and even higher peak came at turning/pink stages. Among six calmodulins, SlCaM1 had the highest expression during fruit enlargement, whereas SlCaM2 was the major calmodulin during fruit ripening. However, SlCaMs showed different patterns in three ripening mutants rin, Nor and Nr. In particular, at the stages corresponding to mature green and breaker, the expression levels of SlCaMs in those mutants were significantly higher than wild-type. Furthermore, SlCaMs, especially SlCaM2 were upregulated by ethylene. Transiently overexpressing SlCaM2 in mature green fruit delayed ripening, while reducing SlCaM2 expression accelerated ripening. Our results suggest that SlCaMs play double roles to regulate fruit ripening. Prior to the ethylene burst, the ethylene-independent repression of SlCaMs might be critical for fruit to initiate the ripening process. After the ethylene burst, SlCaMs could participate in the ethylene coordinated rapid ripening.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tianbao Yang
- Food Quality Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
| | - Hui Peng
- Food Quality Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
- College of Life Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Gary R Bauchan
- Electron and Confocal Microscopy Unit, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Yang X, Wang SS, Wang M, Qiao Z, Bao CC, Zhang W. Arabidopsis thaliana calmodulin-like protein CML24 regulates pollen tube growth by modulating the actin cytoskeleton and controlling the cytosolic Ca(2+) concentration. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2014; 86:225-36. [PMID: 25139229 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-014-0220-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2014] [Accepted: 06/23/2014] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Cytosolic free calcium ([Ca(2+)]cyt), which is essential during pollen germination and pollen tube growth, can be sensed by calmodulin-like proteins (CMLs). The Arabidopsis thaliana genome encodes over 50 CMLs, the physiological role(s) of most of which are unknown. Here we show that the gene AtCML24 acts as a regulator of pollen germination and pollen tube extension, since the pollen produced by loss-of-function mutants germinated less rapidly than that of wild-type (WT) plants, the rate of pollen tube extension was slower, and the final length of the pollen tube was shorter. The [Ca(2+)]cyt within germinated pollen and extending pollen tubes produced by the cml24 mutant were higher than their equivalents in WT plants, and pollen tube extension was less sensitive to changes in external [K(+)] and [Ca(2+)]. The pollen and pollen tubes produced by cml24 mutants were characterized by a disorganized actin cytoskeleton and lowered sensitivity to the action of latrunculin B. The observations support an interaction between CML24 and [Ca(2+)]cyt and an involvement of CML24 in actin organization, thereby affecting pollen germination and pollen tube elongation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xue Yang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Cell Engineering and Germplasm Innovation, Ministry of Education, School of Life Science, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, China
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Peng H, Yang T, Jurick WM. Calmodulin Gene Expression in Response to Mechanical Wounding and Botrytis cinerea Infection in Tomato Fruit. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2014; 3:427-41. [PMID: 27135512 PMCID: PMC4844350 DOI: 10.3390/plants3030427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2014] [Revised: 08/11/2014] [Accepted: 08/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Calmodulin, a ubiquitous calcium sensor, plays an important role in decoding stress-triggered intracellular calcium changes and regulates the functions of numerous target proteins involved in various plant physiological responses. To determine the functions of calmodulin in fleshy fruit, expression studies were performed on a family of six calmodulin genes (SlCaMs) in mature-green stage tomato fruit in response to mechanical injury and Botrytis cinerea infection. Both wounding and pathogen inoculation triggered expression of all those genes, with SlCaM2 being the most responsive one to both treatments. Furthermore, all calmodulin genes were upregulated by salicylic acid and methyl jasmonate, two signaling molecules involved in plant immunity. In addition to SlCaM2, SlCaM1 was highly responsive to salicylic acid and methyl jasmonate. However, SlCaM2 exhibited a more rapid and stronger response than SlCaM1. Overexpression of SlCaM2 in tomato fruit enhanced resistance to Botrytis-induced decay, whereas reducing its expression resulted in increased lesion development. These results indicate that calmodulin is a positive regulator of plant defense in fruit by activating defense pathways including salicylate- and jasmonate-signaling pathways, and SlCaM2 is the major calmodulin gene responsible for this event.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hui Peng
- Food Quality Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA; E-Mails: (H.P.); (W.M.J.)
- College of Life Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Tianbao Yang
- Food Quality Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA; E-Mails: (H.P.); (W.M.J.)
| | - Wayne M. Jurick
- Food Quality Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA; E-Mails: (H.P.); (W.M.J.)
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Landoni M, De Francesco A, Bellatti S, Delledonne M, Ferrarini A, Venturini L, Pilu R, Bononi M, Tonelli C. A mutation in the FZL gene of Arabidopsis causing alteration in chloroplast morphology results in a lesion mimic phenotype. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2013; 64:4313-28. [PMID: 23963675 PMCID: PMC3808314 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ert237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Lesion mimic mutants (LMMs) are a class of mutants in which hypersensitive cell death and defence responses are constitutively activated in the absence of pathogen attack. Various signalling molecules, such as salicylic acid (SA), reactive oxygen species (ROS), nitric oxide (NO), Ca(2+), ethylene, and jasmonate, are involved in the regulation of multiple pathways controlling hypersensitive response (HR) activation, and LMMs are considered useful tools to understand the role played by the key elements of the HR cell death signalling cascade. Here the characterization of an Arabidopsis LMM lacking the function of the FZL gene is reported. This gene encodes a membrane-remodelling GTPase playing an essential role in the determination of thylakoid and chloroplast morphology. The mutant displayed alteration in chloroplast number, size, and shape, and the typical characteristics of an LMM, namely development of chlorotic lesions on rosette leaves and constitutive expression of genetic and biochemical markers associated with defence responses. The chloroplasts are a major source of ROS, and the characterization of this mutant suggests that their accumulation, triggered by damage to the chloroplast membranes, is a signal sufficient to start the HR signalling cascade, thus confirming the central role of the chloroplast in HR activation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michela Landoni
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Celoria 26, 20133 Milano, Italy
- *To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
| | - Alessandra De Francesco
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Celoria 26, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Silvia Bellatti
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Celoria 26, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Massimo Delledonne
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Università degli Studi di Verona, Strada le Grazie 15, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Alberto Ferrarini
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Università degli Studi di Verona, Strada le Grazie 15, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Luca Venturini
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Università degli Studi di Verona, Strada le Grazie 15, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Roberto Pilu
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie e Ambientali-Produzione, Territorio, Agroenergia, via Celoria 2, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Monica Bononi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie e Ambientali-Produzione, Territorio, Agroenergia, via Celoria 2, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Chiara Tonelli
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Celoria 26, 20133 Milano, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Poovaiah B, Du L, Wang H, Yang T. Recent advances in calcium/calmodulin-mediated signaling with an emphasis on plant-microbe interactions. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2013; 163:531-42. [PMID: 24014576 PMCID: PMC3793035 DOI: 10.1104/pp.113.220780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2013] [Accepted: 08/28/2013] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Calcium/calmodulin-mediated signaling contributes in diverse roles in plant growth, development, and response to environmental stimuli .
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Huizhong Wang
- Department of Horticulture, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164–6414 (B.W.P., L.D.)
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310036, People’s Republic of China (L.D., H.W.); and
- Food Quality Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, Maryland 20705 (T.Y.)
| | - Tianbao Yang
- Department of Horticulture, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164–6414 (B.W.P., L.D.)
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310036, People’s Republic of China (L.D., H.W.); and
- Food Quality Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, Maryland 20705 (T.Y.)
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Mähs A, Steinhorst L, Han JP, Shen LK, Wang Y, Kudla J. The calcineurin B-like Ca2+ sensors CBL1 and CBL9 function in pollen germination and pollen tube growth in Arabidopsis. MOLECULAR PLANT 2013; 6:1149-62. [PMID: 23741064 DOI: 10.1093/mp/sst095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Ca(2+) has been established as an important second messenger regulating pollen germination and tube growth. However, to date, only a few signaling components have been identified to decode and relay Ca(2+) signals in growing pollen tubes. Here, we report a function for the calcineurin B-like (CBL) Ca(2+) sensor proteins CBL1 and CBL9 from Arabidopsis in pollen germination and tube growth. Both proteins are expressed in mature pollen and pollen tubes and impair pollen tube growth and morphology if transiently overexpressed in tobacco pollen. The induction of these phenotypes requires efficient plasma membrane targeting of CBL1 and is independent of Ca(2+) binding to the fourth EF-hand of CBL1. Overexpression of CBL1 or its closest homolog CBL9 in Arabidopsis renders pollen germination and tube growth hypersensitive towards high external K(+) concentrations while disruption of CBL1 and CBL9 reduces pollen tube growth under low K(+) conditions. Together, our data identify a crucial function for CBL1 and CBL9 in pollen germination and tube growth and suggest a model in which both proteins act at the plasma membrane through regulation of K(+) homeostasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anette Mähs
- Institut für Biologie und Biotechnologie der Pflanzen, Universität Münster, Schlossplatz 4, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Dong X, Wang D, Liu P, Li C, Zhao Q, Zhu D, Yu J. Zm908p11, encoded by a short open reading frame (sORF) gene, functions in pollen tube growth as a profilin ligand in maize. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2013; 64:2359-72. [PMID: 23676884 PMCID: PMC3654424 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ert093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Double fertilization of flowering plants depends on the targeted transportation of sperm to the embryo sac by the pollen tube. Currently, little is known about the underlying molecular mechanisms that regulate pollen germination and pollen tube growth in maize (Zea mays). Here, a maize pollen-predominant gene Zm908, with several putative short open reading frames (sORFs), was isolated and characterized. The longest ORF of Zm908 encodes a small protein of 97 amino acids. This was designated as Zm908p11 and is distributed throughout the maize pollen tube. Western blot detected the small peptide in mature pollen. Quantitative reverse transcription-PCR and northern blot analysis revealed that Zm908p11 was expressed predominantly in mature pollen grains. Ectopic overexpression of full-length Zm908 and Zm908p11 in tobacco resulted in defective pollen, while transgenic tobacco plants with a site-specific mutation or a frameshift mutation of Zm908p11 showed normal pollen development. Overexpression of Zm908p11 in maize decreased pollen germination efficiency. Maize pollen cDNA library screening and protein-protein interaction assays demonstrated that Zm908p11 interacts with maize profilin 1 (ZmPRO1). A microarray analysis identified 273 up-regulated and 203 down-regulated genes in the overexpressing transgenic Zm908p11 pollen. Taken together, these results indicate that Zm908 functions as Zm908p11, and binds to profilins as a novel ligand, with a required role during pollen tube growth in maize. Accordingly, a model is proposed for the role of Zm908p11 during pollen tube growth in maize.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xue Dong
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
- Present address: Department of Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
- Present address: Laboratory of Plant Molecular Biology, Rockefeller University, NY 10065, USA
- Present address: Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Dongxue Wang
- Present address: Department of Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Peng Liu
- Present address: Laboratory of Plant Molecular Biology, Rockefeller University, NY 10065, USA
| | - Chengxia Li
- Present address: Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Qian Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
- Present address: Department of Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
- Present address: Laboratory of Plant Molecular Biology, Rockefeller University, NY 10065, USA
- Present address: Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Dengyun Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
- Present address: Department of Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
- Present address: Laboratory of Plant Molecular Biology, Rockefeller University, NY 10065, USA
- Present address: Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Jingjuan Yu
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Zhao Y, Liu W, Xu YP, Cao JY, Braam J, Cai XZ. Genome-wide identification and functional analyses of calmodulin genes in Solanaceous species. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2013; 13:70. [PMID: 23621884 PMCID: PMC3751459 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2229-13-70] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2013] [Accepted: 04/24/2013] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Calmodulin (CaM) is a major calcium sensor in all eukaryotes. It binds calcium and modulates the activity of a wide range of downstream proteins in response to calcium signals. However, little is known about the CaM gene family in Solanaceous species, including the economically important species, tomato (Solanum lycopersicum), and the gene silencing model plant, Nicotiana benthamiana. Moreover, the potential function of CaM in plant disease resistance remains largely unclear. RESULTS We performed genome-wide identification of CaM gene families in Solanaceous species. Employing bioinformatics approaches, multiple full-length CaM genes were identified from tomato, N. benthamiana and potato (S. tuberosum) genomes, with tomato having 6 CaM genes, N. benthamiana having 7 CaM genes, and potato having 4 CaM genes. Sequence comparison analyses showed that three tomato genes, SlCaM3/4/5, two potato genes StCaM2/3, and two sets of N. benthamiana genes, NbCaM1/2/3/4 and NbCaM5/6, encode identical CaM proteins, yet the genes contain different intron/exon organization and are located on different chromosomes. Further sequence comparisons and gene structural and phylogenetic analyses reveal that Solanaceous species gained a new group of CaM genes during evolution. These new CaM genes are unusual in that they contain three introns in contrast to only a single intron typical of known CaM genes in plants. The tomato CaM (SlCaM) genes were found to be expressed in all organs. Prediction of cis-acting elements in 5' upstream sequences and expression analyses demonstrated that SlCaM genes have potential to be highly responsive to a variety of biotic and abiotic stimuli. Additionally, silencing of SlCaM2 and SlCaM6 altered expression of a set of signaling and defense-related genes and resulted in significantly lower resistance to Tobacco rattle virus and the oomycete pathogen, Pythium aphanidermatum. CONCLUSIONS The CaM gene families in the Solanaceous species tomato, N. benthamiana and potato were identified through a genome-wide analysis. All three plant species harbor a small set of genes that encode identical CaM proteins, which may manifest a strategy of plants to retain redundancy or enhanced quantitative gene function. In addition, Solanaceous species have evolved one new group of CaM genes during evolution. CaM genes play important roles in plant disease resistance to a variety of pathogens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Zhao
- Institute of Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, 866 Yu Hang Tang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Institute of Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, 866 Yu Hang Tang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - You-Ping Xu
- Center of Analysis and Measurement, Zhejiang University, 866 Yu Hang Tang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jia-Yi Cao
- Institute of Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, 866 Yu Hang Tang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Janet Braam
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005-1892, USA
| | - Xin-Zhong Cai
- Institute of Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, 866 Yu Hang Tang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Chen HJ, Lin ZW, Huang GJ, Lin YH. Sweet potato calmodulin SPCAM is involved in salt stress-mediated leaf senescence, H₂O₂ elevation and senescence-associated gene expression. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2012; 169:1892-902. [PMID: 22944321 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2012.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2012] [Revised: 08/03/2012] [Accepted: 08/03/2012] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The sweet potato calmodulin gene, SPCAM, was previously cloned and shown to participate in ethephon-mediated leaf senescence, H₂O₂ elevation and senescence-associated gene expression. In this report, an association of SPCAM with NaCl stress is reported. Expression of SPCAM was significantly enhanced by NaCl on days 1 and 2 after salt treatment in a dose-dependent manner and drastically decreased again on the third day. Starting on day 6, salt stress also remarkably promoted leaf senescence, H₂O₂ elevation and senescence-associated gene expression in a dose-dependent manner. These salt stress-mediated effects were strongly inhibited by chlorpromazine, a calmodulin inhibitor, and the chlorpromazine-induced repression could be reversed by exogenous application of purified calmodulin fusion protein. These data suggest an involvement of calmodulin in salt stress-mediated leaf senescence, H₂O₂ elevation and senescence-associated gene expression in sweet potato. Exogenous application of SPCAM fusion protein alone, however, did not significantly accelerate leaf senescence and senescence-associated gene expression, but only showed a slight effect 12 days after treatment. These data suggest that additional components are involved in salt stress-mediated leaf senescence in sweet potato, possibly induced by and coordinated with SPCAM. In conclusion, the sweet potato calmodulin gene is NaCl-inducible and participates in salt stress-mediated leaf senescence, H₂O₂ elevation and senescence-associated gene expression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hsien-Jung Chen
- Department of Biological Sciences, National Sun Yat-sen University, 804 Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Steinhorst L, Kudla J. Calcium - a central regulator of pollen germination and tube growth. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2012; 1833:1573-81. [PMID: 23072967 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2012.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2012] [Revised: 10/01/2012] [Accepted: 10/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Pollen tubes grow rapidly by very fast rates and reach extended lengths to bring about fertilization during plant reproduction. The pollen tube grows exclusively at its tip. Fundamental for such local, tip-focused growth are the presence of internal gradients and transmembrane fluxes of ions. Consequently, vegetative pollen tube cells are an excellent single cell model system to investigate cell biological processes of vesicle transport, cytoskeleton reorganization and regulation of ion transport. The second messenger Ca(2+) has emerged as a central and crucial modulator that not only regulates but also integrates the coordination each of these processes. In this review we reflect on recent advances in our understanding of the mechanisms of Ca(2+) function in pollen tube growth, focusing on its role in basic cellular processes such as control of cell growth, vesicular transport and intracellular signaling by localized gradients of second messengers. In particular we discuss new insights into the identity and role of Ca(2+) conductive ion channels and present experimental addressable hypotheses about their regulation. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled:12th European Symposium on Calcium.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leonie Steinhorst
- Institut für Biologie und Biotechnologie der Pflanzen, Universität Münster, Münster, Germany
| | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Chen HJ, Wu SD, Lin ZW, Huang GJ, Lin YH. Cloning and characterization of a sweet potato calmodulin SPCAM that participates in ethephon-mediated leaf senescence, H2O2 elevation and senescence-associated gene expression. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2012; 169:529-541. [PMID: 22226342 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2011.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2011] [Revised: 12/01/2011] [Accepted: 12/12/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
In this report a full-length cDNA, SPCAM, was isolated from ethephon-treated mature leaves of sweet potato. SPCAM contained 450 nucleotides (149 amino acids) in its open reading frame, and exhibited high amino acid sequence identities (ca. 76-100%) with several plant calmodulins, including Arabidopsis, carrot, ghost needle weed, pea, potato, soybean, sweet chestnut, and tobacco. Sweet potato SPCAM also contained four putative conserved calmodulin EF-hand motifs, which responded for Ca(2+) binding and cellular signalling. Phylogenetic tree analysis showed that sweet potato SPCAM exhibited closely-related association with Arabidopsis AtCAM7, which functioned as a transcriptional regulator. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis showed that SPCAM gene expression was not significantly increased from L1 immature leaf to L3 mature leaf, however, was remarkably enhanced in L4 early senescent leaf, and then decreased in L5 late senescent leaf. In dark- and ethephon-treated mature leaves, SPCAM expression was significantly increased from 6 to 48h, then decreased gradually until 72h after treatment. Ethephon-mediated leaf senescence, H(2)O(2) elevation, and senescence-associated gene expression, however, was remarkably inhibited by chlorpromazine, a calmodulin inhibitor. Exogenous application of purified calmodulin SPCAM fusion protein reversed the chlorpromazine repression of ethephon-mediated leaf senescence, H(2)O(2) elevation and senescence-associated gene expression. Based on these data we conclude that sweet potato SPCAM is an ethephon-inducible calmodulin and its expression is enhanced in natural and induced senescent leaves. Calmodulin SPCAM may play a physiological role in ethephon-mediated leaf senescence, H(2)O(2) elevation and senescence-associated gene expression in sweet potato leaves.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hsien-Jung Chen
- Department of Biological Sciences, National Sun Yat-sen University, 804 Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Perochon A, Aldon D, Galaud JP, Ranty B. Calmodulin and calmodulin-like proteins in plant calcium signaling. Biochimie 2011; 93:2048-53. [PMID: 21798306 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2011.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2011] [Accepted: 07/09/2011] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Calmodulin (CaM) is a primary calcium sensor in all eukaryotes. It binds calcium and regulates the activity of a wide range of effector proteins in response to calcium signals. The list of CaM targets includes plant-specific proteins whose functions are progressively being elucidated. Plants also possess numerous calmodulin-like proteins (CMLs) that appear to have evolved unique functions. Functional studies of CaM and CMLs in plants highlight the importance of this protein family in the regulation of plant development and stress responses by converting calcium signals into transcriptional responses, protein phosphorylation or metabolic changes. This review summarizes some of the significant progress made by biochemical and genetic studies in identifying the properties and physiological functions of plant CaMs and CMLs. We discuss emerging paradigms in the field and highlight the areas that need further investigation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Perochon
- UMR 5546 CNRS/Universite Paul Sabatier Toulouse III, Pole de biotechnologie vegetale, Auzeville, Castanet-Tolosan Cedex, France
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|