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Sun M, Xiao X, Khan KS, Lyu J, Yu J. Characterization and functions of Myeloblastosis (MYB) transcription factors in cucurbit crops. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2024:112235. [PMID: 39186952 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2024.112235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2024] [Revised: 07/15/2024] [Accepted: 08/18/2024] [Indexed: 08/28/2024]
Abstract
Myeloblastosis (MYB) is one of the largest family of transcription factors (TFs) in plants. It plays a key role in plant life activities, such as metabolic regulation, stress resistant, as well as helpful for plant growth and development. In China, cucurbit is an important and nutrients rich vegetable crop, which have high medicinal and socio-economic values. In this review, we discussed the structure and characterization of MYB TFs and howdo regulate flower development, fruit maturity, fruit quality, and flavonoid biosynthesis. Furthermore, we highlight the effect and contribution of MYB TFs in the regulation of biotic and abiotic stress resistance. This comprehensivereview will provide a new reference for the more effective application of MYB TF in quality control, stress resistance research and molecular breeding of cucurbit crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingming Sun
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, P.R. China
| | - Xuemei Xiao
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, P.R. China; State Key Laboratory of Aridland Crop Science, Gansu Agricultural University Lanzhou 730070, P.R. China.
| | - Khuram Shehzad Khan
- State Key Laboratory of Aridland Crop Science, Gansu Agricultural University Lanzhou 730070, P.R. China; College of Agronomy, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Jian Lyu
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, P.R. China; State Key Laboratory of Aridland Crop Science, Gansu Agricultural University Lanzhou 730070, P.R. China
| | - Jihua Yu
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, P.R. China; State Key Laboratory of Aridland Crop Science, Gansu Agricultural University Lanzhou 730070, P.R. China.
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2
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Wang J, Tian P, Sun J, Li B, Jia J, Yuan J, Li X, Gu S, Pang X. CsMYC2 is involved in the regulation of phenylpropanoid biosynthesis induced by trypsin in cucumber (Cucumis sativus) during storage. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2023; 196:65-74. [PMID: 36701992 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2023.01.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 01/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Trypsin has a new activity of scavenging superoxide anion and generating hydrogen peroxide. Trypsin can significantly improve the storage quality of C. sativus. To illustrate the mechanism of trypsin-induced resistance in fruits and vegetables, an integrated analysis of widely targeted metabolomics and transcriptomics was carried out. Transcriptomic results showed that 1068 genes highly related to phenylpropanoid biosynthesis gathered in the brown module were obtained by WGCNA. In KEGG analysis, differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were also highly enriched in EIP (Environmental Information Processing) pathways "Plant hormone signal transduction (map04075)" and "MAPK signaling pathway-plant (map04016)". Next, 87 genes were identified as the leading edge by GSEA analysis. So far, CsMYC2 was highlighted as a key transcription factor that regulates phenylpropanoid biosynthesis identified by GSEA and WGCNA. Furthermore, the major route of biosynthesis of phenylpropanoid compounds including coumarins, lignins, chlorogenic acid, flavonoids, and derivatives regulated by trypsin was also illustrated by both transcriptomic and metabolomic data. Results of O2PLS showed that CsMYC2 was positively correlated with Rosmarinic acid-3-O-glucoside, Epigallocatechin, Quercetin-3-O-sophoroside (Baimaside), and so on. Correlation between CsMYC2, phenylpropanoid related genes, and metabolites in C. sativus was illustrated by co-expression networks. Roles of CsMYC2 were further checked in C. sativus by VIGS. The results of this study might give new insight into the exploration of the postharvest resistance mechanism of C. sativus induced by trypsin and provide useful information for the subsequent mining of resistance genes in C. sativus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Wang
- College of Food and Bioengineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471023, China
| | - Pingping Tian
- College of Food and Bioengineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471023, China
| | - Jiaju Sun
- College of Food and Bioengineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471023, China
| | - Bairu Li
- College of Food and Bioengineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471023, China
| | - Jingyu Jia
- College of Food and Bioengineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471023, China
| | - Jiangfeng Yuan
- College of Food and Bioengineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471023, China
| | - Xin Li
- College of Food and Bioengineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471023, China; Henan Engineering Research Center of Food Microbiology, Luoyang, 471023, China; National Demonstration Center for Experimental Food Processing and Safety Education, Luoyang, 471000, China.
| | - Shaobin Gu
- College of Food and Bioengineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471023, China.
| | - Xinyue Pang
- College of Medical Technology and Engineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471023, China.
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3
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Chen L, Liang Z, Xie S, Liu W, Wang M, Yan J, Yang S, Jiang B, Peng Q, Lin Y. Responses of differential metabolites and pathways to high temperature in cucumber anther. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1131735. [PMID: 37123826 PMCID: PMC10140443 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1131735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Cucumber is one of the most important vegetable crops, which is widely planted all over the world. Cucumber always suffers from high-temperature stress in South China in summer. In this study, liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) analysis was used to study the differential metabolites of cucumber anther between high-temperature (HT) stress and normal condition (CK). After HT, the pollen fertility was significantly reduced, and abnormal anther structures were observed by the paraffin section. In addition, the metabolomics analysis results showed that a total of 125 differential metabolites were identified after HT, consisting of 99 significantly upregulated and 26 significantly downregulated metabolites. Among these differential metabolites, a total of 26 related metabolic pathways were found, and four pathways showed significant differences, namely, porphyrin and chlorophyll metabolism; plant hormone signal transduction; amino sugar and nucleotide sugar metabolism; and glycine, serine, and threonine metabolism. In addition, pollen fertility was decreased by altering the metabolites of plant hormone signal transduction and amino acid and sugar metabolism pathway under HT. These results provide a comprehensive understanding of the metabolic changes in cucumber anther under HT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Chen
- Vegetable Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for New Technology Research of Vegetables, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhaojun Liang
- Vegetable Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for New Technology Research of Vegetables, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shuyan Xie
- Vegetable Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for New Technology Research of Vegetables, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenrui Liu
- Vegetable Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for New Technology Research of Vegetables, Guangzhou, China
| | - Min Wang
- Vegetable Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for New Technology Research of Vegetables, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jinqiang Yan
- Vegetable Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for New Technology Research of Vegetables, Guangzhou, China
| | - Songguang Yang
- Vegetable Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for New Technology Research of Vegetables, Guangzhou, China
| | - Biao Jiang
- Vegetable Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for New Technology Research of Vegetables, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qingwu Peng
- Vegetable Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for New Technology Research of Vegetables, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yu’e Lin
- Vegetable Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for New Technology Research of Vegetables, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Yu’e Lin,
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4
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Singh DP, Bisen MS, Shukla R, Prabha R, Maurya S, Reddy YS, Singh PM, Rai N, Chaubey T, Chaturvedi KK, Srivastava S, Farooqi MS, Gupta VK, Sarma BK, Rai A, Behera TK. Metabolomics-Driven Mining of Metabolite Resources: Applications and Prospects for Improving Vegetable Crops. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232012062. [PMID: 36292920 PMCID: PMC9603451 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232012062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Vegetable crops possess a prominent nutri-metabolite pool that not only contributes to the crop performance in the fields, but also offers nutritional security for humans. In the pursuit of identifying, quantifying and functionally characterizing the cellular metabolome pool, biomolecule separation technologies, data acquisition platforms, chemical libraries, bioinformatics tools, databases and visualization techniques have come to play significant role. High-throughput metabolomics unravels structurally diverse nutrition-rich metabolites and their entangled interactions in vegetable plants. It has helped to link identified phytometabolites with unique phenotypic traits, nutri-functional characters, defense mechanisms and crop productivity. In this study, we explore mining diverse metabolites, localizing cellular metabolic pathways, classifying functional biomolecules and establishing linkages between metabolic fluxes and genomic regulations, using comprehensive metabolomics deciphers of the plant’s performance in the environment. We discuss exemplary reports covering the implications of metabolomics, addressing metabolic changes in vegetable plants during crop domestication, stage-dependent growth, fruit development, nutri-metabolic capabilities, climatic impacts, plant-microbe-pest interactions and anthropogenic activities. Efforts leading to identify biomarker metabolites, candidate proteins and the genes responsible for plant health, defense mechanisms and nutri-rich crop produce are documented. With the insights on metabolite-QTL (mQTL) driven genetic architecture, molecular breeding in vegetable crops can be revolutionized for developing better nutritional capabilities, improved tolerance against diseases/pests and enhanced climate resilience in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhananjaya Pratap Singh
- ICAR-Indian Institute of Vegetable Research, Jakhini, Shahanshahpur, Varanasi 221305, India
- Correspondence:
| | - Mansi Singh Bisen
- ICAR-Indian Institute of Vegetable Research, Jakhini, Shahanshahpur, Varanasi 221305, India
| | - Renu Shukla
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR), Krishi Bhawan, Dr. Rajendra Prasad Road, New Delhi 110001, India
| | - Ratna Prabha
- ICAR-Indian Agricultural Statistics Research Institute, Centre for Agricultural Bioinformatics, Library Avenue, Pusa, New Delhi 110012, India
| | - Sudarshan Maurya
- ICAR-Indian Institute of Vegetable Research, Jakhini, Shahanshahpur, Varanasi 221305, India
| | - Yesaru S. Reddy
- ICAR-Indian Institute of Vegetable Research, Jakhini, Shahanshahpur, Varanasi 221305, India
| | - Prabhakar Mohan Singh
- ICAR-Indian Institute of Vegetable Research, Jakhini, Shahanshahpur, Varanasi 221305, India
| | - Nagendra Rai
- ICAR-Indian Institute of Vegetable Research, Jakhini, Shahanshahpur, Varanasi 221305, India
| | - Tribhuwan Chaubey
- ICAR-Indian Institute of Vegetable Research, Jakhini, Shahanshahpur, Varanasi 221305, India
| | - Krishna Kumar Chaturvedi
- ICAR-Indian Agricultural Statistics Research Institute, Centre for Agricultural Bioinformatics, Library Avenue, Pusa, New Delhi 110012, India
| | - Sudhir Srivastava
- ICAR-Indian Agricultural Statistics Research Institute, Centre for Agricultural Bioinformatics, Library Avenue, Pusa, New Delhi 110012, India
| | - Mohammad Samir Farooqi
- ICAR-Indian Agricultural Statistics Research Institute, Centre for Agricultural Bioinformatics, Library Avenue, Pusa, New Delhi 110012, India
| | - Vijai Kumar Gupta
- Biorefining and Advanced Materials Research Centre, Scotland’s Rural College, Kings Buildings, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JG, UK
| | - Birinchi K. Sarma
- Department of Mycology and Plant Pathology, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Anil Rai
- ICAR-Indian Agricultural Statistics Research Institute, Centre for Agricultural Bioinformatics, Library Avenue, Pusa, New Delhi 110012, India
| | - Tusar Kanti Behera
- ICAR-Indian Institute of Vegetable Research, Jakhini, Shahanshahpur, Varanasi 221305, India
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5
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Huang Y, Xie FJ, Cao X, Li MY. Research progress in biosynthesis and regulation of plant terpenoids. BIOTECHNOL BIOTEC EQ 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/13102818.2021.2020162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Huang
- Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Linyi University, Linyi, Shandong, PR China
| | - Fang-Jie Xie
- Department of Horticulture, College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Xue Cao
- Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Linyi University, Linyi, Shandong, PR China
| | - Meng-Yao Li
- Department of Horticulture, College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China
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6
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He J, Verstappen F, Jiao A, Dicke M, Bouwmeester HJ, Kappers IF. Terpene synthases in cucumber (Cucumis sativus) and their contribution to herbivore-induced volatile terpenoid emission. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 233:862-877. [PMID: 34668204 PMCID: PMC9299122 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Terpenoids play important roles in flavour, pollinator attraction and defence of plants. In cucumber (Cucumis sativus) they are important components of the herbivore-induced plant volatile blend that attracts natural enemies of herbivores. We annotated the cucumber TERPENE SYNTHASE gene (CsTPS) family and characterized their involvement in the response towards herbivores with different feeding guilds using a combined molecular and biochemical approach. Transcripts of multiple CsTPS genes were upregulated in leaves upon herbivory and the products generated by the expressed proteins match the terpenoids recorded in the volatile blend released by herbivore-damaged leaves. Spatial and temporal analysis of the promoter activity of CsTPS genes showed that cell content-feeding spider mites (Tetranychus urticae) and thrips (Frankliniella occidentalis) induced promoter activity of CsTPS9 and CsTPS19 within hours after initiation of infestation, while phloem-feeding aphids (Myzus persicae) induced CsTPS2 promoter activity. Our findings offer detailed insights into the involvement of the TPS gene family in the dynamics and fine-tuning of the emission of herbivore-induced plant volatiles in cucumber, and open a new avenue to understand molecular mechanisms that affect plant-herbivore interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun He
- Laboratory of Plant PhysiologyPlant Sciences GroupWageningen University & Research6700AAWageningenthe Netherlands
- Citrus Research InstituteSouthwest University400712ChongqingChina
| | - Francel Verstappen
- Laboratory of Plant PhysiologyPlant Sciences GroupWageningen University & Research6700AAWageningenthe Netherlands
| | - Ao Jiao
- Laboratory of Plant PhysiologyPlant Sciences GroupWageningen University & Research6700AAWageningenthe Netherlands
| | - Marcel Dicke
- Laboratory of EntomologyPlant Sciences GroupWageningen University & Research6700AAWageningenthe Netherlands
| | - Harro J. Bouwmeester
- Laboratory of Plant PhysiologyPlant Sciences GroupWageningen University & Research6700AAWageningenthe Netherlands
- Plant Hormone Biology GroupSwammerdam Institute for Life SciencesUniversity of Amsterdam1000BEAmsterdamthe Netherlands
| | - Iris F. Kappers
- Laboratory of Plant PhysiologyPlant Sciences GroupWageningen University & Research6700AAWageningenthe Netherlands
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7
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Zhu C, Wang W, Chen Y, Zhao Y, Zhang S, Shi F, Khalil-Ur-Rehman M, Nieuwenhuizen NJ. Transcriptomics and Antioxidant Analysis of Two Chinese Chestnut ( Castanea mollissima BL.) Varieties Provides New Insights Into the Mechanisms of Resistance to Gall Wasp Dryocosmus kuriphilus Infestation. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:874434. [PMID: 35498685 PMCID: PMC9051522 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.874434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Chinese chestnut is a popular fruit tree with a high nutritional value of its nuts, which can suffer from infestation by the chestnut gall wasp Dryocosmus kuriphilus (GWDK) that results in gall formation and resultant loss of production and profitability. The physiological and molecular mechanisms of GWDK resistance found in certain genotypes currently remains elusive. To gain new insights into this phenomenon, a series of RNA-Seq integrated with metabolomic profiling experiments were executed to investigate the chemical and transcriptional differences in response to GWDK infestation in two contrasting chestnut varieties grown in China (the susceptible "HongLi," HL and the partially resistant "Shuhe_Wuyingli," SW). Three time points were selected for comparison: The initiation stage (A), growth stage (B), and maturation stage (C). Results showed that concentrations of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and the activities of peroxidase (POD) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) enzyme were elevated in the resistant SW leaves compared with those in HL leaves at all three developmental stages, while catalase (CAT) and polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activities were mostly higher in HL leaves. RNA-Seq transcriptomic analyses of HL and SW leaves revealed that various metabolic pathways involved in GWDK stress responses, such as plant hormone signal transduction, MAPK signaling, and the peroxisome pathway, were enriched in the contrasting samples. Moreover, the weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) of differentially expressed genes in the POD pathway combined with transcription factors (TFs) indicated that the expression of TF members of bHLH, WRKY, NAC, and MYB family positively correlated with POD pathway gene expression. The TFs CmbHLH130 (EVM0032437), CmWRKY31 (EVM0017000), CmNAC50 (EVM0000033), and CmPHL12 (EVM0007330) were identified as putative TFs that participate in the regulation of insect-induced plant enzyme activities in chestnut, which may contribute to GWDK resistance in SW. Expression levels of 8 random differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were furthermore selected to perform quantitative reverse transcription PCR (qRT-PCR) to validate the accuracy of the RNA-Seq-derived expression patterns. This study guides the functional analyses of further candidate genes and mechanisms important for GWDK resistance in chestnuts in the future as well as can help in identifying the master transcriptional regulators and important enzyme steps that support major insect defense pathways in chestnut.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cancan Zhu
- Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Wu Wang
- Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China
- *Correspondence: Wu Wang,
| | - Yu Chen
- Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuqiang Zhao
- Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Shijie Zhang
- Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Fenghou Shi
- College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
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8
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Chen Q, Liang X, Wu C, Liu Y, Liu X, Zhao H, Li K, Chen S, Wang H, Han Z, Wu M, Yao X, Shui J, Qiao Y, Zhan X, Zhang Y. Overexpression of leucoanthocyanidin reductase or anthocyanidin reductase elevates tannins content and confers cassava resistance to two-spotted spider mite. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:994866. [PMID: 36061805 PMCID: PMC9433999 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.994866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The two-spotted spider mite (TSSM) is a destructive cassava pest. Intensive demonstration of resistance mechanism greatly facilitates the creation of TSSM-resistant cassava germplasm. Gene to metabolite network plays a crucial role in modulating plant resistance, but little is known about the genes and related metabolites which are responsible for cassava resistance to TSSM. Here, a highly resistant (HR) and a highly susceptible (HS) cassava cultivar were used, integrative and comparative transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses between these two cultivars after TSSM infestation revealed that several genes and metabolites were closely related and significantly different in abundance. In particular, the expression of leucoanthocyanidin reductase (LAR) and anthocyanidin reductase (ANR) genes showed a high positive correlation with most of the metabolites in the tannin biosynthesis pathway. Furthermore, transgenic cassava lines overexpressing either of the genes elevated tannin concentrations and conferred cassava resistance to TSSM. Additionally, different forms of tannins possessed distinct bioactivity on TSSM, of which total condensed tannins (LC50 = 375.68 mg/l) showed maximum lethal effects followed by procyanidin B1 (LC50 = 3537.10 mg/l). This study accurately targets LAR, ANR and specific tannin compounds as critical genes and metabolites in shaping cassava resistance to TSSM, which could be considered as biomarkers for evaluation and creation of pest-resistant cassava germplasm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Chen
- Environment and Plant Protection Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Tropical Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Haikou, Hainan, China
- Sanya Research Academy, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agriculture Science, Hainan Key Laboratory for Biosafety Monitoring and Molecular Breeding in Off-Season Reproduction Regions, Sanya, Hainan, China
- *Correspondence: Qing Chen,
| | - Xiao Liang
- Environment and Plant Protection Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Tropical Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Haikou, Hainan, China
- Sanya Research Academy, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agriculture Science, Hainan Key Laboratory for Biosafety Monitoring and Molecular Breeding in Off-Season Reproduction Regions, Sanya, Hainan, China
- Xiao Liang,
| | - Chunling Wu
- Environment and Plant Protection Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Tropical Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Haikou, Hainan, China
- Sanya Research Academy, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agriculture Science, Hainan Key Laboratory for Biosafety Monitoring and Molecular Breeding in Off-Season Reproduction Regions, Sanya, Hainan, China
| | - Ying Liu
- Environment and Plant Protection Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Tropical Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Haikou, Hainan, China
- Sanya Research Academy, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agriculture Science, Hainan Key Laboratory for Biosafety Monitoring and Molecular Breeding in Off-Season Reproduction Regions, Sanya, Hainan, China
| | - Xiaoqiang Liu
- Environment and Plant Protection Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Tropical Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Haikou, Hainan, China
- Sanya Research Academy, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agriculture Science, Hainan Key Laboratory for Biosafety Monitoring and Molecular Breeding in Off-Season Reproduction Regions, Sanya, Hainan, China
| | - Huiping Zhao
- Environment and Plant Protection Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Tropical Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Haikou, Hainan, China
- Sanya Research Academy, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agriculture Science, Hainan Key Laboratory for Biosafety Monitoring and Molecular Breeding in Off-Season Reproduction Regions, Sanya, Hainan, China
| | - Kaimian Li
- Tropical Crops Genetic Resources Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agriculture Sciences, Haikou, China
| | - Songbi Chen
- Tropical Crops Genetic Resources Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agriculture Sciences, Haikou, China
| | - Haiyan Wang
- Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical, Haikou, China
| | - Zhiling Han
- Environment and Plant Protection Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Tropical Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Haikou, Hainan, China
- Sanya Research Academy, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agriculture Science, Hainan Key Laboratory for Biosafety Monitoring and Molecular Breeding in Off-Season Reproduction Regions, Sanya, Hainan, China
| | - Mufeng Wu
- Environment and Plant Protection Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Tropical Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Haikou, Hainan, China
- Sanya Research Academy, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agriculture Science, Hainan Key Laboratory for Biosafety Monitoring and Molecular Breeding in Off-Season Reproduction Regions, Sanya, Hainan, China
| | - Xiaowen Yao
- Environment and Plant Protection Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Tropical Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Haikou, Hainan, China
- Sanya Research Academy, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agriculture Science, Hainan Key Laboratory for Biosafety Monitoring and Molecular Breeding in Off-Season Reproduction Regions, Sanya, Hainan, China
| | - Jun Shui
- Environment and Plant Protection Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Tropical Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Haikou, Hainan, China
- Sanya Research Academy, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agriculture Science, Hainan Key Laboratory for Biosafety Monitoring and Molecular Breeding in Off-Season Reproduction Regions, Sanya, Hainan, China
| | - Yang Qiao
- Environment and Plant Protection Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Tropical Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Haikou, Hainan, China
- Sanya Research Academy, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agriculture Science, Hainan Key Laboratory for Biosafety Monitoring and Molecular Breeding in Off-Season Reproduction Regions, Sanya, Hainan, China
| | - Xue Zhan
- Environment and Plant Protection Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Tropical Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Haikou, Hainan, China
- Sanya Research Academy, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agriculture Science, Hainan Key Laboratory for Biosafety Monitoring and Molecular Breeding in Off-Season Reproduction Regions, Sanya, Hainan, China
| | - Yao Zhang
- Environment and Plant Protection Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Tropical Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Haikou, Hainan, China
- Sanya Research Academy, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agriculture Science, Hainan Key Laboratory for Biosafety Monitoring and Molecular Breeding in Off-Season Reproduction Regions, Sanya, Hainan, China
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9
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Wei X, Klinkhamer PGL, Mulder PPJ, van der Veen-van Wijk K, Vrieling K. Seasonal variation in defence compounds: A case study on pyrrolizidine alkaloids of clones of Jacobaea vulgaris, Jacobaea aquatica and their hybrids. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 313:111067. [PMID: 34763859 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2021.111067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Concentration of plant secondary metabolites (SMs) show seasonal variations. However, it is still not well understood how these abiotic and biotic factors influence the seasonal variations of SMs. In addition, it is of interest to know if and how SMs are reallocated to the different plant organs, in particular whether SMs are reallocated to the remaining tissues when biomass is lost, e.g., during winter. Here we used Jacobaea vulgaris, Jacobaea aquatica, two F1 and four F2 hybrids that differed in their pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) bouquet as a study system. A series of clones of these genotypes were investigated during their vegetative stage spanning 14 months in a semi-natural environment. We found that the total PA concentration in roots and shoots showed a gradual increase until the spring of the second year, whereafter it dropped substantially in shoots. The variation in PA composition due to seasonal changes was significant but relatively small. Senecionine-like PAs were the dominant PAs in roots, while jacobine-/erucifoline-like PAs were dominant in shoots. The variation of PA concentration was significantly correlated with temperature, day length, and plant age. A correlation analysis showed that PAs were not reallocated when biomass was lost in winter. Overall, our study showed that PA composition of each genotype changed over seasons in a different manner but seasonal variation did not overrule the differences in PA composition among genotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianqin Wei
- College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300071, China; Plant Cluster, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, P. O. Box 9505, 2300 RA, Leiden, the Netherlands.
| | - Peter G L Klinkhamer
- Plant Cluster, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, P. O. Box 9505, 2300 RA, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Patrick P J Mulder
- Wageningen Food Safety Research-Wageningen University & Research, Akkermaalsbos 2, P.O. Box 230, 6700 AE, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Karin van der Veen-van Wijk
- Plant Cluster, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, P. O. Box 9505, 2300 RA, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Klaas Vrieling
- Plant Cluster, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, P. O. Box 9505, 2300 RA, Leiden, the Netherlands
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He J, Halitschke R, Schuman MC, Baldwin IT. Light dominates the diurnal emissions of herbivore-induced volatiles in wild tobacco. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 21:401. [PMID: 34461825 PMCID: PMC8404343 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-021-03179-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Timing is everything when it comes to the fitness outcome of a plant's ecological interactions, and accurate timing is particularly relevant for interactions with herbivores or mutualists that are based on ephemeral emissions of volatile organic compounds. Previous studies of the wild tobacco N. attenuata have found associations between the diurnal timing of volatile emissions, and daytime predation of herbivores by their natural enemies. RESULTS Here, we investigated the role of light in regulating two biosynthetic groups of volatiles, terpenoids and green leaf volatiles (GLVs), which dominate the herbivore-induced bouquet of N. attenuata. Light deprivation strongly suppressed terpenoid emissions while enhancing GLV emissions, albeit with a time lag. Silencing the expression of photoreceptor genes did not alter terpenoid emission rhythms, but silencing expression of the phytochrome gene, NaPhyB1, disordered the emission of the GLV (Z)-3-hexenyl acetate. External abscisic acid (ABA) treatments increased stomatal resistance, but did not truncate the emission of terpenoid volatiles (recovered in the headspace). However, ABA treatment enhanced GLV emissions and leaf internal pools (recovered from tissue), and reduced internal linalool pools. In contrast to the pattern of diurnal terpenoid emissions and nocturnal GLV emissions, transcripts of herbivore-induced plant volatile (HIPV) biosynthetic genes peaked during the day. The promotor regions of these genes were populated with various cis-acting regulatory elements involved in light-, stress-, phytohormone- and circadian regulation. CONCLUSIONS This research provides insights into the complexity of the mechanisms involved in the regulation of HIPV bouquets, a mechanistic complexity which rivals the functional complexity of HIPVs, which includes repelling herbivores, calling for body guards, and attracting pollinators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun He
- National Citrus Engineering Research Center, Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University, Xiema Street, Beibei, Chongqing, 400712, People's Republic of China.
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Straße 8, 07745, Jena, Germany.
| | - Rayko Halitschke
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Straße 8, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Meredith C Schuman
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Straße 8, 07745, Jena, Germany
- Current address: Departments of Geography and Chemistry, University of Zurich, 8057, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Ian T Baldwin
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Straße 8, 07745, Jena, Germany.
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11
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Słomnicka R, Olczak-Woltman H, Sobczak M, Bartoszewski G. Transcriptome Profiling of Cucumber ( Cucumis sativus L.) Early Response to Pseudomonas syringae pv. lachrymans. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22084192. [PMID: 33919557 PMCID: PMC8072787 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22084192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial angular leaf spot disease (ALS) caused by Pseudomonas syringae pv. lachrymans (Psl) is one of the biological factors limiting cucumber open-field production. The goal of this study was to characterize cytological and transcriptomic response of cucumber to this pathogen. Plants of two inbred lines, B10 (susceptible) and Gy14 (resistant), were grown, and leaves were inoculated with highly virulent Psl strain 814/98 under growth chamber conditions. Microscopic and transcriptional evaluations were performed at three time points: before, 1 and 3 days post inoculation (dpi). Investigated lines showed distinct response to Psl. At 1 dpi bacterial colonies were surrounded by necrotized mesophyll cells. At 3 dpi, in the susceptible B10 line bacteria were in contact with degraded cells, whereas cells next to bacteria in the resistant Gy14 line were plasmolyzed, but apparently still alive and functional. Additionally, the level of H2O2 production was higher in resistant Gy14 plants than in B10 at both examined time points. In RNA sequencing more than 18,800 transcripts were detected in each sample. As many as 1648 and 2755 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) at 1 dpi as well as 2992 and 3141 DEGs at 3 dpi were identified in B10 and Gy14, respectively. DEGs were characterized in terms of functional categories. Resistant line Gy14 showed massive transcriptomic response to Psl at 1 dpi compared to susceptible line B10, while a similar number of DEGs was detected for both lines at 3 dpi. This suggests that dynamic transcriptomic response to the invading pathogen may be related with host resistance. This manuscript provides the first transcriptomic data on cucumber infected with the pathovar lachrymans and helps to elucidate resistance mechanism against ALS disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata Słomnicka
- Department of Plant Genetics, Breeding and Biotechnology, Institute of Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (SGGW), Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland; (R.S.); (H.O.-W.)
| | - Helena Olczak-Woltman
- Department of Plant Genetics, Breeding and Biotechnology, Institute of Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (SGGW), Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland; (R.S.); (H.O.-W.)
| | - Mirosław Sobczak
- Department of Botany, Institute of Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (SGGW), Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Grzegorz Bartoszewski
- Department of Plant Genetics, Breeding and Biotechnology, Institute of Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (SGGW), Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland; (R.S.); (H.O.-W.)
- Correspondence:
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Lu CC, Guo N, Yang C, Sun HB, Cai BY. Transcriptome and metabolite profiling reveals the effects of Funneliformis mosseae on the roots of continuously cropped soybeans. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 20:479. [PMID: 33087042 PMCID: PMC7579952 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-020-02647-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi are the most widely distributed mycorrhizal fungi, which can form mycorrhizal symbionts with plant roots and enhance plant stress resistance by regulating host metabolic activities. In this paper, the RNA sequencing and ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) technologies were used to study the transcriptome and metabolite profiles of the roots of continuously cropped soybeans that were infected with F. mosseae and F. oxysporum. The objective was to explore the effects of F. mosseae treatment on soybean root rot infected with F. oxysporum. RESULTS According to the transcriptome profiles, 24,285 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified, and the expression of genes encoding phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL), trans-cinnamate monooxygenase (CYP73A), cinnamyl-CoA reductase (CCR), chalcone isomerase (CHI) and coffee-coenzyme o-methyltransferase were upregulated after being infected with F. oxysporum; these changes were key to the induction of the soybean's defence response. The metabolite results showed that daidzein and 7,4-dihydroxy, 6-methoxy isoflavone (glycine), which are involved in the isoflavone metabolic pathway, were upregulated after the roots were inoculated with F. mosseae. In addition, a substantial alteration in the abundance of amino acids, phenolic and terpene metabolites all led to the synthesis of defence compounds. An integrated analysis of the metabolic and transcriptomic data revealed that substantial alterations in the abundance of most of the intermediate metabolites and enzymes changed substantially under pathogen infection. These changes included the isoflavonoid biosynthesis pathway, which suggests that isoflavonoid biosynthesis plays an important role in the soybean root response. CONCLUSION The results showed that F. mosseae could alleviate the root rot caused by continuous cropping. The increased activity of some disease-resistant genes and disease-resistant metabolites may partly account for the ability of the plants to resist diseases. This study provides new insights into the molecular mechanism by which AMF alleviates soybean root rot, which is important in agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Cheng Lu
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ecological Restoration and Resource Utilization for Cold Region, College of Life Sciences, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, 150080, People's Republic of China
| | - Na Guo
- Department of Food and Environment Engineering, Heilongjiang East University, Harbin, 150086, People's Republic of China
| | - Chao Yang
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ecological Restoration and Resource Utilization for Cold Region, College of Life Sciences, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, 150080, People's Republic of China
| | - Hai-Bing Sun
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ecological Restoration and Resource Utilization for Cold Region, College of Life Sciences, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, 150080, People's Republic of China
| | - Bai-Yan Cai
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ecological Restoration and Resource Utilization for Cold Region, College of Life Sciences, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, 150080, People's Republic of China.
- Department of Food and Environment Engineering, Heilongjiang East University, Harbin, 150086, People's Republic of China.
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He J, Bouwmeester HJ, Dicke M, Kappers IF. Genome-Wide Analysis Reveals Transcription Factors Regulated by Spider-Mite Feeding in Cucumber ( Cucumis sativus). PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 9:E1014. [PMID: 32796676 PMCID: PMC7465836 DOI: 10.3390/plants9081014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 08/02/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
To gain insight into the regulatory networks that underlie the induced defense in cucumber against spider mites, genes encoding transcription factors (TFs) were identified in the cucumber (Cucumissativus) genome and their regulation by two-spotted spider mite (Tetranychusurticae) herbivory was analyzed using RNA-seq. Of the total 1212 annotated TF genes in the cucumber genome, 119 were differentially regulated upon spider-mite herbivory during a period of 3 days. These TF genes belong to different categories but the MYB, bHLH, AP2/ERF and WRKY families had the highest relative numbers of differentially expressed genes. Correlation analysis of the expression of TF genes with defense-associated genes during herbivory and pathogen infestation, and in different organs resulted in the putative identification of regulators of herbivore-induced terpenoid and green-leaf-volatile biosynthesis. Analysis of the cis-acting regulatory elements (CAREs) present in the promoter regions of the genes responsive to spider-mite feeding revealed potential TF regulators. This study describes the TF genes in cucumber that are potentially involved in the regulation of induced defense against herbivory by spider mites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun He
- Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing 400712, China
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Wageningen University and Research, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands;
| | - Harro J. Bouwmeester
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Wageningen University and Research, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands;
- Plant Hormone Biology Group, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, 1000 BE Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marcel Dicke
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University and Research, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands;
| | - Iris F. Kappers
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Wageningen University and Research, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands;
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Koch KG, Palmer NA, Donze-Reiner T, Scully ED, Seravalli J, Amundsen K, Twigg P, Louis J, Bradshaw JD, Heng-Moss TM, Sarath G. Aphid-Responsive Defense Networks in Hybrid Switchgrass. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:1145. [PMID: 32849703 PMCID: PMC7412557 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.01145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Aphid herbivory elicits plant defense-related networks that are influenced by host genetics. Plants of the upland switchgrass (Panicum virgatum) cultivar Summer can be a suitable host for greenbug aphids (Schizaphis graminum; GB), and yellow sugarcane aphids (Sipha flava, YSA), whereas the lowland cultivar Kanlow exhibited multi-species resistance that curtails aphid reproduction. However, stabilized hybrids of Summer (♀) x Kanlow (♂) (SxK) with improved agronomics can be damaged by both aphids. Here, hormone and metabolite analyses, coupled with RNA-Seq analysis of plant transcriptomes, were utilized to delineate defense networks induced by aphid feeding in SxK switchgrass and pinpoint plant transcription factors (TFs), such as WRKYs that potentially regulate these responses. Abscisic acid (ABA) levels were significantly higher in GB infested plants at 5 and 10 days after infestation (DAI). ABA levels were highest at 15DAI in YSA infested plants. Jasmonic acid levels were significantly elevated under GB infestation, while salicylic acid levels were signifi40cantly elevated only at 15 DAI in YSA infested plants. Similarly, levels of several metabolites were altered in common or specifically to each aphid. YSA infestation induced a significant enrichment of flavonoids consistent with an upregulation of many genes associated with flavonoid biosynthesis at 15DAI. Gene co-expression modules that responded singly to either aphid or in common to both aphids were differentiated and linked to specific TFs. Together, these data provide important clues into the interplay of metabolism and transcriptional remodeling accompanying defense responses to aphid herbivory in hybrid switchgrass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle G. Koch
- Department of Entomology, University of Nebraska at Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States
| | - Nathan A. Palmer
- Wheat, Sorghum, and Forage Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Lincoln, NE, United States
- Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, University of Nebraska at Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States
| | - Teresa Donze-Reiner
- Biology Department, West Chester University of Pennsylvania, West Chester, PA, United States
| | - Erin D. Scully
- Stored Product Insect and Engineering Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Manhattan, KS, United States
| | - Javier Seravalli
- Redox Biology Center, Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska at Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States
| | - Keenan Amundsen
- Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, University of Nebraska at Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States
| | - Paul Twigg
- Biology Department, University of Nebraska at Kearney, Kearney, NE, United States
| | - Joe Louis
- Department of Entomology, University of Nebraska at Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States
| | - Jeffrey D. Bradshaw
- Department of Entomology, University of Nebraska at Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States
| | | | - Gautam Sarath
- Wheat, Sorghum, and Forage Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Lincoln, NE, United States
- Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, University of Nebraska at Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States
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