1
|
Zhu Y, Zhang X, Yan S, Feng C, Wang D, Yang W, Daud MK, Xiang J, Mei L. SSR identification and phylogenetic analysis in four plant species based on complete chloroplast genome sequences. Plasmid 2023; 125:102670. [PMID: 36828204 DOI: 10.1016/j.plasmid.2023.102670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2022] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Abstract
The effective utilization of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has been challenged by the difficulty to accurately distinguish between similar plant varieties. The stability and conservation of the chloroplast genome can aid in resolving genotypes. Previous studies using nuclear sequences and molecular markers have not effectively differentiated the species from related taxa, such as Machilus leptophylla, Hanceola exserta, Rubus bambusarum, and Rubus henryi. This study aimed to characterize the chloroplast genomes of these four plant species, and analyze their simple sequence repeats (SSRs) and phylogenetic positions. The results demonstrated the four chloroplast genomes consisted of 152.624 kb, 153.296 kb, 156.309 kb, and 158.953 kb in length, involving 124, 130, 129, and 131 genes, respectively. They also contained four specific regions with mononucleotide being the class with the most members. Moreover, these repeating types of SSR were various in individual class. Phylogenetic analysis showed that M. leptophylla was clustered with M. yunnanensis, and H. exserta was confirmed as belonging to the family Ocimeae. Additionally, R. bambusarum and R. henryi were grouped together but differed in their SSR features, indicating that they were not the same species. This research provides evidence for resolving species and contributes new genetic information for further studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yueyi Zhu
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xianwen Zhang
- Institute of Virology and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Shufeng Yan
- Cereal Crops Research Institute, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Chen Feng
- Lushan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lushan 330000, China
| | - Dongfang Wang
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Wei Yang
- College of Horticulture and Gardening, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, China
| | - Muhammad Khan Daud
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Kohat University of Science and Technology, Kohat 26000, Pakistan
| | - Jiqian Xiang
- Enshi Tujia & Miao Autonomous Prefecture Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Enshi 445000, China
| | - Lei Mei
- Enshi Tujia & Miao Autonomous Prefecture Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Enshi 445000, China; Center of Research and Development, Senium Science Development (Zhejiang) Company Limited, Hangzhou 311121, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Barbosa N, Jaquet JM, Urquidi O, Adachi TBM, Filella M. Combined in vitro and in vivo investigation of barite microcrystals in Spirogyra (Zygnematophyceae, Charophyta). JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 276:153769. [PMID: 35939894 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2022.153769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
We have investigated the biomineralisation of barite ‒a useful proxy for reconstructing paleoproductivity‒ in a freshwater alga, Spirogyra, by combining in vitro and in vivo approaches to unveil the nature of its barite microcrystals. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDXS) observations on simply dried samples revealed that the number and size of barite crystals were related to the barium concentration in the media. Additionally, their morphology showed a crystallographic face (011), which is not normally observed, suggesting the influence of organic molecules on the growth kinetics. The critical point drying method was used to preserve the internal and external structures of Spirogyra cells for SEM imaging. Crystals were found adjacent to the cytoplasmic membrane, near chloroplasts and fibrillary network. In vivo optical microscopy and Raman tweezer microspectroscopy in living cells showed that barite microcrystals are optically visible and follow cytoplasmic streaming. These results led us to propose that barite formation in Spirogyra occurs in the cytoplasm where barium and sulphate are both available: barium supplied non-selectively through the active transport of the divalent cations needed for actin polymerisation, and sulphate because necessary for amino acid biosynthesis in chloroplasts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natercia Barbosa
- Department F.-A. Forel, University of Geneva, Boulevard Carl-Vogt 66, CH-1205 Geneva, Switzerland; Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Geneva, Quai Ernest-Ansermet 30, CH-1205 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Jean-Michel Jaquet
- Department Earth Sciences, University of Geneva, Rue des Maraîchers 13, CH-1205 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Oscar Urquidi
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Geneva, Quai Ernest-Ansermet 30, CH-1205 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Takuji B M Adachi
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Geneva, Quai Ernest-Ansermet 30, CH-1205 Geneva, Switzerland.
| | - Montserrat Filella
- Department F.-A. Forel, University of Geneva, Boulevard Carl-Vogt 66, CH-1205 Geneva, Switzerland.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Chen Y, Shah S, Dougan KE, van Oppen MJH, Bhattacharya D, Chan CX. Improved Cladocopium goreaui Genome Assembly Reveals Features of a Facultative Coral Symbiont and the Complex Evolutionary History of Dinoflagellate Genes. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10081662. [PMID: 36014080 PMCID: PMC9412976 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10081662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Dinoflagellates of the family Symbiodiniaceae are crucial photosymbionts in corals and other marine organisms. Of these, Cladocopium goreaui is one of the most dominant symbiont species in the Indo-Pacific. Here, we present an improved genome assembly of C. goreaui combining new long-read sequence data with previously generated short-read data. Incorporating new full-length transcripts to guide gene prediction, the C. goreaui genome (1.2 Gb) exhibits a high extent of completeness (82.4% based on BUSCO protein recovery) and better resolution of repetitive sequence regions; 45,322 gene models were predicted, and 327 putative, topologically associated domains of the chromosomes were identified. Comparison with other Symbiodiniaceae genomes revealed a prevalence of repeats and duplicated genes in C. goreaui, and lineage-specific genes indicating functional innovation. Incorporating 2,841,408 protein sequences from 96 taxonomically diverse eukaryotes and representative prokaryotes in a phylogenomic approach, we assessed the evolutionary history of C. goreaui genes. Of the 5246 phylogenetic trees inferred from homologous protein sets containing two or more phyla, 35–36% have putatively originated via horizontal gene transfer (HGT), predominantly (19–23%) via an ancestral Archaeplastida lineage implicated in the endosymbiotic origin of plastids: 10–11% are of green algal origin, including genes encoding photosynthetic functions. Our results demonstrate the utility of long-read sequence data in resolving structural features of a dinoflagellate genome, and highlight how genetic transfer has shaped genome evolution of a facultative symbiont, and more broadly of dinoflagellates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yibi Chen
- Australian Centre for Ecogenomics, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Sarah Shah
- Australian Centre for Ecogenomics, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Katherine E. Dougan
- Australian Centre for Ecogenomics, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Madeleine J. H. van Oppen
- School of Bioscience, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
- Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville, QLD 4810, Australia
| | - Debashish Bhattacharya
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Cheong Xin Chan
- Australian Centre for Ecogenomics, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Salbitani G, Perrone A, Rosati L, Laezza C, Carfagna S. Sulfur Starvation in Extremophilic Microalga Galdieria sulphuraria: Can Glutathione Contribute to Stress Tolerance? PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:plants11040481. [PMID: 35214814 PMCID: PMC8877276 DOI: 10.3390/plants11040481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
This study reports the effects of sulfur (S) deprivation in cultures of Galdieria sulphuraria (Cyanidiophyceae). Galdieria is a unicellular red alga that usually grows, forming biomats on rocks, in S-rich environments. These are volcanic areas, where S is widespread since H2S is the prevalent form of gas. The glutathione content in Galdieria sulphuraria is much higher than that found in the green algae and even under conditions of S deprivation for 7 days, it remains high. On the other hand, the S deprivation causes a decrease in the total protein content and a significant increase in soluble protein fraction. This suggests that in the conditions of S starvation, the synthesis of enzymatic proteins, that metabolically support the cell in the condition of nutritional stress, could be up regulated. Among these enzymatic proteins, those involved in cell detoxification, due to the accumulation of ROS species, have been counted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giovanna Salbitani
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università di Napoli Federico II, Via Cinthia 21, 80126 Naples, Italy; (G.S.); (A.P.); (L.R.)
| | - Angela Perrone
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università di Napoli Federico II, Via Cinthia 21, 80126 Naples, Italy; (G.S.); (A.P.); (L.R.)
| | - Luigi Rosati
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università di Napoli Federico II, Via Cinthia 21, 80126 Naples, Italy; (G.S.); (A.P.); (L.R.)
| | - Carmen Laezza
- Dipartimento di Agraria, Università di Napoli Federico II, Portici, 80055 Naples, Italy;
| | - Simona Carfagna
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università di Napoli Federico II, Via Cinthia 21, 80126 Naples, Italy; (G.S.); (A.P.); (L.R.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-081-2538559
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Role of Sulfate Transporters in Chromium Tolerance in Scenedesmus acutus M. (Sphaeropleales). PLANTS 2022; 11:plants11020223. [PMID: 35050111 PMCID: PMC8780407 DOI: 10.3390/plants11020223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Sulfur (S) is essential for the synthesis of important defense compounds and in the scavenging potential of oxidative stress, conferring increased capacity to cope with biotic and abiotic stresses. Chromate can induce a sort of S-starvation by competing for uptake with SO42− and causing a depletion of cellular reduced compounds, thus emphasizing the role of S-transporters in heavy-metal tolerance. In this work we analyzed the sulfate transporter system in the freshwater green algae Scenedesmus acutus, that proved to possess both H+/SO42− (SULTRs) and Na+/SO42− (SLTs) plasma membrane sulfate transporters and a chloroplast-envelope localized ABC-type holocomplex. We discuss the sulfate uptake system of S. acutus in comparison with other taxa, enlightening differences among the clade Sphaeropleales and Volvocales/Chlamydomonadales. To define the role of S transporters in chromium tolerance, we analyzed the expression of SULTRs and SULPs components of the chloroplast ABC transporter in two strains of S. acutus with different Cr(VI) sensitivity. Their differential expression in response to Cr(VI) exposure and S availability seems directly linked to Cr(VI) tolerance, confirming the role of sulfate uptake/assimilation pathways in the metal stress response. The SULTRs up-regulation, observed in both strains after S-starvation, may directly contribute to enhancing Cr-tolerance by limiting Cr(VI) uptake and increasing sulfur availability for the synthesis of sulfur-containing defense molecules.
Collapse
|
6
|
Kharwar S, Bhattacharjee S, Chakraborty S, Mishra AK. Regulation of sulfur metabolism, homeostasis and adaptive responses to sulfur limitation in cyanobacteria. Biologia (Bratisl) 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11756-021-00819-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
|
7
|
Choi CC, Ford RC. ATP binding cassette importers in eukaryotic organisms. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2021; 96:1318-1330. [PMID: 33655617 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 02/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters are ubiquitous across all realms of life. Dogma suggests that bacterial ABC transporters include both importers and exporters, whilst eukaryotic members of this family are solely exporters, implying that ABC import function was lost during evolution. This view is being challenged, for example energy-coupling factor (ECF)-type ABC importers appear to fulfil important roles in both algae and plants where they form the ABCI sub-family. Herein we discuss whether bacterial Type I and Type II ABC importers also made the transition into extant eukaryotes. Various studies suggest that Type I importers exist in algae and the liverwort family of primitive non-vascular plants, but not in higher plants. The existence of eukaryotic Type II importers is also supported: a transmembrane protein homologous to vitamin B12 import system transmembrane protein (BtuC), hemin transport system transmembrane protein (HmuU) and high-affinity zinc uptake system membrane protein (ZnuB) is present in the Cyanophora paradoxa genome. This protein has homologs within the genomes of red algae. Furthermore, its candidate nucleotide-binding domain (NBD) shows closest similarity to other bacterial Type II importer NBDs such as BtuD. Functional studies suggest that Type I importers have roles in maintaining sulphate levels in the chloroplast, whilst Type II importers probably act as importers of Mn2+ or Zn2+ , as inferred by comparisons with bacterial homologs. Possible explanations for the presence of these transporters in simple plants, but not in other eukaryotic organisms, are considered. In order to utilise the existing nomenclature for eukaryotic ABC proteins, we propose that eukaryotic Type I and II importers be classified as ABCJ and ABCK transporters, respectively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cheri C Choi
- Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, U.K.,Department of Biology, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, U.K
| | - Robert C Ford
- Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, U.K
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Goswami RK, Mehariya S, Obulisamy PK, Verma P. Advanced microalgae-based renewable biohydrogen production systems: A review. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2021; 320:124301. [PMID: 33152683 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2020.124301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The reliance of fossil fuel for industrial and energy sectors has resulted in its depletion. Therefore, enormous efforts have been considered to move-out from fossil fuels to renewable energy sources based industrial process developments. Recently, biohydrogen (bio-H2) has been recognised as a clean source of fuel with high-energy efficiency, which can be produced via different routes. Among them, biological fermentation processes are highly recommended due to eco-friendly and economically viable approaches compared to that of thermochemical processes. However, the low H2 yield and high production cost are major bottlenecks for commercial scale operations. Thus, this review proposed an integrated microalgae-based H2 production process, which will provides a possible route for commercialization in near future. Furthermore, process integration to improve efficiency and implementation of advanced strategies for the enhancement of bio-H2 production, economic viability, and future research needs are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Kumar Goswami
- Bioprocess and Bioenergy Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Central University of Rajasthan, Rajasthan, India
| | - Sanjeet Mehariya
- Department of Engineering, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Real Casa dell'Annunziata, Italy
| | | | - Pradeep Verma
- Bioprocess and Bioenergy Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Central University of Rajasthan, Rajasthan, India.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Genetic Engineering for Enhancement of Biofuel Production in Microalgae. CLEAN ENERGY PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGIES 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-15-9593-6_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
|
10
|
Takahashi H. Sulfate transport systems in plants: functional diversity and molecular mechanisms underlying regulatory coordination. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2019; 70:4075-4087. [PMID: 30907420 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erz132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Sulfate transporters are integral membrane proteins controlling the flux of sulfate (SO42-) entering the cells and subcellular compartments across the membrane lipid bilayers. Sulfate uptake is a dynamic biological process that occurs in multiple cell layers and organs in plants. In vascular plants, sulfate ions are taken up from the soil environment to the outermost cell layers of roots and horizontally transferred to the vascular tissues for further distribution to distant organs. The amount of sulfate ions being metabolized in the cytosol and chloroplast/plastid or temporarily stored in the vacuole depends on expression levels and functionalities of sulfate transporters bound specifically to the plasma membrane, chloroplast/plastid envelopes, and tonoplast membrane. The entire system for sulfate homeostasis, therefore, requires different types of sulfate transporters to be expressed and coordinately regulated in specific organs, cell types, and subcellular compartments. Transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulatory mechanisms control the expression levels and functions of sulfate transporters to optimize sulfate uptake and internal distribution in response to sulfate availability and demands for synthesis of organic sulfur metabolites. This review article provides an overview of sulfate transport systems and discusses their regulatory aspects investigated in the model plant species Arabidopsis thaliana.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hideki Takahashi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Anandraj A, White S, Mutanda T. Photosystem I fluorescence as a physiological indicator of hydrogen production in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2019; 273:313-319. [PMID: 30448683 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2018.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Revised: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 10/06/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the interrelations between hydrogen synthesis and Photosystem I electron transport rate in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. The fluorescence of both photosystems (PS I and PS II) was monitored using a Dual Pulse Amplitude Modulated (PAM) Fluorometer. Hydrogen synthesis was induced by eliminating sulphur from the growth media (TAP-S). Multiple physiological parameters [rETR, Y (I), Y (II), NPQ, α, Fv/Fm and YI:YII] were recorded using the Dual PAM and correlated to hydrogen produced. There was a 66% increase in Photosystem I rETRmax during hydrogen production. A significant direct correlation existed between PS 1 rETRmax and hydrogen evolution values over the ten-day period (r = 0.895, p < 0.01) indicating that PS I can be considered as a driver of H2 production. Significant correlations between rETRmax of PS I and H2 evolution suggest a novel physiological indicator to monitor H2 production during the three critical phases identified in this study.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Akash Anandraj
- Centre for Algal Biotechnology, Mangosuthu University of Technology, P.O. Box 12363, Jacobs, 4026 Durban, South Africa.
| | - Sarah White
- Centre for Algal Biotechnology, Mangosuthu University of Technology, P.O. Box 12363, Jacobs, 4026 Durban, South Africa
| | - Taurai Mutanda
- Centre for Algal Biotechnology, Mangosuthu University of Technology, P.O. Box 12363, Jacobs, 4026 Durban, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Khetkorn W, Rastogi RP, Incharoensakdi A, Lindblad P, Madamwar D, Pandey A, Larroche C. Microalgal hydrogen production - A review. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2017; 243:1194-1206. [PMID: 28774676 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2017.07.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Revised: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Bio-hydrogen from microalgae including cyanobacteria has attracted commercial awareness due to its potential as an alternative, reliable and renewable energy source. Photosynthetic hydrogen production from microalgae can be interesting and promising options for clean energy. Advances in hydrogen-fuel-cell technology may attest an eco-friendly way of biofuel production, since, the use of H2 to generate electricity releases only water as a by-product. Progress in genetic/metabolic engineering may significantly enhance the photobiological hydrogen production from microalgae. Manipulation of competing metabolic pathways by modulating the certain key enzymes such as hydrogenase and nitrogenase may enhance the evolution of H2 from photoautotrophic cells. Moreover, biological H2 production at low operating costs is requisite for economic viability. Several photobioreactors have been developed for large-scale biomass and hydrogen production. This review highlights the recent technological progress, enzymes involved and genetic as well as metabolic engineering approaches towards sustainable hydrogen production from microalgae.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wanthanee Khetkorn
- Division of Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Rajamangala University of Technology Thanyaburi, Thanyaburi, Pathumthani 12110, Thailand
| | - Rajesh P Rastogi
- Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change, Indira Paryavaran Bhawan, Jor Bagh Road, New Delhi 110 003, India.
| | - Aran Incharoensakdi
- Laboratory of Cyanobacterial Biotechnology, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Phayathai Road, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Peter Lindblad
- Microbial Chemistry, Department of Chemistry-Ångström, Uppsala University, Box 523, SE-75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Datta Madamwar
- Department of Biosciences, UGC-Centre of Advanced Study, Sardar Patel University, Vadtal Road, Satellite Campus, Bakrol, Anand, Gujarat 388 315, India
| | - Ashok Pandey
- Center of Innovative and Applied Bioprocessing, C-127 2nd Floor Phase 8 Industrial Area, SAS Nagar, Mohali 160 071, Punjab, India
| | - Christian Larroche
- Labex IMobS3 and Institut Pascal, 4 Avenue Blaise Pascal, TSA 60026/CS 60026, 63178 Aubière Cedex, France
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Saroussi S, Sanz-Luque E, Kim RG, Grossman AR. Nutrient scavenging and energy management: acclimation responses in nitrogen and sulfur deprived Chlamydomonas. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2017; 39:114-122. [PMID: 28692856 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2017.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2017] [Accepted: 06/08/2017] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Photosynthetic organisms have evolved to modulate their metabolism to accommodate the highly dynamic light and nutrient conditions in nature. In this review we discuss ways in which the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii acclimates to nitrogen and sulfur deprivation, conditions that would limit the anabolic use of excitation energy because of a markedly reduced capacity for cell growth and division. Major aspects of this acclimation process are stringently regulated and involve scavenging the limited nutrient from internal and external sources, and the redirection of fixed carbon toward energy storage (e.g. starch, oil). However, photosynthetic organisms have also evolved mechanisms to dissipate excess absorbed light energy, and to eliminate potentially dangerous energetic electrons through the reduction of O2 and H+ to H2O; this reduction can occur both through photosynthetic electron transport (e.g. Mehler reaction, chlororespiration) and mitochondrial respiration. Furthermore, algal cells likely exploit other energy management pathways that are currently not linked to nutrient limitation responses or that remain to be identified.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shai Saroussi
- Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, CA 94305, United States
| | - Emanuel Sanz-Luque
- Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, CA 94305, United States
| | - Rick G Kim
- Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, CA 94305, United States; Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-5020, United States
| | - Arthur R Grossman
- Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, CA 94305, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Marieschi M, Gorbi G, Zanni C, Sardella A, Torelli A. Increase of chromium tolerance in Scenedesmus acutus after sulfur starvation: Chromium uptake and compartmentalization in two strains with different sensitivities to Cr(VI). AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2015; 167:124-133. [PMID: 26281774 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2015.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2015] [Revised: 07/16/2015] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
In photosynthetic organisms sulfate constitutes the main sulfur source for the biosynthesis of GSH and its precursor Cys. Hence, sulfur availability can modulate the capacity to cope with environmental stresses, a phenomenon known as SIR/SED (Sulfur Induced Resistance or Sulfur Enhanced Defence). Since chromate may compete for sulfate transport into the cells, in this study chromium accumulation and tolerance were investigated in relation to sulfur availability in two strains of the unicellular green alga Scenedesmus acutus with different Cr-sensitivities. Paradoxically, sulfur deprivation has been demonstrated to induce a transient increase of Cr-tolerance in both strains. Sulfur deprivation is known to enhance the sulfate uptake/assimilation pathway leading to important consequences on Cr-tolerance: (i) reduced chromate uptake due to the induction of high affinity sulfate transporters (ii) higher production of cysteine and GSH which can play a role both through the formation of unsoluble complexes and their sequestration in inert compartments. To investigate the role of the above mentioned mechanisms, Cr accumulation in total cells and in different cell compartments (cell wall, membranes, soluble and miscellaneous fractions) was analyzed in both sulfur-starved and unstarved cells. Both strains mainly accumulated chromium in the soluble fraction, but the uptake was higher in the wild-type. In this type a short period of sulfur starvation before Cr(VI) treatment lowered chromium accumulation to the level observed in the unstarved Cr-tolerant strain, in which Cr uptake seems instead less influenced by S-starvation, since no significant decrease was observed. The increase in Cr-tolerance following S-starvation seems thus to rely on different mechanisms in the two strains, suggesting the induction of a mechanism constitutively active in the Cr-tolerant strain, maybe a high affinity sulfate transporter also in the wild-type. Changes observed in the cell wall and membrane fractions suggest a strong involvement of these compartments in Cr-tolerance increase following S-starvation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Marieschi
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 11/A, I-43124 Parma, Italy
| | - G Gorbi
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 11/A, I-43124 Parma, Italy
| | - C Zanni
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 11/A, I-43124 Parma, Italy
| | - A Sardella
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 11/A, I-43124 Parma, Italy
| | - A Torelli
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 11/A, I-43124 Parma, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Sawyer AL, Hankamer BD, Ross IL. Sulphur responsiveness of the Chlamydomonas reinhardtii LHCBM9 promoter. PLANTA 2015; 241:1287-1302. [PMID: 25672503 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-015-2249-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2014] [Accepted: 01/17/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
A 44-base-pair region in the Chlamydomonas reinhardtii LHCBM9 promoter is essential for sulphur responsiveness. The photosynthetic light-harvesting complex (LHC) proteins play essential roles both in light capture, the first step of photosynthesis, and in photoprotective mechanisms. In contrast to the other LHC proteins and the majority of photosynthesis proteins, the Chlamydomonas reinhardtii photosystem II-associated LHC protein, LHCBM9, was recently reported to be up-regulated under sulphur deprivation conditions, which also induce hydrogen production. Here, we examined the sulphur responsiveness of the LHCBM9 gene at the transcriptional level, through promoter deletion analysis. The LHCBM9 promoter was found to be responsive to sulphur deprivation, with a 44-base-pair region between nucleotide positions -136 and -180 relative to the translation start site identified as essential for this response. Anaerobiosis was found to enhance promoter activity under sulphur deprivation conditions, however, alone was unable to induce promoter activity. The study of LHCBM9 is of biological and biotechnological importance, as its expression is linked to photobiological hydrogen production, theoretically the most efficient process for biofuel production, while the simplicity of using an S-deprivation trigger enables the development of a novel C. reinhardtii-inducible promoter system based on LHCBM9.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anne L Sawyer
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Tevatia R, Allen J, Rudrappa D, White D, Clemente TE, Cerutti H, Demirel Y, Blum P. The taurine biosynthetic pathway of microalgae. ALGAL RES 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2015.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
|
17
|
Dubini A, Ghirardi ML. Engineering photosynthetic organisms for the production of biohydrogen. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2015; 123:241-53. [PMID: 24671643 PMCID: PMC4331604 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-014-9991-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2013] [Accepted: 02/17/2014] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Oxygenic photosynthetic organisms such as green algae are capable of absorbing sunlight and converting the chemical energy into hydrogen gas. This process takes advantage of the photosynthetic apparatus of these organisms which links water oxidation to H2 production. Biological H2 has therefore the potential to be an alternative fuel of the future and shows great promise for generating large scale sustainable energy. Microalgae are able to produce H2 under light anoxic or dark anoxic condition by activating 3 different pathways that utilize the hydrogenases as catalysts. In this review, we highlight the principal barriers that prevent hydrogen production in green algae and how those limitations are being addressed, through metabolic and genetic engineering. We also discuss the major challenges and bottlenecks facing the development of future commercial algal photobiological systems for H2 production. Finally we provide suggestions for future strategies and potential new techniques to be developed towards an integrated system with optimized hydrogen production.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Dubini
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 15013 Denver West Parkway, Mail Box 3313, Golden, CO, 80401, USA,
| | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Markou G, Vandamme D, Muylaert K. Microalgal and cyanobacterial cultivation: the supply of nutrients. WATER RESEARCH 2014; 65:186-202. [PMID: 25113948 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2014.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 210] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2014] [Revised: 06/16/2014] [Accepted: 07/17/2014] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Microalgae and cyanobacteria are a promising new source of biomass that may complement agricultural crops to meet the increasing global demand for food, feed, biofuels and chemical production. Microalgae and cyanobacteria cultivation does not interfere directly with food production, but care should be taken to avoid indirect competition for nutrient (fertilizer) supply. Microalgae and cyanobacteria production requires high concentrations of essential nutrients (C,N,P,S,K,Fe, etc.). In the present paper the application of nutrients and their uptake by microalgae and cyanobacteria is reviewed. The main focus is on the three most significant nutrients, i.e. carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus; however other nutrients are also reviewed. Nutrients are generally taken up in the inorganic form, but several organic forms of them are also assimilable. Some nutrients do not display any inhibition effect on microalgal or cyanobacterial growth, while others, such as NO2 or NH3 have detrimental effects when present in high concentrations. Nutrients in the gaseous form, such as CO2 and NO face a major limitation which is related mainly to their mass transfer from the gaseous to the liquid state. Since the cultivation of microalgae and cyanobacteria consumes considerable quantities of nutrients, strategies to improve the nutrient application efficiency are needed. Additionally, a promising strategy to improve microalgal and cyanobacterial production sustainability is the utilization of waste streams by recycling of waste nutrients. However, major constraints of using waste streams are the reduction of the range of the biomass applications due to production of contaminated biomass and the possible low bio-availability of some nutrients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giorgos Markou
- Department of Natural Resources Management and Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, 11855 Athens, Greece.
| | - Dries Vandamme
- Laboratory Aquatic Biology, KU Leuven Kulak, E. Sabbelaan 53, 8500 Kortrijk, Belgium
| | - Koenraad Muylaert
- Laboratory Aquatic Biology, KU Leuven Kulak, E. Sabbelaan 53, 8500 Kortrijk, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Affinity Purification of O-Acetylserine(thiol)lyase from Chlorella sorokiniana by Recombinant Proteins from Arabidopsis thaliana. Metabolites 2014; 4:629-39. [PMID: 25093930 PMCID: PMC4192684 DOI: 10.3390/metabo4030629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2014] [Revised: 07/17/2014] [Accepted: 07/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In the unicellular green alga Chlorella sorokiniana (211/8 k), the protein O-acetylserine(thiol)lyase (OASTL), representing the key-enzyme in the biosynthetic cysteine pathway, was isolated and purified to apparent homogeneity. The purification was carried out in cells grown in the presence of all nutrients or in sulphate (S) deprived cells. After 24 h of S-starvation, a 17-fold increase in the specific activity of OASTL was measured. In order to enable the identification of OASTL proteins from non-model organisms such as C. sorokiniana, the recombinant his-tagged SAT5 protein from Arabidopsis thaliana was immobilized by metal chelate chromatography. OASTL proteins from C. sorokiniana were affinity purified in one step and activities were enhanced 29- and 41-fold, from S-sufficient and S-starved (24 h) cells, respectively. The successful application of SAT/OASTL interaction for purification confirms for the first time the existence of the cysteine synthase complexes in microalgae. The purified proteins have apparent molecular masses between 32–34 kDa and are thus slightly larger compared to those found in other vascular plants. The enhanced OASTL activity in S-starved cells can be attributed to increased amounts of plastidic and the emergence of cytosolic OASTL isoforms. The results provide proof-of-concept for the biochemical analysis of the cysteine synthase complex in diverse microalgal species.
Collapse
|
20
|
Gigolashvili T, Kopriva S. Transporters in plant sulfur metabolism. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 5:442. [PMID: 25250037 PMCID: PMC4158793 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2014] [Accepted: 08/18/2014] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Sulfur is an essential nutrient, necessary for synthesis of many metabolites. The uptake of sulfate, primary and secondary assimilation, the biosynthesis, storage, and final utilization of sulfur (S) containing compounds requires a lot of movement between organs, cells, and organelles. Efficient transport systems of S-containing compounds across the internal barriers or the plasma membrane and organellar membranes are therefore required. Here, we review a current state of knowledge of the transport of a range of S-containing metabolites within and between the cells as well as of their long distance transport. An improved understanding of mechanisms and regulation of transport will facilitate successful engineering of the respective pathways, to improve the plant yield, biotic interaction and nutritional properties of crops.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Gigolashvili
- Department of Plant Molecular Physiology, Botanical Institute and Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences, Cologne Biocenter, University of CologneCologne Germany
- *Correspondence: Tamara Gigolashvili, Department of Plant Molecular Physiology, Botanical Institute and Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences, Cologne Biocenter, University of Cologne, Zülpicher Street 47 B, 50674 Cologne, Germany e-mail:
| | - Stanislav Kopriva
- Plant Biochemistry Department, Botanical Institute and Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences, Cologne Biocenter, University of CologneCologne Germany
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Edwards CD, Beatty JC, Loiselle JBR, Vlassov KA, Lefebvre DD. Aerobic transformation of cadmium through metal sulfide biosynthesis in photosynthetic microorganisms. BMC Microbiol 2013; 13:161. [PMID: 23855952 PMCID: PMC3750252 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2180-13-161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2013] [Accepted: 07/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cadmium is a non-essential metal that is toxic because of its interference with essential metals such as iron, calcium and zinc causing numerous detrimental metabolic and cellular effects. The amount of this metal in the environment has increased dramatically since the advent of the industrial age as a result of mining activities, the use of fertilizers and sewage sludge in farming, and discharges from manufacturing activities. The metal bioremediation utility of phototrophic microbes has been demonstrated through their ability to detoxify Hg(II) into HgS under aerobic conditions. Metal sulfides are generally very insoluble and therefore, biologically unavailable. Results When Cd(II) was exposed to cells it was bioconverted into CdS by the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, the red alga Cyanidioschyzon merolae, and the cyanobacterium, Synechoccocus leopoliensis. Supplementation of the two eukaryotic algae with extra sulfate, but not sulfite or cysteine, increased their cadmium tolerances as well as their abilities to produce CdS, indicating an involvement of sulfate assimilation in the detoxification process. However, the combined activities of extracted serine acetyl-transferase (SAT) and O-acetylserine(thiol)lyase (OASTL) used to monitor sulfate assimilation, was not significantly elevated during cell treatments that favored sulfide biosynthesis. It is possible that the prolonged incubation of the experiments occurring over two days could have compensated for the low rates of sulfate assimilation. This was also the case for S. leopoliensis where sulfite and cysteine as well as sulfate supplementation enhanced CdS synthesis. In general, conditions that increased cadmium sulfide production also resulted in elevated cysteine desulfhydrase activities, strongly suggesting that cysteine is the direct source of sulfur for CdS synthesis. Conclusions Cadmium(II) tolerance and CdS formation were significantly enhanced by sulfate supplementation, thus indicating that algae and cyanobacteria can produce CdS in a manner similar to that of HgS. Significant increases in sulfate assimilation as measured by SAT-OASTL activity were not detected. However, the enhanced activity of cysteine desulfhydrase indicates that it is instrumental in the provision of H2S for aerobic CdS biosynthesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chad D Edwards
- Department of Biology, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Aerobic transformation of zinc into metal sulfide by photosynthetic microorganisms. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2013; 97:3613-23. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-012-4636-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2012] [Revised: 12/02/2012] [Accepted: 12/04/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
|
23
|
Chan CX, Zäuner S, Wheeler G, Grossman AR, Prochnik SE, Blouin NA, Zhuang Y, Benning C, Berg GM, Yarish C, Eriksen RL, Klein AS, Lin S, Levine I, Brawley SH, Bhattacharya D. Analysis of Porphyra membrane transporters demonstrates gene transfer among photosynthetic eukaryotes and numerous sodium-coupled transport systems. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2012; 158:2001-12. [PMID: 22337920 PMCID: PMC3320202 DOI: 10.1104/pp.112.193896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Membrane transporters play a central role in many cellular processes that rely on the movement of ions and organic molecules between the environment and the cell, and between cellular compartments. Transporters have been well characterized in plants and green algae, but little is known about transporters or their evolutionary histories in the red algae. Here we examined 482 expressed sequence tag contigs that encode putative membrane transporters in the economically important red seaweed Porphyra (Bangiophyceae, Rhodophyta). These contigs are part of a comprehensive transcriptome dataset from Porphyra umbilicalis and Porphyra purpurea. Using phylogenomics, we identified 30 trees that support the expected monophyly of red and green algae/plants (i.e. the Plantae hypothesis) and 19 expressed sequence tag contigs that show evidence of endosymbiotic/horizontal gene transfer involving stramenopiles. The majority (77%) of analyzed contigs encode transporters with unresolved phylogenies, demonstrating the difficulty in resolving the evolutionary history of genes. We observed molecular features of many sodium-coupled transport systems in marine algae, and the potential for coregulation of Porphyra transporter genes that are associated with fatty acid biosynthesis and intracellular lipid trafficking. Although both the tissue-specific and subcellular locations of the encoded proteins require further investigation, our study provides red algal gene candidates associated with transport functions and novel insights into the biology and evolution of these transporters.
Collapse
|
24
|
Philipps G, Happe T, Hemschemeier A. Nitrogen deprivation results in photosynthetic hydrogen production in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. PLANTA 2012; 235:729-45. [PMID: 22020754 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-011-1537-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2011] [Accepted: 10/06/2011] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The unicellular green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii is able to use photosynthetically provided electrons for the production of molecular hydrogen by an [FeFe]-hydrogenase HYD1 accepting electrons from ferredoxin PetF. Despite the severe sensitivity of HYD1 towards oxygen, a sustained and relatively high photosynthetic hydrogen evolution capacity is established in C. reinhardtii cultures when deprived of sulfur. One of the major electron sources for proton reduction under this condition is the oxidation of starch and subsequent non-photochemical transfer of electrons to the plastoquinone pool. Here we report on the induction of photosynthetic hydrogen production by Chlamydomonas upon nitrogen starvation, a nutritional condition known to trigger the accumulation of large deposits of starch and lipids in the green alga. Photochemistry of photosystem II initially remained on a higher level in nitrogen-starved cells, resulting in a 2-day delay of the onset of hydrogen production compared with sulfur-deprived cells. Furthermore, though nitrogen-depleted cells accumulated large amounts of starch, both hydrogen yields and the extent of starch degradation were significantly lower than upon sulfur deficiency. Starch breakdown rates in nitrogen or sulfur-starved cultures transferred to darkness were comparable in both nutritional conditions. Methyl viologen treatment of illuminated cells significantly enhanced the efficiency of photosystem II photochemistry in sulfur-depleted cells, but had a minor effect on nitrogen-starved algae. Both the degradation of the cytochrome b₆ f complex which occurs in C. reinhardtii upon nitrogen starvation and lower ferredoxin amounts might create a bottleneck impeding the conversion of carbohydrate reserves into hydrogen evolution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Philipps
- AG Photobiotechnologie, Fakultät für Biologie und Biotechnologie, Lehrstuhl für Biochemie der Pflanzen, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Sustained H2 production in a Chlamydomonas reinhardtii D1 protein mutant. J Biotechnol 2012; 157:613-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2011.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2011] [Revised: 06/10/2011] [Accepted: 06/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
26
|
Krejci MR, Wasserman B, Finney L, McNulty I, Legnini D, Vogt S, Joester D. Selectivity in biomineralization of barium and strontium. J Struct Biol 2011; 176:192-202. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2011.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2011] [Revised: 08/05/2011] [Accepted: 08/05/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
|
27
|
Wickett NJ, Forrest LL, Budke JM, Shaw B, Goffinet B. Frequent pseudogenization and loss of the plastid-encoded sulfate-transport gene cysA throughout the evolution of liverworts. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2011; 98:1263-1275. [PMID: 21821590 DOI: 10.3732/ajb.1100010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE OF THE STUDY The presence or absence of a functional copy of a plastid gene may reflect relaxed selection, and may be phylogenetically significant, reflecting shared ancestry. In some liverworts, the plastid gene cysA is a pseudogene (inferred to be nonfunctional). We surveyed 63 liverworts from all major clades to determine whether the loss of cysA is phylogenetically significant, whether intact copies of cysA are under selective constraints, and whether rates of nucleotide substitution differ in other plastid genes from taxa with and without a functional copy of cysA. METHODS Primers annealing to flanking and internal regions were used to amplify and sequence cysA from 61 liverworts. Two additional cysA sequences were downloaded from NCBI. The ancestral states of cysA were reconstructed on a phylogenetic hypothesis inferred from seven markers. Rates of nucleotide substitution were estimated for three plastid loci to reflect the intrinsic mutation rate in the plastid genome. The ratio of nonsynonymous to synonymous substitutions was estimated for intact copies of cysA to infer selective constraints. KEY RESULTS Throughout liverworts, cysA has been lost up to 29 times, yet intact copies of cysA are evolving under selective constraints. Gene loss is more frequent in groups with an increased substitution rate in the plastid genome. CONCLUSIONS The number of inferred losses of cysA in liverworts exceeds any other reported plastid gene. Despite frequent losses, cysA is evolving under purifying selection in liverworts that retain the gene. It appears that cysA is lost more frequently in lineages characterized by a higher rate of nucleotide substitutions in the plastid.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Norman J Wickett
- Department of Biology, Institute of Molecular Evolutionary Genetics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Wicke S, Schneeweiss GM, dePamphilis CW, Müller KF, Quandt D. The evolution of the plastid chromosome in land plants: gene content, gene order, gene function. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2011; 76:273-97. [PMID: 21424877 PMCID: PMC3104136 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-011-9762-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 845] [Impact Index Per Article: 65.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2010] [Accepted: 02/19/2011] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
This review bridges functional and evolutionary aspects of plastid chromosome architecture in land plants and their putative ancestors. We provide an overview on the structure and composition of the plastid genome of land plants as well as the functions of its genes in an explicit phylogenetic and evolutionary context. We will discuss the architecture of land plant plastid chromosomes, including gene content and synteny across land plants. Moreover, we will explore the functions and roles of plastid encoded genes in metabolism and their evolutionary importance regarding gene retention and conservation. We suggest that the slow mode at which the plastome typically evolves is likely to be influenced by a combination of different molecular mechanisms. These include the organization of plastid genes in operons, the usually uniparental mode of plastid inheritance, the activity of highly effective repair mechanisms as well as the rarity of plastid fusion. Nevertheless, structurally rearranged plastomes can be found in several unrelated lineages (e.g. ferns, Pinaceae, multiple angiosperm families). Rearrangements and gene losses seem to correlate with an unusual mode of plastid transmission, abundance of repeats, or a heterotrophic lifestyle (parasites or myco-heterotrophs). While only a few functional gene gains and more frequent gene losses have been inferred for land plants, the plastid Ndh complex is one example of multiple independent gene losses and will be discussed in detail. Patterns of ndh-gene loss and functional analyses indicate that these losses are usually found in plant groups with a certain degree of heterotrophy, might rendering plastid encoded Ndh1 subunits dispensable.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Susann Wicke
- Department of Biogeography and Botanical Garden, University of Vienna, Rennweg 14, 1030 Vienna, Austria.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Takahashi H, Buchner P, Yoshimoto N, Hawkesford MJ, Shiu SH. Evolutionary relationships and functional diversity of plant sulfate transporters. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2011; 2:119. [PMID: 22629272 PMCID: PMC3355512 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2011.00119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2011] [Accepted: 12/31/2011] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Sulfate is an essential nutrient cycled in nature. Ion transporters that specifically facilitate the transport of sulfate across the membranes are found ubiquitously in living organisms. The phylogenetic analysis of known sulfate transporters and their homologous proteins from eukaryotic organisms indicate two evolutionarily distinct groups of sulfate transport systems. One major group named Tribe 1 represents yeast and fungal SUL, plant SULTR, and animal SLC26 families. The evolutionary origin of SULTR family members in land plants and green algae is suggested to be common with yeast and fungal SUL and animal anion exchangers (SLC26). The lineage of plant SULTR family is expanded into four subfamilies (SULTR1-SULTR4) in land plant species. By contrast, the putative SULTR homologs from Chlorophyte green algae are in two separate lineages; one with the subfamily of plant tonoplast-localized sulfate transporters (SULTR4), and the other diverged before the appearance of lineages for SUL, SULTR, and SLC26. There also was a group of yet undefined members of putative sulfate transporters in yeast and fungi divergent from these major lineages in Tribe 1. The other distinct group is Tribe 2, primarily composed of animal sodium-dependent sulfate/carboxylate transporters (SLC13) and plant tonoplast-localized dicarboxylate transporters (TDT). The putative sulfur-sensing protein (SAC1) and SAC1-like transporters (SLT) of Chlorophyte green algae, bryophyte, and lycophyte show low degrees of sequence similarities with SLC13 and TDT. However, the phylogenetic relationship between SAC1/SLT and the other two families, SLC13 and TDT in Tribe 2, is not clearly supported. In addition, the SAC1/SLT family is absent in the angiosperm species analyzed. The present study suggests distinct evolutionary trajectories of sulfate transport systems for land plants and green algae.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hideki Takahashi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State UniversityEast Lansing, MI, USA
- *Correspondence: Hideki Takahashi, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, 209 Biochemistry Building, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA. e-mail: ; Shin-Han Shiu, Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, S308 Plant Biology Building, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA. e-mail:
| | - Peter Buchner
- Plant Science Department, Rothamsted ResearchHarpenden, UK
| | - Naoko Yoshimoto
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba UniversityChiba, Japan
| | | | - Shin-Han Shiu
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State UniversityEast Lansing, MI, USA
- *Correspondence: Hideki Takahashi, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, 209 Biochemistry Building, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA. e-mail: ; Shin-Han Shiu, Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, S308 Plant Biology Building, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA. e-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
|
31
|
Abstract
Due to the presence of plastids, eukaryotic photosynthetic cells represent the most highly compartmentalized eukaryotic cells. This high degree of compartmentation requires the transport of solutes across intracellular membrane systems by specific membrane transporters. In this review, we summarize the recent progress on functionally characterized intracellular plant membrane transporters and we link transporter functions to Arabidopsis gene identifiers and to the transporter classification system. In addition, we outline challenges in further elucidating the plant membrane permeome and we provide an outline of novel approaches for the functional characterization of membrane transporters.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Linka
- Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Heinrich-Heine Universität Düsseldorf, Geb. 26.03.01, Universitätsstrasse 1, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
From systems biology to fuel—Chlamydomonas reinhardtii as a model for a systems biology approach to improve biohydrogen production. J Biotechnol 2009; 142:10-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2009.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2008] [Revised: 02/03/2009] [Accepted: 02/09/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
33
|
Hydrogen Fuel Production by Transgenic Microalgae. TRANSGENIC MICROALGAE AS GREEN CELL FACTORIES 2008; 616:110-21. [DOI: 10.1007/978-0-387-75532-8_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
|
34
|
Lindberg P, Melis A. The chloroplast sulfate transport system in the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. PLANTA 2008; 228:951-61. [PMID: 18682979 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-008-0795-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2008] [Accepted: 07/18/2008] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The genome of the model unicellular green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii contains four distinct genes, SulP, SulP2, Sbp and Sabc, which together are postulated to encode a chloroplast envelope-localized sulfate transporter holocomplex. In this work, evidence is presented that regulation of expression of SulP2, Sbp and Sabc is specifically modulated by sulfur availability to the cells. Induction of transcription and higher steady-state levels of the respective mRNAs are reported under S-deprivation conditions. No such induction could be observed under N or P deprivation conditions. Expression, localization, and complex-association of the Sabc protein was specifically investigated using cellular and chloroplast fractionations, BN-PAGE, SDS-PAGE and Western blot analyses. It is shown that Sabc protein levels in the cells increased under S-deprivation conditions, consistent with the observed induction of Sabc gene transcription. It is further shown that the Sabc protein co-localizes with SulP to the chloroplast envelope. Blue-native PAGE followed by Western blot analysis revealed the presence of an apparent 380 kDa complex in C. reinhardtii, specifically recognized by polyclonal antibodies against SulP and Sabc. These results suggest the presence and function in C. reinhardtii of a Sbp-SulP-SulP2-Sabc chloroplast envelope sulfate transporter holocomplex.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pia Lindberg
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-3102, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Structure, function, and evolution of bacterial ATP-binding cassette systems. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2008; 72:317-64, table of contents. [PMID: 18535149 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.00031-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 938] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
SUMMARY ATP-binding cassette (ABC) systems are universally distributed among living organisms and function in many different aspects of bacterial physiology. ABC transporters are best known for their role in the import of essential nutrients and the export of toxic molecules, but they can also mediate the transport of many other physiological substrates. In a classical transport reaction, two highly conserved ATP-binding domains or subunits couple the binding/hydrolysis of ATP to the translocation of particular substrates across the membrane, through interactions with membrane-spanning domains of the transporter. Variations on this basic theme involve soluble ABC ATP-binding proteins that couple ATP hydrolysis to nontransport processes, such as DNA repair and gene expression regulation. Insights into the structure, function, and mechanism of action of bacterial ABC proteins are reported, based on phylogenetic comparisons as well as classic biochemical and genetic approaches. The availability of an increasing number of high-resolution structures has provided a valuable framework for interpretation of recent studies, and realistic models have been proposed to explain how these fascinating molecular machines use complex dynamic processes to fulfill their numerous biological functions. These advances are also important for elucidating the mechanism of action of eukaryotic ABC proteins, because functional defects in many of them are responsible for severe human inherited diseases.
Collapse
|
36
|
Distribution and Evolution of Pseudogenes, Gene Losses, and a Gene Rearrangement in the Plastid Genome of the Nonphotosynthetic Liverwort, Aneura mirabilis (Metzgeriales, Jungermanniopsida). J Mol Evol 2008; 67:111-22. [DOI: 10.1007/s00239-008-9133-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2008] [Revised: 05/28/2008] [Accepted: 06/09/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|
37
|
Irihimovitch V, Yehudai-Resheff S. Phosphate and sulfur limitation responses in the chloroplast of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2008; 283:1-8. [PMID: 18410347 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.2008.01154.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphorus (P) and sulfur (S) are two macronutrients that photosynthetic organisms require in relatively large amounts despite their levels in the environment often being limited. Accordingly, to adapt to random changes in macronutrient concentrations, plants and algae must sense and respond in a coordinated fashion. The unicellular green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardti is a widely used model organism for the study of P and S stress responses. Herein, we review the current knowledge of P and S nutrient stress responses, highlighting the roles of P and S key global-regulator proteins in mediating signals that link P and S detection to different chloroplast nutrient stress responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vered Irihimovitch
- Institute of Plant Sciences, The Volcani Center, Agricultural Research Organization, Bet-Dagan, Israel.
| | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Hell R, Wirtz M. Metabolism of Cysteine in Plants and Phototrophic Bacteria. SULFUR METABOLISM IN PHOTOTROPHIC ORGANISMS 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4020-6863-8_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
|
39
|
Role of Sulfur for Algae: Acquisition, Metabolism, Ecology and Evolution. SULFUR METABOLISM IN PHOTOTROPHIC ORGANISMS 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4020-6863-8_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
|
40
|
Shibagaki N, Grossman A. The State of Sulfur Metabolism in Algae: From Ecology to Genomics. SULFUR METABOLISM IN PHOTOTROPHIC ORGANISMS 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4020-6863-8_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
|
41
|
Hawkesford MJ. Uptake, Distribution and Subcellular Transport of Sulfate. SULFUR METABOLISM IN PHOTOTROPHIC ORGANISMS 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4020-6863-8_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
|
42
|
Abstract
Molybdenum is an essential element for almost all living beings, which, in the form of a molybdopterin-cofactor, participates in the active site of enzymes involved in key reactions of carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur metabolism. This metal is taken up by cells in form of the oxyanion molybdate. Bacteria acquire molybdate by an ATP-binding-cassette (ABC) transport system in a widely studied process, but how eukaryotic cells take up molybdenum is unknown because molybdate transporters have not been identified so far. Here, we report a eukaryotic high-affinity molybdate transporter, encoded by the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii gene MoT1. An antisense RNA strategy over the MoT1 gene showed that interference of the expression of this gene leads to the inhibition of molybdate transport activity and, in turn, of the Mo-containing enzyme nitrate reductase, indicating a function of MoT1 in molybdate transport. MOT1 functionality was also shown by heterologous expression in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Molybdate uptake mediated by MOT1 showed a K(m) of approximately 6 nM, which is the range of the lowest K(m) values reported and was activated in the presence of nitrate. Analysis of deduced sequence from the putative protein coded by MoT1 showed motifs specifically conserved in similar proteins present in the databases, and defines a family of membrane proteins in both eukaryotes and prokaryotes probably involved in molybdate transport and distantly related to plant sulfate transporters SULTR. These findings represent an important step in the understanding of molybdate transport, a crucial process in eukaryotic cells.
Collapse
|
43
|
Melis A. Photosynthetic H2 metabolism in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii (unicellular green algae). PLANTA 2007; 226:1075-86. [PMID: 17721788 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-007-0609-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2007] [Accepted: 07/27/2007] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Unicellular green algae have the ability to operate in two distinctly different environments (aerobic and anaerobic), and to photosynthetically generate molecular hydrogen (H2). A recently developed metabolic protocol in the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii permitted separation of photosynthetic O2-evolution and carbon accumulation from anaerobic consumption of cellular metabolites and concomitant photosynthetic H2-evolution. The H2 evolution process was induced upon sulfate nutrient deprivation of the cells, which reversibly inhibits photosystem-II and O2-evolution in their chloroplast. In the absence of O2, and in order to generate ATP, green algae resorted to anaerobic photosynthetic metabolism, evolved H2 in the light and consumed endogenous substrate. This study summarizes recent advances on green algal hydrogen metabolism and discusses avenues of research for the further development of this method. Included is the mechanism of a substantial tenfold starch accumulation in the cells, observed promptly upon S-deprivation, and the regulated starch and protein catabolism during the subsequent H2-evolution. Also discussed is the function of a chloroplast envelope-localized sulfate permease, and the photosynthesis-respiration relationship in green algae as potential tools by which to stabilize and enhance H2 metabolism. In addition to potential practical applications of H2, approaches discussed in this work are beginning to address the biochemistry of anaerobic H2 photoproduction, its genes, proteins, regulation, and communication with other metabolic pathways in microalgae. Photosynthetic H2 production by green algae may hold the promise of generating a renewable fuel from nature's most plentiful resources, sunlight and water. The process potentially concerns global warming and the question of energy supply and demand.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anastasios Melis
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, 111 Koshland Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720-3102, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Hankamer B, Lehr F, Rupprecht J, Mussgnug JH, Posten C, Kruse O. Photosynthetic biomass and H2 production by green algae: from bioengineering to bioreactor scale-up. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2007; 131:10-21. [PMID: 18251920 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3054.2007.00924.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The development of clean borderless fuels is of vital importance to human and environmental health and global prosperity. Currently, fuels make up approximately 67% of the global energy market (total market = 15 TW year(-1)) (Hoffert et al. 1998). In contrast, global electricity demand accounts for only 33% (Hoffert et al. 1998). Yet, despite the importance of fuels, almost all CO(2) free energy production systems under development are designed to drive electricity generation (e.g. clean-coal technology, nuclear, photovoltaic, wind, geothermal, wave and hydroelectric). In contrast, and indeed almost uniquely, biofuels also target the much larger fuel market and so in the future will play an increasingly important role in maintaining energy security (Lal 2005). Currently, the main biofuels that are at varying stages of development include bio-ethanol, liquid carbohydrates [e.g. biodiesel or biomass to liquid (BTL) products], biomethane and bio-H(2). This review is focused on placing bio-H(2) production processes into the context of the current biofuels market and summarizing advances made both at the level of bioengineering and bioreactor design.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ben Hankamer
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, St Lucia Campus, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Kopriva S, Wiedemann G, Reski R. Sulfate assimilation in basal land plants - what does genomic sequencing tell us? PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2007; 9:556-64. [PMID: 17853355 DOI: 10.1055/s-2007-965430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Sulfate assimilation is a pathway providing reduced sulfur for the synthesis of cysteine, methionine, co-enzymes such as iron-sulfur centres, thiamine, lipoic acid, or Coenzyme A, and many secondary metabolites, e.g., glucosinolates or alliins. The pathway is relatively well understood in flowering plants, but very little information exists on sulfate assimilation in basal land plants. Since the finding of a putative 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate reductase in PHYSCOMITRELLA PATENS, an enigmatic enzyme thought to exist in fungi and some bacteria only, it has been evident that sulfur metabolism in lower plants may substantially differ from seed plant models. The genomic sequencing of two basal plant species, the Bryophyte PHYSCOMITRELLA PATENS, and the Lycophyte SELAGINELLA MOELLENDORFFII, opens up the possibility to search for differences between lower and higher plants at the genomic level. Here we describe the similarities and differences in the organisation of the sulfate assimilation pathway between basal and advanced land plants derived from genome comparisons of these two species with ARABIDOPSIS THALIANA and ORYZA SATIVA, two seed plants with sequenced genomes. We found differences in the number of genes encoding sulfate transporters, adenosine 5'-phosphosulfate reductase, and sulfite reductase between the lower and higher plants. The consequences for regulation of the pathway and evolution of sulfate assimilation in plants are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Kopriva
- John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|