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Inazu M, Nemoto T, Omata Y, Suzuki S, Ono S, Kanno Y, Seo M, Oikawa A, Masuda S. Complete Loss of RelA and SpoT Homologs in Arabidopsis Reveals the Importance of the Plastidial Stringent Response in the Interplay between Chloroplast Metabolism and Plant Defense Response. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 65:631-643. [PMID: 37925598 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcad136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/06/2023]
Abstract
The highly phosphorylated nucleotide, guanosine tetraphosphate (ppGpp), functions as a secondary messenger in bacteria and chloroplasts. The accumulation of ppGpp alters plastidial gene expression and metabolism, which are required for proper photosynthetic regulation and robust plant growth. However, because four plastid-localized ppGpp synthases/hydrolases function redundantly, the impact of the loss of ppGpp-dependent stringent response on plant physiology remains unclear. We used CRISPR/Cas9 technology to generate an Arabidopsis thaliana mutant lacking all four ppGpp synthases/hydrolases and characterized its phenotype. The mutant showed over 20-fold less ppGpp levels than the wild type under normal growth conditions and exhibited leaf chlorosis and increased expression of defense-related genes as well as salicylic acid and jasmonate levels upon transition to nitrogen-starvation conditions. These results demonstrate that proper levels of ppGpp in plastids are required for controlling not only plastid metabolism but also phytohormone signaling, which is essential for plant defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masataka Inazu
- Department of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, 226-8501 Japan
| | - Takanari Nemoto
- Department of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, 226-8501 Japan
| | - Yuto Omata
- Department of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, 226-8501 Japan
| | - Sae Suzuki
- Department of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, 226-8501 Japan
| | - Sumire Ono
- Department of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, 226-8501 Japan
| | - Yuri Kanno
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, 230-0045 Japan
| | - Mitsunori Seo
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, 230-0045 Japan
| | - Akira Oikawa
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8502 Japan
| | - Shinji Masuda
- Department of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, 226-8501 Japan
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2
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Turkan S, Kulasek M, Zienkiewicz A, Mierek-Adamska A, Skrzypek E, Warchoł M, Szydłowska-Czerniak A, Bartoli J, Field B, Dąbrowska GB. Guanosine tetraphosphate (ppGpp) is a new player in Brassica napus L. seed development. Food Chem 2024; 436:137648. [PMID: 37852071 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.137648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 09/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
Rapeseed oil, constituting 12% of global vegetable oil production, is susceptible to quality degradation due to stress-induced incomplete seed degreening, fatty acid oxidation, or poor nutrient accumulation. We hypothesise that the hyperphosphorylated nucleotide alarmone ppGpp (guanosine tetraphosphate), acts as a pivotal regulator of these processes, given its established roles in nutrient management, degreening, and ROS regulation in leaves. Using qPCR, UHPLC-MS/MS, and biochemical methods, our study delves into the impact of ppGpp on seed nutritional value. We observed a positive correlation between ppGpp levels and desiccation, and a negative correlation with photosynthetic pigment levels. Trends in antioxidant activity suggest that ppGpp may negatively influence peroxidases, which are safeguarding against chlorophyll decomposition. Notably, despite increasing ppGpp levels, sugars, proteins and oils appear unaffected. This newfound role of ppGpp in seed development suggests it regulates the endogenous antioxidant system during degreening and desiccation, preserving nutritional quality. Further validation through mutant-based research is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sena Turkan
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Lwowska 1, 87-100 Toruń, Poland; Centre for Modern Interdisciplinary Technologies, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Wileńska 4, 87-100 Toruń, Poland.
| | - Milena Kulasek
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Lwowska 1, 87-100 Toruń, Poland; Centre for Modern Interdisciplinary Technologies, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Wileńska 4, 87-100 Toruń, Poland.
| | - Agnieszka Zienkiewicz
- Centre for Modern Interdisciplinary Technologies, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Wileńska 4, 87-100 Toruń, Poland.
| | - Agnieszka Mierek-Adamska
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Lwowska 1, 87-100 Toruń, Poland; Centre for Modern Interdisciplinary Technologies, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Wileńska 4, 87-100 Toruń, Poland.
| | - Edyta Skrzypek
- Department of Biotechnology, The Franciszek Górski Institute of Plant Physiology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Niezapominajek 21, 30-239 Kraków, Poland.
| | - Marzena Warchoł
- Department of Biotechnology, The Franciszek Górski Institute of Plant Physiology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Niezapominajek 21, 30-239 Kraków, Poland.
| | - Aleksandra Szydłowska-Czerniak
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Applied Spectroscopy, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Gagarina 7, 87-100 Toruń, Poland.
| | - Julia Bartoli
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, LISM, UMR7255, IMM FR 3479, 31 Chemin Joseph Aiguier, 13009 Marseille, France.
| | - Ben Field
- Aix-Marseille Univ, CEA, CNRS, BIAM, UMR7265, 13009 Marseille, France.
| | - Grażyna B Dąbrowska
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Lwowska 1, 87-100 Toruń, Poland.
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3
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Garstecka Z, Antoszewski M, Mierek-Adamska A, Krauklis D, Niedojadło K, Kaliska B, Hrynkiewicz K, Dąbrowska GB. Trichoderma viride Colonizes the Roots of Brassica napus L., Alters the Expression of Stress-Responsive Genes, and Increases the Yield of Canola under Field Conditions during Drought. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15349. [PMID: 37895028 PMCID: PMC10607854 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242015349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In this work, we present the results of the inoculation of canola seeds (Brassica napus L.) with Trichoderma viride strains that promote the growth of plants. Seven morphologically different strains of T. viride (TvI-VII) were shown to be capable of synthesizing auxins and exhibited cellulolytic and pectinolytic activities. To gain a deeper insight into the molecular mechanisms underlying canola-T. viride interactions, we analyzed the canola stress genes metallothioneins (BnMT1-3) and stringent response genes (BnRSH1-3 and BnCRSH). We demonstrated the presence of cis-regulatory elements responsive to fungal elicitors in the promoter regions of B. napus MT and RSH genes and observed changes in the levels of the transcripts of the above-mentioned genes in response to root colonization by the tested fungal strains. Of the seven tested strains, under laboratory conditions, T. viride VII stimulated the formation of roots and the growth of canola seedlings to the greatest extent. An experiment conducted under field conditions during drought showed that the inoculation of canola seeds with a suspension of T. viride VII spores increased yield by 16.7%. There was also a positive effect of the fungus on the height and branching of the plants, the number of siliques, and the mass of a thousand seeds. We suggest that the T. viride strain TvVII can be used in modern sustainable agriculture as a bioinoculant and seed coating to protect B. napus from drought.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuzanna Garstecka
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Lwowska 1, 87-100 Toruń, Poland; (Z.G.); (M.A.); (A.M.-A.)
| | - Marcel Antoszewski
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Lwowska 1, 87-100 Toruń, Poland; (Z.G.); (M.A.); (A.M.-A.)
| | - Agnieszka Mierek-Adamska
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Lwowska 1, 87-100 Toruń, Poland; (Z.G.); (M.A.); (A.M.-A.)
| | - Daniel Krauklis
- Research Centre for Cultivar Testing in Słupia Wielka, Chrząstowo 8, 89-100 Nakło nad Notecią, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Niedojadło
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Lwowska 1, 87-100 Toruń, Poland;
| | - Beata Kaliska
- Research Centre for Cultivar Testing in Słupia Wielka, Chrząstowo 8, 89-100 Nakło nad Notecią, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Hrynkiewicz
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Lwowska 1, 87-100 Toruń, Poland
| | - Grażyna B. Dąbrowska
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Lwowska 1, 87-100 Toruń, Poland; (Z.G.); (M.A.); (A.M.-A.)
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Qiu D, Lange E, Haas TM, Prucker I, Masuda S, Wang YL, Felix G, Schaaf G, Jessen HJ. Bacterial Pathogen Infection Triggers Magic Spot Nucleotide Signaling in Arabidopsis thaliana Chloroplasts through Specific RelA/SpoT Homologues. J Am Chem Soc 2023. [PMID: 37437195 PMCID: PMC10375528 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c04445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
Magic spot nucleotides (p)ppGpp are important signaling molecules in bacteria and plants. In the latter, RelA-SpoT homologue (RSH) enzymes are responsible for (p)ppGpp turnover. Profiling of (p)ppGpp is more difficult in plants than in bacteria due to lower concentrations and more severe matrix effects. Here, we report that capillary electrophoresis mass spectrometry (CE-MS) can be deployed to study (p)ppGpp abundance and identity in Arabidopsis thaliana. This goal is achieved by combining a titanium dioxide extraction protocol and pre-spiking with chemically synthesized stable isotope-labeled internal reference compounds. The high sensitivity and separation efficiency of CE-MS enables monitoring of changes in (p)ppGpp levels in A. thaliana upon infection with the pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato (PstDC3000). We observed a significant increase of ppGpp post infection that is also stimulated by the flagellin peptide flg22 only. This increase depends on functional flg22 receptor FLS2 and its interacting kinase BAK1 indicating that pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP) receptor-mediated signaling controls ppGpp levels. Transcript analyses showed an upregulation of RSH2 upon flg22 treatment and both RSH2 and RSH3 after PstDC3000 infection. Arabidopsis mutants deficient in RSH2 and RSH3 activity display no ppGpp accumulation upon infection and flg22 treatment, supporting the involvement of these synthases in PAMP-triggered innate immune responses to pathogens within the chloroplast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danye Qiu
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- CIBSS─Centre for Integrative Biological Signaling Studies, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Esther Lange
- Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation, Department of Plant Nutrition, University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Thomas M Haas
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Isabel Prucker
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Shinji Masuda
- Department of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama 226-8501, Japan
| | - Yan L Wang
- Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Center for Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), Department of Biology, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Georg Felix
- Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Center for Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), Department of Biology, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Gabriel Schaaf
- Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation, Department of Plant Nutrition, University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Henning J Jessen
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- CIBSS─Centre for Integrative Biological Signaling Studies, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
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5
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Mehrez M, Romand S, Field B. New perspectives on the molecular mechanisms of stress signalling by the nucleotide guanosine tetraphosphate (ppGpp), an emerging regulator of photosynthesis in plants and algae. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2023; 237:1086-1099. [PMID: 36349398 PMCID: PMC10107265 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The nucleotides guanosine tetraphosphate and guanosine pentaphosphate (together (p)ppGpp) are found in a wide range of prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms where they are associated with stress signalling. In this review, we will discuss recent research highlighting the role of (p)ppGpp signalling as a conserved regulator of photosynthetic activity in the chloroplasts of plants and algae, and the latest discoveries that open up new perspectives on the emerging roles of (p)ppGpp in acclimation to environmental stress. We explore how rapid advances in the study of (p)ppGpp signalling in prokaryotes are now revealing large gaps in our understanding of the molecular mechanisms of signalling by (p)ppGpp and related nucleotides in plants and algae. Filling in these gaps is likely to lead to the discovery of conserved as well as new plant- and algal-specific (p)ppGpp signalling mechanisms that will offer new insights into the taming of the chloroplast and the regulation of stress tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marwa Mehrez
- Aix‐Marseille University, CEA, CNRS, BIAM, UMR726513009MarseilleFrance
- Faculty of Sciences of Tunis, Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Immunology and BiotechnologyUniversity of Tunis El Manar2092TunisTunisia
| | - Shanna Romand
- Aix‐Marseille University, CEA, CNRS, BIAM, UMR726513009MarseilleFrance
| | - Ben Field
- Aix‐Marseille University, CEA, CNRS, BIAM, UMR726513009MarseilleFrance
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6
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Antoszewski M, Mierek-Adamska A, Dąbrowska GB. The Importance of Microorganisms for Sustainable Agriculture-A Review. Metabolites 2022; 12:1100. [PMID: 36422239 PMCID: PMC9694901 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12111100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
In the face of climate change, progressive degradation of the environment, including agricultural land negatively affecting plant growth and development, endangers plant productivity. Seeking efficient and sustainable agricultural techniques to replace agricultural chemicals is one of the most important challenges nowadays. The use of plant growth-promoting microorganisms is among the most promising approaches; however, molecular mechanisms underneath plant-microbe interactions are still poorly understood. In this review, we summarized the knowledge on plant-microbe interactions, highlighting the role of microbial and plant proteins and metabolites in the formation of symbiotic relationships. This review covers rhizosphere and phyllosphere microbiomes, the role of root exudates in plant-microorganism interactions, the functioning of the plant's immune system during the plant-microorganism interactions. We also emphasized the possible role of the stringent response and the evolutionarily conserved mechanism during the established interaction between plants and microorganisms. As a case study, we discussed fungi belonging to the genus Trichoderma. Our review aims to summarize the existing knowledge about plant-microorganism interactions and to highlight molecular pathways that need further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Agnieszka Mierek-Adamska
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Lwowska 1, 87-100 Toruń, Poland
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7
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Harchouni S, England S, Vieu J, Romand S, Aouane A, Citerne S, Legeret B, Alric J, Li-Beisson Y, Menand B, Field B. Guanosine tetraphosphate (ppGpp) accumulation inhibits chloroplast gene expression and promotes super grana formation in the moss Physcomitrium (Physcomitrella) patens. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 236:86-98. [PMID: 35715975 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The nucleotides guanosine tetraphosphate and pentaphosphate (or (p)ppGpp) are implicated in the regulation of chloroplast function in plants. (p)ppGpp signalling is best understood in the model vascular plant Arabidopsis thaliana in which it acts to regulate plastid gene expression to influence photosynthesis, plant development and immunity. However, little information is known about the conservation or diversity of (p)ppGpp signalling in other land plants. We studied the function of ppGpp in the moss Physcomitrium (previously Physcomitrella) patens using an inducible system for triggering ppGpp accumulation. We used this approach to investigate the effects of ppGpp on chloroplast function, photosynthesis and growth. We demonstrate that ppGpp accumulation causes a dramatic drop in photosynthetic capacity by inhibiting chloroplast gene expression. This was accompanied by the unexpected reorganisation of the thylakoid system into super grana. Surprisingly, these changes did not affect gametophore growth, suggesting that bryophytes and vascular plants may have different tolerances to defects in photosynthesis. Our findings point to the existence of both highly conserved and more specific targets of (p)ppGpp signalling in the land plants that may reflect different growth strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seddik Harchouni
- Aix-Marseille Université, CEA, CNRS, BIAM, UMR7265, 13009, Marseille, France
| | - Samantha England
- Aix-Marseille Université, CEA, CNRS, BIAM, UMR7265, 13009, Marseille, France
| | - Julien Vieu
- Aix-Marseille Université, CEA, CNRS, BIAM, UMR7265, 13009, Marseille, France
| | - Shanna Romand
- Aix-Marseille Université, CEA, CNRS, BIAM, UMR7265, 13009, Marseille, France
| | - Aicha Aouane
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, Institut de Biologie du Developpement de Marseille (IBDM), 13009, Marseille, France
| | - Sylvie Citerne
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78000, Versailles, France
| | - Bertrand Legeret
- Aix-Marseille Université, CEA, CNRS, BIAM, UMR7265, CEA Cadarache, Saint-Paul-lez Durance, 13108, France
| | - Jean Alric
- Aix-Marseille Université, CEA, CNRS, BIAM, UMR7265, CEA Cadarache, Saint-Paul-lez Durance, 13108, France
| | - Yonghua Li-Beisson
- Aix-Marseille Université, CEA, CNRS, BIAM, UMR7265, CEA Cadarache, Saint-Paul-lez Durance, 13108, France
| | - Benoît Menand
- Aix-Marseille Université, CEA, CNRS, BIAM, UMR7265, 13009, Marseille, France
| | - Benjamin Field
- Aix-Marseille Université, CEA, CNRS, BIAM, UMR7265, 13009, Marseille, France
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Ito K, Ito D, Goto M, Suzuki S, Masuda S, Iba K, Kusumi K. Regulation of ppGpp Synthesis and Its Impact on Chloroplast Biogenesis during Early Leaf Development in Rice. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 63:919-931. [PMID: 35428891 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcac053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Guanosine tetraphosphate (ppGpp) is known as an alarmone that mediates bacterial stress responses. In plants, ppGpp is synthesized in chloroplasts from GTP and ATP and functions as a regulator of chloroplast gene expression to affect photosynthesis and plant growth. This observation indicates that ppGpp metabolism is closely related to chloroplast function, but the regulation of ppGpp and its role in chloroplast differentiation are not well understood. In rice, ppGpp directly inhibits plastidial guanylate kinase (GKpm), a key enzyme in GTP biosynthesis. GKpm is highly expressed during early leaf development in rice, and the GKpm-deficient mutant, virescent-2 (v2), develops chloroplast-deficient chlorotic leaves under low-temperature conditions. To examine the relationship between GTP synthesis and ppGpp homeostasis, we generated transgenic rice plants over-expressing RSH3, a protein known to act as a ppGpp synthase. When RSH3 was overexpressed in v2, the leaf chlorosis was more severe. Although the RSH3 overexpression in the wild type caused no visible effects, pulse amplitude modulation fluorometer measurements indicated that photosynthetic rates were reduced in this line. This finding implies that the regulation of ppGpp synthesis in rice is involved in the maintenance of the GTP pool required to regulate plastid gene expression during early chloroplast biogenesis. We further investigated changes in the expressions of RelA/SpoT Homolog (RSH) genes encoding ppGpp synthases and hydrolases during the same period. Comparing the expression of these genes with the cellular ppGpp content suggests that the basal ppGpp level is determined by the antagonistic action of multiple RSH enzymatic activities during early leaf development in rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiro Ito
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Kyushu University, Motooka 744, Fukuoka, 819-0395 Japan
| | - Doshun Ito
- Department of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 226-8501 Japan
| | - Mina Goto
- Department of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 226-8501 Japan
| | - Sae Suzuki
- Department of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 226-8501 Japan
| | - Shinji Masuda
- Department of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 226-8501 Japan
| | - Koh Iba
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Kyushu University, Motooka 744, Fukuoka, 819-0395 Japan
| | - Kensuke Kusumi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Kyushu University, Motooka 744, Fukuoka, 819-0395 Japan
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9
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Coordination of Chloroplast Activity with Plant Growth: Clues Point to TOR. PLANTS 2022; 11:plants11060803. [PMID: 35336685 PMCID: PMC8953291 DOI: 10.3390/plants11060803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Photosynthesis is the defining function of most autotrophic organisms. In the plantae kingdom, chloroplasts host this function and ensure growth. However, these organelles are very sensitive to stressful conditions and the photosynthetic process can cause photooxidative damage if not perfectly regulated. In addition, their function is energivorous in terms of both chemical energy and nutrients. To coordinate chloroplast activity with the cell’s need, continuous signaling is required: from chloroplasts to cytoplasm and from nucleus to chloroplasts. In this opinion article, several mechanisms that ensure this communication are reported and the many clues that point to an important role of the Target of Rapamycin (TOR) kinase in the coordination between the eukaryotic and prokaryotic sides of plants are highlighted.
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10
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Romand S, Abdelkefi H, Lecampion C, Belaroussi M, Dussenne M, Ksas B, Citerne S, Caius J, D'Alessandro S, Fakhfakh H, Caffarri S, Havaux M, Field B. A guanosine tetraphosphate (ppGpp) mediated brake on photosynthesis is required for acclimation to nitrogen limitation in Arabidopsis. eLife 2022; 11:75041. [PMID: 35156611 PMCID: PMC8887892 DOI: 10.7554/elife.75041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Guanosine pentaphosphate and tetraphosphate (together referred to as ppGpp) are hyperphosphorylated nucleotides found in bacteria and the chloroplasts of plants and algae. In plants and algae artificial ppGpp accumulation can inhibit chloroplast gene expression, and influence photosynthesis, nutrient remobilisation, growth, and immunity. However, it is so far unknown whether ppGpp is required for abiotic stress acclimation in plants. Here, we demonstrate that ppGpp biosynthesis is necessary for acclimation to nitrogen starvation in Arabidopsis. We show that ppGpp is required for remodeling the photosynthetic electron transport chain to downregulate photosynthetic activity and for protection against oxidative stress. Furthermore, we demonstrate that ppGpp is required for coupling chloroplastic and nuclear gene expression during nitrogen starvation. Altogether, our work indicates that ppGpp is a pivotal regulator of chloroplast activity for stress acclimation in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanna Romand
- LGBP Team, Aix-Marseille University, CEA, CNRS, BIAM, Marseille, France
| | - Hela Abdelkefi
- LGBP Team, Aix-Marseille University, CEA, CNRS, BIAM, Marseille, France
| | - Cécile Lecampion
- LGBP Team, Aix-Marseille University, CEA, CNRS, BIAM, Marseille, France
| | | | - Melanie Dussenne
- LGBP Team, Aix-Marseille University, CEA, CNRS, BIAM, Marseille, France
| | - Brigitte Ksas
- Faculty of Sciences, University of Carthage, Bizerte, Tunisia
| | - Sylvie Citerne
- Institut JeanPierre Bourgin, Université Paris-Saclay, UMR1318, INRAE, Versailles, France
| | - Jose Caius
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, INRAE, Orsay, France
| | | | - Hatem Fakhfakh
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Immunology and Biotechnology, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Stefano Caffarri
- LGBP Team, Aix-Marseille University, CEA, CNRS, BIAM, Marseille, France
| | - Michel Havaux
- SAVE Team, Aix-Marseille University, CEA, CNRS, BIAM, Saint-Paul-lez-Durance,, France
| | - Benjamin Field
- LGBP Team, Aix-Marseille University, CEA, CNRS, BIAM, Marseille, France
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11
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Li H, Nian J, Fang S, Guo M, Huang X, Zhang F, Wang Q, Zhang J, Bai J, Dong G, Xin P, Xie X, Chen F, Wang G, Wang Y, Qian Q, Zuo J, Chu J, Ma X. Regulation of nitrogen starvation responses by the alarmone (p)ppGpp in rice. J Genet Genomics 2022; 49:469-480. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jgg.2022.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2021] [Revised: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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12
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Goto M, Oikawa A, Masuda S. Metabolic changes contributing to large biomass production in the Arabidopsis ppGpp-accumulating mutant under nitrogen deficiency. PLANTA 2022; 255:48. [PMID: 35079894 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-022-03835-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The Arabidopsis ppGpp-overproducing mutant indicates a larger biomass than wild type by modulated amino-acid metabolism under nitrogen-limiting conditions. The regulatory nucleotide, guanosine 3', 5'-bis(pyrophosphate; ppGpp)-originally identified in Escherichia coli-controls gene expression and enzyme activities in the bacteria and plastids of plant cells. We recently reported that the ppGpp over-producing mutant of Arabidopsis thaliana had a larger shoot weight than wild type (WT), especially under nutrient-deficient conditions. However, the mechanisms behind the influence of ppGpp on plant growth and biomass remain elusive. To understand the impact of the ppGpp accumulation on plant growth, we characterized metabolic changes in the ppGpp-overproducing mutant upon transition from nitrogen-rich to nitrogen-limiting concentrations. We found that the fresh weight of the mutant was significantly larger than WT when the total nitrogen source (KNO3 and NH4NO3) concentration was below 0.9 mM. When the nitrogen content in the medium decreased, aromatic and branched-chain amino acids increased in WT due to accelerated protein degradation and/or attenuated protein synthesis. These amino-acid levels in the ppGpp over-accumulating mutant decreased upon nitrogen deficiency. The results suggest that the ppGpp-overaccumulation affects amino-acid and protein homeostasis and facilitates growth under nitrogen-limiting conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mina Goto
- Department of Life Science & Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, 226-8501, Japan
| | - Akira Oikawa
- Faculty of Agriculture, Yamagata University, Tsuruoka, 997-8555, Japan
- Present Address: Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Uji, 611-0011, Japan
| | - Shinji Masuda
- Department of Life Science & Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, 226-8501, Japan.
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13
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Petrova O, Parfirova O, Gogolev Y, Gorshkov V. Stringent Response in Bacteria and Plants with Infection. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2021; 111:1811-1817. [PMID: 34296953 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-11-20-0510-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Stringent response (SR), a primary stress reaction in bacteria and plant chloroplasts, is a molecular switch that provides operational stress-induced reprogramming of transcription under conditions of abiotic and biotic stress. Because the infection is a stressful situation for both partners (the host plant and the pathogen), we analyzed the expression of bacterial and plastid SR-related genes during plant-microbial interaction. In the phytopathogenic bacterium Pectobacterium atrosepticum, SpoT-dependent SR was induced after contact with potato or tobacco plants. In plants, two different scenarios of molecular events developed under bacterial infection. Plastid SR was not induced in the host plant potato Solanum tuberosum, which co-evolved with the pathogen for a long time. In this case, the salicylic acid defense pathway was activated and plants were more resistant to bacterial infection. SR was activated in the tobacco Nicotiana tabacum (experimental host) along with activation of jasmonic acid-related genes, resulting in plant death. These results are important to more fully understand the evolutionary interactions between plants and symbionts/pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Petrova
- Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Federal Research Center, Kazan Scientific Center of Russian Academy of Sciences, Kazan 420111, Russian Federation
| | - Olga Parfirova
- Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Federal Research Center, Kazan Scientific Center of Russian Academy of Sciences, Kazan 420111, Russian Federation
| | - Yuri Gogolev
- Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Federal Research Center, Kazan Scientific Center of Russian Academy of Sciences, Kazan 420111, Russian Federation
| | - Vladimir Gorshkov
- Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Federal Research Center, Kazan Scientific Center of Russian Academy of Sciences, Kazan 420111, Russian Federation
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14
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Avilan L, Lebrun R, Puppo C, Citerne S, Cuiné S, Li‐Beisson Y, Menand B, Field B, Gontero B. ppGpp influences protein protection, growth and photosynthesis in Phaeodactylum tricornutum. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 230:1517-1532. [PMID: 33595847 PMCID: PMC8252717 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Chloroplasts retain elements of a bacterial stress response pathway that is mediated by the signalling nucleotides guanosine penta- and tetraphosphate ((p)ppGpp). In the model flowering plant Arabidopsis, ppGpp acts as a potent regulator of plastid gene expression and influences photosynthesis, plant growth and development. However, little is known about ppGpp metabolism or its evolution in other photosynthetic eukaryotes. Here, we studied the function of ppGpp in the diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum using transgenic lines containing an inducible system for ppGpp accumulation. We used these lines to investigate the effects of ppGpp on growth, photosynthesis, lipid metabolism and protein expression. We demonstrate that ppGpp accumulation reduces photosynthetic capacity and promotes a quiescent-like state with reduced proliferation and ageing. Strikingly, using nontargeted proteomics, we discovered that ppGpp accumulation also leads to the coordinated upregulation of a protein protection response in multiple cellular compartments. Our findings highlight the importance of ppGpp as a fundamental regulator of chloroplast function across different domains of life, and lead to new questions about the molecular mechanisms and roles of (p)ppGpp signalling in photosynthetic eukaryotes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisana Avilan
- CNRSBIPUMR 7281IMM FR 3479Aix Marseille Univ31 Chemin Joseph AiguierMarseille13009France
- Centre for Enzyme InnovationSchool of Biological SciencesInstitute of Biological and Biomedical SciencesUniversity of PortsmouthPortsmouthPO1 2DYUK
| | - Regine Lebrun
- Plate‐forme ProtéomiqueMarseille Protéomique (MaP)IMM FR 3479, 31 Chemin Joseph AiguierMarseille13009France
| | - Carine Puppo
- CNRSBIPUMR 7281IMM FR 3479Aix Marseille Univ31 Chemin Joseph AiguierMarseille13009France
| | - Sylvie Citerne
- Institut Jean‐Pierre BourginINRAEAgroParisTechUniversité Paris‐SaclayVersailles78000France
| | - Stephane Cuiné
- CEA, CNRS, UMR7265 BIAMCEA CadaracheAix‐Marseille UnivSaint‐Paul‐lez Durance13108France
| | - Yonghua Li‐Beisson
- CEA, CNRS, UMR7265 BIAMCEA CadaracheAix‐Marseille UnivSaint‐Paul‐lez Durance13108France
| | - Benoît Menand
- CEA, CNRS, UMR7265 BIAMAix‐Marseille UnivMarseille13009France
| | - Ben Field
- CEA, CNRS, UMR7265 BIAMAix‐Marseille UnivMarseille13009France
| | - Brigitte Gontero
- CNRSBIPUMR 7281IMM FR 3479Aix Marseille Univ31 Chemin Joseph AiguierMarseille13009France
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15
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Ono S, Suzuki S, Ito D, Tagawa S, Shiina T, Masuda S. Plastidial (p)ppGpp Synthesis by the Ca2+-Dependent RelA-SpoT Homolog Regulates the Adaptation of Chloroplast Gene Expression to Darkness in Arabidopsis. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 61:2077-2086. [PMID: 33089303 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcaa124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In bacteria, the hyper-phosphorylated nucleotide, guanosine 3',5'-bis(pyrophosphate) (ppGpp), functions as a secondary messenger under stringent conditions. ppGpp levels are controlled by two distinct enzymes, namely RelA and SpoT, in Escherichia coli. RelA-SpoT homologs (RSHs) are also conserved in plants where they function in the plastids. The model plant Arabidopsis thaliana contains four RSHs: RSH1, RSH2, RSH3 and Ca2+-dependent RSH (CRSH). Genetic characterizations of RSH1, RSH2 and RSH3 were undertaken, which showed that the ppGpp-dependent plastidial stringent response significantly influences plant growth and stress acclimation. However, the physiological significance of CRSH-dependent ppGpp synthesis remains unclear, as no crsh-null mutant has been available. Here, to investigate the function of CRSH, a crsh-knockout mutant of Arabidopsis was constructed using a site-specific gene-editing technique, and its phenotype was characterized. A transient increase in ppGpp was observed for 30 min in the wild type (WT) after the light-to-dark transition, but this increase was not observed in the crsh mutant. Similar analyses were performed with the rsh2-rsh3 double and rsh1-rsh2-rsh3 triple mutants and showed that the transient increments of ppGpp in the mutants were higher than those in the WT. The increase in ppGpp in the WT and rsh2 rsh3 accompanied decrements in the mRNA levels of some plastidial genes transcribed by the plastid-encoded plastid RNA polymerase. These results indicate that the transient increase in ppGpp at night is due to CRSH-dependent ppGpp synthesis and that the ppGpp level is maintained by the hydrolytic activities of RSH1, RSH2 and RSH3 to accustom plastidial gene expression to darkness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumire Ono
- Graduate School of Life Science & Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, 226-8501 Japan
| | - Sae Suzuki
- Graduate School of Life Science & Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, 226-8501 Japan
| | - Doshun Ito
- Graduate School of Life Science & Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, 226-8501 Japan
| | - Shota Tagawa
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto Prefectural University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8522 Japan
| | - Takashi Shiina
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto Prefectural University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8522 Japan
| | - Shinji Masuda
- Graduate School of Life Science & Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, 226-8501 Japan
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16
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Irving SE, Choudhury NR, Corrigan RM. The stringent response and physiological roles of (pp)pGpp in bacteria. Nat Rev Microbiol 2020; 19:256-271. [PMID: 33149273 DOI: 10.1038/s41579-020-00470-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The stringent response is a stress signalling system mediated by the alarmones guanosine tetraphosphate (ppGpp) and guanosine pentaphosphate (pppGpp) in response to nutrient deprivation. Recent research highlights the complexity and broad range of functions that these alarmones control. This Review provides an update on our current understanding of the enzymes involved in ppGpp, pppGpp and guanosine 5'-monophosphate 3'-diphosphate (pGpp) (collectively (pp)pGpp) turnover, including those shown to produce pGpp and its analogue (pp)pApp. We describe the well-known interactions with RNA polymerase as well as a broader range of cellular target pathways controlled by (pp)pGpp, including DNA replication, transcription, nucleotide synthesis, ribosome biogenesis and function, as well as lipid metabolism. Finally, we review the role of ppGpp and pppGpp in bacterial pathogenesis, providing examples of how these nucleotides are involved in regulating many aspects of virulence and chronic infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie E Irving
- The Florey Institute, Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Naznin R Choudhury
- The Florey Institute, Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Rebecca M Corrigan
- The Florey Institute, Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.
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17
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Zhang JY, Cun Z, Chen JW. Photosynthetic performance and photosynthesis-related gene expression coordinated in a shade-tolerant species Panax notoginseng under nitrogen regimes. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 20:273. [PMID: 32593292 PMCID: PMC7321538 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-020-02434-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nitrogen (N) is an essential component of photosynthetic apparatus. However, the mechanism that photosynthetic capacity is suppressed by N is not completely understood. Photosynthetic capacity and photosynthesis-related genes were comparatively analyzed in a shade-tolerant species Panax notoginseng grown under the levels of low N (LN), moderate N (MN) and high N (HN). RESULTS Photosynthetic assimilation was significantly suppressed in the LN- and HN-grown plants. Compared with the MN-grown plants, the HN-grown plants showed thicker anatomic structure and larger chloroplast accompanied with decreased ratio of mesophyll conductance (gm) to Rubisco content (gm/Rubisco) and lower Rubisco activity. Meanwhile, LN-grown plants displayed smaller chloroplast and accordingly lower internal conductance (gi). LN- and HN-grown individuals allocated less N to light-harvesting system (NL) and carboxylation system (NC), respectively. N surplus negatively affected the expression of genes in Car biosynthesis (GGPS, DXR, PSY, IPI and DXS). The LN individuals outperformed others with respect to non-photochemical quenching. The expression of genes (FBA, PGK, RAF2, GAPC, CAB, PsbA and PsbH) encoding enzymes of Calvin cycle and structural protein of light reaction were obviously repressed in the LN individuals, accompanying with a reduction in Rubisco content and activity. Correspondingly, the expression of genes encoding RAF2, RPI4, CAB and PetE were repressed in the HN-grown plants. CONCLUSIONS LN-induced depression of photosynthetic capacity might be caused by the deceleration on Calvin cycle and light reaction of photosynthesis, and HN-induced depression of ones might derive from an increase in the form of inactivated Rubisco.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Yan Zhang
- College of Agronomy & Biotechnology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, China
- Key Laboratory of Medical Plant Biology of Yunnan Province, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, China
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center on Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Chinese Medicinal Materials in Southwestern China, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - Zhu Cun
- College of Agronomy & Biotechnology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, China
- Key Laboratory of Medical Plant Biology of Yunnan Province, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, China
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center on Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Chinese Medicinal Materials in Southwestern China, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - Jun-Wen Chen
- College of Agronomy & Biotechnology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, China.
- Key Laboratory of Medical Plant Biology of Yunnan Province, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, China.
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center on Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Chinese Medicinal Materials in Southwestern China, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, China.
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18
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Prusińska JM, Boniecka J, Dąbrowska GB, Goc A. Identification and characterization of the Ipomoea nil RelA/SpoT Homologs (InRSHs) and potential directions of their transcriptional regulation. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 284:161-176. [PMID: 31084869 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2019.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Revised: 01/13/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Although the stringent response has been known for more than half a century and has been well studied in bacteria, only the research of the past 19 years revealed that the homologous mechanism is conserved in plants. The plant RelA/SpoT Homolog (RSH) genes have been identified and characterized in a limited number of plant species, whereas products of their catalytic activities, (p)ppGpp (alarmones), have been shown to accumulate mainly in chloroplasts. Here, we identified full-length sequences of the Ipomoea nil RSH genes (InRSH1, InRSH2 and InCRSH), determined their copy number in the I. nil genome as well as the structural conservancy between InRSHs and their Arabidopsis and rice orthologs. We showed that InRSHs are differentially expressed in I. nil organ tissues and that only InRSH2 is upregulated in response to salt, osmotic and drought stress. Our results of the E. coli relA/spoT mutant complementation test suggest that InRSH1 is likely a (p)ppGpp hydrolase, InCRSH - synthetase and InRSH2 shows both activities. Finally, we referred our results to the recently published I. nil genomic and proteomic data and uncovered the complexity of the I. nil RSH family as well as potential ways of the InRSH transcriptional regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justyna M Prusińska
- Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Department of Genetics, Lwowska 1, 87-100, Toruń, Poland.
| | - Justyna Boniecka
- Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Department of Genetics, Lwowska 1, 87-100, Toruń, Poland
| | - Grażyna B Dąbrowska
- Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Department of Genetics, Lwowska 1, 87-100, Toruń, Poland
| | - Anna Goc
- Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Department of Genetics, Lwowska 1, 87-100, Toruń, Poland
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19
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Sun J, Qiu C, Qian W, Wang Y, Sun L, Li Y, Ding Z. Ammonium triggered the response mechanism of lysine crotonylome in tea plants. BMC Genomics 2019; 20:340. [PMID: 31060518 PMCID: PMC6501322 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-019-5716-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lysine crotonylation, as a novel evolutionarily conserved type of post-translational modifications, is ubiquitous and essential in cell biology. However, its functions in tea plants are largely unknown, and the full functions of lysine crotonylated proteins of tea plants in nitrogen absorption and assimilation remains unclear. Our study attempts to describe the global profiling of nonhistone lysine crotonylation in tea leaves and to explore how ammonium (NH4+) triggers the response mechanism of lysine crotonylome in tea plants. RESULTS Here, we performed the global analysis of crotonylome in tea leaves under NH4+ deficiency/resupply using high-resolution LC-MS/MS coupled with highly sensitive immune-antibody. A total of 2288 lysine crotonylation sites on 971 proteins were identified, of which contained in 15 types of crotonylated motifs. Most of crotonylated proteins were located in chloroplast (37%) and cytoplasm (33%). Compared with NH4+ deficiency, 120 and 151 crotonylated proteins were significantly changed at 3 h and 3 days of NH4+ resupply, respectively. Bioinformatics analysis showed that differentially expressed crotonylated proteins participated in diverse biological processes such as photosynthesis (PsbO, PsbP, PsbQ, Pbs27, PsaN, PsaF, FNR and ATPase), carbon fixation (rbcs, rbcl, TK, ALDO, PGK and PRK) and amino acid metabolism (SGAT, GGAT2, SHMT4 and GDC), suggesting that lysine crotonylation played important roles in these processes. Moreover, the protein-protein interaction analysis revealed that the interactions of identified crotonylated proteins diversely involved in photosynthesis, carbon fixation and amino acid metabolism. Interestingly, a large number of enzymes were crotonylated, such as Rubisco, TK, SGAT and GGAT, and their activities and crotonylation levels changed significantly by sensing ammonium, indicating a potential function of crotonylation in the regulation of enzyme activities. CONCLUSIONS The results indicated that the crotonylated proteins had a profound influence on metabolic process of tea leaves in response to NH4+ deficiency/resupply, which mainly involved in diverse aspects of primary metabolic processes by sensing NH4+, especially in photosynthesis, carbon fixation and amino acid metabolism. The data might serve as important resources for exploring the roles of lysine crotonylation in N metabolism of tea plants. Data were available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD011610.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianhao Sun
- Tea Research Institute, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, Shandong, China
| | - Chen Qiu
- Tea Research Institute, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, Shandong, China
| | - Wenjun Qian
- Tea Research Institute, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, Shandong, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Tea Research Institute, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, Shandong, China
| | - Litao Sun
- Tea Research Institute, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, Shandong, China
| | - Yusheng Li
- Fruit and Tea Technology Extension Station, Jinan, 250000, Shandong, China
| | - Zhaotang Ding
- Tea Research Institute, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, Shandong, China.
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20
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Field B. Green magic: regulation of the chloroplast stress response by (p)ppGpp in plants and algae. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2018; 69:2797-2807. [PMID: 29281108 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erx485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The hyperphosphorylated nucleotides guanosine pentaphosphate and tetraphosphate [together referred to as (p)ppGpp, or 'magic spot'] orchestrate a signalling cascade in bacteria that controls growth under optimal conditions and in response to environmental stress. (p)ppGpp is also found in the chloroplasts of plants and algae where it has also been shown to accumulate in response to abiotic stress. Recent studies suggest that (p)ppGpp is a potent inhibitor of chloroplast gene expression in vivo, and is a significant regulator of chloroplast function that can influence both the growth and the development of plants. However, little is currently known about how (p)ppGpp is wired into eukaryotic signalling pathways, or how it may act to enhance fitness when plants or algae are exposed to environmental stress. This review discusses our current understanding of (p)ppGpp metabolism and its extent in plants and algae, and how (p)ppGpp signalling may be an important factor that is capable of influencing growth and stress acclimation in this major group of organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben Field
- Aix Marseille Univ, CEA, CNRS, France
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21
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Boniecka J, Prusińska J, Dąbrowska GB, Goc A. Within and beyond the stringent response-RSH and (p)ppGpp in plants. PLANTA 2017; 246:817-842. [PMID: 28948393 PMCID: PMC5633626 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-017-2780-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2017] [Accepted: 09/17/2017] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Plant RSH proteins are able to synthetize and/or hydrolyze unusual nucleotides called (p)ppGpp or alarmones. These molecules regulate nuclear and chloroplast transcription, chloroplast translation and plant development and stress response. Homologs of bacterial RelA/SpoT proteins, designated RSH, and products of their activity, (p)ppGpp-guanosine tetra-and pentaphosphates, have been found in algae and higher plants. (p)ppGpp were first identified in bacteria as the effectors of the stringent response, a mechanism that orchestrates pleiotropic adaptations to nutritional deprivation and various stress conditions. (p)ppGpp accumulation in bacteria decreases transcription-with exception to genes that help to withstand or overcome current stressful situations, which are upregulated-and translation as well as DNA replication and eventually reduces metabolism and growth but promotes adaptive responses. In plants, RSH are nuclei-encoded and function in chloroplasts, where alarmones are produced and decrease transcription, translation, hormone, lipid and metabolites accumulation and affect photosynthetic efficiency and eventually plant growth and development. During senescence, alarmones coordinate nutrient remobilization and relocation from vegetative tissues into seeds. Despite the high conservancy of RSH protein domains among bacteria and plants as well as the bacterial origin of plant chloroplasts, in plants, unlike in bacteria, (p)ppGpp promote chloroplast DNA replication and division. Next, (p)ppGpp may also perform their functions in cytoplasm, where they would promote plant growth inhibition. Furthermore, (p)ppGpp accumulation also affects nuclear gene expression, i.a., decreases the level of Arabidopsis defense gene transcripts, and promotes plants susceptibility towards Turnip mosaic virus. In this review, we summarize recent findings that show the importance of RSH and (p)ppGpp in plant growth and development, and open an area of research aiming to understand the function of plant RSH in response to stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justyna Boniecka
- Department of Genetics, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Lwowska 1, 87-100, Toruń, Poland
| | - Justyna Prusińska
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Grażyna B Dąbrowska
- Department of Genetics, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Lwowska 1, 87-100, Toruń, Poland.
| | - Anna Goc
- Department of Genetics, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Lwowska 1, 87-100, Toruń, Poland
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