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Martinez-Mayer J, Brinkmeier ML, O'Connell SP, Ukagwu A, Marti MA, Miras M, Forclaz MV, Benzrihen MG, Cheung LYM, Camper SA, Ellsworth BS, Raetzman LT, Pérez-Millán MI, Davis SW. Knockout mice with pituitary malformations help identify human cases of hypopituitarism. Genome Med 2024; 16:75. [PMID: 38822427 PMCID: PMC11140907 DOI: 10.1186/s13073-024-01347-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/03/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Congenital hypopituitarism (CH) and its associated syndromes, septo-optic dysplasia (SOD) and holoprosencephaly (HPE), are midline defects that cause significant morbidity for affected people. Variants in 67 genes are associated with CH, but a vast majority of CH cases lack a genetic diagnosis. Whole exome and whole genome sequencing of CH patients identifies sequence variants in genes known to cause CH, and in new candidate genes, but many of these are variants of uncertain significance (VUS). METHODS The International Mouse Phenotyping Consortium (IMPC) is an effort to establish gene function by knocking-out all genes in the mouse genome and generating corresponding phenotype data. We used mouse embryonic imaging data generated by the Deciphering Mechanisms of Developmental Disorders (DMDD) project to screen 209 embryonic lethal and sub-viable knockout mouse lines for pituitary malformations. RESULTS Of the 209 knockout mouse lines, we identified 51 that have embryonic pituitary malformations. These genes not only represent new candidates for CH, but also reveal new molecular pathways not previously associated with pituitary organogenesis. We used this list of candidate genes to mine whole exome sequencing data of a cohort of patients with CH, and we identified variants in two unrelated cases for two genes, MORC2 and SETD5, with CH and other syndromic features. CONCLUSIONS The screening and analysis of IMPC phenotyping data provide proof-of-principle that recessive lethal mouse mutants generated by the knockout mouse project are an excellent source of candidate genes for congenital hypopituitarism in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian Martinez-Mayer
- Institute of Biosciences, Biotechnology and Translational Biology (iB3), University of Buenos Aires, Intendente Güiraldes 2160, Ciudad Universitaria, C1428EGA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Michelle L Brinkmeier
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan, 1241 Catherine St., Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-5618, USA
| | - Sean P O'Connell
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, 715 Sumter St., Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
| | - Arnold Ukagwu
- Department of Physiology, Southern Illinois University, 1135 Lincoln Dr, Carbondale, IL, 62901, USA
| | - Marcelo A Marti
- Instituto de Química Biológica de La Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (IQUIBICEN), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mirta Miras
- Hospital De Niños de La Santísima Trinidad, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Maria V Forclaz
- Servicio de Endocrinología, Hospital Posadas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Maria G Benzrihen
- Servicio de Endocrinología, Hospital Posadas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Leonard Y M Cheung
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan, 1241 Catherine St., Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-5618, USA
- Department of Physiology and Biophyscis, Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, USA
| | - Sally A Camper
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan, 1241 Catherine St., Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-5618, USA
| | - Buffy S Ellsworth
- Department of Physiology, Southern Illinois University, 1135 Lincoln Dr, Carbondale, IL, 62901, USA
| | - Lori T Raetzman
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois, Champaign-Urbana, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Maria I Pérez-Millán
- Institute of Biosciences, Biotechnology and Translational Biology (iB3), University of Buenos Aires, Intendente Güiraldes 2160, Ciudad Universitaria, C1428EGA, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Shannon W Davis
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, 715 Sumter St., Columbia, SC, 29208, USA.
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2
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Laporte E, Vankelecom H. Organoid models of the pituitary gland in health and disease. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1233714. [PMID: 37614709 PMCID: PMC10442803 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1233714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The pituitary gland represents the hub of our endocrine system. Its cells produce specific hormones that direct multiple vital physiological processes such as body growth, fertility, and stress. The gland also contains a population of stem cells which are still enigmatic in phenotype and function. Appropriate research models are needed to advance our knowledge on pituitary (stem cell) biology. Over the last decade, 3D organoid models have been established, either derived from the pituitary stem cells or from pluripotent stem cells, covering both healthy and diseased conditions. Here, we summarize the state-of-the-art of pituitary-allied organoid models and discuss applications of these powerful in vitro research and translational tools to study pituitary development, biology, and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Laporte
- Department of Development and Regeneration, Cluster of Stem Cell and Developmental Biology, Laboratory of Tissue Plasticity in Health and Disease, Katholieke Universiteit (KU) Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Hugo Vankelecom
- Department of Development and Regeneration, Cluster of Stem Cell and Developmental Biology, Laboratory of Tissue Plasticity in Health and Disease, Katholieke Universiteit (KU) Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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3
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Taga S, Suga H, Nakano T, Kuwahara A, Inoshita N, Kodani Y, Nagasaki H, Sato Y, Tsumura Y, Sakakibara M, Soen M, Miwata T, Ozaki H, Kano M, Watari K, Ikeda A, Yamanaka M, Takahashi Y, Kitamoto S, Kawaguchi Y, Miyata T, Kobayashi T, Sugiyama M, Onoue T, Yasuda Y, Hagiwara D, Iwama S, Tomigahara Y, Kimura T, Arima H. Generation and purification of ACTH-secreting hPSC-derived pituitary cells for effective transplantation. Stem Cell Reports 2023; 18:1657-1671. [PMID: 37295423 PMCID: PMC10444568 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2023.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Pituitary organoids are promising graft sources for transplantation in treatment of hypopituitarism. Building on development of self-organizing culture to generate pituitary-hypothalamic organoids (PHOs) using human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs), we established techniques to generate PHOs using feeder-free hPSCs and to purify pituitary cells. The PHOs were uniformly and reliably generated through preconditioning of undifferentiated hPSCs and modulation of Wnt and TGF-β signaling after differentiation. Cell sorting using EpCAM, a pituitary cell-surface marker, successfully purified pituitary cells, reducing off-target cell numbers. EpCAM-expressing purified pituitary cells reaggregated to form three-dimensional pituitary spheres (3D-pituitaries). These exhibited high adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) secretory capacity and responded to both positive and negative regulators. When transplanted into hypopituitary mice, the 3D-pituitaries engrafted, improved ACTH levels, and responded to in vivo stimuli. This method of generating purified pituitary tissue opens new avenues of research for pituitary regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiori Taga
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi 466-8550, Japan; Regenerative & Cellular Medicine Kobe Center, Sumitomo Pharma Co., Ltd., Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan
| | - Hidetaka Suga
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi 466-8550, Japan.
| | - Tokushige Nakano
- Environmental Health Science Laboratory, Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd., Osaka 554-8558, Japan
| | - Atsushi Kuwahara
- Regenerative & Cellular Medicine Kobe Center, Sumitomo Pharma Co., Ltd., Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan
| | - Naoko Inoshita
- Department of Pathology, Moriyama Memorial Hospital, 4-3-1 Kitakasai, Edogawa-ku, Tokyo 134-0081, Japan
| | - Yu Kodani
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Aichi 470-1192, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Nagasaki
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Aichi 470-1192, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Sato
- Department of Virology, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi 466-8550, Japan
| | - Yusuke Tsumura
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi 466-8550, Japan
| | - Mayu Sakakibara
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi 466-8550, Japan
| | - Mika Soen
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi 466-8550, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Miwata
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi 466-8550, Japan
| | - Hajime Ozaki
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi 466-8550, Japan
| | - Mayuko Kano
- Division of Metabolism and Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 216-8511, Japan
| | - Kenji Watari
- Regenerative & Cellular Medicine Kobe Center, Sumitomo Pharma Co., Ltd., Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan
| | - Atsushi Ikeda
- Regenerative & Cellular Medicine Kobe Center, Sumitomo Pharma Co., Ltd., Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan
| | - Mitsugu Yamanaka
- Drug Research Division, Sumitomo Pharma Co., Ltd., Osaka 554-0022, Japan
| | - Yasuhiko Takahashi
- Environmental Health Science Laboratory, Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd., Osaka 554-8558, Japan
| | - Sachiko Kitamoto
- Environmental Health Science Laboratory, Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd., Osaka 554-8558, Japan
| | - Yohei Kawaguchi
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi 466-8550, Japan
| | - Takashi Miyata
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi 466-8550, Japan
| | - Tomoko Kobayashi
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi 466-8550, Japan
| | - Mariko Sugiyama
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi 466-8550, Japan
| | - Takeshi Onoue
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi 466-8550, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Yasuda
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi 466-8550, Japan
| | - Daisuke Hagiwara
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi 466-8550, Japan
| | - Shintaro Iwama
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi 466-8550, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Tomigahara
- Environmental Health Science Laboratory, Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd., Osaka 554-8558, Japan; Nihon Medi-Physics Co., Ltd., Koto-ku, Tokyo 136-0075, Japan
| | - Toru Kimura
- Regenerative & Cellular Medicine Kobe Center, Sumitomo Pharma Co., Ltd., Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Arima
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi 466-8550, Japan
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Making a head: Neural crest and ectodermal placodes in cranial sensory development. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2022; 138:15-27. [PMID: 35760729 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2022.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
During development of the vertebrate sensory system, many important components like the sense organs and cranial sensory ganglia arise within the head and neck. Two progenitor populations, the neural crest, and cranial ectodermal placodes, contribute to these developing vertebrate peripheral sensory structures. The interactions and contributions of these cell populations to the development of the lens, olfactory, otic, pituitary gland, and cranial ganglia are vital for appropriate peripheral nervous system development. Here, we review the origins of both neural crest and placode cells at the neural plate border of the early vertebrate embryo and investigate the molecular and environmental signals that influence specification of different sensory regions. Finally, we discuss the underlying molecular pathways contributing to the complex vertebrate sensory system from an evolutionary perspective, from basal vertebrates to amniotes.
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Türe U, Sav A, Kelestimur F. Letter to the Editor From Kelestimur et al.: "Hypophysitis, the Growing Spectrum of a Rare Pituitary Disease". J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2022; 107:e2640-e2641. [PMID: 35259231 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgac134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ugur Türe
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yeditepe University, Medical School, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Aydın Sav
- Department of Pathology, Yeditepe University, Medical School, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Fahrettin Kelestimur
- Department of Endocrinology, Yeditepe University, Medical School, Istanbul, Turkey
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6
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Barnabei A, Corsello A, Paragliola RM, Iannantuono GM, Falzone L, Corsello SM, Torino F. Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors as a Threat to the Hypothalamus-Pituitary Axis: A Completed Puzzle. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14041057. [PMID: 35205804 PMCID: PMC8870574 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14041057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) prolong the survival in an increasing number of patients affected by several malignancies, but at the cost of new toxicities related to their mechanisms of action, autoimmunity. Endocrine toxicity frequently occurs in patients on ICI, but endocrine dysfunctions differ based on the ICI-subclass, as follows: agents targeting the CTLA4-receptor often induce hypophysitis and rarely thyroid dysfunction, which is the opposite for agents targeting the PD-1/PD-L1 axis. Recently, few cases of central diabetes insipidus have been reported as an adverse event induced by both ICI-subclasses, either in the context of anterior hypophysitis or as selective damage to the posterior pituitary or in the context of hypothalamitis. These new occurrences demonstrate, for the first time, that ICI-induced autoimmunity may involve any tract of the hypothalamic-pituitary axis. However, the related pathogenic mechanisms remain to be fully elucidated. Similarly, the data explaining the endocrine system susceptibility to primary and ICI-induced autoimmunity are still scarce. Since ICI clinical indications are expected to expand in the near future, ICI-induced autoimmunity to the hypothalamic-pituitary axis presents as a unique in vivo model that could help to clarify the pathogenic mechanisms underlying both the dysfunction induced by ICI to the hypothalamus-pituitary axis and primary autoimmune diseases affecting the same axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnese Barnabei
- Endocrinology Unit, P.O.—S. Spirito in Sassia, ASL Roma 1, Lungotevere in Sassia 1, I-00193 Rome, Italy;
| | - Andrea Corsello
- Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Translational Medicine and Surgery, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore-Fondazione Policlinico “Gemelli” IRCCS, Largo Gemelli 8, I-00168 Rome, Italy; (A.C.); (R.M.P.); (S.M.C.)
| | - Rosa Maria Paragliola
- Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Translational Medicine and Surgery, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore-Fondazione Policlinico “Gemelli” IRCCS, Largo Gemelli 8, I-00168 Rome, Italy; (A.C.); (R.M.P.); (S.M.C.)
| | - Giovanni Maria Iannantuono
- Medical Oncology Unit, Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via Montpellier 1, I-00133 Rome, Italy;
| | - Luca Falzone
- Epidemiology Unit, IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori ‘Fondazione G. Pascale’, I-80131 Naples, Italy;
| | - Salvatore Maria Corsello
- Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Translational Medicine and Surgery, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore-Fondazione Policlinico “Gemelli” IRCCS, Largo Gemelli 8, I-00168 Rome, Italy; (A.C.); (R.M.P.); (S.M.C.)
- UniCamillus, Saint Camillus International University of Health Sciences, Via di Sant’Alessandro, 8, I-00131 Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Torino
- Medical Oncology Unit, Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via Montpellier 1, I-00133 Rome, Italy;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-062-090-8190
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7
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Laporte E, De Vriendt S, Hoekx J, Vankelecom H. Interleukin-6 is dispensable in pituitary normal development and homeostasis but needed for pituitary stem cell activation following local injury. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:1092063. [PMID: 36619565 PMCID: PMC9815540 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.1092063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, we discovered that the cytokine interleukin-6 (IL-6) acts as a pituitary stem cell-activating factor, both when administered in vivo and when added to stem cell organoid cultures in vitro. Moreover, its expression, predominantly localized in the gland's stem and mesenchymal cells, promptly increases following damage in the adult pituitary, leading to stem-cell proliferative activation. Given these findings that IL-6 is involved in pituitary stem cell regulation, we addressed the question whether the cytokine has an impact on the pituitary phenotype during active phases of the gland's remodeling, in particular embryonic development and neonatal maturation, as well as during homeostasis at adulthood and aging, all unknown today. Using the IL-6 knock-out (KO) mouse model, we show that IL-6 is dispensable for pituitary embryonic and neonatal endocrine cell development, as well as for hormonal cell homeostasis in adult and aging glands. The findings match the absence of effects on the stem cell compartment at these stages. However, using this IL-6 KO model, we found that IL-6 is needed for the acute stem-cell proliferative activation reaction upon pituitary injury. Intriguingly, regeneration still occurs which may be due to compensatory behavior by other cytokines which are upregulated in the damaged IL-6 KO pituitary, although at lower but prolonged levels, which might lead to a delayed (and less forceful) stem cell response. Taken together, our study revealed that IL-6 is dispensable for normal pituitary development and homeostasis but plays a key role in the prompt stem cell activation upon local damage, although its presence is not essentially needed for the final regenerative realization.
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8
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Makrygianni EA, Chrousos GP. From Brain Organoids to Networking Assembloids: Implications for Neuroendocrinology and Stress Medicine. Front Physiol 2021; 12:621970. [PMID: 34177605 PMCID: PMC8222922 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.621970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain organoids are three-dimensional cultures that contain multiple types of cells and cytoarchitectures, and resemble fetal human brain structurally and functionally. These organoids are being used increasingly to model brain development and disorders, however, they only partially recapitulate such processes, because of several limitations, including inability to mimic the distinct cortical layers, lack of functional neuronal circuitry as well as non-neural cells and gyrification, and increased cellular stress. Efforts to create improved brain organoid culture systems have led to region-specific organoids, vascularized organoids, glia-containing organoids, assembloids, sliced organoids and polarized organoids. Assembloids are fused region-specific organoids, which attempt to recapitulate inter-regional and inter-cellular interactions as well as neural circuitry development by combining multiple brain regions and/or cell lineages. As a result, assembloids can be used to model subtle functional aberrations that reflect complex neurodevelopmental, neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders. Mammalian organisms possess a highly complex neuroendocrine system, the stress system, whose main task is the preservation of systemic homeostasis, when the latter is threatened by adverse forces, the stressors. The main central parts of the stress system are the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus and the locus caeruleus/norepinephrine-autonomic nervous system nuclei in the brainstem; these centers innervate each other and interact reciprocally as well as with various other CNS structures. Chronic dysregulation of the stress system has been implicated in major pathologies, the so-called chronic non-communicable diseases, including neuropsychiatric, neurodegenerative, cardiometabolic and autoimmune disorders, which lead to significant population morbidity and mortality. We speculate that brain organoids and/or assembloids could be used to model the development, regulation and dysregulation of the stress system and to better understand stress-related disorders. Novel brain organoid technologies, combined with high-throughput single-cell omics and gene editing, could, thus, have major implications for precision medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evanthia A Makrygianni
- University Research Institute of Maternal and Child Health and Precision Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - George P Chrousos
- University Research Institute of Maternal and Child Health and Precision Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece.,Center for Adolescent Medicine and UNESCO Chair on Adolescent Health Care, First Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Aghia Sophia Children's Hospital, Athens, Greece
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9
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Hasegawa H, Jentoft ME, Young WF, Lakomkin N, Van Gompel JJ, Link MJ, Atkinson JL, Meyer FB. Collision of Craniopharyngioma and Pituitary Adenoma: Comprehensive Review of an Extremely Rare Sellar Condition. World Neurosurg 2021; 149:e51-e62. [PMID: 33647491 DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2021.02.091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2020] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The collision of pituitary adenoma and craniopharyngioma is extremely rare and thus there remains a paucity of data. METHODS We described a patient from our institution. We also performed a systematic review and subsequent quantitative synthesis of the literature (n = 21) and our institutional case to yield an integrated cohort, and a descriptive analysis was carried out. RESULTS Twenty-two patients (15 males and 7 females) were included in the integrated cohort. The median age was 47.0 years (range, 8-75 years). The tumor subtypes were 5 somatotropic, 5 lactotropic, 4 nonfunctioning, 3 gonadotropic, 2 corticotropic, 1 plurihormonal, and 1 silent subtype 3 for pituitary adenomas, and 19 adamantinomatous, 2 papillary, and 1 unknown subtype for craniopharyngiomas. Three different radiographic patterns were observed: solid mass with cystic component (n = 5), coexistence of two distinct solid components (n = 3), and a mixed-intensity solid mass (n = 5). The first 2 were consistent with histologically separate collision, whereas the third was consistent with histologically admixed collision. Among 19 patients in whom the postoperative course was recorded, a secondary intervention was required in 14 (73.7%) because of tumor progression or residual. The recurrence rate after gross total resection was 33.3%. Postoperative hormone replacement was required in 33.3%. The 10-year cumulative overall survival was 73.1%. CONCLUSIONS Most craniopharyngiomas were adamantinomatous. There are 2 types of collisions: separated and admixed. Tumor control, overall survival, and endocrinologic remission are more challenging to achieve than for solitary tumors, but gross total resection of both tumors is important for satisfactory tumor control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirotaka Hasegawa
- Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mark E Jentoft
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida, USA
| | - William F Young
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Metabolism, Nutrition, Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Nikita Lakomkin
- Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Jamie J Van Gompel
- Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Michael J Link
- Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - John L Atkinson
- Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Fredric B Meyer
- Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.
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10
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Sanders K, Galac S, Meij BP. Pituitary tumour types in dogs and cats. Vet J 2021; 270:105623. [PMID: 33641809 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2021.105623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Pituitary tumours are common in dogs and are being increasingly recognized in cats. Pituitary tumours are usually classified as adenomas and should only be classified as carcinomas when there is evidence of metastatic spread of the tumour, which is rare. Despite the benign nature of most pituitary tumours, they can still compress or invade neighbouring tissues. Pituitary tumours can be functional (hormonally active) or non-functional (hormonally silent). The aim of this review was to provide an overview of the different pituitary tumour types in dogs and cats that have been reported in the literature. In dogs, the most common pituitary tumour type is the corticotroph adenoma, which can cause pituitary-dependent hypercortisolism. In cats, the most common pituitary tumour is the somatotroph adenoma, which can cause hypersomatotropism, and the second-most common is the corticotroph adenoma. A lactotroph adenoma has been described in one dog, while gonadotroph, thyrotroph and null cell adenomas have not been described in dogs or cats. Hormonally silent adenomas are likely underdiagnosed because they do not result in an endocrine syndrome. Tools used to classify pituitary tumours in humans, particularly immunohistochemistry for lineage-specific transcription factors, are likely to be useful to classify canine and feline pituitary tumours of unknown origin. Future studies are required to better understand the full range of pituitary adenoma pathology in dogs and cats and to determine whether certain adenoma subtypes behave more aggressively than others. Currently, the mechanisms that underlie pituitary tumorigenesis in dogs and cats are still largely unknown. A better understanding of the molecular background of these tumours could help to identify improved pituitary-targeted therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Sanders
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 108, 3584 CM Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - S Galac
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 108, 3584 CM Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - B P Meij
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 108, 3584 CM Utrecht, The Netherlands
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11
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Türe U, De Bellis A, Harput MV, Bellastella G, Topcuoglu M, Yaltirik CK, Cirillo P, Yola RN, Sav A, Kelestimur F. Hypothalamitis: A Novel Autoimmune Endocrine Disease. A Literature Review and Case Report. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2021; 106:e415-e429. [PMID: 33104773 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgaa771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT The relationship between the endocrine system and autoimmunity has been recognized for a long time and one of the best examples of autoimmune endocrine disease is autoimmune hypophysitis. A better understanding of autoimmune mechanisms and radiological, biochemical, and immunological developments has given rise to the definition of new autoimmune disorders including autoimmunity-related hypothalamic-pituitary disorders. However, whether hypothalamitis may occur as a distinct entity is still a matter of debate. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION Here we describe a 35-year-old woman with growing suprasellar mass, partial empty sella, central diabetes insipidus, hypopituitarism, and hyperprolactinemia. EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS Histopathologic examination of surgically removed suprasellar mass revealed lymphocytic infiltrate suggestive of an autoimmune disease with hypothalamic involvement. The presence of antihypothalamus antibodies to arginine vasopressin (AVP)-secreting cells (AVPcAb) at high titers and the absence of antipituitary antibodies suggested the diagnosis of isolated hypothalamitis. Some similar conditions have sometimes been reported in the literature but the simultaneous double finding of lymphocytic infiltrate and the presence of AVPcAb so far has never been reported. CONCLUSIONS We think that the hypothalamitis can be considered a new isolated autoimmune disease affecting the hypothalamus while the lymphocytic infundibuloneurohypophysitis can be a consequence of hypothalamitis with subsequent autoimmune involvement of the pituitary. To our knowledge this is the first observation of autoimmune hypothalamic involvement with central diabetes insipidus, partial empty sella, antihypothalamic antibodies and hypopituitarism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uğur Türe
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yeditepe University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Annamaria De Bellis
- Unit of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Mehmet Volkan Harput
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yeditepe University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Giuseppe Bellastella
- Unit of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Melih Topcuoglu
- Department of Radiology, Yeditepe University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Cumhur Kaan Yaltirik
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yeditepe University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Paolo Cirillo
- Unit of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Rima Nur Yola
- Medical Student, Yeditepe University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Aydın Sav
- Department of Pathology, Yeditepe University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Fahrettin Kelestimur
- Department of Endocrinology, Yeditepe University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
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12
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Kasai T, Suga H, Sakakibara M, Ozone C, Matsumoto R, Kano M, Mitsumoto K, Ogawa K, Kodani Y, Nagasaki H, Inoshita N, Sugiyama M, Onoue T, Tsunekawa T, Ito Y, Takagi H, Hagiwara D, Iwama S, Goto M, Banno R, Takahashi J, Arima H. Hypothalamic Contribution to Pituitary Functions Is Recapitulated In Vitro Using 3D-Cultured Human iPS Cells. Cell Rep 2021; 30:18-24.e5. [PMID: 31914385 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2018] [Revised: 08/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The pituitary is a major hormone center that secretes systemic hormones responding to hypothalamus-derived-releasing hormones. Previously, we reported the independent pituitary induction and hypothalamic differentiation of human embryonic stem cells (ESCs). Here, a functional hypothalamic-pituitary unit is generated using human induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells in vitro. The adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) secretion capacity of the induced pituitary reached a comparable level to that of adult mouse pituitary because of the simultaneous maturation with hypothalamic neurons within the same aggregates. Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) from the hypothalamic area regulates ACTH cells similarly to our hypothalamic-pituitary axis. Our induced hypothalamic-pituitary units respond to environmental hypoglycemic condition in vitro, which mimics a life-threatening situation in vivo, through the CRH-ACTH pathway, and succeed in increasing ACTH secretion. Thus, we generated powerful hybrid organoids by recapitulating hypothalamic-pituitary development, showing autonomous maturation on the basis of interactions between developing tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takatoshi Kasai
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Hidetaka Suga
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan.
| | - Mayu Sakakibara
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Chikafumi Ozone
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Ryusaku Matsumoto
- Division of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe 650-0017, Japan
| | - Mayuko Kano
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Kazuki Mitsumoto
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Koichiro Ogawa
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Yu Kodani
- Department of Physiology, Fujita Health University, Toyoake 470-1192, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Nagasaki
- Department of Physiology, Fujita Health University, Toyoake 470-1192, Japan
| | - Naoko Inoshita
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Toranomon Hospital, Tokyo 105-8470, Japan
| | - Mariko Sugiyama
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Takeshi Onoue
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Taku Tsunekawa
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Ito
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Takagi
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Daisuke Hagiwara
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Shintaro Iwama
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Motomitsu Goto
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Ryoichi Banno
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Jun Takahashi
- Department of Clinical Application, Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Arima
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
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13
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Abstract
Septo-optic dysplasia (SOD) or de Morsier's syndrome is a rare congenital disorder characterized by a classic triad of: (a) optic nerve hypoplasia, (b) agenesis of septum pellucidum and corpus callosum, and (c) hypoplasia of the hypothalamic-pituitary axis. This chapter will outline the key information regarding the etiology and epidemiology of this syndrome with a focus on its comprehensive management. Particular attention will be paid to the diagnostic stage and the most relevant differential diagnosis, before moving to the complexities of its treatment. In fact, although SOD is not curable, many aspects of this syndrome can be improved through a tailored multidisciplinary approach consisting in hormonal replacement, corrective ophthalmological surgery, management of epileptic seizures, and active neuropsychological support.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ieva Sataite
- Department of Neurosurgery, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Simon Cudlip
- Department of Neurosurgery, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Jayaratnam Jayamohan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Mario Ganau
- Department of Neurosurgery, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, United Kingdom.
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14
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Abstract
The development of the anterior pituitary gland occurs in distinct sequential developmental steps, leading to the formation of a complex organ containing five different cell types secreting six different hormones. During this process, the temporal and spatial expression of a cascade of signaling molecules and transcription factors plays a crucial role in organ commitment, cell proliferation, patterning, and terminal differentiation. The morphogenesis of the gland and the emergence of distinct cell types from a common primordium are governed by complex regulatory networks involving transcription factors and signaling molecules that may be either intrinsic to the developing pituitary or extrinsic, originating from the ventral diencephalon, the oral ectoderm, and the surrounding mesenchyme. Endocrine cells of the pituitary gland are organized into structural and functional networks that contribute to the coordinated response of endocrine cells to stimuli; these cellular networks are formed during embryonic development and are maintained or may be modified in adulthood, contributing to the plasticity of the gland. Abnormalities in any of the steps of pituitary development may lead to congenital hypopituitarism that includes a spectrum of disorders from isolated to combined hormone deficiencies including syndromic disorders such as septo-optic dysplasia. Over the past decade, the acceleration of next-generation sequencing has allowed for rapid analysis of the patient genome to identify novel mutations and novel candidate genes associated with hypothalmo-pituitary development. Subsequent functional analysis using patient fibroblast cells, and the generation of stem cells derived from patient cells, is fast replacing the need for animal models while providing a more physiologically relevant characterization of novel mutations. Furthermore, CRISPR-Cas9 as the method for gene editing is replacing previous laborious and time-consuming gene editing methods that were commonly used, thus yielding knockout cell lines in a fraction of the time. © 2020 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 10:389-413, 2020.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyriaki S Alatzoglou
- Genetics and Genomic Medicine Programme, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London (UCL), London, UK
| | - Louise C Gregory
- Genetics and Genomic Medicine Programme, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London (UCL), London, UK
| | - Mehul T Dattani
- Genetics and Genomic Medicine Programme, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London (UCL), London, UK
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15
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Bosch I Ara L, Katugampola H, Dattani MT. Congenital Hypopituitarism During the Neonatal Period: Epidemiology, Pathogenesis, Therapeutic Options, and Outcome. Front Pediatr 2020; 8:600962. [PMID: 33634051 PMCID: PMC7902025 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2020.600962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Congenital hypopituitarism (CH) is characterized by a deficiency of one or more pituitary hormones. The pituitary gland is a central regulator of growth, metabolism, and reproduction. The anterior pituitary produces and secretes growth hormone (GH), adrenocorticotropic hormone, thyroid-stimulating hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, and prolactin. The posterior pituitary hormone secretes antidiuretic hormone and oxytocin. Epidemiology: The incidence is 1 in 4,000-1 in 10,000. The majority of CH cases are sporadic; however, a small number of familial cases have been identified. In the latter, a molecular basis has frequently been identified. Between 80-90% of CH cases remain unsolved in terms of molecular genetics. Pathogenesis: Several transcription factors and signaling molecules are involved in the development of the pituitary gland. Mutations in any of these genes may result in CH including HESX1, PROP1, POU1F1, LHX3, LHX4, SOX2, SOX3, OTX2, PAX6, FGFR1, GLI2, and FGF8. Over the last 5 years, several novel genes have been identified in association with CH, but it is likely that many genes remain to be identified, as the majority of patients with CH do not have an identified mutation. Clinical manifestations: Genotype-phenotype correlations are difficult to establish. There is a high phenotypic variability associated with different genetic mutations. The clinical spectrum includes severe midline developmental disorders, hypopituitarism (in isolation or combined with other congenital abnormalities), and isolated hormone deficiencies. Diagnosis and treatment: Key investigations include MRI and baseline and dynamic pituitary function tests. However, dynamic tests of GH secretion cannot be performed in the neonatal period, and a diagnosis of GH deficiency may be based on auxology, MRI findings, and low growth factor concentrations. Once a hormone deficit is confirmed, hormone replacement should be started. If onset is acute with hypoglycaemia, cortisol deficiency should be excluded, and if identified this should be rapidly treated, as should TSH deficiency. This review aims to give an overview of CH including management of this complex condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Bosch I Ara
- Department of Paediatric Endocrinology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, United Kingdom
| | - Harshini Katugampola
- Department of Paediatric Endocrinology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mehul T Dattani
- Department of Paediatric Endocrinology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, United Kingdom.,Genetics and Genomic Medicine Programme, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
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16
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Li K, Feng Z, Ou Y, Zhou M, Peng J, Gong H, Wu G, Liu Y, Qi S. [JNK/c-Jun signaling pathway mediates arginine vasopressin neuron regeneration by promoting cytoskeleton reconstruction in rats with electrical lesions of the pituitary stalk]. NAN FANG YI KE DA XUE XUE BAO = JOURNAL OF SOUTHERN MEDICAL UNIVERSITY 2019; 39:1099-1106. [PMID: 31640965 DOI: 10.12122/j.issn.1673-4254.2019.09.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the mechanism by which doublecortin promotes the recovery of cytoskeleton in arginine vasopressin (AVP) neurons in rats with electrical lesions of the pituitary stalk (PEL). METHODS Thirty-two SD rats were randomized into PEL group with electrical lesions of the pituitary stalk through the floor of the skull base (n=25) and sham operation group (n=7), and the daily water consumption (DWC), daily urine volume (DUV) and urine specific gravity (USG) of the rats were recorded. Four rats on day 1 and 7 rats on each of days 3, 7 and 14 after PEL as well as the sham-operated rats were sacrificed for detection of the expressions of β-Tubulin (Tuj1), doublecortin and caspase- 3 in the AVP neurons of the supraoptic nucleus using immunofluorescence assay and Western blotting. RESULTS After PEL, the rats exhibited a typical triphasic pattern of diabetes insipidus, with the postoperative days 1-2 as the phase one, days 3-5 as the phase two, and days 6-14 as the phase three. Immunofluorescent results indicated the repair of the AVP neurons evidenced by significantly increased doublecortin expressions in the AVP neurons following PEL; similarly, the expression of Tuj1 also increased progressively after PEL, reaching the peak level on day 7 after PEL. The apoptotic rates of the AVP neurons exhibited a reverse pattern of variation, peaking on postoperative day 3 followed by progressive reduction till day 14. Western blotting showed that the expressions of c-Jun and p-c-Jun were up-regulated significantly on day 3 (P < 0.05) and 7 (P < 0.01) after PEL, while an upregulated p-JNK expression was detected only on day 3 (P < 0.05), as was consistent with the time-courses of neuronal recovery and apoptosis after PEL. CONCLUSIONS JNK/c-Jun pathway is activated after PEL to induce apoptosis of AVP neurons in the acute phase and to promote the repair of neuronal cytoskeleton by up-regulation of doublecortin and Tuj1 expressions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China.,First Clinical Medical College, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Zhanpeng Feng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Yichao Ou
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Mingfeng Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Junjie Peng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Haodong Gong
- First Clinical Medical College, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Guangsen Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Yawei Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Songtao Qi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
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17
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Pacini V, Petit F, Querat B, Laverriere JN, Cohen-Tannoudji J, L'hôte D. Identification of a pituitary ERα-activated enhancer triggering the expression of Nr5a1, the earliest gonadotrope lineage-specific transcription factor. Epigenetics Chromatin 2019; 12:48. [PMID: 31391075 PMCID: PMC6685283 DOI: 10.1186/s13072-019-0291-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Gonadotrope lineage differentiation is a stepwise process taking place during pituitary development. The early step of gonadotrope lineage specification is characterized by the expression of the Nr5a1 transcription factor, a crucial factor for gonadotrope cell fate determination. Abnormalities affecting Nr5a1 expression lead to hypogonadotropic hypogonadism and infertility. Although significant knowledge has been gained on the signaling and transcriptional events controlling gonadotrope differentiation, epigenetic mechanisms regulating Nr5a1 expression during early gonadotrope lineage specification are still poorly understood. Results Using ATAC chromatin accessibility analyses on three cell lines recapitulating gradual stages of gonadotrope differentiation and in vivo on developing pituitaries, we demonstrate that a yet undescribed enhancer is transiently recruited during gonadotrope specification. Using CRISPR/Cas9, we show that this enhancer is mandatory for the emergence of Nr5a1 during gonadotrope specification. Furthermore, we identify a highly conserved estrogen-binding element and demonstrate that the enhancer activation is dependent upon estrogen acting through ERα. Lastly, we provide evidence that binding of ERα is crucial for chromatin remodeling of Nr5a1 enhancer and promoter, leading to RNA polymerase recruitment and transcription. Conclusion This study identifies the earliest regulatory sequence involved in gonadotrope lineage specification and highlights the key epigenetic role played by ERα in this differentiation process. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13072-019-0291-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Pacini
- Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris-Diderot, CNRS UMR 8251, INSERM U1133, Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative, Physiologie de l'axe gonadotrope, Paris, France
| | - Florence Petit
- Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris-Diderot, CNRS UMR 8251, INSERM U1133, Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative, Physiologie de l'axe gonadotrope, Paris, France
| | - Bruno Querat
- Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris-Diderot, CNRS UMR 8251, INSERM U1133, Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative, Physiologie de l'axe gonadotrope, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Noël Laverriere
- Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris-Diderot, CNRS UMR 8251, INSERM U1133, Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative, Physiologie de l'axe gonadotrope, Paris, France
| | - Joëlle Cohen-Tannoudji
- Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris-Diderot, CNRS UMR 8251, INSERM U1133, Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative, Physiologie de l'axe gonadotrope, Paris, France
| | - David L'hôte
- Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris-Diderot, CNRS UMR 8251, INSERM U1133, Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative, Physiologie de l'axe gonadotrope, Paris, France.
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18
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Kano M, Suga H, Kasai T, Ozone C, Arima H. Functional Pituitary Tissue Generation from Human Embryonic Stem Cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 83:e48. [PMID: 30040229 DOI: 10.1002/cpns.48] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The anterior pituitary gland produces several hormones essential for regulation of the somatic endocrine system. Deficiency of these hormones can cause life-threatening diseases, including adrenal crisis. Pituitary tissue generated from human pluripotent stem cells is expected to provide better treatment than current hormone replacement therapy. During early mammalian development, the pituitary anlage (Rathke's pouch) develops from non-neural ectoderm adjacent to the developing ventral hypothalamus. The close interaction between these two tissues is crucial for Rathke's pouch development and involves several signaling molecules. Early exposure of human embryonic stem cells in 3D floating culture to sonic hedgehog and bone morphogenetic protein 4 promoted the cells' differentiation into oral ectoderm and, subsequently, hormone-producing cells such as corticotrophs (adrenocorticotropic hormone-producing cells). The differentiation approach described herein, which induces the formation of pituitary tissue in contact with hypothalamic neural tissue, mimics mammalian pituitary development. The differentiated corticotrophs are functional, responding normally to both release and feedback signals. © 2018 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayuko Kano
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Hidetaka Suga
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Takatoshi Kasai
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Chikafumi Ozone
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Arima
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
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19
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Abstract
The adenohypophysis, which mainly consists of anterior pituitary, plays important roles for endocrine systems by secreting several hormones indispensable for maintaining homeostasis. During early mouse development, the pituitary primordium (called Rathke's pouch) develops from oral ectoderm adjacent to ventral hypothalamus by interaction between these two tissues. By using mouse embryonic stem cells (ESCs), we recapitulated this in vivo micro-environment of the pituitary development and demonstrated that Rathke's pouch-like structures were self-formed from three-dimensional (3D) floating culture. The mouse ESC-derived Rathke's pouch-like structures subsequently differentiated into hormone-producing cells such as corticotrophs and somatotrophs. We have modified this technique for human pluripotent stem cells and recently reported that pituitary placodes can also be generated from human ESCs through a similar process. Here, we describe a protocol for human ESC culture for in vitro generation of 3D pituitary tissue.
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20
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Camper SA, Daly AZ, Stallings CE, Ellsworth BS. Hypothalamic β-Catenin Is Essential for FGF8-Mediated Anterior Pituitary Growth: Links to Human Disease. Endocrinology 2017; 158:3322-3324. [PMID: 28977614 PMCID: PMC5659706 DOI: 10.1210/en.2017-00736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sally A. Camper
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann
Arbor, Michigan 48109-5618
| | - Alexandre Z. Daly
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann
Arbor, Michigan 48109-5618
| | - Caitlin E. Stallings
- Department of Physiology, Southern Illinois University,
Carbondale, Illinois 62901-6523
| | - Buffy S. Ellsworth
- Department of Physiology, Southern Illinois University,
Carbondale, Illinois 62901-6523
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21
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Cox B, Roose H, Vennekens A, Vankelecom H. Pituitary stem cell regulation: who is pulling the strings? J Endocrinol 2017; 234:R135-R158. [PMID: 28615294 DOI: 10.1530/joe-17-0083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 06/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The pituitary gland plays a pivotal role in the endocrine system, steering fundamental processes of growth, metabolism, reproduction and coping with stress. The adult pituitary contains resident stem cells, which are highly quiescent in homeostatic conditions. However, the cells show marked signs of activation during processes of increased cell remodeling in the gland, including maturation at neonatal age, adaptation to physiological demands, regeneration upon injury and growth of local tumors. Although functions of pituitary stem cells are slowly but gradually uncovered, their regulation largely remains virgin territory. Since postnatal stem cells in general reiterate embryonic developmental pathways, attention is first being given to regulatory networks involved in pituitary embryogenesis. Here, we give an overview of the current knowledge on the NOTCH, WNT, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, SHH and Hippo pathways in the pituitary stem/progenitor cell compartment during various (activation) conditions from embryonic over neonatal to adult age. Most information comes from expression analyses of molecular components belonging to these networks, whereas functional extrapolation is still very limited. From this overview, it emerges that the 'big five' embryonic pathways are indeed reiterated in the stem cells of the 'lazy' homeostatic postnatal pituitary, further magnified en route to activation in more energetic, physiological and pathological remodeling conditions. Increasing the knowledge on the molecular players that pull the regulatory strings of the pituitary stem cells will not only provide further fundamental insight in postnatal pituitary homeostasis and activation, but also clues toward the development of regenerative ideas for improving treatment of pituitary deficiency and tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benoit Cox
- Department of Development and RegenerationCluster of Stem Cell and Developmental Biology, Unit of Stem Cell Research, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Heleen Roose
- Department of Development and RegenerationCluster of Stem Cell and Developmental Biology, Unit of Stem Cell Research, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Annelies Vennekens
- Department of Development and RegenerationCluster of Stem Cell and Developmental Biology, Unit of Stem Cell Research, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Hugo Vankelecom
- Department of Development and RegenerationCluster of Stem Cell and Developmental Biology, Unit of Stem Cell Research, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium
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22
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Liu W, Cvekl A. Six3 in a small population of progenitors at E8.5 is required for neuroretinal specification via regulating cell signaling and survival in mice. Dev Biol 2017; 428:164-175. [PMID: 28579317 PMCID: PMC5533277 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2017.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Revised: 05/23/2017] [Accepted: 05/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Neuroretina and retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) are differentiated from the progenitors in optic vesicles, but it is unclear when and how the two lineages are segregated. Manipulation of chick embryos reveals that the early anteroventral optic vesicle is crucial for neuroretinal development, but the molecular mechanism is unclear. Homeodomain transcription factor Six3 is required for neuroretinal specification and is dispensable for RPE formation, but the cell fates of Six3-deficient progenitors and the origins of remnant RPE are unknown. Here, we performed lineage tracing of Six3-Cre positive cells in wild-type and Six3-deficient mouse embryos. Six3-Cre positive progenies were found in a population of progenitors in the anteroventral optic pits/vesicles starting at E8.5, and were found in neuroretina, optic stalk, ventral forebrain, but not RPE, at E10.5. Six3-deletion in the small population of progenitors at E8.5 was sufficient to cause rostral expansion of Wnt8b and drastic reduction of Fgf8/MAPK signaling, ablating neuroretinal specification without affecting RPE. Lineage tracing revealed Six3-deficient progenitors at E8.5 were eventually lost and the remnant RPE was derived from Six3-Cre negative cells. Thus, Six3 in a small population of progenitors expressing Six3-Cre at E8.5 is required for neuroretinal specification via regulating cell signaling and survival in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Ave., Bronx, NY 10461, USA; Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Ave., Bronx, NY 10461, USA.
| | - Ales Cvekl
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Ave., Bronx, NY 10461, USA; Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Ave., Bronx, NY 10461, USA
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Lara-Velazquez M, Akinduro OO, Reimer R, Woodmansee WW, Quinones-Hinojosa A. Stem cell therapy and its potential role in pituitary disorders. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes 2017; 24:292-300. [PMID: 28520591 DOI: 10.1097/med.0000000000000346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The pituitary gland is one of the key components of the endocrine system. Congenital or acquired alterations can mediate destruction of cells in the gland leading to hormonal dysfunction. Even though pharmacological treatment for pituitary disorders is available, exogenous hormone replacement is neither curative nor sustainable. Thus, alternative therapies to optimize management and improve quality of life are desired. RECENT FINDINGS An alternative modality to re-establish pituitary function is to promote endocrine cell regeneration through stem cells that can be obtained from the pituitary parenchyma or pluripotent cells. Stem cell therapy has been successfully applied to a plethora of other disorders, and is a promising alternative to hormonal supplementation for resumption of normal hormone homeostasis. SUMMARY In this review, we describe the common causes for pituitary deficiencies and the advances in cellular therapy to restore the physiological pituitary function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Montserrat Lara-Velazquez
- aDepartment of Neurological Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Florida bNational Autonomous University of Mexico, PECEM, Mexico cDepartment of Endocrinology, Mayo Clinic, Florida, USA
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Laverrière JN, L'Hôte D, Tabouy L, Schang AL, Quérat B, Cohen-Tannoudji J. Epigenetic regulation of alternative promoters and enhancers in progenitor, immature, and mature gonadotrope cell lines. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2016; 434:250-65. [PMID: 27402603 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2016.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Revised: 07/05/2016] [Accepted: 07/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Gonadotrope cell identity genes emerge in a stepwise process during mouse pituitary development. Cga, encoding for the α-subunit of TSH, LH, and FSH, is initially detected at E11.5 followed by Gnrhr and steroidogenic factor Sf1 at E13.5, specifying cells engaged in a gonadotrope cell fate. Lhb and Fshb appear at E16.5 and 17.5, respectively, typifying differentiated gonadotrope cells. Using the αT1-1, αT3-1 and LβT2 cell lines recapitulating these stages of gonadotrope differentiation, DNA methylation at Gnrhr and Sf1 was investigated. Regulatory regions were found hypermethylated in progenitor αT1-1 cells and hypomethylated in differentiated LβT2 cells. Abundance of RNA polymerase II together with active histone modifications including H3K4me1, H3K4me3, and H3K27ac were strictly correlated with DNA hypomethylation. Analyses of epigenomic modifications and chromatin accessibility were further extended to Isl1, Lhx3, Gata2, and Pitx2, highlighting alternative usages of specific regulatory gene domains in progenitor αT1-1, immature αT3-1, and mature LβT2 gonadotrope cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Noël Laverrière
- Univ Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative (BFA), F-75013, Paris, France; CNRS UMR 8251, F-75013, Paris, France; Physiologie de l'axe gonadotrope INSERM U1133, F-75013, Paris, France.
| | - David L'Hôte
- Univ Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative (BFA), F-75013, Paris, France; CNRS UMR 8251, F-75013, Paris, France; Physiologie de l'axe gonadotrope INSERM U1133, F-75013, Paris, France
| | - Laure Tabouy
- Univ Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative (BFA), F-75013, Paris, France; CNRS UMR 8251, F-75013, Paris, France; Physiologie de l'axe gonadotrope INSERM U1133, F-75013, Paris, France
| | - Anne-Laure Schang
- Univ Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative (BFA), F-75013, Paris, France; CNRS UMR 8251, F-75013, Paris, France; Physiologie de l'axe gonadotrope INSERM U1133, F-75013, Paris, France
| | - Bruno Quérat
- Univ Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative (BFA), F-75013, Paris, France; CNRS UMR 8251, F-75013, Paris, France; Physiologie de l'axe gonadotrope INSERM U1133, F-75013, Paris, France
| | - Joëlle Cohen-Tannoudji
- Univ Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative (BFA), F-75013, Paris, France; CNRS UMR 8251, F-75013, Paris, France; Physiologie de l'axe gonadotrope INSERM U1133, F-75013, Paris, France
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β-catenin is required in the neural crest and mesencephalon for pituitary gland organogenesis. BMC DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2016; 16:16. [PMID: 27184910 PMCID: PMC4868042 DOI: 10.1186/s12861-016-0118-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2016] [Accepted: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Background The pituitary gland is a highly vascularized tissue that requires coordinated interactions between the neural ectoderm, oral ectoderm, and head mesenchyme during development for proper physiological function. The interactions between the neural ectoderm and oral ectoderm, especially the role of the pituitary organizer in shaping the pituitary precursor, Rathke’s pouch, are well described. However, less is known about the role of head mesenchyme in pituitary organogenesis. The head mesenchyme is derived from definitive mesoderm and neural crest, but the relative contributions of these tissues to the mesenchyme adjacent to the pituitary are not known. Results We carried out lineage tracing experiments using two neural crest-specific mouse cre lines, Wnt1-cre and P0-cre, and determined that the head mesenchyme rostral to the pituitary gland is neural crest derived. To assess the role of the neural crest in pituitary development we ablated it, using Wnt1-cre to delete Ctnnb1 (β-catenin), which is required for neural crest development. The Wnt1-cre is active in the neural ectoderm, principally in the mesencephalon, but also in the posterior diencephalon. Loss of β-catenin in this domain causes a rostral shift in the ventral diencephalon, including the pituitary organizer, resulting in pituitary dysmorphology. The neural crest deficient embryos have abnormally dilated pituitary vasculature due to a loss of neural crest derived pericytes. Conclusions β-catenin in the Wnt1 expression domain, including the neural crest, plays a critical role in regulation of pituitary gland growth, development, and vascularization. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12861-016-0118-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Functional anterior pituitary generated in self-organizing culture of human embryonic stem cells. Nat Commun 2016; 7:10351. [PMID: 26762480 PMCID: PMC4735598 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms10351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2015] [Accepted: 12/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Anterior pituitary is critical for endocrine systems. Its hormonal responses to positive and negative regulators are indispensable for homeostasis. For this reason, generating human anterior pituitary tissue that retains regulatory hormonal control in vitro is an important step for the development of cell transplantation therapy for pituitary diseases. Here we achieve this by recapitulating mouse pituitary development using human embryonic stem cells. We find that anterior pituitary self-forms in vitro following the co-induction of hypothalamic and oral ectoderm. The juxtaposition of these tissues facilitated the formation of pituitary placode, which subsequently differentiated into pituitary hormone-producing cells. They responded normally to both releasing and feedback signals. In addition, after transplantation into hypopituitary mice, the in vitro-generated corticotrophs rescued physical activity levels and survival of the hosts. Thus, we report a useful methodology for the production of regulator-responsive human pituitary tissue that may benefit future studies in regenerative medicine.
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Schoenmakers N, Alatzoglou KS, Chatterjee VK, Dattani MT. Recent advances in central congenital hypothyroidism. J Endocrinol 2015; 227:R51-71. [PMID: 26416826 PMCID: PMC4629398 DOI: 10.1530/joe-15-0341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 09/17/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Central congenital hypothyroidism (CCH) may occur in isolation, or more frequently in combination with additional pituitary hormone deficits with or without associated extrapituitary abnormalities. Although uncommon, it may be more prevalent than previously thought, affecting up to 1:16 000 neonates in the Netherlands. Since TSH is not elevated, CCH will evade diagnosis in primary, TSH-based, CH screening programs and delayed detection may result in neurodevelopmental delay due to untreated neonatal hypothyroidism. Alternatively, coexisting growth hormones or ACTH deficiency may pose additional risks, such as life threatening hypoglycaemia. Genetic ascertainment is possible in a minority of cases and reveals mutations in genes controlling the TSH biosynthetic pathway (TSHB, TRHR, IGSF1) in isolated TSH deficiency, or early (HESX1, LHX3, LHX4, SOX3, OTX2) or late (PROP1, POU1F1) pituitary transcription factors in combined hormone deficits. Since TSH cannot be used as an indicator of euthyroidism, adequacy of treatment can be difficult to monitor due to a paucity of alternative biomarkers. This review will summarize the normal physiology of pituitary development and the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis, then describe known genetic causes of isolated central hypothyroidism and combined pituitary hormone deficits associated with TSH deficiency. Difficulties in diagnosis and management of these conditions will then be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Schoenmakers
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research LaboratoriesWellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Level 4, PO Box 289, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UKDevelopmental Endocrinology Research GroupSection of Genetics and Epigenetics in Health and Disease, Genetics and Genomic Medicine Programme, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Kyriaki S Alatzoglou
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research LaboratoriesWellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Level 4, PO Box 289, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UKDevelopmental Endocrinology Research GroupSection of Genetics and Epigenetics in Health and Disease, Genetics and Genomic Medicine Programme, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - V Krishna Chatterjee
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research LaboratoriesWellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Level 4, PO Box 289, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UKDevelopmental Endocrinology Research GroupSection of Genetics and Epigenetics in Health and Disease, Genetics and Genomic Medicine Programme, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Mehul T Dattani
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research LaboratoriesWellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Level 4, PO Box 289, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UKDevelopmental Endocrinology Research GroupSection of Genetics and Epigenetics in Health and Disease, Genetics and Genomic Medicine Programme, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, UK
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Willems C, Vankelecom H. Pituitary cell differentiation from stem cells and other cells: toward restorative therapy for hypopituitarism? Regen Med 2015; 9:513-34. [PMID: 25159067 DOI: 10.2217/rme.14.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The pituitary gland, key regulator of our endocrine system, produces multiple hormones that steer essential physiological processes. Hence, deficient pituitary function (hypopituitarism) leads to severe disorders. Hypopituitarism can be caused by defective embryonic development, or by damage through tumor growth/resection and traumatic brain injury. Lifelong hormone replacement is needed but associated with significant side effects. It would be more desirable to restore pituitary tissue and function. Recently, we showed that the adult (mouse) pituitary holds regenerative capacity in which local stem cells are involved. Repair of deficient pituitary may therefore be achieved by activating these resident stem cells. Alternatively, pituitary dysfunction may be mended by cell (replacement) therapy. The hormonal cells to be transplanted could be obtained by (trans-)differentiating various kinds of stem cells or other cells. Here, we summarize the studies on pituitary cell regeneration and on (trans-)differentiation toward hormonal cells, and speculate on restorative therapies for pituitary deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Willems
- Department of Development & Regeneration, Cluster Stem Cell Biology and Embryology, Research Unit of Stem Cell Research, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium
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Ochiai H, Suga H, Yamada T, Sakakibara M, Kasai T, Ozone C, Ogawa K, Goto M, Banno R, Tsunekawa S, Sugimura Y, Arima H, Oiso Y. BMP4 and FGF strongly induce differentiation of mouse ES cells into oral ectoderm. Stem Cell Res 2015; 15:290-8. [PMID: 26209816 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2015.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2015] [Revised: 06/08/2015] [Accepted: 06/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
During embryonic development, oral ectoderm differentiates into the adenohypophysis, dental epithelia, salivary glands, and nasal pit. Few reports exist concerning the induction of oral ectoderm from embryonic stem (ES) cells. Generally, any lot differences in fetal bovine serum (FBS) and serum replacer may affect the induction of ES cell-differentiation. Using a previously established culture strategy for differentiation, the proportion of cell aggregates containing Pitx1+ oral ectoderm varied widely between 9-36% when several different lots of FBS or serum replacer were used. We therefore tried to enhance the differentiation method. We found that bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) 4 and fibroblast growth factor (FGF) treatments improved oral ectoderm induction. Such treatment also improved the differentiation of oral ectoderm into the adenohypophysis. Furthermore, increased BMP4 treatment induced dental epithelium and mesenchyme. Such differentiation suggests that the Pitx1+ layer displays similar properties to oral ectoderm, as found in vivo. Differentiation of ES cells into oral ectoderm using different lots of FBS and serum replacer increased 78-90% after treatment with BMP4 and FGF. In summary, we have established a robust strategy for the induction of oral ectoderm differentiation from mouse ES cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Ochiai
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsuruma-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Hidetaka Suga
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsuruma-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan.
| | - Tomiko Yamada
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsuruma-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Mayu Sakakibara
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsuruma-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Takatoshi Kasai
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsuruma-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Chikafumi Ozone
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsuruma-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Koichiro Ogawa
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsuruma-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Motomitsu Goto
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsuruma-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Ryoichi Banno
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsuruma-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Shin Tsunekawa
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsuruma-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Yoshihisa Sugimura
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsuruma-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Arima
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsuruma-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Yutaka Oiso
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsuruma-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
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Carneiro K, de Brito JM, Rossi MID. Development by three-dimensional approaches and four-dimensional imaging: to the knowledge frontier and beyond. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 105:1-8. [PMID: 25789860 DOI: 10.1002/bdrc.21089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Many advances have been taken on elucidating embryonic development and tissue homeostasis and repair by the use of experimental strategies that preserve the three-dimensional (3D) organization and allow quantitative analysis of images over time (four-dimensional). Ranging from the understanding about the relationship between blastomeres and the events that take place during gastrulation by the use of time-lapse imaging through 3D cultures that mimic organogenesis, the advances in this area are of critical value. The studies on embryonic development without disrupting the original architecture and the development of 3D organoid cultures pave a new avenue for unprecedented experimental advances that will positively impact the emergence of new treatments applying regenerative principles for both tissue repair and organ transplant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katia Carneiro
- Biomedical Institute of Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Sánchez-Arrones L, Ferrán JL, Hidalgo-Sanchez M, Puelles L. Origin and early development of the chicken adenohypophysis. Front Neuroanat 2015; 9:7. [PMID: 25741242 PMCID: PMC4330794 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2015.00007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2014] [Accepted: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The adenohypophysis (ADH) is an important endocrine organ involved in the regulation of many physiological processes. The late morphogenesis of this organ at neural tube stages is well known: the epithelial ADH primordium is recognized as an invagination of the stomodeal roof (Rathke’s pouch), whose walls later thicken and differentiate as the primordium becomes pediculated, and then fully separated from the stomodeum. The primordium attaches to the pial surface of the basal hypothalamus, next to the neurohypophyseal field (NH; future posterior pituitary), from which it was previously separated by migrating prechordal plate (pp) cells. Once the NH evaginates, the ADH surrounds it and jointly forms with it the pituitary gland. In contrast, little is known about the precise origin of the ADH precursors at neural plate stages and how the primordium reaches the stomodeum. For that reason, we produced in the chicken a specific ADH fate map at early neural plate stages, which was amplified with gene markers. By means of experiments labeling the mapped presumptive ADH, we were able to follow the initial anlage into its transformation into Rathke’s pouch. The ADH origin was corroborated to be strictly extraneural, i.e., to lie at stage HH4/5 outside of the anterior neural plate (anp) within the pre-placodal field. The ADH primordium is fully segregated from the anterior neural border cells and the neighboring olfactory placodes both in terms of precursor cells and molecular profile from head fold stages onwards. The placode becomes visible as a molecularly characteristic ectodermal thickening from stage HH10 onwards. The onset of ADH genoarchitectonic regionalization into intermediate and anterior lobes occurs at closed neural tube stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa Sánchez-Arrones
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Human Anatomy, School of Medicine and IMIB (Instiuto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria), University of Murcia Murcia, Spain
| | - José L Ferrán
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Human Anatomy, School of Medicine and IMIB (Instiuto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria), University of Murcia Murcia, Spain
| | - Matías Hidalgo-Sanchez
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Extremadura Badajoz, Spain
| | - Luis Puelles
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Human Anatomy, School of Medicine and IMIB (Instiuto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria), University of Murcia Murcia, Spain
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Castinetti F, Reynaud R, Quentien MH, Jullien N, Marquant E, Rochette C, Herman JP, Saveanu A, Barlier A, Enjalbert A, Brue T. Combined pituitary hormone deficiency: current and future status. J Endocrinol Invest 2015; 38:1-12. [PMID: 25200994 DOI: 10.1007/s40618-014-0141-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2014] [Accepted: 07/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Over the last two decades, the understanding of the mechanisms involved in pituitary ontogenesis has largely increased. Since the first description of POU1F1 human mutations responsible for a well-defined phenotype without extra-pituitary malformation, several other genetic defects of transcription factors have been reported with variable degrees of phenotype-genotype correlations. However, to date, despite the identification of an increased number of genetic causes of isolated or multiple pituitary deficiencies, the etiology of most (80-90 %) congenital cases of hypopituitarism remains unsolved. Identifying new etiologies is of importance as a post-natal diagnosis to better diagnose and treat the patients (delayed pituitary deficiencies, differential diagnosis of a pituitary mass on MRI, etc.), and as a prenatal diagnosis to decrease the risk of early death (undiagnosed corticotroph deficiency for instance). The aim of this review is to summarize the main etiologies and phenotypes of combined pituitary hormone deficiencies, associated or not with extra-pituitary anomalies, and to suggest how the identification of such etiologies could be improved in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Castinetti
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, Centre de Recherche en Neurobiologie et Neurophysiologie de Marseille CRN2M UMR 7286, cedex 15, 13344, Marseille, France.
- APHM, Hôpital Timone Adultes, Service d'Endocrinologie, Diabète et Maladies Métaboliques, cedex 5, 13385, Marseille, France.
- Centre de Référence des Maladies Rares d'Origine Hypophysaire DEFHY, cedex 15, 13385, Marseille, France.
| | - R Reynaud
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, Centre de Recherche en Neurobiologie et Neurophysiologie de Marseille CRN2M UMR 7286, cedex 15, 13344, Marseille, France
- APHM, Hôpital Timone Enfants, Service de Pédiatrie multidisciplinaire, cedex 5, 13385, Marseille, France
- Centre de Référence des Maladies Rares d'Origine Hypophysaire DEFHY, cedex 15, 13385, Marseille, France
| | - M-H Quentien
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, Centre de Recherche en Neurobiologie et Neurophysiologie de Marseille CRN2M UMR 7286, cedex 15, 13344, Marseille, France
- APHM, Hôpital Timone Adultes, Service d'Endocrinologie, Diabète et Maladies Métaboliques, cedex 5, 13385, Marseille, France
- Centre de Référence des Maladies Rares d'Origine Hypophysaire DEFHY, cedex 15, 13385, Marseille, France
| | - N Jullien
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, Centre de Recherche en Neurobiologie et Neurophysiologie de Marseille CRN2M UMR 7286, cedex 15, 13344, Marseille, France
| | - E Marquant
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, Centre de Recherche en Neurobiologie et Neurophysiologie de Marseille CRN2M UMR 7286, cedex 15, 13344, Marseille, France
- APHM, Hôpital Timone Enfants, Service de Pédiatrie multidisciplinaire, cedex 5, 13385, Marseille, France
- Centre de Référence des Maladies Rares d'Origine Hypophysaire DEFHY, cedex 15, 13385, Marseille, France
| | - C Rochette
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, Centre de Recherche en Neurobiologie et Neurophysiologie de Marseille CRN2M UMR 7286, cedex 15, 13344, Marseille, France
- APHM, Hôpital Timone Adultes, Service d'Endocrinologie, Diabète et Maladies Métaboliques, cedex 5, 13385, Marseille, France
- Centre de Référence des Maladies Rares d'Origine Hypophysaire DEFHY, cedex 15, 13385, Marseille, France
| | - J-P Herman
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, Centre de Recherche en Neurobiologie et Neurophysiologie de Marseille CRN2M UMR 7286, cedex 15, 13344, Marseille, France
| | - A Saveanu
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, Centre de Recherche en Neurobiologie et Neurophysiologie de Marseille CRN2M UMR 7286, cedex 15, 13344, Marseille, France
- APHM, Hôpital Timone Adultes, Service d'Endocrinologie, Diabète et Maladies Métaboliques, cedex 5, 13385, Marseille, France
- APHM, Hôpital de la Conception, Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire, 13005, Marseille, France
- Centre de Référence des Maladies Rares d'Origine Hypophysaire DEFHY, cedex 15, 13385, Marseille, France
| | - A Barlier
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, Centre de Recherche en Neurobiologie et Neurophysiologie de Marseille CRN2M UMR 7286, cedex 15, 13344, Marseille, France
- APHM, Hôpital Timone Adultes, Service d'Endocrinologie, Diabète et Maladies Métaboliques, cedex 5, 13385, Marseille, France
- APHM, Hôpital de la Conception, Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire, 13005, Marseille, France
- Centre de Référence des Maladies Rares d'Origine Hypophysaire DEFHY, cedex 15, 13385, Marseille, France
| | - A Enjalbert
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, Centre de Recherche en Neurobiologie et Neurophysiologie de Marseille CRN2M UMR 7286, cedex 15, 13344, Marseille, France
- APHM, Hôpital de la Conception, Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire, 13005, Marseille, France
- Centre de Référence des Maladies Rares d'Origine Hypophysaire DEFHY, cedex 15, 13385, Marseille, France
| | - T Brue
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, Centre de Recherche en Neurobiologie et Neurophysiologie de Marseille CRN2M UMR 7286, cedex 15, 13344, Marseille, France
- APHM, Hôpital Timone Adultes, Service d'Endocrinologie, Diabète et Maladies Métaboliques, cedex 5, 13385, Marseille, France
- Centre de Référence des Maladies Rares d'Origine Hypophysaire DEFHY, cedex 15, 13385, Marseille, France
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McAninch D, Thomas P. Identification of highly conserved putative developmental enhancers bound by SOX3 in neural progenitors using ChIP-Seq. PLoS One 2014; 9:e113361. [PMID: 25409526 PMCID: PMC4237438 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0113361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2014] [Accepted: 10/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The transcription factor SOX3 is expressed within most neural progenitor (NP) cells of the vertebrate central nervous system (CNS) and is essential for normal brain development in mice and humans. However, despite the widespread expression of Sox3, CNS defects in null mice are relatively mild due to functional redundancy with the other SOXB1 sub-group members Sox1 and Sox2. To further understand the molecular function of SOX3, we investigated the genome-wide binding profile of endogenous SOX3 in NP cells using ChIP-seq. SOX3 binding was identified at over 8,000 sites, most of which were intronic or intergeneic and were significantly associated with neurodevelopmental genes. The majority of binding sites were moderately or highly conserved (phastCons scores >0.1 and 0.5, respectively) and included the previously characterised, SOXB1-binding Nestin NP cell enhancer. Comparison of SOX3 and published ChIP-Seq data for the co-activator P300 in embryonic brain identified hundreds of highly conserved putative enhancer elements. In addition, we identified a subset of highly conserved putative enhancers for CNS development genes common to SOXB1 members in NP cells, all of which contained the SOX consensus motif (ACAAWR). Together these data implicate SOX3 in the direct regulation of hundreds of NP genes and provide molecular insight into the overlapping roles of SOXB1 proteins in CNS development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dale McAninch
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Molecular & Biomedical Science and Robinson Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Paul Thomas
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Molecular & Biomedical Science and Robinson Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
- * E-mail:
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Weltzien FA, Hildahl J, Hodne K, Okubo K, Haug TM. Embryonic development of gonadotrope cells and gonadotropic hormones--lessons from model fish. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2014; 385:18-27. [PMID: 24145126 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2013.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2013] [Revised: 09/30/2013] [Accepted: 10/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Pituitary gonadotropins, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH), are key regulators of vertebrate reproduction. The differential regulation of these hormones, however, is poorly understood and little is known about gonadotrope embryonic development. The different cell types in the vertebrate pituitary develop from common progenitor cells just after gastrulation. Proper development and merging of the anterior and posterior pituitary is dependent upon carefully regulated cell-to-cell interactions, and a suite of signaling pathways with precisely organized temporal and spatial expression patterns, which include transcription factors and their co-activators and repressors. Among the pituitary endocrine cell types, the gonadotropes are the last to develop and become functional. Although much progress has been made during the last decade regarding details of gonadotrope development, the coordinated program for their maturation is not well described. FSH and LH form an integral part of the hypothalamo-pituitary-gonad axis, the main regulator of gonad development and reproduction. Besides regulating gonad development, pre- and early post-natal activity in this axis is thought to be essential for proper development, especially of the central nervous system in mammals. As a means to investigate early functions of FSH and LH in more detail, we have developed a stable transgenic line of medaka with the LH beta subunit gene (lhb) promoter driving green fluorescent protein (Gfp) expression to characterize development of lhb-expressing gonadotropes. The lhb gene is maternally expressed early during embryogenesis. lhb-Expressing cells are initially localized outside the primordial pituitary in the developing gut tube as early as 32 hpf. At hatching, lhb-Gfp is clearly detected in the gut epithelium and in the anterior digestive tract. lhb-Gfp expression later consolidates in the developing pituitary by 2 weeks post-fertilization. This review discusses status of knowledge regarding pituitary morphology and development, with emphasis on gonadotrope cells and gonadotropins during early development, comparing main model species like mouse, zebrafish and medaka, including possible developmental functions of the observed extra pituitary expression of lhb in medaka.
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Affiliation(s)
- Finn-Arne Weltzien
- Department of Basic Sciences and Aquatic Medicine, Weltzien Laboratory, Norwegian School of Veterinary Science, Oslo, Norway; Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Jon Hildahl
- Department of Basic Sciences and Aquatic Medicine, Weltzien Laboratory, Norwegian School of Veterinary Science, Oslo, Norway; Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Kjetil Hodne
- Department of Basic Sciences and Aquatic Medicine, Weltzien Laboratory, Norwegian School of Veterinary Science, Oslo, Norway
| | - Kataaki Okubo
- Department of Aquatic Bioscience, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Trude M Haug
- Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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Sasai Y. Next-generation regenerative medicine: organogenesis from stem cells in 3D culture. Cell Stem Cell 2014; 12:520-30. [PMID: 23642363 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2013.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 267] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The behavior of stem cells, when they work collectively, can be much more sophisticated than one might expect from their individual programming. This Perspective covers recent discoveries about the dynamic patterning and structural self-formation of complex organ buds in 3D stem cell culture, including the generation of various neuroectodermal and endodermal tissues. For some tissues, epithelial-mesenchymal interactions can also be manipulated in coculture to guide organogenesis. This new area of stem cell research-the spatiotemporal control of dynamic cellular interactions-will open a new avenue for next-generation regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiki Sasai
- Neurogenesis and Organogenesis Group, RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology, Kobe 650-0047, Japan.
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McCabe MJ, Dattani MT. Genetic aspects of hypothalamic and pituitary gland development. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2014; 124:3-15. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-59602-4.00001-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Breitfeld J, Martens S, Klammt J, Schlicke M, Pfäffle R, Krause K, Weidle K, Schleinitz D, Stumvoll M, Führer D, Kovacs P, Tönjes A. Genetic analyses of bone morphogenetic protein 2, 4 and 7 in congenital combined pituitary hormone deficiency. BMC Endocr Disord 2013; 13:56. [PMID: 24289245 PMCID: PMC4175098 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6823-13-56] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2013] [Accepted: 10/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The complex process of development of the pituitary gland is regulated by a number of signalling molecules and transcription factors. Mutations in these factors have been identified in rare cases of congenital hypopituitarism but for most subjects with combined pituitary hormone deficiency (CPHD) genetic causes are unknown. Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) affect induction and growth of the pituitary primordium and thus represent plausible candidates for mutational screening of patients with CPHD. METHODS We sequenced BMP2, 4 and 7 in 19 subjects with CPHD. For validation purposes, novel genetic variants were genotyped in 1046 healthy subjects. Additionally, potential functional relevance for most promising variants has been assessed by phylogenetic analyses and prediction of effects on protein structure. RESULTS Sequencing revealed two novel variants and confirmed 30 previously known polymorphisms and mutations in BMP2, 4 and 7. Although phylogenetic analyses indicated that these variants map within strongly conserved gene regions, there was no direct support for their impact on protein structure when applying predictive bioinformatics tools. CONCLUSIONS A mutation in the BMP4 coding region resulting in an amino acid exchange (p.Arg300Pro) appeared most interesting among the identified variants. Further functional analyses are required to ultimately map the relevance of these novel variants in CPHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Breitfeld
- Department of Medicine, University of Leipzig, Liebigstrasse 20, Leipzig 04103, Germany
- IFB Adiposity Diseases, University of Leipzig, Philipp-Rosenthal-Str. 27, Leipzig 04103, Germany
| | - Susanne Martens
- Department of Medicine, University of Leipzig, Liebigstrasse 20, Leipzig 04103, Germany
- IFB Adiposity Diseases, University of Leipzig, Philipp-Rosenthal-Str. 27, Leipzig 04103, Germany
| | - Jürgen Klammt
- Hospital for Children & Adolescents, University of Leipzig, Liebigstrasse 22, Leipzig 04103, Germany
| | - Marina Schlicke
- Hospital for Children & Adolescents, University of Leipzig, Liebigstrasse 22, Leipzig 04103, Germany
| | - Roland Pfäffle
- Hospital for Children & Adolescents, University of Leipzig, Liebigstrasse 22, Leipzig 04103, Germany
| | - Kerstin Krause
- Department of Medicine, University of Leipzig, Liebigstrasse 20, Leipzig 04103, Germany
| | - Kerstin Weidle
- Department of Medicine, University of Leipzig, Liebigstrasse 20, Leipzig 04103, Germany
| | - Dorit Schleinitz
- Department of Medicine, University of Leipzig, Liebigstrasse 20, Leipzig 04103, Germany
| | - Michael Stumvoll
- Department of Medicine, University of Leipzig, Liebigstrasse 20, Leipzig 04103, Germany
| | - Dagmar Führer
- Department of Endocrinology, University of Essen, Hufelandstraße 55, Essen 45147, Germany
| | - Peter Kovacs
- Department of Medicine, University of Leipzig, Liebigstrasse 20, Leipzig 04103, Germany
- IFB Adiposity Diseases, University of Leipzig, Philipp-Rosenthal-Str. 27, Leipzig 04103, Germany
| | - Anke Tönjes
- Department of Medicine, University of Leipzig, Liebigstrasse 20, Leipzig 04103, Germany
- IFB Adiposity Diseases, University of Leipzig, Philipp-Rosenthal-Str. 27, Leipzig 04103, Germany
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Sasai Y, Eiraku M, Suga H. In vitro organogenesis in three dimensions: self-organising stem cells. Development 2013; 139:4111-21. [PMID: 23093423 DOI: 10.1242/dev.079590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Organ formation during embryogenesis is a complex process that involves various local cell-cell interactions at the molecular and mechanical levels. Despite this complexity, organogenesis can be modelled in vitro. In this article, we focus on two recent examples in which embryonic stem cells can self-organise into three-dimensional structures - the optic cup and the pituitary epithelium; and one case of self-organising adult stem cells - the gut epithelium. We summarise how these approaches have revealed intrinsic programs that drive locally autonomous modes of organogenesis and homeostasis. We also attempt to interpret the results of previous in vivo studies of retinal development in light of the self-organising nature of the retina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiki Sasai
- Neurogenesis and Organogenesis Group, RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology, Kobe, Japan.
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Bouchoucha YX, Charnay P, Gilardi-Hebenstreit P. Ablation of Egr2-positive cells in male mouse anterior pituitary leads to atypical isolated GH deficiency. Endocrinology 2013; 154:270-82. [PMID: 23150495 DOI: 10.1210/en.2012-1792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we have investigated the expression and function of the transcription factor early growth response factor 2 (Egr2)/Krox20 in the developing anterior pituitary. Egr2 is initially expressed in all differentiating hormonal cells types, but its expression is mostly restricted to the somatotroph lineage after birth. Egr2 knockout results in anterior pituitary hypoplasia. However, the analysis of a conditional mutant demonstrates that this phenotype does not originate from a lack of Egr2 expression in the pituitary. Using an Egr2 allele driving a Cre-activable toxin gene, we performed a genetic ablation of Egr2-positive cells in the pituitary. During the postnatal period, this ablation leads to specific and progressive depletion of the somatotroph population, creating a novel model of early-onset isolated GH deficiency (GHD). Mutant animals were subjected to a complete metabolic analysis, revealing atypical and expected features. Consistent with an adult-onset isolated GHD model, mutant animals are hypoglycemic and display increased insulin sensitivity and glucose clearance. This latter phenotype is in contrast to the glucose intolerance observed in another early-onset GHD model. Surprisingly, increased insulin sensitivity is not accompanied by a modified balance between fat and lean tissues, but by reduced metabolic adaptability between glucose and lipid oxidation conditions. This suggests that the relationship between these metabolic features and insulin sensitivity should be reconsidered. In conclusion, our mutant may be a valuable genetic model with which to study the effects of long-term GH deficiency, in conditions of normal pancreatic function and unaffected balance between fat and glucose metabolism.
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40
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Afelik S, Jensen J. Notch signaling in the pancreas: patterning and cell fate specification. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2012; 2:531-44. [DOI: 10.1002/wdev.99] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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41
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de Moraes DC, Vaisman M, Conceição FL, Ortiga-Carvalho TM. Pituitary development: a complex, temporal regulated process dependent on specific transcriptional factors. J Endocrinol 2012; 215:239-45. [PMID: 22872762 DOI: 10.1530/joe-12-0229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Pituitary organogenesis is a highly complex and tightly regulated process that depends on several transcription factors (TFs), such as PROP1, PIT1 (POU1F1), HESX1, LHX3 and LHX4. Normal pituitary development requires the temporally and spatially organised expression of TFs and interactions between different TFs, DNA and TF co-activators. Mutations in these genes result in different combinations of hypopituitarism that can be associated with structural alterations of the central nervous system, causing the congenital form of panhypopituitarism. This review aims to elucidate the complex process of pituitary organogenesis, to clarify the role of the major TFs, and to compile the lessons learned from functional studies of TF mutations in panhypopituitarism patients and TF deletions or mutations in transgenic animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Débora Cristina de Moraes
- Laboratório de Endocrinologia Molecular, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Avenida Carlos Chagas Filho, s/n, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil.
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42
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Wirmer A, Bradler S, Heinrich R. Homology of insect corpora allata and vertebrate adenohypophysis? ARTHROPOD STRUCTURE & DEVELOPMENT 2012; 41:409-417. [PMID: 22595331 DOI: 10.1016/j.asd.2012.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2012] [Revised: 04/25/2012] [Accepted: 04/25/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Animal species of various phyla possess neuroendocrine glands whose hormonal products regulate developmental and physiological mechanisms and directly impact behavior. Two examples, the corpora allata of insects and the vertebrate adenohypophysis have previously been regarded as analogous tissues that evolved independently from diffuse epidermal nerve nets of early metazoans. More recent developmental and functional studies accumulated evidence suggesting that the bilaterian nervous systems including its modern parts (e.g. pallium or cortex and mushroom bodies) and its neuroendocrine appendages (that are considered to be more ancient structures) possess a single evolutionary origin. The corpora allata of insects and the vertebrate adenohypophysis share a number of characteristics in respect of morphology, control of hormone release by RFamides, metabolites produced by closely related cytochrome P450 enzymes and gene expression during embryonic development. This review incorporates latest findings into an extensive description of similarities between insect corpora allata and vertebrate adenohypophysis that should encourage further studies about the onto- and phylogenetic origin of these neuroendocrine glands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Wirmer
- Institute for Neurobiology, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany.
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43
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Cajal M, Lawson KA, Hill B, Moreau A, Rao J, Ross A, Collignon J, Camus A. Clonal and molecular analysis of the prospective anterior neural boundary in the mouse embryo. Development 2012; 139:423-36. [PMID: 22186731 DOI: 10.1242/dev.075499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
In the mouse embryo the anterior ectoderm undergoes extensive growth and morphogenesis to form the forebrain and cephalic non-neural ectoderm. We traced descendants of single ectoderm cells to study cell fate choice and cell behaviour at late gastrulation. In addition, we provide a comprehensive spatiotemporal atlas of anterior gene expression at stages crucial for anterior ectoderm regionalisation and neural plate formation. Our results show that, at late gastrulation stage, expression patterns of anterior ectoderm genes overlap significantly and correlate with areas of distinct prospective fates but do not define lineages. The fate map delineates a rostral limit to forebrain contribution. However, no early subdivision of the presumptive forebrain territory can be detected. Lineage analysis at single-cell resolution revealed that precursors of the anterior neural ridge (ANR), a signalling centre involved in forebrain development and patterning, are clonally related to neural ectoderm. The prospective ANR and the forebrain neuroectoderm arise from cells scattered within the same broad area of anterior ectoderm. This study establishes that although the segregation between non-neural and neural precursors in the anterior midline ectoderm is not complete at late gastrulation stage, this tissue already harbours elements of regionalisation that prefigure the later organisation of the head.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marieke Cajal
- Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Institut Jacques Monod, UMR7592 CNRS, F-75013 Paris, France
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Suga H, Kadoshima T, Minaguchi M, Ohgushi M, Soen M, Nakano T, Takata N, Wataya T, Muguruma K, Miyoshi H, Yonemura S, Oiso Y, Sasai Y. Self-formation of functional adenohypophysis in three-dimensional culture. Nature 2011; 480:57-62. [PMID: 22080957 DOI: 10.1038/nature10637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 335] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2011] [Accepted: 10/14/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The adenohypophysis (anterior pituitary) is a major centre for systemic hormones. At present, no efficient stem-cell culture for its generation is available, partly because of insufficient knowledge about how the pituitary primordium (Rathke's pouch) is induced in the embryonic head ectoderm. Here we report efficient self-formation of three-dimensional adenohypophysis tissues in an aggregate culture of mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells. ES cells were stimulated to differentiate into non-neural head ectoderm and hypothalamic neuroectoderm in adjacent layers within the aggregate, and treated with hedgehog signalling. Self-organization of Rathke's-pouch-like three-dimensional structures occurred at the interface of these two epithelia, as seen in vivo, and various endocrine cells including corticotrophs and somatotrophs were subsequently produced. The corticotrophs efficiently secreted adrenocorticotropic hormone in response to corticotrophin releasing hormone and, when grafted in vivo, these cells rescued the systemic glucocorticoid level in hypopituitary mice. Thus, functional anterior pituitary tissue self-forms in ES cell culture, recapitulating local tissue interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidetaka Suga
- Neurogenesis and Organogenesis Group, RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
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Goldberg LB, Aujla PK, Raetzman LT. Persistent expression of activated Notch inhibits corticotrope and melanotrope differentiation and results in dysfunction of the HPA axis. Dev Biol 2011; 358:23-32. [PMID: 21781958 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2011.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2011] [Revised: 06/17/2011] [Accepted: 07/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis is an important regulator of energy balance, immune function and the body's response to stress. Signaling networks governing the initial specification of corticotropes, a major component of this axis, are not fully understood. Loss of function studies indicate that Notch signaling may be necessary to repress premature differentiation of corticotropes and to promote proliferation of pituitary progenitors. To elucidate whether Notch signaling must be suppressed in order for corticotrope differentiation to proceed and whether Notch signaling is sufficient to promote corticotrope proliferation, we examined the effects of persistent Notch expression in Pomc lineage cells. We show that constitutive activation of the Notch cascade inhibits the differentiation of both corticotropes and melanotropes and results in the suppression of transcription factors required for Pomc expression. Furthermore, persistent Notch signaling traps cells in the intermediate lobe of the pituitary in a progenitor state, but has no effect on pituitary proliferation. Undifferentiated cells are eliminated in the first two postnatal weeks in these mice, resulting in a modest increase in CRH expression in the paraventricular nucleus, hypoplastic adrenal glands and decreased stress-induced corticosterone levels. Taken together, these findings show that Notch signaling is sufficient to prevent corticotrope and melanotrope differentiation, resulting in dysregulation of the HPA axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leah B Goldberg
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
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46
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McCabe MJ, Alatzoglou KS, Dattani MT. Septo-optic dysplasia and other midline defects: the role of transcription factors: HESX1 and beyond. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 2011; 25:115-24. [PMID: 21396578 DOI: 10.1016/j.beem.2010.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Septo-optic dysplasia (SOD) is a highly heterogeneous condition comprising variable phenotypes including midline and forebrain abnormalities, optic nerve and pituitary hypoplasia. Most instances of SOD are sporadic and several aetiologies including drug and alcohol abuse have been suggested to account for the pathogenesis of the condition. However, a number of familial cases have been described with an increasing number of mutations in developmental transcription factors including HESX1, SOX2, SOX3 and OTX2 being implicated in its aetiology. These factors are essential for normal forebrain/pituitary development, and disruptions to these genes could account for the features observed in SOD and other midline disorders. The variable phenotypes observed within the condition are most likely due to the varying contributions of genetic and environmental factors. This review will discuss the current knowledge about SOD. Further study of these and other novel factors may shed light on the complex aetiology of this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark James McCabe
- Developmental Endocrinology Research Group, Clinical and Molecular Genetics Unit, UCL Institute of Child Health, University College London, 30 Guilford Street, London, UK.
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47
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Davis SW, Castinetti F, Carvalho LR, Ellsworth BS, Potok MA, Lyons RH, Brinkmeier ML, Raetzman LT, Carninci P, Mortensen AH, Hayashizaki Y, Arnhold IJP, Mendonça BB, Brue T, Camper SA. Molecular mechanisms of pituitary organogenesis: In search of novel regulatory genes. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2010; 323:4-19. [PMID: 20025935 PMCID: PMC2909473 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2009.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Defects in pituitary gland organogenesis are sometimes associated with congenital anomalies that affect head development. Lesions in transcription factors and signaling pathways explain some of these developmental syndromes. Basic research studies, including the characterization of genetically engineered mice, provide a mechanistic framework for understanding how mutations create the clinical characteristics observed in patients. Defects in BMP, WNT, Notch, and FGF signaling pathways affect induction and growth of the pituitary primordium and other organ systems partly by altering the balance between signaling pathways. The PITX and LHX transcription factor families influence pituitary and head development and are clinically relevant. A few later-acting transcription factors have pituitary-specific effects, including PROP1, POU1F1 (PIT1), and TPIT (TBX19), while others, such as NeuroD1 and NR5A1 (SF1), are syndromic, influencing development of other endocrine organs. We conducted a survey of genes transcribed in developing mouse pituitary to find candidates for cases of pituitary hormone deficiency of unknown etiology. We identified numerous transcription factors that are members of gene families with roles in syndromic or non-syndromic pituitary hormone deficiency. This collection is a rich source for future basic and clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- S W Davis
- University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 41809-5618, USA
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48
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Hes1 regulates formations of the hypophyseal pars tuberalis and the hypothalamus. Cell Tissue Res 2010; 340:509-21. [DOI: 10.1007/s00441-010-0951-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2009] [Accepted: 02/19/2010] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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49
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Schlosser G. Making senses development of vertebrate cranial placodes. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2010; 283:129-234. [PMID: 20801420 DOI: 10.1016/s1937-6448(10)83004-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Cranial placodes (which include the adenohypophyseal, olfactory, lens, otic, lateral line, profundal/trigeminal, and epibranchial placodes) give rise to many sense organs and ganglia of the vertebrate head. Recent evidence suggests that all cranial placodes may be developmentally related structures, which originate from a common panplacodal primordium at neural plate stages and use similar regulatory mechanisms to control developmental processes shared between different placodes such as neurogenesis and morphogenetic movements. After providing a brief overview of placodal diversity, the present review summarizes current evidence for the existence of a panplacodal primordium and discusses the central role of transcription factors Six1 and Eya1 in the regulation of processes shared between different placodes. Upstream signaling events and transcription factors involved in early embryonic induction and specification of the panplacodal primordium are discussed next. I then review how individual placodes arise from the panplacodal primordium and present a model of multistep placode induction. Finally, I briefly summarize recent advances concerning how placodal neurons and sensory cells are specified, and how morphogenesis of placodes (including delamination and migration of placode-derived cells and invagination) is controlled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerhard Schlosser
- Zoology, School of Natural Sciences & Martin Ryan Institute, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
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50
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Kelberman D, Rizzoti K, Lovell-Badge R, Robinson ICAF, Dattani MT. Genetic regulation of pituitary gland development in human and mouse. Endocr Rev 2009; 30:790-829. [PMID: 19837867 PMCID: PMC2806371 DOI: 10.1210/er.2009-0008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 254] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Normal hypothalamopituitary development is closely related to that of the forebrain and is dependent upon a complex genetic cascade of transcription factors and signaling molecules that may be either intrinsic or extrinsic to the developing Rathke's pouch. These factors dictate organ commitment, cell differentiation, and cell proliferation within the anterior pituitary. Abnormalities in these processes are associated with congenital hypopituitarism, a spectrum of disorders that includes syndromic disorders such as septo-optic dysplasia, combined pituitary hormone deficiencies, and isolated hormone deficiencies, of which the commonest is GH deficiency. The highly variable clinical phenotypes can now in part be explained due to research performed over the last 20 yr, based mainly on naturally occurring and transgenic animal models. Mutations in genes encoding both signaling molecules and transcription factors have been implicated in the etiology of hypopituitarism, with or without other syndromic features, in mice and humans. To date, mutations in known genes account for a small proportion of cases of hypopituitarism in humans. However, these mutations have led to a greater understanding of the genetic interactions that lead to normal pituitary development. This review attempts to describe the complexity of pituitary development in the rodent, with particular emphasis on those factors that, when mutated, are associated with hypopituitarism in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Kelberman
- Developmental Endocrinology Research Group, Clinical and Molecular Genetics Unit, Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, United Kingdom
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