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Cribb TH, Cutmore SC, Wee NQX, Browne JG, Morales PD, Pitt KA. Lepocreadiidae (Trematoda) associated with gelatinous zooplankton (Cnidaria and Ctenophora) and fishes in Australian and Japanese waters. Parasitol Int 2024; 101:102890. [PMID: 38522781 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2024.102890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
We examined gelatinous zooplankton from off eastern Australia for lepocreadiid trematode metacercariae. From 221 specimens of 17 species of cnidarian medusae and 218 specimens of four species of ctenophores, infections were found in seven cnidarian and two ctenophore species. Metacercariae were distinguished using cox1 mtDNA, ITS2 rDNA and morphology. We identified three species of Prodistomum Linton, 1910 [P. keyam Bray & Cribb, 1996, P. orientale (Layman, 1930), and Prodistomum Type 3], two species of Opechona Looss, 1907 [O. kahawai Bray & Cribb, 2003 and O. cf. olssoni], and Cephalolepidapedon saba Yamaguti, 1970. Two species were found in cnidarians and ctenophores, three only in cnidarians, and one only in a ctenophore. Three Australian fishes were identified as definitive hosts; four species were collected from Scomber australasicus and one each from Arripis trutta and Monodactylus argenteus. Transmission of trematodes to these fishes by ingestion of gelatinous zooplankton is plausible given their mid-water feeding habits, although such predation is rarely reported. Combined morphological and molecular analyses of adult trematodes identified two cox1 types for C. saba, three cox1 types and species of Opechona, and six cox1 types and five species of Prodistomum of which only two are identified to species. All three genera are widely distributed geographically and have unresolved taxonomic issues. Levels of distinction between the recognised species varied dramatically for morphology, the three molecular markers, and host distribution. Phylogenetic analysis of 28S rDNA data extends previous findings that species of Opechona and Prodistomum do not form monophyletic clades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas H Cribb
- School of the Environment, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia; Queensland Museum, Biodiversity and Geosciences Program, South Brisbane, Queensland 4101, Australia.
| | - Scott C Cutmore
- Queensland Museum, Biodiversity and Geosciences Program, South Brisbane, Queensland 4101, Australia
| | - Nicholas Q-X Wee
- Queensland Museum, Biodiversity and Geosciences Program, South Brisbane, Queensland 4101, Australia
| | - Joanna G Browne
- School of Environment and Science and Australian Rivers Institute, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Gold Coast, Queensland 4222, Australia; Museums Victoria, GPO Box 666, Melbourne, Victoria 3001, Australia
| | | | - Kylie A Pitt
- School of Environment and Science and Australian Rivers Institute, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Gold Coast, Queensland 4222, Australia
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2
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Widdicombe M, Coff L, Nowak BF, Ramsland PA, Bott NJ. Understanding the host response of farmed fish to blood flukes (Trematoda: Aporocotylidae) for developing new treatment strategies. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2024; 149:109613. [PMID: 38710341 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2024.109613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
Aporocotylids (Trematoda: Digenea), also known as fish blood flukes infect the circulatory system of fish leading to serious health problems and mortality. Aporocotylids are a particular concern for farmed fish as infection intensity can increase within the farming environment and lead to mortalities. In the context of managing these infections, one of the most crucial aspects to consider is the host response of the infected fish against these blood flukes. Understanding the response is essential to improving current treatment strategies that are largely based on the use of anthelmintic praziquantel to manage infections in aquaculture. This review focuses on the current knowledge of farmed fish host responses against the different life stages of aporocotylids. New treatment strategies that are able to provide protection against reinfections should be a long-term goal and is not possible without understanding the fish response to infection and the interactions between host and parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maree Widdicombe
- School of Science, STEM College, RMIT University, Bundoora, Victoria, 3083, Australia
| | - Lachlan Coff
- School of Science, STEM College, RMIT University, Bundoora, Victoria, 3083, Australia; Australian Centre for Disease Preparedness, CSIRO, East Geelong, Victoria, 3219, Australia
| | - Barbara F Nowak
- School of Science, STEM College, RMIT University, Bundoora, Victoria, 3083, Australia; Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Locked Bag 1370, Launceston, Tasmania, 7250, Australia
| | - Paul A Ramsland
- School of Science, STEM College, RMIT University, Bundoora, Victoria, 3083, Australia; Department of Immunology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, 3004. Australia; Department of Surgery, Austin Health, University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Victoria, 3084, Australia
| | - Nathan J Bott
- School of Science, STEM College, RMIT University, Bundoora, Victoria, 3083, Australia.
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3
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Horák P, Bulantová J, Mikeš L. Other Schistosomatoidea and Diplostomoidea. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2024; 1454:107-155. [PMID: 39008265 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-60121-7_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/16/2024]
Abstract
Trematodes of the order Diplostomida are well known as serious pathogens of man, and both farm and wild animals; members of the genus Schistosoma (Schistosomatidae) are responsible for human schistosomosis (schistosomiasis) affecting more than 200 million people in tropical and subtropical countries, and infections of mammals and birds by animal schistosomes are of great veterinary importance. The order Diplostomida is also rich in species parasitizing other major taxa of vertebrates. The "Aporocotylidae" sensu lato are pathogenic in fish, "Spirorchiidae" sensu lato in reptiles. All these flukes have two-host life cycles, with asexually reproducing larvae usually in mollusks and occasionally in annelids, and adults usually live in the blood vessels of their vertebrate hosts. Pathology is frequently associated with inflammatory reactions to eggs trapped in various tissues/organs. On the other hand, the representatives of Diplostomidae and Strigeidae have three- or four-host life cycles in which vertebrates often serve not only as definitive but also as intermediate or paratenic hosts. Pathology is usually associated with migration of metacercariae and mesocercariae within the host tissues. The impact of these trematode infections on both farm and wild animals may be significant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petr Horák
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Jana Bulantová
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Libor Mikeš
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
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4
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Carabott MJ, Power C, Widdicombe M, Rough K, Nowak BF, Bott NJ. Dynamics of Cardicola spp. Infection in Ranched Southern Bluefin Tuna: First Observation of C. orientalis at Transfer. Pathogens 2023; 12:1443. [PMID: 38133326 PMCID: PMC10747332 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12121443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Aporocotylid blood flukes Cardicola forsteri and C. orientalis are an ongoing health concern for the Southern Bluefin Tuna (Thunnus maccoyii, SBT) industry, where infections can lead to morbidity and mortality in ranched SBT populations. This study compared blood fluke infection in SBT from two companies during the 2021 ranching season. Both companies administered the same dosage of praziquantel approximately 5 weeks after transfer, feeding with frozen baitfish daily; the only difference in the company's practices was that the pontoons were located 2.5 km apart. Infection severity was measured as prevalence and intensity by quantifying adult C. forsteri in SBT heart and copy numbers of C. forsteri and C. orientalis ITS-2 DNA in SBT heart and gills. Data from the 2018 and 2019 harvests of SBT were used to make comparisons with 2021 harvest data. Cardicola orientalis was detected at transfer and no longer detected after treatment with praziquantel. Cardicola spp. were present in 83% of sampled SBT in 2021. Both companies demonstrated similar patterns of infection, and Company A had higher prevalence and intensity of Cardicola spp. infection. Based on C. forsteri ITS-2 DNA, infection intensity at harvest was significantly greater for both companies in 2021 when compared to 2018 and 2019. Continued monitoring of Cardicola spp. in SBT and improvements in diagnostics contribute to our understanding of Cardicola spp. epizootiology and the detection of changes in treatment efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa J. Carabott
- School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3083, Australia; (M.J.C.); (C.P.); (M.W.); (B.F.N.)
| | - Cecilia Power
- School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3083, Australia; (M.J.C.); (C.P.); (M.W.); (B.F.N.)
| | - Maree Widdicombe
- School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3083, Australia; (M.J.C.); (C.P.); (M.W.); (B.F.N.)
| | - Kirsten Rough
- Australian Southern Bluefin Tuna Industry Association, South Quay Blvd, Port Lincoln, SA 5606, Australia;
| | - Barbara F. Nowak
- School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3083, Australia; (M.J.C.); (C.P.); (M.W.); (B.F.N.)
| | - Nathan J. Bott
- School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3083, Australia; (M.J.C.); (C.P.); (M.W.); (B.F.N.)
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López-Verdejo A, Montero FE, de la Gándara F, Gallego MA, Ortega A, Raga JA, Palacios-Abella JF. A severe microsporidian disease in cultured Atlantic Bluefin Tuna (Thunnus thynnus). IMA Fungus 2022; 13:5. [PMID: 35272715 PMCID: PMC8915461 DOI: 10.1186/s43008-022-00090-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the most promising aquaculture species is the Atlantic bluefin tuna (Thunnus thynnus) with high market value; disease control is crucial to prevent and reduce mortality and monetary losses. Microsporidia (Fungi) are a potential source of damage to bluefin tuna aquaculture. A new microsporidian species is described from farmed bluefin tunas from the Spanish Mediterranean. This new pathogen is described in a juvenile associated with a highly severe pathology of the visceral cavity. Whitish xenomas from this microsporidian species were mostly located at the caecal mass and ranged from 0.2 to 7.5 mm. Light and transmission electron microscopy of the spores revealed mature spores with an average size of 2.2 × 3.9 μm in size and a polar filament with 13-14 coils arranged in one single layer. Phylogenetic analysis clustered this species with the Glugea spp. clade. The morphological characteristics and molecular comparison confirm that this is a novel microsporidian species, Glugea thunni. The direct life-cycle and the severe pathologies observed makes this parasite a hard risk for bluefin tuna cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro López-Verdejo
- Marine Zoology Unit, Cavanilles Institute of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, Science Park, University of Valencia, C/ Catedrático José Beltrán 2, 46980, Paterna, Spain.
| | - Francisco E Montero
- Marine Zoology Unit, Cavanilles Institute of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, Science Park, University of Valencia, C/ Catedrático José Beltrán 2, 46980, Paterna, Spain
| | - Fernando de la Gándara
- Instituto Español de Oceanografía, Centro Oceanográfico de Murcia, 30860, Puerto de Mazarrón, Murcia, Spain
| | - Miguel A Gallego
- Instituto Español de Oceanografía, Centro Oceanográfico de Murcia, 30860, Puerto de Mazarrón, Murcia, Spain
| | - Aurelio Ortega
- Instituto Español de Oceanografía, Centro Oceanográfico de Murcia, 30860, Puerto de Mazarrón, Murcia, Spain
| | - Juan Antonio Raga
- Marine Zoology Unit, Cavanilles Institute of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, Science Park, University of Valencia, C/ Catedrático José Beltrán 2, 46980, Paterna, Spain
| | - José F Palacios-Abella
- Marine Zoology Unit, Cavanilles Institute of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, Science Park, University of Valencia, C/ Catedrático José Beltrán 2, 46980, Paterna, Spain
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Palacios-Abella J, Montero FE, Merella P, Mele S, Raga JA, Repullés-Albelda A. Cardicola mediterraneus n. sp. (Trematoda, Aporocotylidae): a new species infecting the gilthead seabream, Sparus aurata L., from the Western Mediterranean Sea. Parasitol Res 2021; 120:1949-1963. [PMID: 33884492 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-021-07143-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The genus Cardicola Short, 1953 has the highest number of species within the family Aporocotylidae (Trematoda: Digenea). Five Cardicola species have been reported to date in the Mediterranean Sea, one of them in the gilthead seabream Sparus aurata L. Analyses of infected S. aurata recovered from cultured fish off Sardinia (Italy) and from wild and cultured fish off the Levantine coast (Southeastern Spain) have revealed the presence of two species identified as Cardicola aurata Holzer, Montero, Repullés, Nolan, Sitjà-Bobadilla, Álvarez-Pellitero, Zarza and Raga, 2008 and Cardicola mediterraneus n. sp.. New morphological and molecular data are provided for both species. Features of C. aurata specimens differ slightly from those of the original description of the species, the most important differences being the longer extension of the metraterm and the central and posterior position of the female genital pore. Cardicola mediterraneus n. sp. can be easily distinguished from other Cardicola species by two unique specific characters: (i) the very unequal posterior caeca length and (ii) the shape of the testis, deeply notched at the anterior extremity. Cardicola spp. from sparids occupy a basal phylogenetic position respect the other congeneric species. The genus Cardicola has a complex taxonomy and shows high intrageneric differences for both 28S and ITS2 rDNAs, similar to the intergeneric differences among other aporocotylid genera, suggesting that it could be split. The presence of two Cardicola species could hamper treatment design and application; thus, data discriminating species herein reported can improve the infection management in fish farms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Palacios-Abella
- Cavanilles Institute of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, Science Park, University of Valencia, Paterna, Valencia, Spain.
| | - Francisco E Montero
- Cavanilles Institute of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, Science Park, University of Valencia, Paterna, Valencia, Spain
| | - Paolo Merella
- Parassitologia e Malattie Parassitarie, Dipartimento di MedicinaVeterinaria, Università di Sassari, 07100, Sassari, Italy
| | - Salvatore Mele
- Parassitologia e Malattie Parassitarie, Dipartimento di MedicinaVeterinaria, Università di Sassari, 07100, Sassari, Italy
| | - Juan Antonio Raga
- Cavanilles Institute of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, Science Park, University of Valencia, Paterna, Valencia, Spain
| | - Aigües Repullés-Albelda
- Cavanilles Institute of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, Science Park, University of Valencia, Paterna, Valencia, Spain
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Pleić IL, Bušelić I, Hrabar J, Šprung M, Bočina I, Mladineo I. In vivo and in vitro assessment of host-parasite interaction between the parasitic copepod Brachiella thynni (Copepoda; Lernaeopodidae) and the farmed Atlantic bluefin tuna (Thunnus thynnus). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 106:814-822. [PMID: 32846241 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2020.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Revised: 08/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The Atlantic bluefin tuna (ABFT; Thunnus thynnus) today represents one of the economically most important species for Croatian fisheries industry. Although the most diverse and abundant parasitofauna is usually found in the largest specimens of wild ABFT, the opposite was observed in captivity where parasite populations significantly decline by the end of the farming cycle. Copepod Brachiella thynni, is a skin parasite frequently parasitizing tuna, whose population also decreases in number throughout the rearing process. In order to better understand the immunity mechanisms underlying ABFT reaction to B. thynni infection, we studied expression profiles of immunity related genes; interleukin 1β (il1β), tumour necrosis factors (tnfα1, tnfα2), complement component 4 (c4) and caspase 3 (casp3), in peripheral blood leukocytes (PBLs) during in vitro stimulation by B. thynni protein extracts (i.e. antigens) and in infected tissues at B. thynni parasitation site. Finally, a histopathological analysis of semi-thin and ultra-thin sections of tissues surrounding B. thynii attachment site was performed to evaluate the severity of parasite-induced lesions and identify involved cell lineages. In vitro stimulation of ABFT PBLs with B. thynii antigens caused a dose-depended upregulation of selected genes, among which tnfα1 showed the highest induction by both concentrations of B. thynni protein extract. However, targeted genes were not significantly upregulated in the infected tissue. Also, no significant alterations in ultrastructure of epithelial layers surrounding B. thynii attachment site were noticed, except local tissue erosion, necrosis of squamous epithelium and proliferation of rodlet and goblet cells. Our results suggest that B. thynii has evolved strategies to successfully bypass both innate immune response and the connective-tissue proliferation processes. Therefore, the observed disappearance of this copepod by the end of the rearing process is more likely related to its limited lifespan on the host and its inability to complete the life cycle in the rearing cages, rather than host's reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Lepen Pleić
- Laboratory for Aquaculture, Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries, Šetalište Ivana Meštrovića 63, 21000, Split, Croatia.
| | - Ivana Bušelić
- Laboratory for Aquaculture, Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries, Šetalište Ivana Meštrovića 63, 21000, Split, Croatia
| | - Jerko Hrabar
- Laboratory for Aquaculture, Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries, Šetalište Ivana Meštrovića 63, 21000, Split, Croatia
| | - Matilda Šprung
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Split, Ulica Ruđera Boškovića 33, 21000, Split, Croatia
| | - Ivana Bočina
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Split, Ulica Ruđera Boškovića 33, 21000, Split, Croatia
| | - Ivona Mladineo
- Laboratory for Aquaculture, Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries, Šetalište Ivana Meštrovića 63, 21000, Split, Croatia
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Power C, Nowak BF, Cribb TH, Bott NJ. Bloody flukes: a review of aporocotylids as parasites of cultured marine fishes. Int J Parasitol 2020; 50:743-753. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2020.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Revised: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Shirakashi S, Matsuda T, Asai N, Honryo T, Ogawa K. In vivo cultivation of tuna blood fluke Cardicola orientalis in terebellid intermediate hosts. Int J Parasitol 2020; 50:851-857. [PMID: 32592808 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2020.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Revised: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/18/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Some fish blood flukes of the genus Cardicola (Aporocotylidae) are considered important pathogens of farmed/ranched tuna, Thunnus spp. Infections with Cardicola spp. might obstruct the blood flow in the gills via massive accumulations of eggs and often lead to mass mortalities in captive tuna. At present, oral administration of an anthelminthic drug, praziquantel is the most effective treatment, but the tuna farming industries are seeking non-drug control measures. Development of prophylactic and holistic measures have been difficult, owing to a lack of basic knowledge about these parasites. Unlike other trematodes which use molluscs, blood flukes of marine actinopterygian fish use terebellid polychaetes as intermediate hosts. However, information about the development of Cardicola spp. within intermediate hosts is very limited. Recent success in Cardicola opisthorchis sporocyst transplantation into the host polychaete has opened possibilities for the cultivation of Cardicola in the laboratory. Here, we conducted several transplantation trials with another tuna blood fluke, Cardicol orientalis, into its natural and surrogate polychaete hosts. Cardicola orientalis sporocysts were injected into a total of 195 Nicolea gracilibranchis, the natural host, and clear sporocyst development and reproduction was observed in 32 recipients (overall success rate 16.4%). The production of daughter sporocysts in the transplanted polychaete occurred within 14 days post injection, and one sporocystogenous cycle took approximately 4 weeks. Serial passage culture via transplantation of in vivo-cultured sporocysts was also achieved, but with limited sporocyst reproduction. In addition, sporocysts were successfully retrieved from six and one individuals of the surrogate hosts, Thelepus setosus (n = 10) and Thelepus japonicus (n = 5), respectively. These results indicate that the in vivo cultivation of C. orientalis sporocysts is possible, not only in its natural host but also in other terebellids, although the problems of high mortality and inconsistency in successful transplantation need to be resolved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sho Shirakashi
- Aquaculture Research Institute, Kindai University, Wakayama 649-2211, Japan.
| | - Tomoya Matsuda
- Aquaculture Research Institute, Kindai University, Wakayama 649-2211, Japan
| | - Nanami Asai
- Aquaculture Research Institute, Kindai University, Wakayama 649-2211, Japan
| | - Tomoki Honryo
- Aquaculture Research Institute, Kindai University, Wakayama 649-2211, Japan
| | - Kazuo Ogawa
- Meguro Parasitological Museum, Tokyo 153-0064, Japan
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10
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Horák P, Bulantová J, Mikeš L. Schistosomatoidea and Diplostomoidea. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1154:217-254. [PMID: 31297764 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-18616-6_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Trematodes of the order Diplostomida are well known as serious pathogens of man, and both farm and wild animals; members of the genus Schistosoma (Schistosomatidae) are responsible for human schistosomosis affecting more than 200 million people in tropical and subtropical countries, infections of mammals and birds by animal schistosomes are of great veterinary importance. The order Diplostomida is also rich in species parasitizing other major taxa of vertebrates. The Aporocotylidae are pathogenic in fish, Spirorchiidae in reptiles. All these flukes have two-host life cycles, with asexually reproducing larvae usually in molluscs and occasionally in annelids, and adults usually live in the blood vessels of their vertebrate hosts. Pathology is frequently associated with inflammatory reactions to eggs trapped in various tissues/organs. On the other hand, the representatives of Diplostomidae and Strigeidae have three- or four-host life cycles in which vertebrates often serve not only as definitive, but also as intermediate or paratenic hosts. Pathology is usually associated with migration of metacercariae and mesocercariae within the host tissues. The impact of these trematode infections on both farm and wild animals may be significant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petr Horák
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague 2, Czechia.
| | - Jana Bulantová
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague 2, Czechia
| | - Libor Mikeš
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague 2, Czechia
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Siegel SV, Rivero AV, Oberstaller J, Colon BL, de Buron I, Kyle DE. Blood flukes Cardicola parvus and C. laruei (Trematoda: Aporocotylidae): life cycles and cryptic infection in spotted seatrout, Cynoscion nebulosus (Teleost: Sciaenidae). Parasitol Int 2018; 67:150-158. [DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2017.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2017] [Revised: 10/24/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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12
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Palacios-Abella JF, Rodríguez-Llanos J, Víllora-Montero M, Mele S, Raga JA, Montero FE. Diagnostic accuracy of the light microscope method to detect the eggs of Cardicola spp. in the gill filaments of the bluefin tuna. Vet Parasitol 2017; 247:26-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2017.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2017] [Revised: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 09/23/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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13
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Shirakashi S, Tani K, Ishimuru K, Honryo T, Shin SP, Uchida H, Ogawa K. Spatial and Temporal Changes in the Distribution of Blood Fluke Infection in Nicolea gracilibranchis (Polychaeta: Terebellidae), the Intermediate Host for Cardicola orientalis (Digenea: Aporocotylidae), at a Tuna Farming Site in Japan. J Parasitol 2017. [DOI: 10.1645/17-70] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sho Shirakashi
- Aquaculture Research Institute, Kindai University, Shirahama 3153, Wakayama 649-2211, Japan
| | - Kazuki Tani
- Aquaculture Research Institute, Kindai University, Shirahama 3153, Wakayama 649-2211, Japan
| | - Katsuya Ishimuru
- Aquaculture Research Institute, Kindai University, Shirahama 3153, Wakayama 649-2211, Japan
| | - Tomoki Honryo
- Aquaculture Research Institute, Kindai University, Shirahama 3153, Wakayama 649-2211, Japan
| | - Sang Phil Shin
- Aquaculture Research Institute, Kindai University, Shirahama 3153, Wakayama 649-2211, Japan
| | - Hiro'omi Uchida
- Aquaculture Research Institute, Kindai University, Shirahama 3153, Wakayama 649-2211, Japan
| | - Kazuo Ogawa
- Aquaculture Research Institute, Kindai University, Shirahama 3153, Wakayama 649-2211, Japan
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A re-evaluation of diversity of the Aporocotylidae Odhner, 1912 in Siganus fuscescens (Houttuyn) (Perciformes: Siganidae) and associated species. Syst Parasitol 2017; 94:717-737. [DOI: 10.1007/s11230-017-9744-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2017] [Accepted: 07/23/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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15
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Skoulekia erythrini n. sp. (Digenea: Aporocotylidae): a parasite of Pagellus erythrinus (L.) (Perciformes: Sparidae) from the western Mediterranean with an amendment of the generic diagnosis. Syst Parasitol 2017; 94:669-688. [DOI: 10.1007/s11230-017-9733-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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16
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Pennacchi Y, Shirakashi S, Nowak BF, Bridle AR. Immune reactivity in early life stages of sea-cage cultured Pacific bluefin tuna naturally infected with blood flukes from genus Cardicola (Trematoda: Aporocotylidae). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 58:490-499. [PMID: 27702677 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2016.09.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2016] [Revised: 09/28/2016] [Accepted: 09/30/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Pacific bluefin tuna (PBT), Thunnus orientalis, due to its high average price on the market is an economically valuable fish species. Infections by blood flukes from the genus Cardicola (Trematoda: Aporocotylidae) represent a growing concern for the cage culture of bluefin tuna in Japan, Australia and Southern Europe. The accumulation of numerous Cardicola eggs in the fish gills causes severe pathology that has been linked to mortality in PBT juveniles up to one year old. The only effective treatment used to mitigate the infection is the oral administration of the antihelminthic drug praziquantel (PZQ) to the affected fish. However, with the need to minimise therapeutic drug use in aquaculture it is hoped that immunoprophylaxis can provide a future alternative to protect the PBT juveniles against Cardicola infection. Currently, little is known of the host immune response to these parasites and of their infection dynamics. In this study, using real-time qPCR we aimed to quantitatively detect C. orientalis and C. opisthorchis DNA within the gills and heart of cultured PBT juveniles and to investigate the host immune response at the transcriptional level in the gills. The research focused mainly during early stages of infection soon after young PBT were transferred to culture cages (from 14 to 77 days post-transfer). An increase (up to 11-fold) of immune-related genes, namely IgM, MHC-I, TCR-β and IL-1β was observed in the PBT gills infected with Cardicola spp. (28-77 days post-transfer). Furthermore, IgM (19-fold increase) and MHC-I (11.5-fold increase) transcription was strongly up-regulated in gill samples of PBT infected with C. orientalis relative to uninfected fish but not in fish infected with C. opisthorchis. Cardicola-specific DNA was first detected in the host 14 days post-transfer (DPT) to sea-cages which was 55 days earlier than the first detection of parasite eggs and adults by microscopy. Oral administration of PZQ did not have an immediate effect on parasite DNA presence in the host and the DNA presence started to reduce after 24 days only in the host heart. The results provide evidence of an immune response in early age sea-cage cultured juveniles of PBT naturally infected with C. orientalis and C. opisthorchis. This response, whilst not protective against primary infection, provides evidence that immunisation at an early age may have potential as a health strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sho Shirakashi
- Aquaculture Research Institute, Kindai University, Nishimuro, Wakayama, Japan
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Shirakashi S, Tani K, Ishimaru K, Shin SP, Honryo T, Uchida H, Ogawa K. Discovery of intermediate hosts for two species of blood flukes Cardicola orientalis and Cardicola forsteri (Trematoda: Aporocotylidae) infecting Pacific bluefin tuna in Japan. Parasitol Int 2016; 65:128-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2015.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Revised: 10/31/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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18
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Cribb TH, Bray RA, Diaz PE, Huston DC, Kudlai O, Martin SB, Yong RQY, Cutmore SC. Trematodes of fishes of the Indo-west Pacific: told and untold richness. Syst Parasitol 2016; 93:237-47. [PMID: 26898587 DOI: 10.1007/s11230-016-9625-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2015] [Accepted: 01/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The Indo-west Pacific is a marine bioregion stretching from the east coast of Africa to Hawaii, French Polynesia and Easter Island. An assessment of the literature from the region found reports of 2,582 trematode species infecting 1,485 fish species. Reports are concentrated in larger fishes, undoubtedly reflecting the tendency for larger hosts to be infected by more species of parasites as well as a collecting bias. Many hundreds of fish species, including many from families known to be rich in trematodes, have yet to be reported as hosts. Despite some areas (the Great Barrier Reef, Hawaii and the waters off China, India and Japan) receiving sustained attention, none can be considered to be comprehensively known. Several regions, most importantly in East Africa, French Polynesia and the Coral Triangle, are especially poorly known. The fauna of the Indo-west Pacific has been reported so unevenly that we consider it impossible to predict the true trematode richness for the region. We conclude that the greatest gap in our understanding is of the geographical distribution of species in the Indo-west Pacific. This is highlighted by the fact that 87% of trematodes in the region have been reported no more than five times. The reliable recognition of species is a major problem in this field; molecular approaches offer prospects for resolution of species identification but have been little adopted to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas H Cribb
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, 4072, Australia.
| | - Rodney A Bray
- Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London, SW7 5BD, UK
| | - Pablo E Diaz
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, 4072, Australia
| | - Daniel C Huston
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, 4072, Australia
| | - Olena Kudlai
- Laboratory of Helminthology, Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, Branišovská 31, 370 05, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Storm B Martin
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, 4072, Australia
| | - Russell Q-Y Yong
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, 4072, Australia
| | - Scott C Cutmore
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, 4072, Australia
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