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Rizzo G, Baroni L, Lombardo M. Promising Sources of Plant-Derived Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids: A Narrative Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:ijerph20031683. [PMID: 36767052 PMCID: PMC9914036 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20031683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
(1) Background: Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are known for their ability to protect against numerous metabolic disorders. The consumption of oily fish is the main source of PUFAs in human nutrition and is commonly used for supplement production. However, seafood is an overexploited source that cannot be guaranteed to cover the global demands. Furthermore, it is not consumed by everyone for ecological, economic, ethical, geographical and taste reasons. The growing demand for natural dietary sources of PUFAs suggests that current nutritional sources are insufficient to meet global needs, and less and less will be. Therefore, it is crucial to find sustainable sources that are acceptable to all, meeting the world population's needs. (2) Scope: This review aims to evaluate the recent evidence about alternative plant sources of essential fatty acids, focusing on long-chain omega-3 (n-3) PUFAs. (3) Method: A structured search was performed on the PubMed search engine to select available human data from interventional studies using omega-3 fatty acids of non-animal origin. (4) Results: Several promising sources have emerged from the literature, such as algae, microorganisms, plants rich in stearidonic acid and GM plants. However, the costs, acceptance and adequate formulation deserve further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianluca Rizzo
- Independent Researcher, Via Venezuela 66, 98121 Messina, Italy
| | - Luciana Baroni
- Scientific Society for Vegetarian Nutrition, 30171 Venice, Italy
| | - Mauro Lombardo
- Department of Human Sciences and Promotion of the Quality of Life, San Raffaele Open University, 00166 Rome, Italy
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Health Benefits, Food Applications, and Sustainability of MI-Croalgae-Derived N-3 Pufa. Foods 2022; 11:foods11131883. [PMID: 35804698 PMCID: PMC9265382 DOI: 10.3390/foods11131883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Today’s consumers are increasingly aware of the beneficial effects of n-3 PUFA in preventing, delaying, and intervening various diseases, such as coronary artery disease, hypertension, diabetes, inflammatory and autoimmune disorders, neurodegenerative diseases, depression, and many other ailments. The role of n-3 PUFA on aging and cognitive function is also one of the hot topics in basic research, product development, and clinical applications. For decades, n-3 PUFA, especially EPA and DHA, have been supplied by fish oil and seafood. With the continuous increase of global population, awareness about the health benefits of n-3 PUFA, and socioeconomic improvement worldwide, the supply chain is facing increasing challenges of insufficient production. In this regard, microalgae have been well considered as promising sources of n-3 PUFA oil to mitigate the supply shortages. The use of microalgae to produce n-3 PUFA-rich oils has been explored for over two decades and some species have already been used commercially to produce n-3 PUFA, in particular EPA- and/or DHA-rich oils. In addition to n-3 PUFA, microalgae biomass contains many other high value biomolecules, which can be used in food, dietary supplement, pharmaceutical ingredient, and feedstock. The present review covers the health benefits of n-3 PUFA, EPA, and DHA, with particular attention given to the various approaches attempted in the nutritional interventions using EPA and DHA alone or combined with other nutrients and bioactive compounds towards improved health conditions in people with mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer’s disease. It also covers the applications of microalgae n-3 PUFA in food and dietary supplement sectors and the economic and environmental sustainability of using microalgae as a platform for n-3 PUFA-rich oil production.
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Cerone M, Smith TK. A Brief Journey into the History of and Future Sources and Uses of Fatty Acids. Front Nutr 2021; 8:570401. [PMID: 34355007 PMCID: PMC8329090 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.570401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Fats and lipids have always had a primary role in the history of humankind, from ancient civilisations to the modern and contemporary time, going from domestic and cosmetic uses, to the first medical applications and later to the large-scale industrial uses for food, pharmaceutical, cosmetics, and biofuel production. Sources and uses of those have changed during time following the development of chemical sciences and industrial technological advances. Plants, fish, and animal fats have represented the primary source of lipids and fats for century. Nowadays, the use of fatty acid sources has taken a turn: industries are mainly interested in polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), which have beneficial properties in human health; and also, for high-value fatty acids product for innovative and green production of biofuel and feedstocks. Thus, the constant increase in demand of fatty acids, the fact that marine and vegetable sources are not adequate to meet the high level of fatty acids required worldwide and climate change, have determined the necessity of the search for renewable and sustainable sources for fatty acids. Biotechnological advances and bioengineering have started looking at the genetic modification of algae, bacteria, yeasts, seeds, and plants to develop cell factory able to produce high value fatty acid products in a renewable and sustainable manner. This innovative approach applied to FA industry is a peculiar example of how biotechnology can serve as a powerful mean to drive the production of high value fatty acid derivatives on the concept of circular bioeconomy, based on the reutilisation of organic resources for alternative and sustainable productive patterns that are environmentally friendly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michela Cerone
- Biomedical Sciences Research Complex, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, United Kingdom
| | - Terry K Smith
- Biomedical Sciences Research Complex, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, United Kingdom
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Dietary Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids (PUFAs): Uses and Potential Health Benefits. Curr Nutr Rep 2021; 10:232-242. [PMID: 34255301 DOI: 10.1007/s13668-021-00363-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are obtained from various sources, which can be incorporated in the routine diet to maintain the health. They provide protection from several diseases like osteoarthritis, cancer, and autoimmune disorders. Major focus is given to the PUFAs omega-3 (ω-3) and omega-6 (ω-6) fatty acids which are available in both terrestrial and in the marine environment. The main concern of this article is to review the key scientific reports in context with the human health consequences and advantages of the food sources of ω-3 and ω-6 fatty acids. RECENT FINDINGS ω-3 and ω-6 fatty acids are consumed by the population globally in the form of foods that are rich in fatty acids. Their nutritional effects have the capability to improve the physical functioning and metabolic rate of the body. These PUFAs contribute in various cellular activities like cell signaling, structural integrity and fluidity of cell membrane, the regulation of blood pressure, glucose level, the nervous system, inflammatory reactions, and hematic clotting. Animal and cell-based models represent that ω-3 and ω-6 PUFAs can regulate the skeletal muscle metabolism. The main concern of this article is to review the key scientific reports in context with the human health consequences and advantages of the food sources of ω-3 and ω-6 fatty acids.
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Diao J, Song X, Guo T, Wang F, Chen L, Zhang W. Cellular engineering strategies toward sustainable omega-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids production: State of the art and perspectives. Biotechnol Adv 2020; 40:107497. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2019.107497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Revised: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Ilyas M, Akhtar W, Rehman S, Naqvi SMS, Mahmood T. Functional characterization of the rice root Germin-like protein gene-1 ( OsRGLP1) promoter in Nicotiana tabacum. 3 Biotech 2019; 9:130. [PMID: 30863709 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-019-1644-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Germin (GER) and germin-like protein (GLP) genes play a very important role against various stresses. Promoter analysis provide significant insight into gene's function and regulation. Presently, upstream region (1228 bp) of the OsRGLP1 gene was functionally characterized via heterologous expression. It was fused with the Glucuronidase (GUS) reporter gene and the expression cassette was used to transform Nicotiana tabacum using Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. Transgenic plants were examined via quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) to analyze its role in wounding, salinity, drought, abscisic acid (ABA) and circadian rhythm. OsRGLP1 was highly induced by ABA and drought by showing 28- and 25-fold changes in GUS mRNA level respectively as compared to wounding (fourfold change) and salinity (threefold change). However, no activity was observed in circadian rhythm. Histochemically, strong GUS activity was observed in leaf veins, midrib, epidermal hair, stomata guard cells, stem cortex, root hairs, xylem and phloem and at cellular level in cell wall, cytoplasm and its periphery. OsRGLP1 promoter can be used to develop agronomically important transgenic plants in future food program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Ilyas
- 1Department of Botany, University of Swabi, Anbar Swabi, 23561 Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Pakistan
| | - Wasim Akhtar
- 4Department of Botany, Mohi-Ud-Din Islamic University, Nerian Sharif, Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Pakistan
| | - Shazia Rehman
- 5Department of Botany, University of Gujrat sub campus Rawalpindi, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | | | - Tariq Mahmood
- 2Department of Botany, Faculty of Biological sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, 45320 Pakistan
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Shanab SM, Hafez RM, Fouad AS. A review on algae and plants as potential source of arachidonic acid. J Adv Res 2018; 11:3-13. [PMID: 30034871 PMCID: PMC6052662 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2018.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2018] [Revised: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 03/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Some of the essential polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) as ARA (arachidonic acid, n-6), EPA (eicosapentaenoic acid, n-3) and DHA (Docosahexaenoic acid, n-3) cannot be synthesized by mammals and it must be provided as food supplement. ARA and DHA are the major PUFAs that constitute the brain membrane phospholipid. n-3 PUFAs are contained in fish oil and animal sources, while the n-6 PUFAs are mostly provided by vegetable oils. Inappropriate fatty acids consumption from the n-6 and n-3 families is the major cause of chronic diseases as cancer, cardiovascular diseases and diabetes. The n-6: n-3 ratio (lower than 10) recommended by the WHO can be achieved by consuming certain edible sources rich in n-3 and n-6 in daily food meal. Many researches have been screened for alternative sources of n-3 and n-6 PUFAs of plant origin, microbes, algae, lower and higher plants, which biosynthesize these valuable PUFAs needed for our body health. Biosynthesis of C18 PUFAs, in entire plant kingdom, takes place through certain pathways using elongases and desaturases to synthesize their needs of ARA (C20-PUFAs). This review is an attempt to highlight the importance and function of PUFAs mainly ARA, its occurrence throughout the plant kingdom (and others), its biosynthetic pathways and the enzymes involved. The methods used to enhance ARA productions through environmental factors and metabolic engineering are also presented. It also deals with advising people that healthy life is affected by their dietary intake of both n-3 and n-6 FAs. The review also addresses the scientist to carry on their work to enrich organisms with ARA.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rehab M. Hafez
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza 12613, Egypt
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Tailoring seed oil composition in the real world: optimising omega-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acid accumulation in transgenic Camelina sativa. Sci Rep 2017; 7:6570. [PMID: 28747792 PMCID: PMC5529437 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-06838-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2017] [Accepted: 06/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
There is considerable interest in the de novo production of omega-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids such as eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), not least of all given the importance of these fatty acids in both aquaculture and human nutrition. Previously we have demonstrated the feasibility of using metabolic engineering in transgenic plants (Camelina sativa) to modify the seed oil composition to now include EPA and/or DHA. In this study, we further tailored the seed oil profile to reduce the omega-6 content, and evaluated the performance of such GM plants under field conditions (i.e. environmental releases), in terms of agronomic performance and also the lipidomic profile of seed oil. We used MALDI- mass spectrometry imaging to identify discrete tissue-types in the seed in which these non-native fatty acids preferentially accumulated. Collectively, these data provide new insights into the complexity of plant lipid metabolism and the challenges associated with predictive manipulation of these pathways. However, this study identified the likely dispensable nature of a Δ12-desturase activity in our omega-3 metabolic engineering rationales for Camelina.
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Amjad Khan W, Chun-Mei H, Khan N, Iqbal A, Lyu SW, Shah F. Bioengineered Plants Can Be a Useful Source of Omega-3 Fatty Acids. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 2017:7348919. [PMID: 28316988 PMCID: PMC5339522 DOI: 10.1155/2017/7348919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2016] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Omega-3 fatty acids have proven to be very essential for human health due to their multiple health benefits. These essential fatty acids (EFAs) need to be uptaken through diet because they are unable to be produced by the human body. These are important for skin and hair growth as well as for proper visual, neural, and reproductive functions of the body. These fatty acids are proven to be extremely vital for normal tissue development during pregnancy and infancy. Omega-3 fatty acids can be obtained mainly from two dietary sources: marine and plant oils. Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA; C20:5 n-3) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; C22:6 n-3) are the primary marine-derived omega-3 fatty acids. Marine fishes are high in omega-3 fatty acids, yet high consumption of those fishes will cause a shortage of fish stocks existing naturally in the oceans. An alternative source to achieve the recommended daily intake of EFAs is the demand of today. In this review article, an attempt has, therefore, been made to discuss the importance of omega-3 fatty acids and the recent developments in order to produce these fatty acids by the genetic modifications of the plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waleed Amjad Khan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
| | - Hu Chun-Mei
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
| | - Nadeem Khan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
| | - Amjad Iqbal
- Laboratory of Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Wenchang, Hainan 571339, China
- Department of Agriculture, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan, Pakistan
| | - Shan-Wu Lyu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
| | - Farooq Shah
- Department of Agriculture, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan, Pakistan
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Xia F, Li X, Li X, Zheng D, Sun Q, Liu J, Li Y, Hua J, Qi B. Elevation of the Yields of Very Long Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids via Minimal Codon Optimization of Two Key Biosynthetic Enzymes. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0158103. [PMID: 27433934 PMCID: PMC4951033 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0158103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2016] [Accepted: 06/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5Δ5,8,11,14,17) and Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6Δ4,7,10,13,16,19) are nutritionally beneficial to human health. Transgenic production of EPA and DHA in oilseed crops by transferring genes originating from lower eukaryotes, such as microalgae and fungi, has been attempted in recent years. However, the low yield of EPA and DHA produced in these transgenic crops is a major hurdle for the commercialization of these transgenics. Many factors can negatively affect transgene expression, leading to a low level of converted fatty acid products. Among these the codon bias between the transgene donor and the host crop is one of the major contributing factors. Therefore, we carried out codon optimization of a fatty acid delta-6 desaturase gene PinD6 from the fungus Phytophthora infestans, and a delta-9 elongase gene, IgASE1 from the microalga Isochrysis galbana for expression in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Arabidopsis respectively. These are the two key genes encoding enzymes for driving the first catalytic steps in the Δ6 desaturation/Δ6 elongation and the Δ9 elongation/Δ8 desaturation pathways for EPA/DHA biosynthesis. Hence expression levels of these two genes are important in determining the final yield of EPA/DHA. Via PCR-based mutagenesis we optimized the least preferred codons within the first 16 codons at their N-termini, as well as the most biased CGC codons (coding for arginine) within the entire sequences of both genes. An expression study showed that transgenic Arabidopsis plants harbouring the codon-optimized IgASE1 contained 64% more elongated fatty acid products than plants expressing the native IgASE1 sequence, whilst Saccharomyces cerevisiae expressing the codon optimized PinD6 yielded 20 times more desaturated products than yeast expressing wild-type (WT) PinD6. Thus the codon optimization strategy we developed here offers a simple, effective and low-cost alternative to whole gene synthesis for high expression of foreign genes in yeast and Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, 271000, China
| | - Xueying Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, 271000, China
| | - Xinzheng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, 271000, China
| | - Desong Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, 271000, China
| | - Quanxi Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, 271000, China
| | - Jiang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, 271000, China
| | - Yaxiao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, 271000, China
| | - Jinping Hua
- Department of Plant Genetics & Breeding, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, No 2, Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Baoxiu Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, 271000, China
- * E-mail:
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Haslam RP, Sayanova O, Kim HJ, Cahoon EB, Napier JA. Synthetic redesign of plant lipid metabolism. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2016; 87:76-86. [PMID: 27483205 PMCID: PMC4982047 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2016] [Revised: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 03/17/2016] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Plant seed lipid metabolism is an area of intensive research, including many examples of transgenic events in which oil composition has been modified. In the selected examples described in this review, progress towards the predictive manipulation of metabolism and the reconstitution of desired traits in a non-native host is considered. The advantages of a particular oilseed crop, Camelina sativa, as a flexible and utilitarian chassis for advanced metabolic engineering and applied synthetic biology are considered, as are the issues that still represent gaps in our ability to predictably alter plant lipid biosynthesis. Opportunities to deliver useful bio-based products via transgenic plants are described, some of which represent the most complex genetic engineering in plants to date. Future prospects are considered, with a focus on the desire to transition to more (computationally) directed manipulations of metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard P Haslam
- Biological Chemistry and Crop Protection, Rothamsted Research, West Common, Harpenden, AL5 2JQ, UK
| | - Olga Sayanova
- Biological Chemistry and Crop Protection, Rothamsted Research, West Common, Harpenden, AL5 2JQ, UK
| | - Hae Jin Kim
- Centre for Plant Science Innovation and Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA
| | - Edgar B Cahoon
- Centre for Plant Science Innovation and Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA
| | - Johnathan A Napier
- Biological Chemistry and Crop Protection, Rothamsted Research, West Common, Harpenden, AL5 2JQ, UK
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Functional characterization of germin and germin-like protein genes in various plant species using transgenic approaches. Biotechnol Lett 2016; 38:1405-21. [DOI: 10.1007/s10529-016-2129-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2015] [Accepted: 05/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Tejera N, Vauzour D, Betancor MB, Sayanova O, Usher S, Cochard M, Rigby N, Ruiz-Lopez N, Menoyo D, Tocher DR, Napier JA, Minihane AM. A Transgenic Camelina sativa Seed Oil Effectively Replaces Fish Oil as a Dietary Source of Eicosapentaenoic Acid in Mice. J Nutr 2016; 146:227-35. [PMID: 26791554 PMCID: PMC4725436 DOI: 10.3945/jn.115.223941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2015] [Accepted: 12/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fish currently supplies only 40% of the eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) required to allow all individuals globally to meet the minimum intake recommendation of 500 mg/d. Therefore, alternative sustainable sources are needed. OBJECTIVE The main objective was to investigate the ability of genetically engineered Camelina sativa (20% EPA) oil (CO) to enrich tissue EPA and DHA relative to an EPA-rich fish oil (FO) in mammals. METHODS Six-week-old male C57BL/6J mice were fed for 10 wk either a palm oil-containing control (C) diet or diets supplemented with EPA-CO or FO, with the C, low-EPA CO (COL), high-EPA CO (COH), low-EPA FO (FOL), and high-EPA FO (FOH) diets providing 0, 0.4, 3.4, 0.3, and 2.9 g EPA/kg diet, respectively. Liver, muscle, and brain were collected for fatty acid analysis, and blood glucose and serum lipids were quantified. The expression of selected hepatic genes involved in EPA and DHA biosynthesis and in modulating their cellular impact was determined. RESULTS The oils were well tolerated, with significantly greater weight gain in the COH and FOH groups relative to the C group (P < 0.001). Significantly lower (36-38%) blood glucose concentrations were evident in the FOH and COH mice relative to C mice (P < 0.01). Hepatic EPA concentrations were higher in all EPA groups relative to the C group (P < 0.001), with concentrations of 0.0, 0.4, 2.9, 0.2, and 3.6 g/100 g liver total lipids in the C, COL, COH, FOL, and FOH groups, respectively. Comparable dose-independent enrichments of liver DHA were observed in mice fed CO and FO diets (P < 0.001). Relative to the C group, lower fatty acid desaturase 1 (Fads1) expression (P < 0.005) was observed in the COH and FOH groups. Higher fatty acid desaturase 2 (Fads2), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (Ppara), and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (Pparg) (P < 0.005) expressions were induced by CO. No impact of treatment on liver X receptor α (Lxra) or sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1c (Srebp1c) was evident. CONCLUSIONS Oil from transgenic Camelina is a bioavailable source of EPA in mice. These data provide support for the future assessment of this oil in a human feeding trial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noemi Tejera
- Department of Nutrition, Norwich Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom;
| | - David Vauzour
- Department of Nutrition, Norwich Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom;,Institute of Food Research, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Monica B Betancor
- Institute of Aquaculture, School of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, United Kingdom
| | - Olga Sayanova
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Crop Protection, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, United Kingdom; and
| | - Sarah Usher
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Crop Protection, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, United Kingdom; and
| | - Marianne Cochard
- Department of Nutrition, Norwich Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Neil Rigby
- Institute of Food Research, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Noemi Ruiz-Lopez
- Department of Agricultural Production, School of Agricultural Engineering, Technical University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - David Menoyo
- Department of Agricultural Production, School of Agricultural Engineering, Technical University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Douglas R Tocher
- Institute of Aquaculture, School of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, United Kingdom
| | - Johnathan A Napier
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Crop Protection, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, United Kingdom; and
| | - Anne Marie Minihane
- Department of Nutrition, Norwich Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
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Ruiz-Lopez N, Haslam RP, Usher S, Napier JA, Sayanova O. An alternative pathway for the effective production of the omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturates EPA and ETA in transgenic oilseeds. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2015; 13:1264-75. [PMID: 25640865 PMCID: PMC4973703 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.12328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2014] [Revised: 12/10/2014] [Accepted: 12/12/2014] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis and accumulation of omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in transgenic Camelina sativa is demonstrated using the so-called alternative pathway. This aerobic pathway is found in a small number of taxonomically unrelated unicellular organisms and utilizes a C18 Δ9-elongase to generate C20 PUFAs. Here, we evaluated four different combinations of seed-specific transgene-derived activities to systematically determine the potential of this pathway to direct the synthesis of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) in transgenic plants. The accumulation of EPA and the related omega-3 LC-PUFA eicosatetraenoic acid (ETA) was observed up to 26.4% of total seed fatty acids, of which ETA was 9.5%. Seed oils such as these not only represent an additional source of EPA, but also an entirely new source of the bona fide fish oil ETA. Detailed lipidomic analysis of the alternative pathway in Camelina revealed that the acyl-substrate preferences of the different activities in the pathway can still generate a substrate-dichotomy bottleneck, largely due to inefficient acyl-exchange from phospholipids into the acyl-CoA pool. However, significant levels of EPA and ETA were detected in the triacylglycerols of transgenic seeds, confirming the channelling of these fatty acids into this storage lipid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noemi Ruiz-Lopez
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Crop Protection, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, UK
- Instituto de la Grasa (CSIC), Seville, Spain
| | - Richard P Haslam
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Crop Protection, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, UK
| | - Sarah Usher
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Crop Protection, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, UK
| | - Johnathan A Napier
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Crop Protection, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, UK
| | - Olga Sayanova
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Crop Protection, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, UK
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16
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Ruiz-Lopez N, Stubhaug I, Ipharraguerre I, Rimbach G, Menoyo D. Positional Distribution of Fatty Acids in Triacylglycerols and Phospholipids from Fillets of Atlantic Salmon (Salmo Salar) Fed Vegetable and Fish Oil Blends. Mar Drugs 2015; 13:4255-69. [PMID: 26184234 PMCID: PMC4515615 DOI: 10.3390/md13074255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2015] [Revised: 06/29/2015] [Accepted: 06/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The nutritional and functional characteristics of dietary fat are related to the fatty acid (FA) composition and its positional distribution in the triacylglycerol (TAG) fraction. Atlantic salmon is an important source of healthy long chain omega 3 FA (particularly, eicosapentaenoic (EPA) and docoxahexaenoic (DHA) acids). However, the impact of lipid sources in salmon feeds on the regiospecificity of FA in the fish TAG remains to be explored. The present study determines the effect of feeding salmon with blends of palm, rapeseed, and fish oil, providing two different EPA + DHA concentrations (high: H-ED 10.3% and low: L-ED 4.6%) on the fillet lipid class composition and the positional distribution of FA in TAG and phospholipids. The regiospecific analysis of fillet TAG showed that around 50% of the EPA and around 80% of DHA was located in the sn-2 position. The positional distribution of FA in phosphatidylcholine (PC), showed that around 80% of the EPA and around 90% of DHA were located in the sn-2. Fish fed the vegetable-rich diets showed higher EPA in the sn-2 position in PC (77% vs. 83% in the H-ED and L-ED diets, respectively) but similar DHA concentrations. It is concluded that feeding salmon with different EPA + DHA concentrations does not affect their positional distribution in the fillet TAG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noemi Ruiz-Lopez
- Department of Agricultural Production, School of Agricultural Engineering, Technical University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Ingunn Stubhaug
- Skretting Aquaculture Research Centre (ARC), P.O. Box 48, N-4001 Stavanger, Norway.
| | | | - Gerald Rimbach
- Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Science, University of Kiel, Hermann-Rodewald-Straße 6-8, D-24118 Kiel, Germany.
| | - David Menoyo
- Department of Agricultural Production, School of Agricultural Engineering, Technical University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
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17
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Napier JA, Usher S, Haslam RP, Ruiz-Lopez N, Sayanova O. Transgenic plants as a sustainable, terrestrial source of fish oils. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2015; 117:1317-1324. [PMID: 26900346 PMCID: PMC4744972 DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.201400452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2015] [Revised: 04/21/2015] [Accepted: 04/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
An alternative, sustainable source of omega‐3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids is widely recognized as desirable, helping to reduce pressure on current sources (wild capture fisheries) and providing a de novo source of these health beneficial fatty acids. This review will consider the efforts and progress to develop transgenic plants as terrestrial sources of omega‐3 fish oils, focusing on recent developments and the possible explanations for advances in the field. We also consider the utility of such a source for use in aquaculture, since this industry is the major consumer of oceanic supplies of omega‐3 fish oils. Given the importance of the aquaculture industry in meeting global requirements for healthy foodstuffs, an alternative source of omega‐3 fish oils represents a potentially significant breakthrough for this production system.
Transgenic Camelina seeds engineered to accumulate the omega‐3 fatty acids EPA and DHA, represent a sustainable alternative to fish oils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johnathan A Napier
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Crop Protection Rothamsted Research Harpenden UK
| | - Sarah Usher
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Crop Protection Rothamsted Research Harpenden UK
| | - Richard P Haslam
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Crop Protection Rothamsted Research Harpenden UK
| | | | - Olga Sayanova
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Crop Protection Rothamsted Research Harpenden UK
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18
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Hefferon KL. Nutritionally enhanced food crops; progress and perspectives. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:3895-914. [PMID: 25679450 PMCID: PMC4346933 DOI: 10.3390/ijms16023895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Accepted: 02/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Great progress has been made over the past decade with respect to the application of biotechnology to generate nutritionally improved food crops. Biofortified staple crops such as rice, maize and wheat harboring essential micronutrients to benefit the world's poor are under development as well as new varieties of crops which have the ability to combat chronic disease. This review discusses the improvement of the nutritional status of crops to make a positive impact on global human health. Several examples of nutritionally enhanced crops which have been developed using biotechnological approaches will be discussed. These range from biofortified crops to crops with novel abilities to fight disease. The review concludes with a discussion of hurdles faced with respect to public perception, as well as directions of future research and development for nutritionally enhanced food crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen L Hefferon
- Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A1, Canada.
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19
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Ruiz-Lopez N, Usher S, Sayanova OV, Napier JA, Haslam RP. Modifying the lipid content and composition of plant seeds: engineering the production of LC-PUFA. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2015; 99:143-54. [PMID: 25417743 PMCID: PMC4286622 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-014-6217-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2014] [Revised: 11/05/2014] [Accepted: 11/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Omega-3 fatty acids are characterized by a double bond at the third carbon atom from the end of the carbon chain. Latterly, long chain polyunsaturated omega-3 fatty acids such as eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA; 20:5Δ5,8,11,14,17) and docosahexanoic acid (DHA; 22:6 Δ4,7,10,13,16,19), which typically only enter the human diet via the consumption of oily fish, have attracted much attention. The health benefits of the omega-3 LC-PUFAs EPA and DHA are now well established. Given the desire for a sustainable supply of omega-LC-PUFA, efforts have focused on enhancing the composition of vegetable oils to include these important fatty acids. Specifically, EPA and DHA have been the focus of much study, with the ultimate goal of producing a terrestrial plant-based source of these so-called fish oils. Over the last decade, many genes encoding the primary LC-PUFA biosynthetic activities have been identified and characterized. This has allowed the reconstitution of the LC-PUFA biosynthetic pathway in oilseed crops, producing transgenic plants engineered to accumulate omega-3 LC-PUFA to levels similar to that found in fish oil. In this review, we will describe the most recent developments in this field and the challenges of overwriting endogenous seed lipid metabolism to maximize the accumulation of these important fatty acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noemi Ruiz-Lopez
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Herts AL5 2JQ UK
| | - Sarah Usher
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Herts AL5 2JQ UK
| | - Olga V. Sayanova
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Herts AL5 2JQ UK
| | - Johnathan A. Napier
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Herts AL5 2JQ UK
| | - Richard P. Haslam
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Herts AL5 2JQ UK
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20
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Adarme-Vega TC, Thomas-Hall SR, Lim DKY, Schenk PM. Effects of long chain fatty acid synthesis and associated gene expression in microalga Tetraselmis sp. Mar Drugs 2014; 12:3381-98. [PMID: 24901700 PMCID: PMC4071582 DOI: 10.3390/md12063381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2014] [Revised: 05/09/2014] [Accepted: 05/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
With the depletion of global fish stocks, caused by high demand and effective fishing techniques, alternative sources for long chain omega-3 fatty acids are required for human nutrition and aquaculture feeds. Recent research has focused on land-based cultivation of microalgae, the primary producers of omega-3 fatty acids in the marine food web. The effect of salinity on fatty acids and related gene expression was studied in the model marine microalga, Tetraselmis sp. M8. Correlations were found for specific fatty acid biosynthesis and gene expression according to salinity and the growth phase. Low salinity was found to increase the conversion of C18:4 stearidonic acid (SDA) to C20:4 eicosatetraenoic acid (ETA), correlating with increased transcript abundance of the Δ-6-elongase-encoding gene in salinities of 5 and 10 ppt compared to higher salinity levels. The expression of the gene encoding β-ketoacyl-coenzyme was also found to increase at lower salinities during the nutrient deprivation phase (Day 4), but decreased with further nutrient stress. Nutrient deprivation also triggered fatty acids synthesis at all salinities, and C20:5 eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) increased relative to total fatty acids, with nutrient starvation achieving a maximum of 7% EPA at Day 6 at a salinity of 40 ppt.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Catalina Adarme-Vega
- Algae Biotechnology Laboratory, School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia.
| | - Skye R Thomas-Hall
- Algae Biotechnology Laboratory, School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia.
| | - David K Y Lim
- Algae Biotechnology Laboratory, School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia.
| | - Peer M Schenk
- Algae Biotechnology Laboratory, School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia.
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21
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Napier JA, Haslam RP, Beaudoin F, Cahoon EB. Understanding and manipulating plant lipid composition: Metabolic engineering leads the way. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2014; 19:68-75. [PMID: 24809765 PMCID: PMC4070482 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2014.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2014] [Accepted: 04/11/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The manipulation of plant seed oil composition so as to deliver enhanced fatty acid compositions suitable for feed or fuel has long been a goal of metabolic engineers. Recent advances in our understanding of the flux of acyl-changes through different key metabolic pools such as phosphatidylcholine and diacylglycerol have allowed for more targeted interventions. When combined in iterative fashion with further lipidomic analyses, significant breakthroughs in our capacity to generate plants with novel oils have been achieved. Collectively these studies, working at the interface between metabolic engineering and synthetic biology, demonstrate the positive fundamental and applied outcomes derived from such research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johnathan A Napier
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Herts, AL5 2JQ, UK.
| | - Richard P Haslam
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Herts, AL5 2JQ, UK
| | - Frederic Beaudoin
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Herts, AL5 2JQ, UK
| | - Edgar B Cahoon
- Center for Plant Science Innovation and Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Beadle Center, 1901 Vine St, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA
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22
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Petrie JR, Shrestha P, Belide S, Kennedy Y, Lester G, Liu Q, Divi UK, Mulder RJ, Mansour MP, Nichols PD, Singh SP. Metabolic engineering Camelina sativa with fish oil-like levels of DHA. PLoS One 2014; 9:e85061. [PMID: 24465476 PMCID: PMC3897407 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0085061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2013] [Accepted: 11/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Omega-3 long-chain (≥C20) polyunsaturated fatty acids (ω3 LC-PUFA) such as eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) are critical for human health and development [corrected].. Numerous studies have indicated that deficiencies in these fatty acids can increase the risk or severity of cardiovascular, inflammatory and other diseases or disorders. EPA and DHA are predominantly sourced from marine fish although the primary producers are microalgae. Much work has been done to engineer a sustainable land-based source of EPA and DHA to reduce pressure on fish stocks in meeting future demand, with previous studies describing the production of fish oil-like levels of DHA in the model plant species, Arabidopsis thaliana. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS In this study we describe the production of fish oil-like levels (>12%) of DHA in the oilseed crop species Camelina sativa achieving a high ω3/ω6 ratio. The construct previously transformed in Arabidopsis as well as two modified construct versions designed to increase DHA production were used. DHA was found to be stable to at least the T5 generation and the EPA and DHA were found to be predominantly at the sn-1,3 positions of triacylglycerols. Transgenic and parental lines did not have different germination or seedling establishment rates. CONCLUSIONS DHA can be produced at fish oil-like levels in industrially-relevant oilseed crop species using multi-gene construct designs which are stable over multiple generations. This study has implications for the future of sustainable EPA and DHA production from land-based sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- James R. Petrie
- CSIRO Food Futures National Research Flagship, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Pushkar Shrestha
- CSIRO Food Futures National Research Flagship, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Srinivas Belide
- CSIRO Food Futures National Research Flagship, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Yoko Kennedy
- CSIRO Food Futures National Research Flagship, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Geraldine Lester
- CSIRO Food Futures National Research Flagship, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Qing Liu
- CSIRO Food Futures National Research Flagship, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Uday K. Divi
- CSIRO Food Futures National Research Flagship, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Roger J. Mulder
- CSIRO Materials Science and Engineering, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Maged P. Mansour
- CSIRO Food Futures National Research Flagship, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Peter D. Nichols
- CSIRO Food Futures National Research Flagship, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Surinder P. Singh
- CSIRO Food Futures National Research Flagship, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
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23
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Adarme-Vega TC, Thomas-Hall SR, Schenk PM. Towards sustainable sources for omega-3 fatty acids production. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2013; 26:14-8. [PMID: 24607804 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2013.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2013] [Revised: 08/01/2013] [Accepted: 08/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Omega-3 fatty acids eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docohexaenoic acid (DHA), provide significant health benefits for brain function/development and cardiovascular conditions. However, most EPA and DHA for human consumption is sourced from small fatty fish caught in coastal waters and, with depleting global fish stocks, recent research has been directed towards more sustainable sources. These include aquaculture with plant-based feeds, krill, marine microalgae, microalgae-like protists and genetically-modified plants. To meet the increasing demand for EPA and DHA, further developments are needed towards land-based sources. In particular large-scale cultivation of microalgae and plants is likely to become a reality with expected reductions in production costs, yield increasese and the adequate addressing of genetically modified food acceptance issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Catalina Adarme-Vega
- Algae Biotechnology Laboratory, School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Skye R Thomas-Hall
- Algae Biotechnology Laboratory, School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Peer M Schenk
- Algae Biotechnology Laboratory, School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia.
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24
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The desaturase OPIN17 from Phytophthora infestans converts arachidonic acid to eicosapentaenoic acid in CHO cells. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2013; 171:975-88. [PMID: 23912207 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-013-0332-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2012] [Accepted: 06/16/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
We demonstrate the ability to increase the amount of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5n-3) in mammalian cells using OPIN17 desaturase gene. This gene was codon optimized based on genomic sequence of Δ17 from Phytophthora infestans and introduced into Chinese hamster ovary cells using liposome-mediated transfection protocol. Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction was utilized to evaluate co-expression of AcGFP1 and OPIN17. Our results indicate that the OPIN17 gene can be expressed in mammalian cells. Heterologous expression of this gene was evaluated by assessing the fatty acid content of OPIN17-transfected cells. A total cellular lipid analysis of transfected cells which were fed with arachidonic acid (AA, 20:4n-6) as a substrate resulted in an 86.5-246 % (p < 0.05) increase in the amount of EPA in transfected cells compared with that in control cells. The ratio of AA to EPA was reduced from approximately 4.07:1 in control cells to 2.2:1 in transfected cells (p < 0.05), which indicates an EPA percent conversion of 30.94 %. Our study demonstrates that the codon-optimized OPIN17 gene can be functionally expressed in mammalian cells, converting AA into EPA and elevating the level of ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids efficiently. These results provide an additional support for the use of this gene in generating transgenic livestock.
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25
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Morandini P. Control limits for accumulation of plant metabolites: brute force is no substitute for understanding. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2013; 11:253-267. [PMID: 23301840 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.12035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2012] [Revised: 11/13/2012] [Accepted: 11/19/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Which factors limit metabolite accumulation in plant cells? Are theories on flux control effective at explaining the results? Many biotechnologists cling to the idea that every pathway has a rate limiting enzyme and target such enzymes first in order to modulate fluxes. This often translates into large effects on metabolite concentration, but disappointing small increases in flux. Rate limiting enzymes do exist, but are rare and quite opposite to what predicted by biochemistry. In many cases however, flux control is shared among many enzymes. Flux control and concentration control can (and must) be distinguished and quantified for effective manipulation. Flux control for several 'building blocks' of metabolism is placed on the demand side, and therefore increasing demand can be very successful. Tampering with supply, particularly desensitizing supply enzymes, is usually not very effective, if not dangerous, because supply regulatory mechanisms function to control metabolite homeostasis. Some important, but usually unnoticed, metabolic constraints shape the responses of metabolic systems to manipulation: mass conservation, cellular resource allocation and, most prominently, energy supply, particularly in heterotrophic tissues. The theoretical basis for this view shall be explored with recent examples gathered from the manipulation of several metabolites (vitamins, carotenoids, amino acids, sugars, fatty acids, polyhydroxyalkanoates, fructans and sugar alcohols). Some guiding principles are suggested for an even more successful engineering of plant metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piero Morandini
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan and CNR Institute of Biophysics, Milan, Italy.
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26
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Haslam RP, Ruiz-Lopez N, Eastmond P, Moloney M, Sayanova O, Napier JA. The modification of plant oil composition via metabolic engineering--better nutrition by design. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2013; 11:157-68. [PMID: 23066823 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.12012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2012] [Revised: 09/19/2012] [Accepted: 09/20/2012] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
This article will focus on the modification of plant seed oils to enhance their nutritional composition. Such modifications will include C18 Δ6-desaturated fatty acids such as γ-linolenic and stearidonic acid, omega-6 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids such as arachidonic acid, as well as the omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (often named 'fish oils') such as eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid. We will consider how new technologies (such as synthetic biology, next-generation sequencing and lipidomics) can help speed up and direct the development of desired traits in transgenic oilseeds. We will also discuss how manipulating triacylglycerol structure can further enhance the nutritional value of 'designer' oils. We will also consider how advances in model systems have translated into crops and the potential end-users for such novel oils (e.g. aquaculture, animal feed, human nutrition).
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard P Haslam
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Herts, UK
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