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Zhang ZA, Xun XM, Herman RA, Zhang ZP, Yan CH, Gong LC, Wang J. Mulberry (Morus alba L.) leaf powder modified the processing of meat alternatives: Principal component analysis from apparent properties to chemical bonds. Food Chem 2024; 450:139318. [PMID: 38613965 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.139318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Revised: 03/23/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/15/2024]
Abstract
For texture control in plant-meat alternatives, the interrelationship between apparent characteristics and chemical bonds in high-fiber formulations remains unclear. The influence of mulberry leaf powder on apparent characteristics and chemical bonds of raw materials, block and strip products at addition amounts of 0.5-25% was analyzed. The results showed that 8% addition significantly increased the chewiness of the block by 98.12%. The strips' texture shows a downward trend, and the processing produced more redness and color difference. Additives promoted the formation of voids, lamellar and filamentous structures, and the strip produced more striped structures. Disulfide bonds significantly increased in the block, and the β-turn in the secondary structure enhanced by 12.20%. The β-turn transformed into a β-sheet in strips. Principal component analysis revealed that the texture improvement was associated with producing disulfide bonds and β-turn, providing a basis for high-fiber components to improve products' apparent characteristics by chemical bonds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Ang Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericultural and Animal Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212100, China
| | - Xiao-Meng Xun
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericultural and Animal Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212100, China
| | - Richard Ansah Herman
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericultural and Animal Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212100, China; Key Laboratory of Silkworm and Mulberry Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs, Sericultural Scientific Research Center, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenjiang 212100, China
| | - Zhan-Peng Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericultural and Animal Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212100, China
| | - Cheng-Hai Yan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericultural and Animal Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212100, China
| | - Lu-Chan Gong
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericultural and Animal Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212100, China; Key Laboratory of Silkworm and Mulberry Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs, Sericultural Scientific Research Center, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenjiang 212100, China
| | - Jun Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericultural and Animal Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212100, China; Key Laboratory of Silkworm and Mulberry Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs, Sericultural Scientific Research Center, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenjiang 212100, China.
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Geng B, Gao J, Cheng H, Guo G, Wang Z. Effects of dietary mulberry leaves on growth, production performance, gut microbiota, and immunological parameters in poultry and livestock: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Anim Biosci 2024; 37:1065-1076. [PMID: 38419533 PMCID: PMC11065948 DOI: 10.5713/ab.23.0449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to assess the effects of dietary mulberry leaves on the growth, production performance, gut microbiota, and immunological parameters of poultry and livestock. METHODS The PubMed, Embase, and Scopus databases were systematically analyzed to identify pertinent studies up to December 2022. The effects of mulberry leaf diet was assessed using the weighted mean difference, and the 95% confidence interval was calculated using a random-effects model. RESULTS In total, 18 studies that sampled 2,335 poultry and livestock were selected for analysis. Mulberry leaves improved the average daily gain and reduced the feed/meat ratio in finishing pigs, and the average daily gain and average daily feed intake in chicken. In production performance, mulberry leaves lowered the half carcass weight, slaughter rate, and loin eye area in pigs, and the slaughter rate in chickens. Regarding meat quality in pigs, mulberry leaves reduced the cooked meat percentage, shear force, crude protein, and crude ash, and increased the 24 h pH and water content. In chickens, it increased the drip loss, shear force, 45 min and 24 h pH, crude protein, and crude ash. Mulberry leaves also affect the abundances of gut microbiota, including Bacteroides, Prevotella, Megamonas, Escherichia-Shigella, Butyricicoccus, unclassified Ruminococcaceae, Bifidobacterium, Lactobacillus, and Escherichia coli in poultry and livestock. Mulberry leaves at different doses were associated with changes in antioxidant capacity in chickens, and immune organ indexes in pigs. With respect to egg quality, mulberry leaves at different doses improved the shell strength, yolk color, eggshell thickness, and eggshell weight. However, moderate doses diminished the egg yolk ratio and the egg yolk moisture content. CONCLUSION In general, dietary mulberry leaves improved the growth, production performance, and immunological parameters in poultry and livestock, although the effects varied at different doses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Geng
- Shandong Institute of Sericulture, Yantai 264001,
China
- Yantai Key Laboratory, Yantai, 264001,
China
- Shandong Engineering Technology Research Center, Yantai, 264001,
China
| | - Jinbo Gao
- Shandong Institute of Sericulture, Yantai 264001,
China
- Yantai Key Laboratory, Yantai, 264001,
China
- Shandong Engineering Technology Research Center, Yantai, 264001,
China
| | - Hongbing Cheng
- Shandong Institute of Sericulture, Yantai 264001,
China
- Yantai Key Laboratory, Yantai, 264001,
China
- Shandong Engineering Technology Research Center, Yantai, 264001,
China
| | - Guang Guo
- Shandong Institute of Sericulture, Yantai 264001,
China
- Yantai Key Laboratory, Yantai, 264001,
China
- Shandong Engineering Technology Research Center, Yantai, 264001,
China
| | - Zhaohong Wang
- Shandong Institute of Sericulture, Yantai 264001,
China
- Yantai Key Laboratory, Yantai, 264001,
China
- Shandong Engineering Technology Research Center, Yantai, 264001,
China
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Choudhary M, Garg K, Reddy MB, Meena BL, Mondal B, Tuti MD, Kumar S, Awasthi MK, Giri BS, Kumar S, Rajawat MVS. Unlocking growth potential: Synergistic potassium fertilization for enhanced yield, nutrient uptake, and energy fractions in Chinese cabbage. Heliyon 2024; 10:e28765. [PMID: 38586349 PMCID: PMC10998139 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e28765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/24/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024] Open
Abstract
The implementation of integrated potassium management presents a viable approach for augmenting plant growth, yield, and nutrient uptake while enhancing soil nutrient availability. A field experiment was executed during the rabi season of 2020, employing a randomized complete block design encompassing eight treatments involving standard (100%) and reduced (75% and 50%) rates of the recommended dose of potassium (RDK) administered through muriate of potash (MOP). Treatments included variations in the incorporation/exclusion of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR), farmyard manure (FYM) at 25% of potassium recommendation, and foliar application of nano potash. The use of 100% RDK +25% K augmentation through FYM + PGPR and nano K fertilizer spray at 25 and 40 DAS (T8) exhibited significant enhancements in green fodder yield (64.0 ± 2.2 t ha-1) over control with no potassium application (47.3 ± 3.7 t ha-1) and found at par with and 75% RDK + 25% K augmentation through FYM + PGPR and nano K fertilizer spray at 25 and 40 DAS (T7). These treatments yielded maximum percent increase for plant height (34.9%), leaf count (38.5%), leaf dimensions (28.8-31.5%), stem girth (25.84%), root volume (27.0%), and root length (37.64%), observed at the harvest stage compared to control (T1-no potassium application). The treatment T8 was on par with T7 and recorded highest uptake of macro (N, P, and K) and micro (Zn, Fe, Cu, and Mn) nutrients. While soil parameters such as available nitrogen and potassium levels were notably increased through the application of treatment T7 across various treatment combinations and found significantly superiority over treatment T8. Multivariate analysis also highlighted treatment T7 is more efficient in maintaining sustainability. Hence, based on the present findings it can be concluded that application of 75% RDK +25% K augmentation through FYM + PGPR and nano K fertilizer spray at 25 and 40 DAS (T7) can be recommended for achieving enhanced productivity and soil fertility improvement within agricultural systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahendra Choudhary
- Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture, G. B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, Udham Singh Nagar, Uttarakhand, 263145, India
| | - Kamal Garg
- Agronomy Section, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana, 132001, India
| | - Marthala Bhuvaneswar Reddy
- Animal Nutrition Division, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly UP, 243122, India
| | - Babu Lal Meena
- Project Coordinating Unit, ICAR- Central Soil Salinity Research Institute, Karnal, Harayana, 132001, India
| | - Biswajit Mondal
- Division of Crop Production, ICAR-Indian Institute of Pulses Research, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, 208024, India
| | - Mangal Deep Tuti
- ICAR-Indian Institute of Rice Research, Hyderabad, 500030, India
| | - Sudhir Kumar
- Division of Plant Physiology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110012, India
| | - Mukesh Kumar Awasthi
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Taicheng Road 3 Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Balendu Shekher Giri
- Sustainability Cluster, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies UPES, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, 248007, India
| | - Sanjeev Kumar
- Agronomy Section, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana, 132001, India
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Du Z, Yang F, Fang J, Yamasaki S, Oya T, Nguluve D, Kumagai H, Cai Y. Silage preparation and sustainable livestock production of natural woody plant. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1253178. [PMID: 37746011 PMCID: PMC10514673 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1253178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
As the global population increases and the economy grows rapidly, the demand for livestock products such as meat, egg and milk continue to increase. The shortage of feed in livestock production is a worldwide problem restricting the development of the animal industry. Natural woody plants are widely distributed and have a huge biomass yield. The fresh leaves and branches of some woody plants are rich in nutrients such as proteins, amino acids, vitamins and minerals and can be used to produce storage feed such as silage for livestock. Therefore, the development and utilization of natural woody plants for clean fermented feed is important for the sustainable production of livestock product. This paper presents a comprehensive review of the research progress, current status and development prospects of forageable natural woody plant feed resources. The nutritional composition and uses of natural woody plants, the main factors affecting the fermentation of woody plant silage and the interaction mechanism between microbial co-occurrence network and secondary metabolite are reviewed. Various preparation technologies for clean fermentation of woody plant silage were summarized comprehensively, which provided a sustainable production mode for improving the production efficiency of livestock and producing high-quality livestock product. Therefore, woody plants play an increasingly important role as a potential natural feed resource in alleviating feed shortage and promoting sustainable development of livestock product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhumei Du
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Crop, Livestock, and Environment Division, Japan International Research Center for Agricultural Sciences (JIRCAS), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Fuyu Yang
- College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Jiachen Fang
- Faculty of Agriculture and Life Science, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki, Japan
| | - Seishi Yamasaki
- Crop, Livestock, and Environment Division, Japan International Research Center for Agricultural Sciences (JIRCAS), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Tetsuji Oya
- Crop, Livestock, and Environment Division, Japan International Research Center for Agricultural Sciences (JIRCAS), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Damiao Nguluve
- Animal Science Directorate, Agricultural Research Institute of Mozambique, Matola, Mozambique
| | - Hajime Kumagai
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yimin Cai
- Crop, Livestock, and Environment Division, Japan International Research Center for Agricultural Sciences (JIRCAS), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
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Fermentation Properties and Bacterial Community Composition of Mixed Silage of Mulberry Leaves and Smooth Bromegrass with and without Lactobacillus plantarum Inoculation. FERMENTATION-BASEL 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/fermentation9030279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/14/2023]
Abstract
To evaluate the fermentation properties and bacterial community composition of mulberry leaves when ensiled with smooth bromegrass, and the effects of Lactobacillus plantarum inoculation on the mixed silage of mulberry leaves and smooth bromegrass, mulberry leaves were mixed with smooth bromegrass at ratios of 100:0, 90:10, 80:20, 70:30 and 60:40, and ensiled for 60 d with and without L. plantarum inoculant. The results showed that the sole fermentation of mulberry leaves failed to achieve optimum fermentation quality. Silage with a mulberry leaf ratio of 80% performed better fermentation quality compared with other non-inoculated groups, indicated by lower pH value, adequate lactic acid accumulation, and enriched proportion of Lactobacillus in the bacterial community. L. plantarum inoculation dramatically improved fermentation quality of mulberry leaf silage compared with the non-inoculated control. However, the fermentation quality of the inoculated silage decreased along with the reduction in the ratio of mulberry leaves. In conclusion, L. plantarum inoculation has the capability to improve the silage quality of mulberry leaves. Combined ensiling with smooth bromegrass could also aid in improving silage quality of mulberry leaves, with the optimum ratio of mulberry leaves being 80%.
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Batiha GES, Al-Snafi AE, Thuwaini MM, Teibo JO, Shaheen HM, Akomolafe AP, Teibo TKA, Al-Kuraishy HM, Al-Garbeeb AI, Alexiou A, Papadakis M. Morus alba: a comprehensive phytochemical and pharmacological review. NAUNYN-SCHMIEDEBERG'S ARCHIVES OF PHARMACOLOGY 2023:10.1007/s00210-023-02434-4. [PMID: 36877269 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-023-02434-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/07/2023]
Abstract
Morus alba is a fast-growing shrub or medium-sized tree with a straight, cylindrical trunk. Medicinally, whole plants, leaves, fruits, branches, and roots have been employed. Google Scholar, PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science were used to search for relevant material on the phytochemical components and pharmacologic and mechanism of action of the Morus alba. This was reviewed to assess important updates about Morus alba. The fruits of Morus alba have traditionally been used as an analgesic, anthelmintic, antibacterial, anti-rheumatic, diuretic, hypotensive, hypoglycemia, purgative, restorative, sedative tonic, and blood stimulant. Various plant parts were used as a cooling, sedating, diuretic, tonic, and astringent agent to treat nerve disorders. The plant contained tannins, steroids, phytosterols, sitosterol, glycosides, alkaloids, carbohydrates, proteins, and amino acids, as well as saponins, triterpenes, phenolics, flavonoids, benzofuran derivatives, anthocyanins, anthraquinones, glycosides, vitamins, and minerals. Previous pharmacological research identified antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, immunological, analgesic, antipyretic, antioxidant, anti-cancer, antidiabetic, gastrointestinal, respiratory, cardiovascular, hypolipidemic, anti-obesity, dermatological, neurological, muscular, and protecting effects. This study looked at Morus alba's traditional uses, chemical components, and pharmacological effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaber El-Saber Batiha
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour, 22511, El Beheira, Egypt.
| | - Ali Esmail Al-Snafi
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Thi-Qar, Nasiriyah, Iraq
| | - Mahdi M Thuwaini
- College of Medical and Healthy Techniques, Southern Technique University, Basra, Iraq
| | - John Oluwafemi Teibo
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirão, Preto Medical School , University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Hazem M Shaheen
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour, 22511, El Beheira, Egypt
| | | | - Titilade Kehinde Ayandeyi Teibo
- Department of Maternal-Infant and Public Health Nursing, College of Nursing, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão PretoRibeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Hayder M Al-Kuraishy
- Department of Clinical Pharmacologyand, Therapeutic Medicine, College of Medicine , Almustansiriyah University, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Ali I Al-Garbeeb
- Department of Clinical Pharmacologyand, Therapeutic Medicine, College of Medicine , Almustansiriyah University, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Athanasios Alexiou
- Department of Science and Engineering, Novel Global Community Educational Foundation, Hebersham, NSW, 2770, Australia.,AFNP Med, 1030, Vienna, Austria
| | - Marios Papadakis
- Department of Surgery II, University Hospital Witten-Herdecke, University of Witten-Herdecke, Heusnerstrasse 40, 42283, Wuppertal, Germany.
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Alotaibi MO, Abd-Elgawad ME. Soil structure influences proteins, phenols, and flavonoids of varied medicinal plants in Al Jubail, KSA. Saudi J Biol Sci 2023; 30:103567. [PMID: 36798140 PMCID: PMC9926020 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2023.103567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
In Al Jubail, Saudi Arabia, 29 medicinal plants have been collected from 15 diverse sites. The goal of this study was to determine how soil texture affected the protein, phenol, and flavonoid contents, and their relationship with the degree of genetic similarity. Most soil samples were loamy sand, except for sites 6 and 10, which were sandy loams. A total of 13 protein bands were shown where four were polymorphic and nine were monomorphic, with hereditary similarities ranging from 1 to 0.86. The results indicated that the protein content ranged from (9.32 µg/gm) in Anabasis setifera to (0.92 µg/gm) in Juncus rigidus. The highest phenol content was found in Halopeplis perfoliata (21.45 mg/gm), whereas the lowest was found in Zygophyllum qatarense 7 (2.133 mg/gm). Salsola imbricate 2 showed the highest flavonoid content (74.97 mg/gm), whereas Juncus rigidus had the lowest (1.43 mg/gm). The concentration varied based on the accession and species. In comparison to the other soils tested, the soil at site 7 had the highest concentrations of calcium (132.5 mEq/L), magnesium (47.5 mEq/L), sodium (52.83 mEq/L), potassium (26.96 mEq/L), chloride (63.00 mEq/L), and electric conductivity (25.9 ds/m). The surveyed accessions were classified into two groups using cluster analysis, principal component analysis, and multivariate heatmap. These findings imply that variations in active compounds that are important for plant tolerance to wild habitats are associated with different soil structures, allowing plants to be used in the pharmaceutical and biomedical industries, as well as selective breeding of accessions with high antioxidant properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Modhi O. Alotaibi
- Biology Department, Faculty of Science, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Magda E. Abd-Elgawad
- Biotechnology Department, Research Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt,Corresponding author.
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Protective Application of Morus and Its Extracts in Animal Production. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12243541. [PMID: 36552461 PMCID: PMC9774465 DOI: 10.3390/ani12243541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Different components of the mulberry tree (fruits, leaves, twigs, and roots) are rich in active compounds, and have been reported to possess potent beneficial properties, including antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, anticancer, anti-allergenic, antihypertensive, and neuroprotective. The mulberry and its extracts can effectively improve the growth performance and fitness of animals. They not only possess the properties of being safe and purely natural, but also they are not prone to drug resistance. According to the literature, the supplemental level of the mulberry and its extracts in animal diets varies with different species, physiological status, age, and the purpose of the addition. It has been observed that the mulberry and its extracts enhanced the growth performance, the quality of animal products (meat, egg, and milk), the antioxidant and the anti-inflammatory responses of animals. Furthermore, the mulberry and its extracts have antibacterial properties and can effectively moderate the relative abundance of the microbial populations in the rumen and intestines, thus improving the immunity function of animals and reducing the enteric methane (CH4) production in ruminants. Furthermore, the mulberry and its extracts have the potential to depurate tissues of heavy metals. Collectively, this review summarizes the nutrients, active compounds, and biological functions of mulberry tree products, as well as the application in livestock production with an aim to provide a reference for the utilization of the mulberry and its extracts in animal production.
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Wang M, Han H, Shang Y, Zhang L, Zhang Y, Su C, Lian H, Fu T, Gao T. Effect of the Replacement of Maize Silage and Soyabean Meal with Mulberry Silage in the Diet of Hu Lambs on Growth Performance, Serum Biochemical Indices, Slaughter Performance, and Meat Quality. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12223164. [PMID: 36428394 PMCID: PMC9686492 DOI: 10.3390/ani12223164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Maize silage has a high demand for fertilizer and water. As an unconventional feed resource, mulberry silage has the potential to replace most maize silage and to alleviate the shortage of roughage in the mutton sheep industry in China. The purpose of this experiment was to study the effect of the replacement of maize silage and soyabean meal with mulberry silage in the diet of Hu lambs on growth performance, serum biochemical indices, slaughter performance, and meat quality. Ninety-six healthy Hu lambs were randomly divided into four groups with six replicates per group and four lambs per replicate. The amounts of 0, 20, 40, and 60% of maize silage were replaced by mulberry silage in each group (denoted as CON, L, M, and H, respectively). The results showed that replacing maize silage with mulberry silage had no significant effect on the growth performance or the slaughter performance of Hu lambs (p > 0.05). Feeding Hu lambs with mulberry silage significantly reduced serum glucose (GLU) and the blood urea nitrogen (BUN) content (p < 0.05), and it increased the content of ether extract (EE) in the longissimus dorsi muscle (p < 0.05). Meanwhile, the percentage of EAA in the M and H groups was significantly lower than that in the CON and L groups (p < 0.05). In addition, in the fatty acid profile, the percentage of C16:1 in the M group was significantly increased, while the percentage of C18:0 and C20:0 were significantly decreased (p < 0.05). Based on these findings, it was recommended that 20−40% of maize silage be replaced by mulberry silage in the diet of Hu lambs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Tong Fu
- Correspondence: (H.L.); (T.F.)
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Cui X, Yang Y, Zhang M, Jiao F, Gan T, Lin Z, Huang Y, Wang H, Liu S, Bao L, Su C, Qian Y. Optimized Ensiling Conditions and Microbial Community in Mulberry Leaves Silage With Inoculants. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:813363. [PMID: 35722340 PMCID: PMC9201477 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.813363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Mulberry leaves (ML) are a promising alternative fodder source due to their high protein content and the abundance of active components. A test of three inoculants in various combinations revealed that high-quality ML silage was produced at an inoculum ratio of 1:1:0 (50% Saccharomyces cerevisiae, 50% Lactobacillus plantarum, and 0% Bacillus subtilis). Using dry matter (DM) loss, pH, ammonia-N and amino acid contents, total antioxidant activity, and total flavonoids content to evaluate silage quality, this inoculant mixture was shown to produce high-quality silage within a range of inoculum size (5–15%), moisture contents (50–67%), ensiling temperatures (27–30°C), and ensiling duration (14–30 days). A third trial comparing silages produced after 30 days at 28°C and 50% moisture content revealed that silage E, prepared using an L. plantarum inoculant alone, displayed the lowest DM loss and pH, and low bacterial diversity, and it was dominated by Lactobacillus (88.6%), with low abundance of Enterobacter (6.17%). In contrast, silage B5, prepared with equal ratios of L. plantarum and S. cerevisiae, was dominated by Enterococcus (67.16%) and Lactobacillus (26.94%), with less marked yeast persistence, and reducing the DM content from 50 to 40% altered these relative abundances to 5.47 and 60.61, respectively. Control silages produced without an inoculant had the highest pH and ammonia-N content (indicative of poor quality), had the lowest antioxidant activity, had higher bacterial diversity, and were dominated by Carnobacterium (74.28%) and Enterococcus (17.3%). In summary, ensiling of ML conditions with proper inoculants yielded high-quality silage with a favorable microbial community composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaopeng Cui
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Yuxin Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Minjuan Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Feng Jiao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Tiantian Gan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Ziwei Lin
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Yanzhen Huang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Hexin Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Shuang Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Lijun Bao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Chao Su
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Yonghua Qian
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
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Han H, Zhang L, Shang Y, Wang M, Phillips CJC, Wang Y, Su C, Lian H, Fu T, Gao T. Replacement of Maize Silage and Soyabean Meal with Mulberry Silage in the Diet of Hu Lambs on Growth, Gastrointestinal Tissue Morphology, Rumen Fermentation Parameters and Microbial Diversity. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12111406. [PMID: 35681869 PMCID: PMC9179289 DOI: 10.3390/ani12111406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Revised: 05/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary A shortage of high-quality roughage jeopardises the Chinese mutton sheep industry. The development of new roughage resources is important to safeguard the health and welfare of the sheep, to save costs, increase efficiency and improve resource utilization. Mulberry leaves have high nutritional value and have been used in herbivore production for a long time in China. However, fresh mulberry leaves are not easy to preserve, and dried mulberry leaves readily lose nutrients in the conservation process. Ensiling mulberry leaves can reduce the anti-nutritional constituents, mainly phytic acid and tannin, while reducing any nutrient loss. In this study, mulberry silage replaced part of a maize silage-based diet for fattening Hu lambs. The effects of mulberry silage on the growth of the lambs, their gastrointestinal tissue morphology, rumen fermentation parameters and bacterial diversity were investigated. The results showed that using mulberry silage in place of 20–40% of the maize silage in the diet of Hu lambs promoted their growth, while maintaining satisfactory digestion. Abstract Maize silage has a significant environmental impact on livestock due to its high requirement for fertilizer and water. Mulberry has the potential to replace much of the large amount of maize silage grown in China, but its feeding value in the conserved form needs to be evaluated. We fed Hu lambs diets with 20–60% of the maize silage replaced by mulberry silage, adjusting the soybean meal content when increasing the mulberry silage inclusion rate in an attempt to balance the crude protein content of the diets. Mulberry silage had higher crude protein and lower acidic and neutral detergent fiber contents compared to maize silage. Replacing maize silage and soyabean meal with mulberry silage had no effect on the feed intake and growth rate of Hu lambs. However, the rumen pH increased, the acetate to propionate in rumen fluid increased, and the rumen ammonia concentration decreased as mulberry replaced maize silage and soyabean meal. This was associated with an increase in norank_f__F082 bacteria in the rumen. Rumen papillae were shorter when mulberry silage replaced maize silage, which may reflect the reduced neutral detergent fiber (NDF) content of the original silage. In conclusion, mulberry silage can successfully replace maize silage and soyabeans in the diet of Hu lambs without loss of production potential, which could have significant environmental benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoqi Han
- Henan International Joint Laboratory of Nutrition Regulation and Ecological Raising of Domestic Animal, College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China; (H.H.); (L.Z.); (Y.S.); (M.W.); (Y.W.); (C.S.); (T.G.)
| | - Liyang Zhang
- Henan International Joint Laboratory of Nutrition Regulation and Ecological Raising of Domestic Animal, College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China; (H.H.); (L.Z.); (Y.S.); (M.W.); (Y.W.); (C.S.); (T.G.)
| | - Yuan Shang
- Henan International Joint Laboratory of Nutrition Regulation and Ecological Raising of Domestic Animal, College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China; (H.H.); (L.Z.); (Y.S.); (M.W.); (Y.W.); (C.S.); (T.G.)
| | - Mingyan Wang
- Henan International Joint Laboratory of Nutrition Regulation and Ecological Raising of Domestic Animal, College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China; (H.H.); (L.Z.); (Y.S.); (M.W.); (Y.W.); (C.S.); (T.G.)
| | - Clive J. C. Phillips
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 1, 51006 Tartu, Estonia;
- Curtin University Sustainable Policy (CUSP) Institute, Curtin University, Bentley 6102, Australia
| | - Yao Wang
- Henan International Joint Laboratory of Nutrition Regulation and Ecological Raising of Domestic Animal, College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China; (H.H.); (L.Z.); (Y.S.); (M.W.); (Y.W.); (C.S.); (T.G.)
| | - Chuanyou Su
- Henan International Joint Laboratory of Nutrition Regulation and Ecological Raising of Domestic Animal, College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China; (H.H.); (L.Z.); (Y.S.); (M.W.); (Y.W.); (C.S.); (T.G.)
| | - Hongxia Lian
- Henan International Joint Laboratory of Nutrition Regulation and Ecological Raising of Domestic Animal, College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China; (H.H.); (L.Z.); (Y.S.); (M.W.); (Y.W.); (C.S.); (T.G.)
- Correspondence: (H.L.); (T.F.)
| | - Tong Fu
- Henan International Joint Laboratory of Nutrition Regulation and Ecological Raising of Domestic Animal, College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China; (H.H.); (L.Z.); (Y.S.); (M.W.); (Y.W.); (C.S.); (T.G.)
- Correspondence: (H.L.); (T.F.)
| | - Tengyun Gao
- Henan International Joint Laboratory of Nutrition Regulation and Ecological Raising of Domestic Animal, College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China; (H.H.); (L.Z.); (Y.S.); (M.W.); (Y.W.); (C.S.); (T.G.)
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12
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Hou Z, Xu D, Deng N, Li Y, Yang L, Li S, Zhou H, Huang Q, Wang X. Comparative Proteomics of Mulberry Leaves at Different Developmental Stages Identify Novel Proteins Function Related to Photosynthesis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:797631. [PMID: 35003187 PMCID: PMC8739898 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.797631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Mulberry leaves at different positions are different in photosynthetic rate, nutrient substance and feeding impact to silkworms. Here, we investigated the proteomic differences of the first (L1), sixth (L6), and twentieth (L20) mulberry leaves at different stem positions (from top to the base) using a label-free quantitative proteomics approach. L1 contained less developed photosynthetic apparatus but was more active in protein synthesis. L20 has more channel proteins and oxidoreductases relative to L6. Proteins that detected in all measured leaves were classified into three groups according to their expression patterns in L1, L6, and L20. The protein group that displayed the maximum amount in L6 has the highest possibility that function related to photosynthesis. Nine function unknown proteins belong to this group were further analyzed in the light responsive expression, evolutionary tree and sub-cellular localization analysis. Based on the results, five proteins were suggested to be involved in photosynthesis. Taken together, these results reveal the molecular details of different roles of mulberry leaves at different developmental stages and contribute to the identification of five proteins that might function related to photosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwei Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- College of Sericulture, Textile and Biomass Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Dashun Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Na Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yan Li
- College of Sericulture, Textile and Biomass Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Luoling Yang
- College of Sericulture, Textile and Biomass Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Shuxuan Li
- College of Sericulture, Textile and Biomass Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hong Zhou
- College of Sericulture, Textile and Biomass Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qintao Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiling Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- College of Sericulture, Textile and Biomass Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
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13
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Sun C, Shan Y, Tang X, Han D, Wu X, Wu H, Hosseininezhad M. Effects of enzymatic hydrolysis on physicochemical property and antioxidant activity of mulberry ( Morus atropurpurea Roxb.) leaf protein. Food Sci Nutr 2021; 9:5379-5390. [PMID: 34646509 PMCID: PMC8498073 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.2474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
To improve the antioxidant efficiency of mulberry leaf protein (MLP), alcalase, protamex, papain, flavourzyme, neutrase, and trypsin were used to hydrolyze MLP. The yield of soluble peptides, secondary structures, molecular weight distributions, and antioxidant activities of MLP hydrolysates (MLPHs) were investigated. Results showed that the native MLP was rich in the fraction above 6.5 kDa and was mainly composed of β-sheets, while MLPHs were abundant in the fractions of 0.3-0.6 kDa and 0.6-6.5 kDa and were mainly composed of disordered coils and β-folds. Limited hydrolysis of MLP could lead to better antioxidant activity than extensive hydrolysis. After enzymatic hydrolysis, the content of total sugar and total phenol in MLP increased significantly. MLP hydrolysates prepared with neutrase, alcalase, and protamex were preferable to other enzymes. Meanwhile, an enzyme to substrate level of 1% and a hydrolysis time of 2 hr were the optimum conditions to obtain higher antioxidant hydrolysates using neutrase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chongzhen Sun
- Department of Food Science and EngineeringJinan UniversityGuangzhouChina
- College of Food Science and EngineeringSouth China University of TechnologyGuangzhouChina
| | - Yangwei Shan
- Department of Food Science and EngineeringJinan UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Xin Tang
- Department of Food Science and EngineeringJinan UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Duo Han
- Department of Food Science and EngineeringJinan UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Xiyang Wu
- Department of Food Science and EngineeringJinan UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Hui Wu
- College of Food Science and EngineeringSouth China University of TechnologyGuangzhouChina
| | - Marzieh Hosseininezhad
- Department of Food BiotechnologyResearch Institute of Food Science and Technology (RIFST)MashhadIran
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14
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Wang B, Luo H. Effects of mulberry leaf silage on antioxidant and immunomodulatory activity and rumen bacterial community of lambs. BMC Microbiol 2021; 21:250. [PMID: 34544373 PMCID: PMC8454139 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-021-02311-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Rumen is a natural fermentation system and the microorganisms inside can effectively utilize plant bioresource and interact with host metabolism. Here, analysis of rumen microbiome, together with animal performance and serum metabolism in a lamb model were performed to identify the potential use of mulberry leaf silage (MS) to replace alfalfa silage (AS) as a new functional feed resource and to mining the novel specific mulberry leaf associated rumen bacteria interact with host metabolism. Results The lambs fed with MS diet showed improved antioxidant capacity and immune function compared to those fed AS diet. The MS diet significantly altered rumen microbiota α- and β-diversity and taxonomic composition. Microbial analysis revealed that Bifidobacterium, Lactobacillus and Schwartzia were enhanced, and Ruminococcaceae UCG-010 and Lachnospiraceae_XPB1014_group were down-regulated in the rumen of MS group. A strong association was also found between these rumen microbial taxa and host antioxidant and immunomodulatory capacity. Conclusion These findings indicated that mulberry leaf silage can be a high-quality feed source or bioactive pharmaceutical that is responsible for ruminant’s health benefits. The modified rumen microbial community by mulberry leaf silage were associated with the enhanced antioxidant capacity and immunomodulatory of lambs. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12866-021-02311-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Hailing Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China.
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15
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Hirunyophat P, Chalermchaiwat P, On‐nom N, Prinyawiwatkul W. Selected nutritional quality and physicochemical properties of silkworm pupae (frozen or powdered) from two species. Int J Food Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/ijfs.14985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Patthama Hirunyophat
- Food and Nutrition Program Department of Home Economics Faculty of Agriculture Kasetsart University 50, Ngam Wong Wan Road Bangkok Thailand
| | - Parisut Chalermchaiwat
- Food and Nutrition Program Department of Home Economics Faculty of Agriculture Kasetsart University 50, Ngam Wong Wan Road Bangkok Thailand
| | - Nattira On‐nom
- Institute of Nutrition Mahidol University Phutthamonthon Sai 4 Road Nakhon Pathom999Thailand
| | - Witoon Prinyawiwatkul
- School of Nutrition and Food Sciences Louisiana State UniversityAgricultural Center Baton Rouge LA70803USA
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Effects of mulberry (Morus alba L.) Leaf extracts on growth, immune response, and antioxidant functions in nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). ANNALS OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.2478/aoas-2021-0038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
This study evaluates how white mulberry (Morus alba L.) leaf extracts affect the growth, antioxidant activity, and immune response in Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus. Mulberry leaf extracts were obtained through aqueous extraction (AE) and ethanol extraction (EE). Powder of mulberry leaf (PML) was added directly to feed and compared with the effects of feeds supplemented with the different extracts. Fish were divided into eight groups for an 8-week feeding trial where they were fed the basal diet or supplementation with 10% PML, 10% AE, 20% AE, 40% AE, 10% EE, 20% EE, or 40% EE. The inclusion of mulberry leaf extract obtained with either method showed better effects on fish growth performance, antioxidant activities and acid phosphatase activity (ACP) in serum, immune cytokine expression, and intestinal morphology as compared with controls or fish fed the 10% PML diet. The specific growth rate was significantly higher in the 10% AE, 10% EE, and 20% EE groups compared with all other groups (P<0.05). Catalase activity was significantly greater in most groups fed an extract, and in the 10% PML group, when compared with controls. Similarly, ACP, interleukin (IL)-1, and IL-2 expression was significantly increased in groups fed an extract, and in the 10% PML group, when compared with controls (P<0.05). IL-1, IL-2, IL-10, and Toll-like receptor 2 expression was significantly greater in the 10% EE group than in the 10% PML and 10% AE groups (P<0.05). Villus length in the middle intestine was significantly increased in the 10% AE and 10% EE groups compared with controls and the 10% PML group (P<0.05). Thus, 10% mulberry leaf ethanol extract added to feed is recommended for enhancing the growth rate and health of cultured Nile tilapia.
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Tang T, Bai J, Ao Z, Wei Z, Hu Y, Liu S. Effects of Dietary Paper Mulberry (Broussonetia papyrifera) on Growth Performance and Muscle Quality of Grass Carp ( Ctenopharyngodon idella). Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11061655. [PMID: 34199491 PMCID: PMC8227960 DOI: 10.3390/ani11061655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The quality of muscle plays an important role in improving the economic benefit of aquatic products. The paper mulberry (Broussonetia papyrifera, BP) grows wildly in the south of Asia. In this experiment, grass carps (initial weight: 50.0 ± 0.5 g) were fed diets with the addition of 0%, 5%, 10%, 15% and 20% BP in a control diet (crude protein: 31%, crude fat: 3.8%) for 8 weeks. In conclusion, adding 5% BP did not affect the growth of grass carp. However, the supplementation of 10% BP could improve muscle quality through improving muscle hardness, reducing fat accumulation and muscle fiber diameter, at the cost of reducing growth performance. Abstract The present study investigated the effects of dietary paper mulberry (Broussonetia Papyrifera, BP) on growth performance, muscle quality and muscle growth-related mRNA expressions of grass carp. Fish (initial weight: 50.0 ± 0.5 g) were fed diets supplemented with 0% (control diet), 5%, 10%, 15% and 20% BP for 8 weeks. The results showed that increasing levels of paper mulberry linearly and quadratically decreased the special gain rate (SGR) and increased the feed conversion rate (FCR) of grass carp (p < 0.05). Significantly positive quadratic trends were found between paper mulberry levels and muscle crude fat or crude protein of grass carp (p < 0.05). In comparison to the control diet, the 10%BP and 15%BP groups had significantly decreased muscle crude fat and increased crude protein (p < 0.05). The levels of paper mulberry resulted in a linear and quadratic increase in water loss of grass carp muscle (p < 0.05), and all groups with paper mulberry supplementation were significantly higher than the control group (p < 0.05). Significant positive linear and quadratic trends were found between the paper mulberry levels and muscle fiber diameter or density of grass carp (p < 0.05). In comparison to the control diet, the significant differences were found in the 15%BP and 20%BP groups (p < 0.05). The muscle adhesiveness and hardness linearly and quadratically increased with the increasing levels of paper mulberry (p < 0.05), and both of which increased significantly when the level of paper mulberry reached 10% (p < 0.05). In addition, the increase in paper mulberry linearly and quadratically improved the expressions of myoblast determination protein (MyoD), myogenin (MyoG), paired box protein 7 (Pax7) and myostatin 1 (MSTN1) (p < 0.05). When the supplementation of paper mulberry reached 15%, the expressions of all these mRNAs were significantly higher than those of the control group (p < 0.05). In summary, adding 5% paper mulberry did not affect the growth of grass carp. However, the supplementation of 10% paper mulberry could improve muscle quality through improving muscle hardness, reducing fat accumulation and muscle fiber diameter, at the cost of reducing growth performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China; (T.T.); (J.B.); (Z.A.); (S.L.)
| | - Jinhai Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China; (T.T.); (J.B.); (Z.A.); (S.L.)
| | - Zhipeng Ao
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China; (T.T.); (J.B.); (Z.A.); (S.L.)
| | - Zehong Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China; (T.T.); (J.B.); (Z.A.); (S.L.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Yi Hu
- Hunan Engineering Research Center for Utilization of Characteristics of Aquatic Resources, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China;
| | - Shaojun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China; (T.T.); (J.B.); (Z.A.); (S.L.)
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Hassan FU, Arshad MA, Li M, Rehman MSU, Loor JJ, Huang J. Potential of Mulberry Leaf Biomass and Its Flavonoids to Improve Production and Health in Ruminants: Mechanistic Insights and Prospects. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:E2076. [PMID: 33182363 PMCID: PMC7695318 DOI: 10.3390/ani10112076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Leaf biomass from the mulberry plant (genus Morus and family Moraceae) is considered a potential resource for livestock feeding. Mulberry leaves (MLs) contain high protein (14.0-34.2%) and metabolizable energy (1130-2240 kcal/kg) with high dry matter (DM) digestibility (75-85%) and palatability. Flavonoid contents of MLs confer unique antioxidant properties and can potentially help alleviate oxidative stress in animals during stressful periods, such as neonatal, weaning, and periparturient periods. In addition, mulberry leaf flavonoids (MLFs) possess antimicrobial properties and can effectively decrease the population of ruminal methanogens and protozoa to reduce enteric methane (CH4) production. Owing to its rich flavonoid content, feeding MLs increases fiber digestion and utilization leading to enhanced milk production in ruminants. Dietary supplementation with MLFs alters ruminal fermentation kinetics by increasing total volatile fatty acids, propionate, and ammonia concentrations. Furthermore, they can substantially increase the population of specific cellulolytic bacteria in the rumen. Owing to their structural homology with steroid hormones, the MLFs can potentially modulate different metabolic pathways particularly those linked with energy homeostasis. This review aims to highlight the potential of ML and its flavonoids to modulate the ruminal microbiome, fermentation, and metabolic status to enhance productive performance and health in ruminants while reducing CH4 emission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faiz-ul Hassan
- Key Laboratory of Buffalo Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction Technology, Ministry of Agriculture and Guangxi Buffalo Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning 530001, China; (F.H.); (M.L.)
- Institute of Animal and Dairy Sciences, Faculty of Animal Husbandry, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38040, Pakistan; (M.A.A.); (M.S.R.)
| | - Muhammad Adeel Arshad
- Institute of Animal and Dairy Sciences, Faculty of Animal Husbandry, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38040, Pakistan; (M.A.A.); (M.S.R.)
| | - Mengwei Li
- Key Laboratory of Buffalo Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction Technology, Ministry of Agriculture and Guangxi Buffalo Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning 530001, China; (F.H.); (M.L.)
| | - Muhammad Saif-ur Rehman
- Institute of Animal and Dairy Sciences, Faculty of Animal Husbandry, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38040, Pakistan; (M.A.A.); (M.S.R.)
| | - Juan J. Loor
- Department of Animal Sciences, Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA;
| | - Jiaxiang Huang
- Key Laboratory of Buffalo Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction Technology, Ministry of Agriculture and Guangxi Buffalo Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning 530001, China; (F.H.); (M.L.)
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An Assessment of Soil’s Nutrient Deficiencies and Their Influence on the Restoration of Degraded Karst Vegetation in Southwest China. FORESTS 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/f11080797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The distribution of karst landscapes over the Earth’s surface, to a large extent, follows the distribution of carbonate (limestone and dolomite) and gypsum rocks and together these make up about 12% of the Earth’s land area, and the largest karst region in to world is in Southwestern China. Characterized by a unique set of landforms, these geographical areas also differ from other geomorphic regions by the presence of cave systems in the subsurface. Unfortunately, due to human disturbances, such as deforestation, agricultural expansion, livestock overgrazing and fire, these regions have been affected by varying degrees of degradation, which could also be worsened if water and soil erosion phenomena typical of these areas are considered. Therefore, there is a need to implement measures and strategies to protect these karst areas and develop plans to restore vegetation in this region. To support local and national authorities to achieve this goal, this study aims to characterize nutrient deficiencies in degraded areas and estimate what could be the thresholds required to facilitate the restoration of vegetation in karst areas in southwest China. The results obtained confirm that the total element concentrations for Soil Organic Carbon (SOC), N, K, Ca, P, S and Mg were relatively high in the study karst area in southwest China. However, the total amounts of soil nutrients stored were very low due to the limited amount of soil identified as a consequence of previous deforestation processes undertaken within this study area and this aspect needs to be taken into consideration if aiming at a positive success of future restoration processes.
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Deng S, Li D, Liu X, Cai Z, Wei W, Chen J, Zhang L. Serum metabolomic investigations of mulberry leaf powder supplementation in Chinese Erhualian pigs. JOURNAL OF ANIMAL AND FEED SCIENCES 2020. [DOI: 10.22358/jafs/124043/2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Wang Y, Shen Q, Zhong S, Chen Y, Yang Y. Comparison of Rumen Microbiota and Serum Biochemical Indices in White Cashmere Goats Fed Ensiled or Sun-Dried Mulberry Leaves. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8070981. [PMID: 32629932 PMCID: PMC7409109 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8070981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Revised: 06/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mulberry leaves, which have high nutritional value, have not been fully utilized. Few research systems have indicated whether mulberry leaves can replace traditional feed ingredients in goats. In this study, we investigated the effects of feeding white cashmere goats ensiled (Group E) or sun-dried mulberry leaves (Group S) on changes in ruminal microbial communities, rumen fermentation parameters and serum biochemical indices. The control group (Group C) received a typical total mixed ration (TMR). 16S rRNA gene sequencing revealed 209 genera belonging to 19 bacterial phyla dominated by Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes. Only the relative abundances of Erysipelotrichaceae_UCG-009 were significantly different among the three groups (p < 0.05). Physiological and biochemical findings revealed that only the serum leptin concentrations were significantly decreased when mulberry leaves were added to the diets (p < 0.05). Correlation analysis revealed that Ruminococcus_2 were significantly positively correlated with the butyrate concentration. These findings suggested that supplementation with mulberry leaves only induced minor changes in the abovementioned indicators, implying that the rumen fermentation status was still stable after adding mulberry leaves to the diets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaoyue Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China; (Y.W.); (Q.S.); (S.Z.)
| | - Qingmiao Shen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China; (Y.W.); (Q.S.); (S.Z.)
- College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Shu Zhong
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China; (Y.W.); (Q.S.); (S.Z.)
| | - Yulin Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China; (Y.W.); (Q.S.); (S.Z.)
- Correspondence: (Y.C.); (Y.Y.)
| | - Yuxin Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China; (Y.W.); (Q.S.); (S.Z.)
- Correspondence: (Y.C.); (Y.Y.)
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Inhibitory activity of black mulberry (Morus nigra) extract against testicular, liver and kidney toxicity induced by paracetamol in mice. Mol Biol Rep 2020; 47:1733-1749. [PMID: 31983015 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-020-05265-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Black mulberry (Morus nigra) leaves is broadly used in traditional medicine worldwide. However, there are no scientific reports regarding testicular protection, hepato-and nephroprotective activities of M. nigra leaves. The present investigation was assessed the protective mechanism by which methanol extract from M. nigra leaves suppressed the damaging effects induced by paracetamol (APAP) in different mouse tissues. Male mice were orally given APAP (500 mg/kg) with or without M. nigra extract (150, 300, and 500 mg/kg) for four consecutive days. The results showed that crude extract possessed potent antioxidant activity (EC50 = 42.97 µg extract/mL) due to the presence of a high amount of polyphenol and flavonoid compounds. Gallic acid, chlorogenic acid, catechin, and rutin were isolated from the n-butanol fraction of M. nigra extract. Unexpectedly, oral administration of APAP did not induce chromosomal aberrations in mouse bone marrow; however, it produced damaging effects on testis, liver, and kidney tissues. Interestingly, M. nigra extract suppressed APAP-induced genotoxicity by lowering meiotic chromosomal aberrations in spermatocytes, morphological sperm abnormalities, and % DNA damage in comet tail in the liver and kidney tissues. The altered levels of glutathione S transferase activity, lipid peroxidation, liver, and kidney functions were significantly reversed when M. nigra was given to APAP group. The restoring of the histo-architectural distortions and decreasing over-expression of p53 protein as determined by immunohistochemistry in the liver, kidney, and testis sections were strengthened the protective activity of M. nigra extract. Conclusion, the bioactive components in the leaves of black mulberry appear to be a good candidate for genetic protection, treatment of oxidative stress-induced organotoxicity.
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Wang Y, Chen X, Wang C, He L, Zhou W, Yang F, Zhang Q. The bacterial community and fermentation quality of mulberry (Morus alba) leaf silage with or without Lactobacillus casei and sucrose. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2019; 293:122059. [PMID: 31476563 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2019.122059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Revised: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
To investigate the effects of adding Lactobacilluscasei (LC) and sucrose (S) on the fermentation quality and bacterial community of mulberry leaf silage, two kinds of mulberry leaves were harvested and ensiled with or without LC and S for 1, 7, 14, 30 and 60 days, respectively. Silages treated with LC and S contained more lactic acid (4.46-10.54%DM) and less ammonia-N (0.03-0.13%DM), acetic acid (0.73-3.40%DM) and coliform bacteria (<2.30 log cfu/g FM) and had a lower pH (<4.40) compared with controls. In addition, microbial analysis revealed less diverse bacterial communities and greater abundances of Lactobacillus (52.89-81.27%) and Pseudomonas (2.21-5.21%) in the LC and S silages. Furthermore, the addition of LC and S also inhibited the growth of undesirable Enterobacter. In conclusion, the addition of both LC and S has the capability of improving the silage quality of mulberry leaves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Wang
- College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, Guangdong Province Research Center of Woody Forage Engineering Technology, Guangdong Research and Development Centre of Modern Agriculture (Woody forage) Industrial Technology, Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoyang Chen
- College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, Guangdong Province Research Center of Woody Forage Engineering Technology, Guangdong Research and Development Centre of Modern Agriculture (Woody forage) Industrial Technology, Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Cheng Wang
- College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, Guangdong Province Research Center of Woody Forage Engineering Technology, Guangdong Research and Development Centre of Modern Agriculture (Woody forage) Industrial Technology, Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Liwen He
- College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, Guangdong Province Research Center of Woody Forage Engineering Technology, Guangdong Research and Development Centre of Modern Agriculture (Woody forage) Industrial Technology, Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wei Zhou
- College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, Guangdong Province Research Center of Woody Forage Engineering Technology, Guangdong Research and Development Centre of Modern Agriculture (Woody forage) Industrial Technology, Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fuyu Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Qing Zhang
- College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, Guangdong Province Research Center of Woody Forage Engineering Technology, Guangdong Research and Development Centre of Modern Agriculture (Woody forage) Industrial Technology, Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.
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Cai M, Mu L, Wang ZL, Liu JY, Liu TL, Wanapat M, Huang BZ. Assessment of mulberry leaf as a potential feed supplement for animal feeding in P.R. China. ASIAN-AUSTRALASIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES 2019; 32:1145-1152. [PMID: 30744357 PMCID: PMC6599953 DOI: 10.5713/ajas.18.0671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Revised: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Mulberry (Morus alba L.) is a cultivated shrub grown widely in the sub-tropical and tropical areas. It has been shown that mulberry leaf contains high levels of protein while having polyphenols as phytonutrients. Therefore, it is important to conduct an experiment to assess potential toxic level from mulberry on behavior, blood hematological and coagulation parameter using Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats. METHODS Both male and female SD rats were given an intragastric administration of respective treatments of mulberry leaf intakes (control, low and high levels). Parameters of feed intake, hematological and coagulation of blood parameters, as well as liveweight changes were taken during the 7 d of adaptation, 28 d of treatment exposure, and 14 d of recovery periods, respectively. All treatment data were statistically analyzed using analysis of variance of SPSS17.0 for Windows Statistical Software following the Randomized complete block design with sex as a block. RESULTS Most of the parameters of the physical symptoms of the SD rats, were not significantly different (p>0.05) when compared with that of the control group. Those which remain unchanged in each dose group were, body weight (BW) gain, feed intake, the hematology and coagulation indexes. Although, there were a few individual indicators that were abnormal, but the overall physiological appearance of the rats were normal. CONCLUSION Results under this experiment revealed that most hematological and coagulation parameters of the SD rats in both male and female were normal, although the weight gain of female rats in high-dose group was significantly reduced than those of the male rats. Under this study, the use of mulberry leaf up to 2 g/kg BW did not result in abnormal phenomenon in the SD rats. These findings would offer useful information for further in vivo feeding trials in animals to extensively use of mulberry leaf to improve animal production, particularly in P.R. China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems, College of Pastoral Agricultural Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730020,
China
- Yunnan Academy of Grassland and Animal Science, Kunming, Yunnan 650212,
China
| | - Lan Mu
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems, College of Pastoral Agricultural Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730020,
China
- Yunnan Academy of Grassland and Animal Science, Kunming, Yunnan 650212,
China
| | - Zong-li Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems, College of Pastoral Agricultural Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730020,
China
- China Animal Health And Epidemiology Center, Qingdao, Shandong 266032,
China
| | - Jian-yong Liu
- Yunnan Academy of Grassland and Animal Science, Kunming, Yunnan 650212,
China
| | - Tian-liang Liu
- Yunnan Academy of Grassland and Animal Science, Kunming, Yunnan 650212,
China
| | - Metha Wanapat
- Tropical Feed Resources Research and Development Center, Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002,
Thailand
| | - Bi-zhi Huang
- Yunnan Academy of Grassland and Animal Science, Kunming, Yunnan 650212,
China
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Ouyang J, Wang M, Hou Q, Feng D, Pi Y, Zhao W. Effects of Dietary Mulberry Leaf Powder in Concentrate on the Rumen Fermentation and Ruminal Epithelium in Fattening Hu Sheep. Animals (Basel) 2019; 9:ani9050218. [PMID: 31064075 PMCID: PMC6562721 DOI: 10.3390/ani9050218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Revised: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Rumen is the center of nutrient digestion, absorption and metabolism of ruminants. Ruminal microbes such as cellulolytic bacteria degrade the feed nutrients into smaller molecules, which are absorbed into the body mainly through rumen epithelium. Our study found that mulberry leaf powder supplementation improved the development of rumen epithelium, especially stratum basale, the most important layer of rumen epithelium for the energy metabolism. Our study suggests that supplementing ruminants with mulberry leaf powder may be one of the nutritional strategies that can improve the digestion and absorption performance of ruminants. Abstract Mulberry leaves have been used as a protein source in replacing concentrates of domestic animals, however, little is known about the relationship between supplementation level and the development of rumen epithelium. This experiment aimed to investigate the effects of different proportions of mulberry leaf powder (MLP) in dietary concentrate on rumen fermentation and rumen epithelium morphology in fattening Hu sheep. Forty three-month-old male Hu sheep with an initial body weight of 16.5 ± 0.6 kg (BW ± SD) were chosen and randomly divided into five treatments: 0% (control), 15% (T15), 30% (T30), 45% (T45) and 60% (T60) of MLP in concentrate, respectively. The results showed that the dry matter intake (DMI) and average daily gain (ADG) in treatments T15 and T30 have no significant difference with respect to the control treatment, but DMI and ADG in treatments T45 and T60 were lower than the control treatment (p < 0.05). The apparent digestibility of organic matter (OM) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) increased linearly and quadraticly as MLP supplementation increased (p < 0.05). The concentration of ammonia (NH3-N) trended to decrease linearly with the increase of MLP supplementation (p < 0.1), whereas the microbial protein (MCP) concentration increased linearly as MLP supplementation increased (p < 0.05). In the results of rumen epithelium morphology, the width of stratum corneum was reduced, whereas the width of ruminal papillae increased (p < 0.05), and the width of stratum granulosum and stratum basale also increased as MLP increased. In summary, MLP supplementation could improve nutrient digestibility, the development of rumen papillae and stratum basale. However, high content MLP (45%–60%) supplementation decreased the growth and food intake performance of fattening Hu sheep. Therefore, 30% MLP is recommended to supplement in concentrate for fattening Hu sheep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jialiang Ouyang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China.
| | - Mengzhi Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China.
| | - Qirui Hou
- The Seri-Cultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenjiang 212018, China.
| | - Dan Feng
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Yu Pi
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Weiguo Zhao
- The Seri-Cultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenjiang 212018, China.
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Sun C, Wu W, Ma Y, Min T, Lai F, Wu H. Physicochemical, functional properties, and antioxidant activities of protein fractions obtained from mulberry (morus atropurpurea roxb.) leaf. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD PROPERTIES 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/10942912.2016.1238389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chongzhen Sun
- College of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Wenjia Wu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yurong Ma
- College of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Tian Min
- College of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Furao Lai
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Green Agricultural Products Processing, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Hui Wu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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Partial or total replacement of commercial concentrate with on-farm-grown mulberry forage: effects on lamb growth and feeding costs. Trop Anim Health Prod 2017; 49:537-546. [PMID: 28116557 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-017-1225-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2016] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Replacing commercial concentrate with mulberry foliage was evaluated in a feeding trial lasting 126 days. Forty-eight weaned male Pelibuey lambs (20.6 ± 0.80 kg of BW) were randomly allocated to four groups: (1) supplementing the basal diet with mulberry at 1% (DM basis; M-1), (2) mulberry at 0.75% plus 0.1 kg concentrate fresh matter basis (M-0.75), (3) mulberry at 0.50% plus 0.2 kg concentrate (M-0.50) and (4) basal diet plus 0.3 kg concentrate (control; M-0). During the first 90 days, the basal diet was Pennisetum purpureum forage which was substituted by a mixture of guinea grass and sugarcane from 90 days. Average daily gain (ADG, g/day), dry matter intake (DMI) and feed conversion rate (FCR; DMI/ADG) were determined. The ADG was affected (P < 0.01) by the diet, with the lowest obtained in M-1 lambs (71 ± 6.4 g/day), whereas no differences among the other groups were observed (94 ± 6.4 g DM/lamb). The DMI was higher (P < 0.01) in M-0 (937 g DM/lamb) which concomitantly affected differences in FCR (11.9, 9.9, 10.5 and 9.7 kg DMI/kg BW gain for M-1, M-0.75, M-0.50 and M-0 lambs, respectively). Final BW at slaughtering and hot or cold carcass yields were coherent with growth rate findings. Biological yield (cold carcass weight/empty BW) was higher (P < 0.01) in M-0.75. Without compromising animal productivity, replacing imported concentrate with mulberry reduced the feeding cost. Optimum results were obtained with M-75 diet. Further studies must be conducted for optimizing energy/protein ratios with different ingredients while increasing DMI and lamb growth rates in this tropical genotype.
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Abstract
Availability of feed crops for animal production is decreasing, creating a need to identify alternative food sources. With their high protein content, mulberry leaves are a likely candidate for feed supplementation and have been trialed on pigs and chickens, but little is known about their effect as a feed supplement on geese. Here, we determine the nutritive value of mulberry leaf meal (MLM), measure the digestibility of energy and amino acid of MLM in male Sichuan white geese, and evaluate the performance of these geese fed an MLM-supplemented diet. The composition of MLM was as follows: gross energy 4.94 Mcal/kg, crude protein 18.81%, ether extract 11.65%, crude fiber 12.45%, calcium 2.46%, phosphorous 0.24% and amino acids 0.26–1.92% (all % on a dry matter basis). Using the emptying then force-feeding method on 24 geese aged 194 days, we measured the apparent metabolizable energy of MLM as 1.58 Mcal/kg (on a dry matter basis), and the true total tract digestibility of the amino acids in MLM as 50.54–79.98%. We then randomly allocated a further 210 geese aged 35 days to one of five dietary treatments (control diet alone or supplemented with 4%, 8%, 12% or 16% MLM). Each treatment contained six replicate pens of seven birds per pen, and birds were maintained on their treatment until 70 days of age. Geese fed diets containing MLM exhibited lower weight gains, elevated feed consumption and an increased feed to gain ratio (P<0.05) compared with geese fed the control diet. Moreover, geese fed diets supplemented with MLM all experienced diarrhea, reduced amounts of subcutaneous fat and lower percentages of skin and abdominal fat (P<0.05) compared with control geese. In conclusion, MLM should be used with caution as a feed supplement for geese.
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Król E, Jeszka-Skowron M, Krejpcio Z, Flaczyk E, Wójciak RW. The Effects of Supplementary Mulberry Leaf (Morus alba) Extracts on the Trace Element Status (Fe, Zn and Cu) in Relation to Diabetes Management and Antioxidant Indices in Diabetic Rats. Biol Trace Elem Res 2016; 174:158-165. [PMID: 27071614 PMCID: PMC5055558 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-016-0696-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2016] [Accepted: 03/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Mulberry leaves (Morus alba) have been used in folk medicine to mitigate symptoms of diabetes. The mulberry plant contains phenolic compounds that are able to decrease blood glucose concentration. Since various phenolics have antioxidant and metal binding properties, they can be used to alleviate oxidative stress and chelate trace elements involved in redox reactions. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of dietary supplementation with mulberry leaf extracts (acetone-water (AE) and ethanol-water (EE)) on the trace element status (Fe, Zn and Cu) in relation to diabetes management and antioxidant indices in high-fat diet-fed/STZ diabetic rats. The experiment was performed on 38 male Wistar rats with diabetes (induced by high-fat diet (HF) and streptozotocin injection) or the control fed with AIN-93M or high-fat diet. As a result, five experimental groups were used: (1) a healthy control group fed with AIN-93M; (2) an HF control group; (3) a diabetic HF group; (4) a diabetic HF + AE group (6 g/kg diet); (5) a diabetic HF + EE group (6 g/kg diet). The rats were fed with appropriate diets for 4 weeks. The content of trace elements (Fe, Zn and Cu) in the serum and tissues was measured by means of atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS). Biochemical analyses (glucose, TBARS, FRAP) were performed on the blood serum. It was shown that the AE decreased hepatic and renal Fe stores, while the EE increased hepatic Cu levels in diabetic rats and confirmed their ability to regulate the Fe and Cu status in diabetes. The results confirmed a significant hypoglycaemic and antioxidant potential of both mulberry leaf extracts in diabetic rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewelina Król
- Department of Human Nutrition and Hygiene, Poznań University of Life Sciences, ul. Wojska Polskiego 31, 60-624, Poznań, Poland.
| | - Magdalena Jeszka-Skowron
- Department of Chemistry and Technical Electrochemistry, Poznań University of Technology, ul. Berdychowo 4, 60-965, Poznań, Poland
| | - Zbigniew Krejpcio
- Department of Human Nutrition and Hygiene, Poznań University of Life Sciences, ul. Wojska Polskiego 31, 60-624, Poznań, Poland
| | - Ewa Flaczyk
- Department of Food Service and Catering, Poznań University of Life Sciences, ul. Wojska Polskiego 31, 60-624, Poznań, Poland
| | - Rafał W Wójciak
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Poznań University of Medical Sciences, Poznań, Poland
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Marx TK, Glávits R, Endres JR, Palmer PA, Clewell AE, Murbach TS, Hirka G, Pasics I. A 28-Day Repeated Dose Toxicological Study of an Aqueous Extract of Morus Alba L. Int J Toxicol 2016; 35:683-691. [PMID: 27733446 DOI: 10.1177/1091581816670597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Morus alba L. (white mulberry) leaves are one of the oldest recognized traditional Chinese medicines. More recently, M alba leaves and their constituents, particularly iminosugars (or azasugars), have garnered attention for their ability to maintain normal blood glucose concentrations, an effect identified in both animal studies and human clinical trials. Reducose (Phynova Group Limited) is a commercial water-soluble extract of M alba leaves standardized to 5% 1-deoxynojirimycin (DNJ), an iminosugar with α-glucosidase inhibition properties. Although there is an extensive history of consumption of M alba leaves by humans and animals worldwide, suggesting that the leaves and their extracts have a relatively good safety profile, we are unaware of safety assessments on an extract containing a higher amount of DNJ than that occurs naturally. The current 28-day repeated dose oral toxicity study in rats, conducted according to Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development guidelines, was carried out to assess the safety of Reducose. Male and female Hsd.Han Wistar rats (4 groups of 10 animals/sex) were administered Reducose via gavage at doses of 0, 1,000, 2,000 and 4,000 mg/kg body weight (bw)/d. No treatment-related mortality or adverse effects (per clinical observations, body weight/weight gain, food consumption, ophthalmoscopy, clinical pathology, gross pathology, organ weights, or histopathology) were observed, and no target organs were identified. The no observed adverse effect level was determined to be 4,000 mg/kg bw/d for both male and female rats, the highest dose tested.
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Gryn-Rynko A, Bazylak G, Olszewska-Slonina D. New potential phytotherapeutics obtained from white mulberry (Morus alba L.) leaves. Biomed Pharmacother 2016; 84:628-636. [PMID: 27694008 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2016.09.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Revised: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The present work demonstrates the profound and unique phyto-pharmacological and nutritional profile of white mulberry (Morus alba L.) leaves which containing considerable amounts of easy digestive proteins, carbohydrates, micro- and macronutrients, polyphenols, free amino acids, organic acids. The wide range of significant biopharmaceutical activities of the aqueous and polar organic solvents extracts from mulberry leaves - including antidiabetic, antibacterial, anticancer, cardiovascular, hypolipidemic, antioxidant, antiatherogenic, and anti-inflammatory - have been critically discussed. The main objective was to demonstrate the results of recently published study on the components of white mulberry leaves exhibiting their biological activity in the various pathological and health human ailments. In addition, we intend to drawn the attention of researchers and public health workers for the extended exploration of this deciduous plant leaves as the source of potential indigenous nutraceuticals and functional food products to enable development of alternative prevention and treatment protocols offered in therapy of the common non-communicable diseases and malignances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Gryn-Rynko
- Department of Pharmaco-Bromatology & Molecular Nutrition, Faculty of Pharmacy, Collegium Medicum, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Bydgoszcz, Poland.
| | - Grzegorz Bazylak
- Department of Pharmaco-Bromatology & Molecular Nutrition, Faculty of Pharmacy, Collegium Medicum, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Dorota Olszewska-Slonina
- Departament of Patobiochemistry & Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Collegium Medicum, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Bydgoszcz, Poland
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Todaro M, Bonanno A, Tornambè G, Di Grigoli A, Luisa Scatassa M, Giaccone P. Utilization of mulberry leaves (Morus latifolia cv. Kokusou 21) in diets for dairy ewes. ITALIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2016. [DOI: 10.4081/ijas.2009.s2.438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Todaro
- Dipartimento di Scienze Entomologiche, Fitopatologiche, Microbiologiche agrarie e Zootecniche, Università di Palermo, Italy
| | - Adriana Bonanno
- Dipartimento di Scienze Entomologiche, Fitopatologiche, Microbiologiche agrarie e Zootecniche, Università di Palermo, Italy
| | | | - Antonino Di Grigoli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Entomologiche, Fitopatologiche, Microbiologiche agrarie e Zootecniche, Università di Palermo, Italy
| | - Maria Luisa Scatassa
- Dipartimento di Scienze Entomologiche, Fitopatologiche, Microbiologiche agrarie e Zootecniche, Università di Palermo, Italy
| | - Pietro Giaccone
- Dipartimento di Scienze Entomologiche, Fitopatologiche, Microbiologiche agrarie e Zootecniche, Università di Palermo, Italy
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Wang W, Yang H, Bo Y, Ding S, Cao B. Nutrient composition, polyphenolic contents, and in situ protein degradation kinetics of leaves from three mulberry species. Livest Sci 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2012.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Tan ND, Wanapat M, Uriyapongson S, Cherdthong A, Pilajun R. Enhancing mulberry leaf meal with urea by pelleting to improve rumen fermentation in cattle. ASIAN-AUSTRALASIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES 2012; 25:452-61. [PMID: 25049585 PMCID: PMC4092903 DOI: 10.5713/ajas.2011.11270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2011] [Revised: 10/27/2011] [Accepted: 10/25/2011] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Four, ruminally fistulated crossbred (Brahman×native) beef cattle with initial body weight of 420±15 kg were randomly assigned according to a 4×4 Latin square design. The dietary treatments were mulberry leaf pellet (MUP) supplementation at 0, 200, 400 and 600 g/hd/d with rice straw fed to allow ad libitum intake. All steers were kept in individual pens and supplemented with concentrate at 5 g/kg of body weight daily. The experiment was 4 periods, and each lasted 21 d. During the first 14 d, all steers were fed their respective diets ad libitum and during the last 7 d, they were moved to metabolism crates for total urine and fecal collection. It was found that increasing MUP levels resulted in linearly increasing rice straw and total intakes (p<0.05). Ruminal temperature and pH were not significantly affected by MUP supplementation while NH3-N concentration was increased (p<0.05) and maintained at a high level (18.5 mg/dl) with supplementation of MUP at 600 g/hd/d. Similarly, viable total bacteria in the rumen and cellulolytic bacteria were enriched by MUP supplementation at 600 g/hd/d. However, the rumen microbial diversity determined with a PCR-DGGE technique showed similar methanogenic diversity between treatments and sampling times and were similar at a 69% genetic relationship as determined by a UPGMA method. Based on this study, it could be concluded that supplementation of MUP at 600 g/hd/d improved DM intake, ruminal NH3-N, and cellulolytic bacteria thus iimproving rumen ecology in beef cattle fed with rice straw.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - M. Wanapat
- Corresponding Author : Metha Wanapat. Tel : +66-43-202368, Fax : +66-43-202368, E-mail :
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Salinas-Chavira J, Castillo-Martínez O, Ramirez-Bribiesca JE, Mellado M. Effect of increasing levels of white mulberry leaves (Morus alba) on ruminal dry matter degradability in lambs. Trop Anim Health Prod 2011; 43:995-9. [PMID: 21336982 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-011-9797-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/03/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
A study was conducted to estimate dry matter (DM) degradability in the rumen of lambs offered a basal soybean meal and sorghum grain diet with three levels of white mulberry (WM) leaves (Morus alba). Diets consisted of 90% concentrate and 10% sorghum straw, which was incrementally replaced by WM leaves at 0% (control diet, T1), 2.5% (T2), and 5% (T3) of the total ration. Crude protein (CP) in WM was 21.8% (DM basis). Diets had equal CP (14% DM basis) and metabolizable energy (10.8 MJ/kg DM) content. Three non-castrated Pelibuey male lambs fitted with permanent rumen cannula were utilized in a 3 × 3 Latin square design. Each experimental period consisted of 10 days of adaptation followed by sampling. DM degradability was determined using the nylon bag technique. Bags contained the experimental diets offered in each period and were incubated in rumen in pairs for 4, 8, 12, 24, and 48 h. The potential degradation was higher (P < 0.05) for T2, followed by T3 and T1. WM level did not influence the degradation rate or the effective degradation at the three passage rates modeled. It was concluded that WM forage may have useful application in feedlot diets for growing lambs, as this forage increases potential degradation of high-grain diets. The incorporation of WM in diets for feedlot lambs in tropics may reduce the use of expensive conventional protein supplements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaime Salinas-Chavira
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma de Tamaulipas, Carretera Victoria-Mante Km 5, Ciudad Victoria, Mexico.
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Foiklang S, Wanapat M, Toburan W. Effects of various plant protein sources in high-quality feed block on feed intake, rumen fermentation, and microbial population in swamp buffalo. Trop Anim Health Prod 2011; 43:1517-24. [DOI: 10.1007/s11250-011-9836-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Sahoo A, Singh B, Sharma O. Evaluation of feeding value of Eupatorium adenophorum in combination with mulberry leaves. Livest Sci 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2010.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Singh S, Kundu SS. Effect of tropical browse leaves supplementation on rumen enzymes of sheep and goats fed Dichanthium annulatum grass-based diets. Trop Anim Health Prod 2010; 42:1181-7. [PMID: 20352330 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-010-9546-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/10/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In a switch-over experiment, eight male animals, four each of sheep and goats of local breeds with mean body weight of 26. 8 +/- 2.0 and 30.0 +/- 2.1 kg, were fed Dichanthium annulatum (DA) grass and four browse species viz. Helictris isora, Securengia virosa, Leucaena leucocephala (LL) and Hardwickia binnata (HB) in four feeding trials to assess their supplementary effect on activity of rumen enzymes. The sheep and goats were offered DA grass with individual browse in 75:25 and 50:50 proportions, respectively, for more than 3 months during each feeding trial, and rumen liquor samples were collected twice at 0 and 4 h post feeding after 60 and 90 days of feeding. Glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (GOT), glutamate pyruvate transaminase (GPT) and glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) enzymes were determined in the bacteria and protozoa fractions of rumen liquor, while cellulase enzyme activity was measured in mixed rumen liquor. LL and HB had the highest and lowest contents of CP, while fibre contents were lower in early than later browse leaves. Supplementation of browse leaves significantly (P < 0.05) affect the specific activity of GDH enzyme in bacteria fraction of rumen liquor of animal species, while GDH activity was similar in protozoa fraction of rumen liquor of sheep and goats on all DA grass-browse-supplemented diets except DA-HB (42.8 units/mg protein), where activity was significantly (P < 0.05) low. Specific activities of GOT and GPT enzymes in both bacteria and protozoa fractions of rumen liquor differ significantly (P < 0.05) due to supplementation of browse leaves to DA grass. Browse leaves significantly (P < 0.05) affect the cellulase enzyme activity in animal rumen liquor, being highest on DA-LL (193.4) and lowest on DA-HB diet (144.8 microg sugar/mg protein). Goat exhibited higher activities of GOT and GPT than sheep in both bacteria and protozoa fraction of rumen liquor, while cellulase activity was similar between the animal species on the grass-browse leaves diets. Results indicate that browse leaves supplementation affect the enzyme activities of sheep and goats rumen, while the goats rumen liquor had higher activities of GOT, GPT and GDH enzyme than sheep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sultan Singh
- Plant Animal Relationship Division, Indian Grassland and Fodder Research Institute, Jhansi, 284003, India.
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Anand AAP, Vennison SJ, Sankar SG, Prabhu DIG, Vasan PT, Raghuraman T, Geoffrey CJ, Vendan SE. Isolation and characterization of bacteria from the gut of Bombyx mori that degrade cellulose, xylan, pectin and starch and their impact on digestion. JOURNAL OF INSECT SCIENCE (ONLINE) 2010; 10:107. [PMID: 20874394 PMCID: PMC3016902 DOI: 10.1673/031.010.10701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Bombyx mori L. (Lepidoptera: Bombycidae) have been domesticated and widely used for silk production. It feeds on mulberry leaves. Mulberry leaves are mainly composed of pectin, xylan, cellulose and starch. Some of the digestive enzymes that degrade these carbohydrates might be produced by gut bacteria. Eleven isolates were obtained from the digestive tract of B. mori, including the Gram positive Bacillus circulans and Gram negative Proteus vulgaris, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, Citrobacter freundii, Serratia liquefaciens, Enterobacter sp., Pseudomonas fluorescens, P. aeruginosa, Aeromonas sp., and Erwinia sp.. Three of these isolates, P. vulgaris, K. pneumoniae, C. freundii, were cellulolytic and xylanolytic, P. fluorescens and Erwinia sp., were pectinolytic and K. pneumoniae degraded starch. Aeromonas sp. was able to utilize the CMcellulose and xylan. S. liquefaciens was able to utilize three polysaccharides including CMcellulose, xylan and pectin. B. circulans was able to utilize all four polysaccharides with different efficacy. The gut of B. mori has an alkaline pH and all of the isolated bacterial strains were found to grow and degrade polysaccharides at alkaline pH. The number of cellulolytic bacteria increases with each instar.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Alwin Prem Anand
- Research Centre for Biological Sciences, Naesam Trust, Ellis Nagar, Madurai, 625016, India
- Present address: University of Tübingen, Institute of Anatomy, Österbergstrasse 3, 72074 Tübingen
| | - S. John Vennison
- Dept. of Biotechnology, Anna University, Tiruchirappalli, 620 024, India
| | - S. Gowri Sankar
- Research Centre for Biological Sciences, Naesam Trust, Ellis Nagar, Madurai, 625016, India
- Dept. of Biotechnology, Anna University, Tiruchirappalli, 620 024, India
| | - D. Immanual Gilwax Prabhu
- Research Centre for Biological Sciences, Naesam Trust, Ellis Nagar, Madurai, 625016, India
- Dept. of Biotechnology, Anna University, Tiruchirappalli, 620 024, India
| | - P. Thirumalai Vasan
- Research Centre for Biological Sciences, Naesam Trust, Ellis Nagar, Madurai, 625016, India
- Dept. of Biotechnology, Anna University, Tiruchirappalli, 620 024, India
| | - T. Raghuraman
- Research Centre for Biological Sciences, Naesam Trust, Ellis Nagar, Madurai, 625016, India
| | - C. Jerome Geoffrey
- Research Centre for Biological Sciences, Naesam Trust, Ellis Nagar, Madurai, 625016, India
| | - S. Ezhil Vendan
- Research Centre for Biological Sciences, Naesam Trust, Ellis Nagar, Madurai, 625016, India
- Present address: Entomology Research Institute, Loyola College, Chennai, 600034, India
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