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Rahmeh R, Akbar A, Alomirah H, Kishk M, Al-Ateeqi A, Shajan A, Alonaizi T, Esposito A. Assessment of mastitis in camel using high-throughput sequencing. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0278456. [PMID: 36476716 PMCID: PMC9728900 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0278456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Camel milk is recognized as a functional food with significant economic value. Mastitis is one of the most common and costly diseases in the dairy industry. Mastitis, which is caused by pathogens such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, and algae, has an impact on the quality and quantity of milk produced as well as animal health and welfare. There is a paucity of data on the etiological factors that cause camel mastitis. This study reports the bacterial and fungal community involved in clinical camel mastitis using Illumina amplicon sequencing. A total of 25 milk samples were analyzed, including 9 samples with mastitis and 16 healthy samples. The bacterial community in healthy samples was significantly more diverse and abundant than in mastitis samples. The fungal population in mastitis samples, on the other hand, was more diverse and abundant. As compared to healthy samples, the genera Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Schlegelella, unclassified Enterobacteriaceae, Lactococcus, Jeotgalicoccus. and Klebsiella were found to be abundant in mastitic milk. However, the genera Corynebacterium, Enteractinococcus, unclassified Sphingomonadaceae, Atopostipes, Paenibacillus, Pseudomonas, Lactobacillus, Sphingomonas, Pediococcus and Moraxella were reduced. In the fungal community, mastitis caused a significant increase in the relative abundance of the majority of taxa, including Candida, Phanerochaete, Aspergillus, Cladosporium and unclassified Pyronemataceae, while Penicillium and Alternaria showed a decline in relative abundance. In the bacterial and fungal communities, the discriminant analysis showed 19 and 5 differently abundant genera in healthy milk and mastitic milk, respectively. In conclusion, this study showed a microbiome dysbiosis linked to clinical camel mastitis, with opportunistic pathogens outgrowing commensal bacteria that were reduced. These findings are essential in designing an appropriate control program in the camel dairy herd, as well as in preventing and treating camel mastitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Rahmeh
- Environment & Life Sciences Research Center, Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, Kuwait City, Kuwait
- * E-mail:
| | - Abrar Akbar
- Environment & Life Sciences Research Center, Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, Kuwait City, Kuwait
| | - Husam Alomirah
- Environment & Life Sciences Research Center, Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, Kuwait City, Kuwait
| | - Mohamed Kishk
- Environment & Life Sciences Research Center, Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, Kuwait City, Kuwait
| | - Abdulaziz Al-Ateeqi
- Environment & Life Sciences Research Center, Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, Kuwait City, Kuwait
| | - Anisha Shajan
- Environment & Life Sciences Research Center, Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, Kuwait City, Kuwait
| | - Thnayan Alonaizi
- Environment & Life Sciences Research Center, Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, Kuwait City, Kuwait
| | - Alfonso Esposito
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Trieste, Italy
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Mwangi WE, Gitau GK, Ikiror D, Kimeli P, Gakuru MI, Machuchu D, Kingori W. The prevalence, antimicrobial sensitivity, and factors associated with camel mastitis in Isiolo County, Kenya. Vet World 2022; 15:2962-2970. [PMID: 36718339 PMCID: PMC9880833 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2022.2962-2970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim The one-humped camels (Camelus dromedarius) adapt very well to arid and semi-arid (ASALs) environments and continue to thrive and produce milk even during severe droughts when cattle, sheep, and goats experience high mortalities. These attributes make the dromedaries very vital for the survival of pastoralists, especially in the ASALs of Africa. Mastitis is among the most important diseases of camels and can cause significant economic losses, thereby endangering the livelihoods of pastoralists. This study aimed to estimate the prevalence, risk factors, and antimicrobial sensitivity of mastitis-causing pathogens in lactating camels in Isiolo County, Kenya. Materials and Methods This was a cross-sectional study conducted in July and August 2021. A questionnaire was administered to the camel keepers to capture data on herd-level factors. Lactating camels were then examined for any visible signs of clinical mastitis and as well as to capture data on other animal-level factors such as age, weight, and body condition score. A composite milk sample was collected aseptically from randomly selected camels in a herd. The samples were initially tested for somatic cell counts (SCC) using Somatos mini® automatic cell counter. Culture and sensitivity testing was then carried out on any milk sample that had SCC ≥ 200,000 cells/mL. The descriptive analysis was initially used to summarize the continuous and categorical farm and camel factors, while mixed regression models were used to explore the association between/across mastitis and the farm as well as camel-level factors. Results A total of 210 lactating camels from 23 herds were selected and sampled in this study. The average age of camel keepers was 48.3 ± 16.3 years and they were involved in rearing camels for a mean of about 14.3 ± 8.6 years. The total number of camels in a herd ranged from 10 to 287, with the mean total herd milk production being 34.5 ± 24.9 L/day. The mean daily milk production per camel was 2.8 ± 1.7 L while the range for days in milk was between 21 and 787 days. The average age of camel first calving and the inter-calving interval was 56.3 ± 9.9 and 27.7 ± 9.9 months, respectively. The median parity of the dam was three and the body condition score was two. About 39.7% (83/210) of the sampled camels had clinical mastitis during the current lactation. The overall prevalence of mastitis (SCC ≥ 200,000 cells/mL) in camels was 17.6%. The main pathogens isolated were Streptococcus and Staphylococcus bacteria. Streptococcus isolates were mainly sensitive to ampicillin and resistant to cefaclor. All 18 Staphylococcus isolates were sensitive to tetracycline, while 12/18 isolates were resistant to ampicillin. The factors that were significantly associated with mastitis were the age of the respondent (p = 0.038), the number of years involved in camel rearing (p = 0.024), presence of clinical mastitis since calving (p = 0.039), body condition score (p = 0.040), and age of the dam at the time of examination (p = 0.072). Conclusion Results from this study revealed that mastitis is an important condition among camels in the pastoral communities of Isiolo County, Kenya. Thus, pastoralists should continue to be aware of and trained on mastitis occurrence and its control in the pastoral ecosystem to reduce potential economic losses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Willy Edwin Mwangi
- Department of Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Nairobi, P. O. Box 29053-00625 Nairobi, Kenya,Corresponding author: Willy Edwin Mwangi, e-mail: Co-authors: GKG: , DI: , PK: , MIG: , DM: , WK:
| | - George Karuoya Gitau
- Department of Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Nairobi, P. O. Box 29053-00625 Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Davis Ikiror
- Vétérinaires Sans Frontières Suisse, Muthangari Road, off Gitanga Road, P. O. Box 25656-00603, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Peter Kimeli
- Department of Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Nairobi, P. O. Box 29053-00625 Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Moses Irungu Gakuru
- Department of Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Nairobi, P. O. Box 29053-00625 Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Douglas Machuchu
- Vétérinaires Sans Frontières Suisse, Muthangari Road, off Gitanga Road, P. O. Box 25656-00603, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Wallace Kingori
- County Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Fisheries, Isiolo County Government, P. O. Box 36-60300, Isiolo, Kenya
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Hadef L, Hamad B, Aggad H. Risk factors associated with subclinical mastitis and its effect on physico-mineral features of camel milk. Trop Anim Health Prod 2022; 54:224. [PMID: 35788910 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-022-03220-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
This study was carried out to determine the risk factors implicated in camel subclinical mastitis as well as the physico-mineral features of camel milk, there by examining the effect of this disease on those parameters. Milk samples were obtained from 125 lactating multiparous she-camels (aged 10-12 years) during early lactation from December 2020 to April 2021. The samples were screened for the presence of subclinical mastitis using the somatic cell count (SCC) test. In total, 73 (58.4%) samples showed the presence of subclinical mastitis, whereas the remaining 52 (41.6%) samples showed negative results for subclinical mastitis. Standard methods were used to appreciate the pH and mineral composition of the milk samples, such as Ca, Na, Cl, and K contents. In camels, unhygienic udder condition was identified as the major risk factor for the incidence of subclinical mastitis. Calf mortality and increased herd size were associated with a higher prevalence of subclinical mastitis. Tick infestations were also significantly associated with increased disease risk. Use of antisuckling devices, increase in milk yield, and weakness of body condition were identified as main risk factors and were primarily associated with the disease. However, udder lesions and deformities, milking frequency, and owner visits had no significant influence on the occurrence of subclinical mastitis. The overall mean pH value was 6.54 ± 0.01 and the mean values of Ca, Na, Cl, and K contents were 148.24 ± 2.55, 53.83 ± 1.52, 124.99 ± 1.80, and 240.22 ± 3.80 mg/100 g, respectively. When the level of milk from healthy animals and that from camels with subclinical mastitis (SCC > 2.4 × 105) were compared, it showed that Na and Cl contents were significantly increased (p < 0.05) with the increase in SCC (56.52 vs.50.07 and 128.26 vs.120.40 mg/100 g, respectively). In contrast, there were no notable changes (p > 0.05) in the Ca, K, and pH values. In conclusion, udder hygiene, calf mortality, herd size, tick infestations, use of antisuckling devices, higher milk yield, and body condition were identified as the major risk factors that predispose the camels to subclinical mastitis. Furthermore, an increase in the Na and Cl levels in camel milk was observed along with udder inflammation. Consequently, the elevated Na and Cl levels in milk can be a sign of subclinical mastitis in camels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leyla Hadef
- Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Life and Natural Sciences, University of El Oued, P.O. Box 789, 39000, El Oued, Algeria. .,Laboratory of Hygiene and Animal Pathology, Institute of Veterinary Sciences, University of Tiaret, 14000, Tiaret, Algeria.
| | - Brahim Hamad
- Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Life and Natural Sciences, University of El Oued, P.O. Box 789, 39000, El Oued, Algeria.,Laboratory of Hygiene and Animal Pathology, Institute of Veterinary Sciences, University of Tiaret, 14000, Tiaret, Algeria
| | - Hebib Aggad
- Laboratory of Hygiene and Animal Pathology, Institute of Veterinary Sciences, University of Tiaret, 14000, Tiaret, Algeria
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Camel Mastitis: Prevalence, Risk Factors, and Isolation of Major Bacterial Pathogens in Gomole District of Borena Zone, Southern Ethiopia. Vet Med Int 2021; 2021:9993571. [PMID: 34567508 PMCID: PMC8461229 DOI: 10.1155/2021/9993571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
As of other dairy animals, dromedary camel could be affected by mastitis, a complex disease occurring worldwide among dairy animals, with heavy economic losses largely due to clinical and subclinical mastitis. Yet, little is known about the occurrence and potential risk factors exposing to lactating camel mastitis in Ethiopia. Consequently, a cross-sectional study was carried out from November 2018 to April 2019 so as to determine the prevalence, associated risk factors, and major bacterial pathogens causing mastitis in traditionally managed lactating camels in Gomole district of Borena Zone. Consequently, 348 lactating camels were examined for clinical and subclinical mastitis, using California Mastitis Test (CMT). The overall prevalence of mastitis was 22.4% (78/348), including clinical 4.3% (15/348) and subclinical 18.1% (63/348) cases, respectively, whereas the quarter level prevalence of mastitis was 16.6% (232/1,392). Of the total 1,392 examined teats, the right hind (RHQ) (4.3%, 60/1392) and left hind quarters (LHQ) (4.3%, 60/1392) were the most frequently infected quarter, whereas the left front quarter (LFQ) (3.9%, 55/1392) was the least infected quarter. Age, body condition score, and lactation stages were significantly associated (p < 0.05) with lactating camel mastitis prevalence among the putative risk factors. Among 312 quarters milk samples subjected to bacteriological examination, 69.9% (218/312) yielded mastitis causing pathogens, both Gram-positive and -negative bacterial isolates, while no growth was observed in 30.1% (94/312) of quarters sampled. Of the bacterial isolates obtained by culturing, Streptococcus spp. excluding Streptococcus agalactiae (S. agalactiae) (26.1%; 57/218) and Coagulase negative Staphylococci (22.9%, 50/218) were the dominant isolates identified, whereas S. agalactiae (3.2%, 7/218) was the least isolates obtained. The prevalence of camel mastitis in the study area was found to be considerably high. Hence, implementation of integrated approaches has great importance in the study setting for the prevention and control of mastitis so as to improve quality of camel milk, minimize economic loss, and prevent significant public health risks.
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Hussen J. Bacterial species-specific modulatory effects on phenotype and function of camel blood leukocytes. BMC Vet Res 2021; 17:241. [PMID: 34247606 PMCID: PMC8274054 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-021-02939-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Recent studies have reported pathogen-species-specific modulating effects on the innate immune system. Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Streptococcus agalactiae are important pathogenic bacteria responsible for different infectious diseases in several animal species. In the present study, a whole blood culture with S. aureus, E. coli, or S. agalactiae and flow cytometry were used to investigate, whether stimulation with different bacterial species induces different immunomodulation patterns in camel leukocytes. The expression of different cell surface myeloid markers and cell adhesion molecules on monocytes and neutrophils was investigated. In addition, the capacity of monocytes and neutrophils to produce reactive oxygen species (ROS) was analyzed. Results Stimulation with either of the bacterial species resulted in the expansion of the camel CD14highMHCIIhigh monocyte subset with a reduced fraction of CD14highMHCIIlow monocytes. For the CD14lowMHCIIhigh monocytes, however, only stimulation with S. aureus or S. agalactiae increased their fractions in blood. Although all bacterial species elicited the upregulation of cell surface MHC class II molecules on granulocytes, the increase was, however, highest on cells stimulated with S. aureus. The expression levels of the two adhesion molecules, CD11a and CD18, on neutrophils and monocytes were differently affected by bacterial stimulation. Functionally, E. coli failed to stimulate ROS production in monocytes, while induced a strong ROS production response in granulocytes. S. agalactiae elicited a week ROS production in granulocytes when compared to the other two pathogens. Conclusions The different responsiveness of monocytes and granulocytes toward different bacterial species indicates different host-pathogen interaction mechanisms for the two cell populations. In addition, the phenotypic and functional differences between cells stimulated with E. coli, S. aureus, or S. agalactiae suggests pathogen-species-specific modulating effects of the bacterial pathogens on the camel innate myeloid cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamal Hussen
- Department of Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia.
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Balemi A, Gumi B, Amenu K, Girma S, Gebru M, Tekle M, Ríus AA, D’Souza DH, Agga GE, Kerro Dego O. Prevalence of Mastitis and Antibiotic Resistance of Bacterial Isolates from CMT Positive Milk Samples Obtained from Dairy Cows, Camels, and Goats in Two Pastoral Districts in Southern Ethiopia. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11061530. [PMID: 34073967 PMCID: PMC8225129 DOI: 10.3390/ani11061530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 05/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary A study was carried out from August 2017 to February 2018 on lactating dairy cows, one-humped dromedary camels, and goats to determine mastitis in the Bule Hora and Dugda Dawa districts of in Southern Ethiopia. Milk samples from 564 udder quarters and udder halves from 171 animals consisting of 60 dairy cows, 51 camels, and 60 goats were tested for mastitis. Sixty-four positive udder milk samples were cultured, and bacterial mastitis pathogens were isolated and identified. The antibiotic resistance of bacterial isolates from milk with mastitis was tested against nine antimicrobials commonly used in the study area. Cow-level prevalence of mastitis in dairy cows, camels, and goats was 33.3%, 26.3%, and 25%, respectively. The quarter-level prevalence of mastitis in cows, camels and goats was 17.6%, 14.5%, and 20%, respectively. In cattle, the prevalence was significantly higher in Dugda Dawa than in Bule Hora. Major bacterial isolates were coagulase-negative Staphylococcus species (39.1%), S. aureus (17.2%), S. hyicus (14.1%), and S. intermedius and Escherichia coli (9.4% each). In camels, udder abnormality and mastitis were significantly higher in late lactation than in early lactation. Mastitis tends to increase with parity in camels. E. coli isolates were highly resistant to spectinomycin, vancomycin, and doxycycline, whereas most S. aureus isolates were multidrug-resistant. Most of the rural and periurban communities in this area consume raw milk, which indicates a high risk of infection with multidrug-resistant bacteria. We recommend community-focused training programs to improve community awareness of the risk of raw milk consumption and the need to boil milk. Abstract A study was carried out from August 2017 to February 2018 on lactating dairy cows, one-humped dromedary camels, and goats to determine mastitis in the Bule Hora and Dugda Dawa districts of in Southern Ethiopia. Milk samples from 564 udder quarters and udder halves from 171 animals consisting of 60 dairy cows, 51 camels, and 60 goats were tested for mastitis. Sixty-four positive udder milk samples were cultured, and bacterial mastitis pathogens were isolated and identified. The antibiotic resistance of bacterial isolates from milk with mastitis was tested against nine antimicrobials commonly used in the study area. Cow- and quarter-level prevalence of mastitis in dairy cows, camels, and goats was 33.3%, 26.3%, and 25% and 17.6%, 14.5%, and 20%, respectively. In cattle, the prevalence was significantly higher in Dugda Dawa than in Bule Hora. Major bacterial isolates were coagulase-negative Staphylococcus species (39.1%), S. aureus (17.2%), S. hyicus (14.1%), and S. intermedius and Escherichia coli (9.4% each). In camels, udder abnormality and mastitis were significantly higher in late lactation than in early lactation. Mastitis tends to increase with parity in camels. E. coli isolates were highly resistant to spectinomycin, vancomycin, and doxycycline, whereas most S. aureus isolates were multidrug-resistant. Most of the rural and periurban communities in this area consume raw milk, which indicates a high risk of infection with multidrug-resistant bacteria. We recommend a community-focused training program to improve community awareness of the need to boil milk and the risk of raw milk consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanuel Balemi
- College of Veterinary Sciences, Mekelle University, Mekelle, P.O. Box 231, Ethiopia; (A.B.); (M.G.)
| | - Balako Gumi
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, P.O. Box 1176, Ethiopia;
| | - Kebede Amenu
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, Bishoftu, P.O. Box 34, Ethiopia; (K.A.); (M.T.)
| | - Sisay Girma
- College of Agriculture, Bule Hora University, Bule Hora, P.O. Box 144, Ethiopia;
| | - Mu'uz Gebru
- College of Veterinary Sciences, Mekelle University, Mekelle, P.O. Box 231, Ethiopia; (A.B.); (M.G.)
| | - Muluken Tekle
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, Bishoftu, P.O. Box 34, Ethiopia; (K.A.); (M.T.)
| | - Agustin A. Ríus
- Department of Animal Science, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA;
| | - Doris H. D’Souza
- Department of Food Science, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37998, USA;
| | - Getahun E. Agga
- Food Animal Environmental Systems Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Bowling Green, KY 42101, USA;
| | - Oudessa Kerro Dego
- Department of Animal Science, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA;
- Correspondence:
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Jabbar A, Saleem MH, Iqbal MZ, Qasim M, Ashraf M, Tolba MM, Nasser HA, Sajjad H, Hassan A, Imran M, Ahmad I. Epidemiology and antibiogram of common mastitis-causing bacteria in Beetal goats. Vet World 2020; 13:2596-2607. [PMID: 33487976 PMCID: PMC7811533 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2020.2596-2607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim: Mastitis has been identified as the most prevalent and economically imperative disease among dairy animals. Thus, understanding its common bacterial pathogens and risk factors is necessary to improve udder health at herd, region, or country level. However, scientific research on caprine mastitis, especially on Beetal breed, has remained to be insufficient in Pakistan. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the epidemiology and antibiogram assay of common mastitis-causing bacterial agents, that is, Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, and Escherichia coli, in dairy goats. Materials and Methods: In total, 500 Beetal goats, irrespective of age and those that were not treated with any kind of antimicrobial agents during the past 120 h, were screened using California Mastitis Test in Pattoki, Kasur District, whereas epidemiological factors were recorded. The milk samples of mastitic goats were then collected and processed using standard methods. Each sample was primarily cultured on nutrient agar. Using a specific medium, each bacterial colony was separated using several streak methods. Six antibiotic disks belonging to different antibiotic groups were used for antibiogram profiling of bacterial isolates. Chi-square test was used to assess the association of baseline characteristics and mastitis occurrence. Meanwhile, multivariable logistic regression (p<0.001) was utilized to determine the risk factors associated with positive and negative dichotomous outcome of mastitis. Results: The results revealed that the overall prevalence of goat mastitis was 309 (61.8%), in which 260 (52%) and 49 (9.8%) cases were positive for subclinical mastitis (SCM) and clinical mastitis (CM), respectively. Streptococcus and E. coli were found to be the predominant isolates causing SCM and CM, respectively (p<0.001). It was observed that amoxicillin+clavulanic acid was highly sensitive to isolates of Staphylococcus and Streptococcus and ceftiofur sodium to isolates of Streptococcus and E. coli., while enrofloxacin was found to be sensitive to isolates of Streptococcus and E. coli. Risk factors such as herd structure, deworming, vaccination, presence of ticks, use of teat dip and mineral supplements, feeding type, age, parity, housing, blood in the milk, milk leakage, milk taste, and milk yield were found to have the strongest association with mastitis occurrence, while ease of milking has moderate association. Conclusion: In the area examined, cases of SCM were found to be higher compared with that of CM, and ceftiofur sodium has been identified as the preferred treatment in both clinical and subclinical forms of caprine mastitis in Beetal goats. Risk factors for mastitis that was identified in this study can form the basis for the creation of an udder health control program specific for dairy goats. We hope our findings could raise awareness of the risk factors and treatment approaches for common mastitis-causing bacterial agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Jabbar
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Hassan Saleem
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Zahid Iqbal
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Qasim
- Department of Economics, Finance, and Statistics Jonkoping University, Sweden
| | - Muhammad Ashraf
- Department of Theriogenology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Mahmoud M Tolba
- Biomedical Informatics and Biotechnology Group, Department of Informatics and Systems, Division of Engineering research, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Hebatallah Ahmed Nasser
- Department of Microbiology and Public Health, Faculty of Pharmacy, Helipolis University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Hira Sajjad
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Ayesha Hassan
- Department of Surgery and Pet sciences, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Imran
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Imtiaz Ahmad
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, University of Poonch Rawalakot, Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Pakistan
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Seligsohn D, Nyman AK, Younan M, Sake W, Persson Y, Bornstein S, Maichomo M, de Verdier K, Morrell JM, Chenais E. Subclinical mastitis in pastoralist dairy camel herds in Isiolo, Kenya: Prevalence, risk factors, and antimicrobial susceptibility. J Dairy Sci 2020; 103:4717-4731. [PMID: 32171518 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2019-17701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Mastitis is an important constraint to milk production in pastoralist camel (Camelus dromedarius) herds in Kenya. The objective of this study was to investigate the prevalence, risk factors, and bacterial panorama of subclinical mastitis (SCM) in pastoralist camel herds in Isiolo County, Kenya. Furthermore, antimicrobial susceptibility in udder pathogens was studied. A cross-sectional sample of 206 camels from 20 milking herds was screened using the California Mastitis Test (CMT), and quarter milk was subjected to bacterial culturing. Isolates were confirmed using MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry analysis, and antimicrobial susceptibility was determined using the broth microdilution method. Interviews focusing on herd management were conducted with camel owners. Subclinical mastitis, defined as a CMT score ≥ 3 (scale 1 to 5) and absence of clinical symptoms in the udder, were present in all visited herds. On the individual level, 46% of the camels had at least 1 quarter affected with SCM, and on the quarter level the prevalence was 26%. Intramammary infections (IMI) were common; out of 798 quarter milk samples, 33% yielded conclusive bacterial growth. The sensitivity and specificity of CMT for correctly identifying quarters with IMI were 82% and 92%, respectively. The most prevalent pathogen was Streptococcus agalactiae (72% of IMI-positive quarters), followed by non-aureus staphylococci (19%) and Staphylococcus aureus (13%). Antimicrobial susceptibility testing revealed that only a low proportion (4.9%) of Strep. agalactiae isolates was sensitive to tetracycline. For Staph. aureus, 59.1% of isolates exhibited sensitivity to penicillin. Skin lesions on the teats or udder were a risk factor for SCM. Increased age, parity, and stage of lactation were associated with increased risk of both SCM and IMI. Older camels with a blind teat or a previous history of mastitis were more likely to be infected with Strep. agalactiae. Hygiene routines for milking were largely absent in the observed herds, and knowledge of adequate milk handling was limited. The poor udder health is likely to depend on multiple factors, most prominently the within-herd maintenance of contagious udder pathogens, in combination with difficult sanitary conditions and lack of awareness among camel keepers. This study showed that in pastoralist camel herds around Isiolo town, SCM and IMI specifically caused by Strep. agalactiae are common udder health problems and are associated with increasing age, parity, and stage of lactation, and skin lesions on the teats and udder. Resistance to tetracycline in Strep. agalactiae was common. Control strategies specifically targeting SCM and adapted to pastorally managed camel herds need to be developed to reduce disease, combat antimicrobial resistance, and improve the livelihoods of pastoralists.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Seligsohn
- Department of Animal Health and Antimicrobial Strategies, National Veterinary Institute, SE-75189, Uppsala, Sweden; Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-75007, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - A-K Nyman
- Växa Sverige, SE-10425, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - M Younan
- Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)-Syria, United Nations Cross-Border Hub, 27010 Sahinbey, Gaziantep, Turkey
| | - W Sake
- Department of Agriculture, Livestock and Fisheries Development, County Government of Marsabit, PO Box 384-60500, Marsabit, Kenya
| | - Y Persson
- Department of Animal Health and Antimicrobial Strategies, National Veterinary Institute, SE-75189, Uppsala, Sweden; Växa Sverige, SE-10425, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - S Bornstein
- Department of Animal Health and Antimicrobial Strategies, National Veterinary Institute, SE-75189, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - M Maichomo
- Kenya Agriculture and Livestock Research Organization, Veterinary Research Institute, 00902, Kikuyu, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - K de Verdier
- Department of Animal Health and Antimicrobial Strategies, National Veterinary Institute, SE-75189, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - J M Morrell
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-75007, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - E Chenais
- Department of Disease Control and Epidemiology, National Veterinary Institute, SE-75189, Uppsala, Sweden
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9
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Amenu K, Szonyi B, Grace D, Wieland B. Important knowledge gaps among pastoralists on causes and treatment of udder health problems in livestock in southern Ethiopia: results of qualitative investigation. BMC Vet Res 2017; 13:303. [PMID: 29058605 PMCID: PMC5651631 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-017-1222-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2016] [Accepted: 10/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Ethiopia has high prevalences of udder health problems including clinical and subclinical mastitis across production systems in different livestock species. Previous studies on udder health problems have largely focused on identification of mastitis causing microbial pathogens and associated risk factors. However, relatively little is known about the knowledge and beliefs of livestock keepers regarding udder health problems. An understanding of the beliefs on the other hand would facilitate effective communication between livestock keepers and animal health professionals. Therefore, this study aimed at exploring the knowledge and belief surrounding the causes, clinical signs and treatments for udder health problems in (agro-) pastoral communities in southern Ethiopia using qualitative investigation. Results The result showed that udder health problem, locally known as ‘dhukkuba muchaa’, which translates to ‘disease of teats’, was classified into three main types: (1) tick infestation (dirandisa), (2) swelling of udder often with pus discharge (nyaqarsa) and (3) acute mastitis caused by evil eye (buda) with ‘bloody milk’. Tick infestation was perceived to directly cause mechanical damage to udder tissue or to resulting in swelling leading to nyaqarsa. Our analysis also revealed the strong misperception that acute and severe swelling of udder was caused by evil eye. According to the pastoralists, cows with large udders in the late pregnancy are prone to evil eye infliction upon giving birth. The pastoralists often treat udder health problems by combining both modern and traditional methods. Removal of ticks by hand and acarcide application were the preferred methods for limiting tick infestation while swelling and evil eye cases were treated with antibiotics (e.g. oxytetracycline). The study also revealed that specific herbs, only known by the herbalists, were used for traditional treatment of udder health. Although this information could not be divulged at the time, it should form the subject of further investigation. Traditional treatment for evil eye was often administered through nostrils, raising questions about its effectiveness. Conclusion The narration given by the pastoralists in associating tick infestation with udder health problems was compatible with existing scientific evidences. In this respect, such local knowledge can be better utilized for the educational messages targeting control and management of tick infestation in livestock. However, the misperception of causes for acute udder swelling as evil eye can be problematic as far as the application of appropriate treatment and management of the problem is concerned. The misperception can significantly impact the welfare of animals and highlights the need for capacity building of the pastoralists on the causes and treatment of udder health problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kebede Amenu
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Hawassa University, P.O. Box 5, Hawassa, Ethiopia. .,International Livestock Research Institute, P. O. Box 5689, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. .,Present address: Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Veterinary Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, P.O.Box 34, Bishoftu, Ethiopia.
| | - Barbara Szonyi
- International Livestock Research Institute, P. O. Box 5689, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Delia Grace
- International Livestock Research Institute, P. O. Box 30709, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Barbara Wieland
- International Livestock Research Institute, P. O. Box 5689, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
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10
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Draft Genome Sequences of Seven Streptococcus agalactiae Strains Isolated from Camelus dromedarius at the Horn of Africa. GENOME ANNOUNCEMENTS 2017; 5:5/28/e00525-17. [PMID: 28705964 PMCID: PMC5511903 DOI: 10.1128/genomea.00525-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
We present draft whole-genome sequences of seven Streptococcus agalactiae strains isolated from Camelus dromedarius in Kenya and Somalia. These data are an extension to the group B Streptococcus (GBS) pangenome and might provide more insight into the underlying mechanisms of pathogenicity and antibiotic resistance of camel GBS.
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11
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Fischer A, Liljander A, Kaspar H, Muriuki C, Fuxelius HH, Bongcam-Rudloff E, de Villiers EP, Huber CA, Frey J, Daubenberger C, Bishop R, Younan M, Jores J. Camel Streptococcus agalactiae populations are associated with specific disease complexes and acquired the tetracycline resistance gene tetM via a Tn916-like element. Vet Res 2013; 44:86. [PMID: 24083845 PMCID: PMC3850529 DOI: 10.1186/1297-9716-44-86] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2013] [Accepted: 08/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Camels are the most valuable livestock species in the Horn of Africa and play a pivotal role in the nutritional sustainability for millions of people. Their health status is therefore of utmost importance for the people living in this region. Streptococcus agalactiae, a Group B Streptococcus (GBS), is an important camel pathogen. Here we present the first epidemiological study based on genetic and phenotypic data from African camel derived GBS. Ninety-two GBS were characterized using multilocus sequence typing (MLST), capsular polysaccharide typing and in vitro antimicrobial susceptibility testing. We analysed the GBS using Bayesian linkage, phylogenetic and minimum spanning tree analyses and compared them with human GBS from East Africa in order to investigate the level of genetic exchange between GBS populations in the region. Camel GBS sequence types (STs) were distinct from other STs reported so far. We mapped specific STs and capsular types to major disease complexes caused by GBS. Widespread resistance (34%) to tetracycline was associated with acquisition of the tetM gene that is carried on a Tn916-like element, and observed primarily among GBS isolated from mastitis. The presence of tetM within different MLST clades suggests acquisition on multiple occasions. Wound infections and mastitis in camels associated with GBS are widespread and should ideally be treated with antimicrobials other than tetracycline in East Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Fischer
- International Livestock Research Institute, Old Naivasha Road, PO Box 30709, 00100 Nairobi, Kenya
- Molecular Biology and Bioinformatics Unit, International Centre for Insect Physiology and Ecology, P.O. Box 30772, 00100 Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Anne Liljander
- International Livestock Research Institute, Old Naivasha Road, PO Box 30709, 00100 Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Heike Kaspar
- Federal Office of Consumer Protection and Food Safety (BVL), Diedersdorfer Weg 1, 12277 Berlin, Germany
| | - Cecilia Muriuki
- International Livestock Research Institute, Old Naivasha Road, PO Box 30709, 00100 Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Hans-Henrik Fuxelius
- SLU-Global Bioinformatics Centre, Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 7023, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Erik Bongcam-Rudloff
- SLU-Global Bioinformatics Centre, Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 7023, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Etienne P de Villiers
- Centre for Clinical Vaccinology and Tropical Medicine, Churchill Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Charlotte A Huber
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Infection Biology, Swiss TPH, Socinstrasse 57, Basel CH-4002 Switzerland
| | - Joachim Frey
- Institute of Veterinary Bacteriology, University of Bern, Laenggass-Str. 122, CH-3001 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Claudia Daubenberger
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Infection Biology, Swiss TPH, Socinstrasse 57, Basel CH-4002 Switzerland
| | - Richard Bishop
- International Livestock Research Institute, Old Naivasha Road, PO Box 30709, 00100 Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Mario Younan
- Vétérinaires Sans Frontières Germany, P.O. Box 25653, 00603 Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Joerg Jores
- International Livestock Research Institute, Old Naivasha Road, PO Box 30709, 00100 Nairobi, Kenya
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Regassa A, Golicha G, Tesfaye D, Abunna F, Megersa B. Prevalence, risk factors, and major bacterial causes of camel mastitis in Borana Zone, Oromia Regional State, Ethiopia. Trop Anim Health Prod 2013; 45:1589-95. [PMID: 23563738 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-013-0403-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A cross-sectional study was carried out from November 2010 up to April 2011 to estimate mastitis prevalence and associated risk factors and to assess its bacterial causes in traditionally managed camels in Borana Zone, Southern Ethiopia. Thus, 348 lactating camels were examined clinically, and subclinical cases were checked with California mastitis test (CMT). The overall prevalence of mastitis was 44.8 % (156/348), comprising clinical (19, 5.4 %) and subclinical (137, 39.4 %) cases. The quarter level prevalence of mastitis was 24.0 % (334/1,392). Of the total 1,392 examined teats, 30 were blind, and hence, from the 1,362 non-blind CMT-examined teats, 22.3 % (304/1,362) were CMT positive. Of the 304 CMT-positive samples, 264 were culture positive (197 Gram-positive, 41 Gram-negative, and 26 mixed isolates), and 40 were culture negative. The prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus was found to be the highest at both the animal (12.8 %, 39/304) and quarter level (2.9 %, 39/1,362). Regression analysis revealed higher likelihood of mastitis occurrence among camels from Dharito (OR = 3.4, 95 % confidence interval (CI) = 1.8, 6.4), Gagna (OR = 3.4, 95 % CI = 1.8, 6.5), and Haro Bake (OR = 2.6, 95 % CI = 1.3, 5.1) than camels from Surupha. Likewise, there was higher chance of mastitis occurrence among camels at the early lactation stage (OR = 2.3, 95 % CI = 1.1, 4.6) and camels with udder/teat lesions (OR = 13.7, 95 % CI = 1.7, 109.4) than among camels at late lactation stage and camels with healthy udder/teats, respectively. In conclusion, this study reveals the current status of camel mastitis in Southern Ethiopia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alemayehu Regassa
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Hawassa University, P.O. Box 05, Hawassa, Ethiopia,
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13
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Tomassone L, Grego E, Callà G, Rodighiero P, Pressi G, Gebre S, Zeleke B, De Meneghi D. Ticks and tick-borne pathogens in livestock from nomadic herds in the Somali Region, Ethiopia. EXPERIMENTAL & APPLIED ACAROLOGY 2012; 56:391-401. [PMID: 22349943 DOI: 10.1007/s10493-012-9528-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2011] [Accepted: 02/02/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Between May 2006 and January 2007, blood samples and ticks were randomly collected from 220 nomadic animals from Filtu and Dollo Odo districts, Libaan zone, in the Somali Region of Ethiopia. Overall, 81.5% cattle, 98.2% camels, 53.4% goats and 61.1% sheep were infested by ixodid ticks. Collected ticks (n = 1,036) were identified as Rhipicephalus pulchellus (40.1%), R. pravus (25.8%), Amblyomma gemma (9.4%), Hyalomma rufipes (13.3%), H. truncatum (2.8%), H. impeltatum (1.2%) and H. dromedarii (0.5%); immature stages (6.1%) belonged to the genera Rhipicephalus and Amblyomma. Tick infestation burden was evaluated by the Tick Abundance Score method on 57 animals from Dollo Odo in August 2006, and it was significantly higher in cattle and camels than in small ruminants (p < 0.001). Reverse Line Blot Hybridisation was applied to detect Theileria, Babesia, Ehrlichia and Anaplasma spp. Five out of 50 blood samples from Filtu, four from cattle and, surprisingly, one from a camel, were positive for Theileria mutans and two from cattle for T. velifera. Adult ticks (n = 104) from both districts were tested and A. gemma from cattle were positive to T. velifera (1) and Ehrlichia ruminantium (5 samples). Positive E. ruminantium samples were also tested by PCR targeting pCS20 and 16S rRNA genes and submitted to DNA sequencing. The phylogenetic reconstruction of pCS20 fragment showed the presence of the Somali region sequences in the East-South African group. Our results are the first available on ticks and selected tick-borne diseases from the Somali region of Ethiopia and could be used as preliminary information for planning sustainable control strategies for tick and tick-borne pathogens in the study area and in neighbouring areas with similar socio-ecological features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Tomassone
- Dipartimento Produzioni Animali, Epidemiologia ed Ecologia, Università degli Studi di Torino, Grugliasco, Torino, Italy.
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14
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Ahmad S, Yaqoob M, Bilal MQ, Muhammad G, Yang LG, Khan MK, Tariq M. Risk factors associated with prevalence and major bacterial causes of mastitis in dromedary camels (Camelus dromedarius) under different production systems. Trop Anim Health Prod 2011; 44:107-12. [PMID: 21660648 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-011-9895-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/26/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A cross-sectional study was conducted in desert environment of Jhang (Pakistan) from November 2008 to October 2009 on she-camels kept under pastoralist conditions to determine the prevalence of mastitis, impact of risk factors, and isolate the dominant mastitis-causing bacteria on total of 150 lactating she-camels by using clinical examination and surf field mastitis test. From the 150 she-camels examined, 69 (46%) were positive for mastitis at animal level, 12 (8%) clinical, and 57 (38%) subclinical. Age, parity number, stage of lactation, breed, production system, hygiene of milking process, and presence of lesion on udder/teat were found significantly associated (p<0.05) with the prevalence of mastitis in she-camels. There was the lowest prevalence (33.33%; 15 of 45) of mastitis in she-camels of 5-7 years of age, while the highest (80%; 12 of 15) in the animals aged between 14 to 16 years. Stage of lactation significantly affected (p<0.05) and was found to be associated with the prevalence of mastitis being the highest (54.55%; 18 of 33) during the initial stage of lactation (0 to 1 month) followed by last 2 months (10-12 months) as 54.17% and mid-stages (1-3 and 3-10 months) of lactation as 28.57% (6 of 21) and 37.50% (9 of 24), respectively. According to breed of camels, it was noted that the prevalence of mastitis affected significantly (p<0.05) being the highest in crossbred (Desi × Mareecha) as 51.39% (37 of 72) followed in order by Mareecha and Desi as 43.14% and 37.04%, respectively. Staphylococcus (42.19%) and Streptococcus (15.63%) genera were the dominant isolates identified. Good hygiene in milking process, milking clinically infected she-camels at last, culling chronic mastitis carriers, treating clinically infected she-camels, and dry period therapy could reduce the prevalence of contagious mastitis in the study area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sibtain Ahmad
- Department of Livestock Management, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, 38040, Pakistan.
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Aljumaah RS, Almutairi FF, Ayadi M, Alshaikh MA, Aljumaah AM, Hussein MF. Factors influencing the prevalence of subclinical mastitis in lactating dromedary camels in Riyadh Region, Saudi Arabia. Trop Anim Health Prod 2011; 43:1605-10. [DOI: 10.1007/s11250-011-9877-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/19/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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