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Bishnoi S, Jyotsana B, Kumar V, Prakash V, Ranjan R, Narnaware SD, Pannu U. Toll like receptor 4 (TLR4) gene polymorphism and its association with somatic cell score and milk production traits in Indian dromedary camels. Anim Biotechnol 2024; 35:2331642. [PMID: 38520296 DOI: 10.1080/10495398.2024.2331642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/25/2024]
Abstract
Our study aimed to explore the genetic variation in the Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) gene and establish its association with somatic cell score (SCS) and milk production traits in four Indian camel breeds namely Bikaneri, Kachchhi, Jaisalmeri and Mewari. TLR4 gene fragment of 573 bp spanning 5' UTR, exon-1 and partial intron-1 region was amplified and genotyped using the PCR-sequence based typing method. Only one SNP located at position C472T was identified. Genotyping revealed two alleles (C and T) and three genotypes: CC, CT and TT. The genotype frequencies for CC, CT and TT were 0.116, 0.326 and 0.558 and allele frequencies for C and T alleles were 0.279 and 0.721, respectively. Association study inferred that the effect of genotype on SCS, lactation yield (LY) and peak yield (PY) was non-significant however heterozygote (CT) genotypes recorded lower SCS and higher LY and PY. It can be concluded that the TLR4 gene possesses limited genetic variation, depicting polymorphism at a single locus in Indian camel breeds with a predominance of the TT genotype. The association study indicated that heterozygote animals possess better udder health and production performance, the statistical significance of which needs to be established using a large data set.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seema Bishnoi
- CVAS, Rajasthan University of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, Bikaner, Rajasthan, India
| | - Basanti Jyotsana
- ICAR - National Research Centre on Camel, Bikaner, Rajasthan, India
| | - Virendra Kumar
- CVAS, Rajasthan University of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, Bikaner, Rajasthan, India
| | - Ved Prakash
- ICAR - National Research Centre on Camel, Bikaner, Rajasthan, India
| | - Rakesh Ranjan
- ICAR - National Research Centre on Camel, Bikaner, Rajasthan, India
| | | | - Urmila Pannu
- CVAS, Rajasthan University of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, Bikaner, Rajasthan, India
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Mwangi WE, Gitau GK, Ikiror D, Kimeli P, Gakuru MI, Machuchu D, Kingori W. The prevalence, antimicrobial sensitivity, and factors associated with camel mastitis in Isiolo County, Kenya. Vet World 2022; 15:2962-2970. [PMID: 36718339 PMCID: PMC9880833 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2022.2962-2970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim The one-humped camels (Camelus dromedarius) adapt very well to arid and semi-arid (ASALs) environments and continue to thrive and produce milk even during severe droughts when cattle, sheep, and goats experience high mortalities. These attributes make the dromedaries very vital for the survival of pastoralists, especially in the ASALs of Africa. Mastitis is among the most important diseases of camels and can cause significant economic losses, thereby endangering the livelihoods of pastoralists. This study aimed to estimate the prevalence, risk factors, and antimicrobial sensitivity of mastitis-causing pathogens in lactating camels in Isiolo County, Kenya. Materials and Methods This was a cross-sectional study conducted in July and August 2021. A questionnaire was administered to the camel keepers to capture data on herd-level factors. Lactating camels were then examined for any visible signs of clinical mastitis and as well as to capture data on other animal-level factors such as age, weight, and body condition score. A composite milk sample was collected aseptically from randomly selected camels in a herd. The samples were initially tested for somatic cell counts (SCC) using Somatos mini® automatic cell counter. Culture and sensitivity testing was then carried out on any milk sample that had SCC ≥ 200,000 cells/mL. The descriptive analysis was initially used to summarize the continuous and categorical farm and camel factors, while mixed regression models were used to explore the association between/across mastitis and the farm as well as camel-level factors. Results A total of 210 lactating camels from 23 herds were selected and sampled in this study. The average age of camel keepers was 48.3 ± 16.3 years and they were involved in rearing camels for a mean of about 14.3 ± 8.6 years. The total number of camels in a herd ranged from 10 to 287, with the mean total herd milk production being 34.5 ± 24.9 L/day. The mean daily milk production per camel was 2.8 ± 1.7 L while the range for days in milk was between 21 and 787 days. The average age of camel first calving and the inter-calving interval was 56.3 ± 9.9 and 27.7 ± 9.9 months, respectively. The median parity of the dam was three and the body condition score was two. About 39.7% (83/210) of the sampled camels had clinical mastitis during the current lactation. The overall prevalence of mastitis (SCC ≥ 200,000 cells/mL) in camels was 17.6%. The main pathogens isolated were Streptococcus and Staphylococcus bacteria. Streptococcus isolates were mainly sensitive to ampicillin and resistant to cefaclor. All 18 Staphylococcus isolates were sensitive to tetracycline, while 12/18 isolates were resistant to ampicillin. The factors that were significantly associated with mastitis were the age of the respondent (p = 0.038), the number of years involved in camel rearing (p = 0.024), presence of clinical mastitis since calving (p = 0.039), body condition score (p = 0.040), and age of the dam at the time of examination (p = 0.072). Conclusion Results from this study revealed that mastitis is an important condition among camels in the pastoral communities of Isiolo County, Kenya. Thus, pastoralists should continue to be aware of and trained on mastitis occurrence and its control in the pastoral ecosystem to reduce potential economic losses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Willy Edwin Mwangi
- Department of Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Nairobi, P. O. Box 29053-00625 Nairobi, Kenya,Corresponding author: Willy Edwin Mwangi, e-mail: Co-authors: GKG: , DI: , PK: , MIG: , DM: , WK:
| | - George Karuoya Gitau
- Department of Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Nairobi, P. O. Box 29053-00625 Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Davis Ikiror
- Vétérinaires Sans Frontières Suisse, Muthangari Road, off Gitanga Road, P. O. Box 25656-00603, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Peter Kimeli
- Department of Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Nairobi, P. O. Box 29053-00625 Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Moses Irungu Gakuru
- Department of Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Nairobi, P. O. Box 29053-00625 Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Douglas Machuchu
- Vétérinaires Sans Frontières Suisse, Muthangari Road, off Gitanga Road, P. O. Box 25656-00603, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Wallace Kingori
- County Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Fisheries, Isiolo County Government, P. O. Box 36-60300, Isiolo, Kenya
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Hadef L, Hamad B, Aggad H. Risk factors associated with subclinical mastitis and its effect on physico-mineral features of camel milk. Trop Anim Health Prod 2022; 54:224. [PMID: 35788910 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-022-03220-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
This study was carried out to determine the risk factors implicated in camel subclinical mastitis as well as the physico-mineral features of camel milk, there by examining the effect of this disease on those parameters. Milk samples were obtained from 125 lactating multiparous she-camels (aged 10-12 years) during early lactation from December 2020 to April 2021. The samples were screened for the presence of subclinical mastitis using the somatic cell count (SCC) test. In total, 73 (58.4%) samples showed the presence of subclinical mastitis, whereas the remaining 52 (41.6%) samples showed negative results for subclinical mastitis. Standard methods were used to appreciate the pH and mineral composition of the milk samples, such as Ca, Na, Cl, and K contents. In camels, unhygienic udder condition was identified as the major risk factor for the incidence of subclinical mastitis. Calf mortality and increased herd size were associated with a higher prevalence of subclinical mastitis. Tick infestations were also significantly associated with increased disease risk. Use of antisuckling devices, increase in milk yield, and weakness of body condition were identified as main risk factors and were primarily associated with the disease. However, udder lesions and deformities, milking frequency, and owner visits had no significant influence on the occurrence of subclinical mastitis. The overall mean pH value was 6.54 ± 0.01 and the mean values of Ca, Na, Cl, and K contents were 148.24 ± 2.55, 53.83 ± 1.52, 124.99 ± 1.80, and 240.22 ± 3.80 mg/100 g, respectively. When the level of milk from healthy animals and that from camels with subclinical mastitis (SCC > 2.4 × 105) were compared, it showed that Na and Cl contents were significantly increased (p < 0.05) with the increase in SCC (56.52 vs.50.07 and 128.26 vs.120.40 mg/100 g, respectively). In contrast, there were no notable changes (p > 0.05) in the Ca, K, and pH values. In conclusion, udder hygiene, calf mortality, herd size, tick infestations, use of antisuckling devices, higher milk yield, and body condition were identified as the major risk factors that predispose the camels to subclinical mastitis. Furthermore, an increase in the Na and Cl levels in camel milk was observed along with udder inflammation. Consequently, the elevated Na and Cl levels in milk can be a sign of subclinical mastitis in camels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leyla Hadef
- Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Life and Natural Sciences, University of El Oued, P.O. Box 789, 39000, El Oued, Algeria. .,Laboratory of Hygiene and Animal Pathology, Institute of Veterinary Sciences, University of Tiaret, 14000, Tiaret, Algeria.
| | - Brahim Hamad
- Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Life and Natural Sciences, University of El Oued, P.O. Box 789, 39000, El Oued, Algeria.,Laboratory of Hygiene and Animal Pathology, Institute of Veterinary Sciences, University of Tiaret, 14000, Tiaret, Algeria
| | - Hebib Aggad
- Laboratory of Hygiene and Animal Pathology, Institute of Veterinary Sciences, University of Tiaret, 14000, Tiaret, Algeria
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Aqib AI, Muzammil I, Naseer MA, Shoaib M, Bakht P, Zaheer T, Khan YR, Khan RL, Usman M, Shafeeq M, Tanveer Q, Hussain HI, Saleem A, Prince K. Pathological insights into camel mastitis. Acta Trop 2022; 231:106415. [PMID: 35421382 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2022.106415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2021] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Camel is a multipurpose animal bred to produce milk, meat, and transport and serves as a financial reserve for pastoralists by playing an important role in social prestige and prosperity. Camel milk is a good substitute for human milk because of its exceptional nutritional properties. Udder infections are considered one of the main limitations to camel farming. In recent decades, the disease has been reported by numerous camel-producing countries in Africa and Asia, such as Egypt, Somalia, Sudan, Kenya, Saudi Arabia, and Iraq. The current review provides an overview of the forms of camel mastitis, which can be clinical mastitis characterized by hardening and swelling of the breast, pain on palpation, and visible changes in the colour and texture of the milk or subclinical mastitis refers to the presence of inflammation with no obvious signs and it can be detected by indirect tests such as the California mastitis test (CMT), somatic cell count (SCC), and microbiological examination. Major pathogens of camel mastitis are Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae, Escherichia coli, and Corynebacterium bovis. Regarding the risk factors for camel mastitis, this study provides an overview of the most important risk factors such as severe tick infestation, teat injuries, hygienic milking protocols, and physiological disorders causing mastitis. The use of indirect tests and bacteriological studies as diagnostic tools and their values for detecting camel mastitis will also be reviewed. Based on the above, further epidemiological studies on camel mastitis are needed to have solid scientific data on disease transmission, pathogen characterization, other possible risk factors or diagnostic methods, and the impact of the disease on public health. Proper control strategies should be adopted through early diagnosis, treatment and by avoiding potential risk factors to get good quality milk from camels.
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Ali M, Avais M, Naheed R, Jamal MA, Hasni MS, Ahmad M, Khan MA, Baloch S, Khan AU, Khan S, Aqib AI. Synergy in penicillin, cephalosporin, amphenicols, and aminoglycoside against MDR S. aureus isolated from Camel milk. BRAZ J PHARM SCI 2022. [DOI: 10.1590/s2175-97902022e20324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mahboob Ali
- Animal Sciences Institute Livestock, Pakistan
| | | | | | | | | | - Mehtab Ahmad
- University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Pakistan
| | | | | | | | | | - Amjad Islam Aqib
- Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Pakistan
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Ranjan R, Narnaware SD, Prakash V. Incidence, risk factors and economic impact of clinical mastitis in dromedary camel (Camelus dromedarius). Trop Anim Health Prod 2021; 54:31. [PMID: 34966979 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-021-03035-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The study aimed to investigate the incidence, risk factors and economic impact of clinical mastitis in an organized camel herd located at Bikaner, Rajasthan, India. Furthermore, bacterial pathogens were isolated and identified using MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry analysis. The overall annual incidence of clinical mastitis was 25%, with highest incidence in Bikaneri and Mewari breed followed by Kachchhi and Jaisalmeri breeds. Animals with high peak yield appeared at higher risk, though statistical significance could not be established for any risk factor included in the study. Highest incidence was recorded in camels falling in 4th or higher parity group. In 80% cases, only one udder quarter was involved, while in rest 20% cases, two udder quarters were involved. Quarter-wise incidence was maximum in right fore-quarter followed by left fore-quarter, right hind-quarter and left hind-quarter. Important pathogens identified included Staphylococcus aureus, E. coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Streptococcus uberis, Bacillus clausii and Corynebacterium amylocolatum. Other isolates included Staphylococcus hominis, Streptococcus pluranimalium, Aerococcus viridians and Moraxella osloensis. The mean cost of clinical mastitis per animal per month was calculated as Indian Rs. 181.63 (~ US$ 2.45), while the mean cost per animal per annum was Indian Rs. 2179.29 (~ US$ 29.37). The maximum cost incurred in purchase of drugs (43.63%), followed by cost of discarded milk plus milk production loss (18.17%) and cost of veterinary services (17.03%). To our knowledge, this is the first report documenting economic impact of clinical mastitis in camel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rakesh Ranjan
- ICAR-National Research Centre On Camel, Bikaner, 334001, Rajasthan, India.
| | - Shrish D Narnaware
- ICAR-National Research Centre On Camel, Bikaner, 334001, Rajasthan, India
| | - Ved Prakash
- ICAR-National Research Centre On Camel, Bikaner, 334001, Rajasthan, India
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Camel Mastitis: Prevalence, Risk Factors, and Isolation of Major Bacterial Pathogens in Gomole District of Borena Zone, Southern Ethiopia. Vet Med Int 2021; 2021:9993571. [PMID: 34567508 PMCID: PMC8461229 DOI: 10.1155/2021/9993571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
As of other dairy animals, dromedary camel could be affected by mastitis, a complex disease occurring worldwide among dairy animals, with heavy economic losses largely due to clinical and subclinical mastitis. Yet, little is known about the occurrence and potential risk factors exposing to lactating camel mastitis in Ethiopia. Consequently, a cross-sectional study was carried out from November 2018 to April 2019 so as to determine the prevalence, associated risk factors, and major bacterial pathogens causing mastitis in traditionally managed lactating camels in Gomole district of Borena Zone. Consequently, 348 lactating camels were examined for clinical and subclinical mastitis, using California Mastitis Test (CMT). The overall prevalence of mastitis was 22.4% (78/348), including clinical 4.3% (15/348) and subclinical 18.1% (63/348) cases, respectively, whereas the quarter level prevalence of mastitis was 16.6% (232/1,392). Of the total 1,392 examined teats, the right hind (RHQ) (4.3%, 60/1392) and left hind quarters (LHQ) (4.3%, 60/1392) were the most frequently infected quarter, whereas the left front quarter (LFQ) (3.9%, 55/1392) was the least infected quarter. Age, body condition score, and lactation stages were significantly associated (p < 0.05) with lactating camel mastitis prevalence among the putative risk factors. Among 312 quarters milk samples subjected to bacteriological examination, 69.9% (218/312) yielded mastitis causing pathogens, both Gram-positive and -negative bacterial isolates, while no growth was observed in 30.1% (94/312) of quarters sampled. Of the bacterial isolates obtained by culturing, Streptococcus spp. excluding Streptococcus agalactiae (S. agalactiae) (26.1%; 57/218) and Coagulase negative Staphylococci (22.9%, 50/218) were the dominant isolates identified, whereas S. agalactiae (3.2%, 7/218) was the least isolates obtained. The prevalence of camel mastitis in the study area was found to be considerably high. Hence, implementation of integrated approaches has great importance in the study setting for the prevention and control of mastitis so as to improve quality of camel milk, minimize economic loss, and prevent significant public health risks.
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Seligsohn D, Nyman AK, Younan M, Sake W, Persson Y, Bornstein S, Maichomo M, de Verdier K, Morrell JM, Chenais E. Subclinical mastitis in pastoralist dairy camel herds in Isiolo, Kenya: Prevalence, risk factors, and antimicrobial susceptibility. J Dairy Sci 2020; 103:4717-4731. [PMID: 32171518 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2019-17701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Mastitis is an important constraint to milk production in pastoralist camel (Camelus dromedarius) herds in Kenya. The objective of this study was to investigate the prevalence, risk factors, and bacterial panorama of subclinical mastitis (SCM) in pastoralist camel herds in Isiolo County, Kenya. Furthermore, antimicrobial susceptibility in udder pathogens was studied. A cross-sectional sample of 206 camels from 20 milking herds was screened using the California Mastitis Test (CMT), and quarter milk was subjected to bacterial culturing. Isolates were confirmed using MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry analysis, and antimicrobial susceptibility was determined using the broth microdilution method. Interviews focusing on herd management were conducted with camel owners. Subclinical mastitis, defined as a CMT score ≥ 3 (scale 1 to 5) and absence of clinical symptoms in the udder, were present in all visited herds. On the individual level, 46% of the camels had at least 1 quarter affected with SCM, and on the quarter level the prevalence was 26%. Intramammary infections (IMI) were common; out of 798 quarter milk samples, 33% yielded conclusive bacterial growth. The sensitivity and specificity of CMT for correctly identifying quarters with IMI were 82% and 92%, respectively. The most prevalent pathogen was Streptococcus agalactiae (72% of IMI-positive quarters), followed by non-aureus staphylococci (19%) and Staphylococcus aureus (13%). Antimicrobial susceptibility testing revealed that only a low proportion (4.9%) of Strep. agalactiae isolates was sensitive to tetracycline. For Staph. aureus, 59.1% of isolates exhibited sensitivity to penicillin. Skin lesions on the teats or udder were a risk factor for SCM. Increased age, parity, and stage of lactation were associated with increased risk of both SCM and IMI. Older camels with a blind teat or a previous history of mastitis were more likely to be infected with Strep. agalactiae. Hygiene routines for milking were largely absent in the observed herds, and knowledge of adequate milk handling was limited. The poor udder health is likely to depend on multiple factors, most prominently the within-herd maintenance of contagious udder pathogens, in combination with difficult sanitary conditions and lack of awareness among camel keepers. This study showed that in pastoralist camel herds around Isiolo town, SCM and IMI specifically caused by Strep. agalactiae are common udder health problems and are associated with increasing age, parity, and stage of lactation, and skin lesions on the teats and udder. Resistance to tetracycline in Strep. agalactiae was common. Control strategies specifically targeting SCM and adapted to pastorally managed camel herds need to be developed to reduce disease, combat antimicrobial resistance, and improve the livelihoods of pastoralists.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Seligsohn
- Department of Animal Health and Antimicrobial Strategies, National Veterinary Institute, SE-75189, Uppsala, Sweden; Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-75007, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - A-K Nyman
- Växa Sverige, SE-10425, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - M Younan
- Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)-Syria, United Nations Cross-Border Hub, 27010 Sahinbey, Gaziantep, Turkey
| | - W Sake
- Department of Agriculture, Livestock and Fisheries Development, County Government of Marsabit, PO Box 384-60500, Marsabit, Kenya
| | - Y Persson
- Department of Animal Health and Antimicrobial Strategies, National Veterinary Institute, SE-75189, Uppsala, Sweden; Växa Sverige, SE-10425, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - S Bornstein
- Department of Animal Health and Antimicrobial Strategies, National Veterinary Institute, SE-75189, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - M Maichomo
- Kenya Agriculture and Livestock Research Organization, Veterinary Research Institute, 00902, Kikuyu, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - K de Verdier
- Department of Animal Health and Antimicrobial Strategies, National Veterinary Institute, SE-75189, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - J M Morrell
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-75007, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - E Chenais
- Department of Disease Control and Epidemiology, National Veterinary Institute, SE-75189, Uppsala, Sweden
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Development and evaluation of vaccine against Staphylococcus aureus recovered from naturally occurring mastitis in she-camels. Microb Pathog 2018; 117:341-347. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2018.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2018] [Revised: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 03/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Durrani AZ, Bashir Z, Rasheed I, Sarwar NUA. Epidemiological study of common diseases and their risk factors in camels in South Punjab, Pakistan. Microb Pathog 2017; 108:6-12. [PMID: 28428133 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2017.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2017] [Revised: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 04/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Bacteriological study of mastitis along with common blood protozoan diseases were studied in dromedary camels in Cholistan, Dera Ismail Khan and Rahim Yar Khan districts in South Punjab, Pakistan. For this purpose 300 camels were sampled randomly at different common grazing and watering point. For study of blood parasites clinically suspected and apparently healthy camels, 150 each, were sampled. An overall prevalence of 15%and 5% was recorded for trypanosomiasis and Anaplasmosis respectively. Trypanosoma evansi was identified with 280 bp product on polymerase chain reaction test. There was significant (P < 0.05) decline in the values of total erythrocyte counts, hemoglobin concentration, packed cell volume, serum total proteins and albumin while erythrocyte sedimentation rate was increased in infected camels as compared to healthy ones. Aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, gamma glutamyltransferase and alkaline phosphatase were also significantly increased in blood protozoan the infected animals. Milk samples for bacteriology were collected from healthy lactating camels (n = 100). Information about different risk factors were gathered on designed performa. Subclinical mastitis on surf field test was recorded in 42% camels while 2% cases of clinical mastitis were recorded. Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae, Streptococcus dysgalactiae, Bacillus cereus and. Corynebacterium kutscheri were isolated with characteristic beta and alpha hemolysis patterns. Chi-square analysis showed significant difference as p < 0.05 among various species of bacteria (χ2 = 21.649, P-Value = 0.0001, df = 3). Antibiogram showed Gentamicin, Norfloxacin, Oxytetracycline as most effective therapy for mastitis in camel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aneela Zameer Durrani
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan.
| | - Zubair Bashir
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Imran Rasheed
- Department of Parasitology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Noor-Ul-Ain Sarwar
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
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Ziane M, Couvert O, Le Chevalier P, Moussa-Boudjemaa B, Leguerinel I. Identification and characterization of aerobic spore forming bacteria isolated from commercial camel’s milk in south of Algeria. Small Rumin Res 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2016.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Previti A, Guercio B, Passantino A. Protection of farmed camels (Camelus Dromedarius): Welfare problems and legislative perspective. Anim Sci J 2015; 87:183-9. [DOI: 10.1111/asj.12446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2015] [Accepted: 04/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Annalisa Previti
- Department of Veterinary SciencesUniversity of Messina, Polo Universitario dell'Annunziata Messina Italy
| | - Bartolomeo Guercio
- Department of Veterinary SciencesUniversity of Messina, Polo Universitario dell'Annunziata Messina Italy
| | - Annamaria Passantino
- Department of Veterinary SciencesUniversity of Messina, Polo Universitario dell'Annunziata Messina Italy
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Olivares-Pérez J, Kholif AE, Rojas-Hernández S, Elghandour MMMY, Salem AZM, Bastida AZ, Velázquez-Reynoso D, Cipriano-Salazar M, Camacho-Díaz LM, Alonso-Fresán MU, DiLorenzo N. Prevalence of bovine subclinical mastitis, its etiology and diagnosis of antibiotic resistance of dairy farms in four municipalities of a tropical region of Mexico. Trop Anim Health Prod 2015; 47:1497-504. [PMID: 26255183 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-015-0890-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2014] [Accepted: 07/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
A region-wide survey was conducted in the tropical area of Tierra Caliente, State of Guerrero, Mexico to estimate the prevalence of subclinical bovine mastitis (SCM), distribution of mastitis pathogens, and in vitro antimicrobial susceptibility of different mastitis pathogens in dairy farms. In total, 1036 quarter milk samples were obtained from 259 cows at 87 different dairy farms. Collected quarter milk samples were submitted for California Mastitis Test (CMT), bacteriological examination, and testing for antimicrobial susceptibility. Overall prevalence of SCM in the studied area was 20.5 %. Prevalence in the different regions was as follows: 28 % in Arcelia municipality, 21 % in Tlalchapa municipality, 19.4 % in Pungarabato municipality, and 14.3 % in Finch Cutzamala municipality. Of all positive isolates, 97.5 % were Gram-negative bacteria. Moreover, of all positive isolates, 37.5 % were Proteus vulgaris, 25 % Salmonella spp., 12.5 % Enterobacter aerogenes, and 10 % Escherichia coli. Klebsiella pneumonia and E. coli were sensitive for netilmicin antimicrobial. However, E. coli was sensitive for pefloxacin and gentamicin with a sensitivity for pefloxacin for E. aerogenes, while Staphylococci were sensitive for gentamicin and dicloxacillin. It could be concluded that practices such as the implementation of mastitis control programs, improved milking hygiene together with an intramammary treatment with netilmicin, pefloxacin, and gentamicin antimicrobials should be considered for mastitis prevention in the study area of Tierra Caliente, in the tropical area of Guerrero, Mexico.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaime Olivares-Pérez
- Unidad Académica de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Altamirano, P.O. 40660, Mexico
| | - Ahmed Eid Kholif
- Dairy Science Department, National Research Centre, 33 Bohouth St. Dokki, Giza, Egypt
| | - Saul Rojas-Hernández
- Unidad Académica de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Altamirano, P.O. 40660, Mexico
| | | | | | - Adrian Zaragoza Bastida
- Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, Instituto de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Rancho Universitario, Av. Universidad Km. 1, Ex-Hda. de Aquetzalpa AP 32, CP 43600, Tulancingo, Hidalgo, Mexico
| | - David Velázquez-Reynoso
- Unidad Académica de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Altamirano, P.O. 40660, Mexico
| | - Moisés Cipriano-Salazar
- Unidad Académica de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Altamirano, P.O. 40660, Mexico
| | - Luis Miguel Camacho-Díaz
- Unidad Académica de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Altamirano, P.O. 40660, Mexico
| | - María Uxúa Alonso-Fresán
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Estado de México, Mexico
| | - Nicolas DiLorenzo
- North Florida Research and Education Center, Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Marianna, FL, USA
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Barlow J. Mastitis therapy and antimicrobial susceptibility: a multispecies review with a focus on antibiotic treatment of mastitis in dairy cattle. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 2011; 16:383-407. [PMID: 21984469 DOI: 10.1007/s10911-011-9235-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2011] [Accepted: 09/16/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Mastitis occurs in numerous species. Antimicrobial agents are used for treatment of infectious mastitis in dairy cattle, other livestock, companion animals, and humans. Mastitis is an economically important disease of dairy cattle and most mastitis research has focused on epidemiology and control of bovine mastitis. Antibiotic treatment of clinical and subclinical mastitis in dairy cattle is an established component of mastitis control programs. Research on the treatment of clinical and subclinical mastitis in other dairy species such as sheep and goats has been less frequent, although the general principles of mastitis therapy in small ruminants are similar to those of dairy cattle. Research on treatment of clinical mastitis in humans is limited and as for other species empirical treatment of mastitis appears to be common. While antimicrobial susceptibility testing is recommended to direct treatment decisions in many clinical settings, the use of susceptibility testing for antibiotic selection for mastitis treatments of dairy cattle has been challenged in a number of publications. The principle objective of this review is to summarize the literature evaluating the question, "Does antimicrobial susceptibility predict treatment outcome for intramammary infections caused by common bacterial pathogens?" This review also addresses current issues related to antimicrobial use and treatment decisions for mastitis in dairy cattle. Information on treatment of mastitis in other species, including humans, is included although research appears to be limited. Issues related to study design, gaps in current knowledge and opportunities for future research are identified for bovine mastitis therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Barlow
- Department of Animal Science, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA.
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