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Neamah M, Mahdi E, Sameir M, Hussein S, Saber A. Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeat-1 (CRISPR-1) Locus as a Tool for Tracing the Zoonotic History of Salmonella enterica Strains. Cureus 2024; 16:e62050. [PMID: 38989365 PMCID: PMC11235391 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.62050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Salmonella enterica is a significant foodborne pathogen that causes considerable illness and death in humans and animals. The clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR)-CRISPR-associated protein (Cas) system in bacteria acts as an adaptive immune defense against invasive genetic elements by incorporating short intergenic spacers (IGSs) into CRISPR loci. These loci serve as molecular records of past interactions with phages and plasmids, providing insights into the transmission and evolution of bacterial strains across different hosts. Aim This study aimed to investigate the diversity of IGSs in the CRISPR-1 locus of S. enterica isolates from humans and camels. The objective was to assess the potential of IGSs to distinguish strains, track sources, and understand patterns of zoonotic transmission. Materials and methods Genomic DNA was extracted from multiple strains of S. enterica, and the CRISPR-1 locus was polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplified and sequenced. The sequences were compared to identify distinct patterns of IGSs and potential host-specific characteristics. Sanger sequencing and bioinformatics tools were used to classify the IGSs and determine their similarity to known sequences in the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) database. Results Sequence analysis revealed five distinct CRISPR-1 types among S. enterica isolates from humans and three among camel isolates. The presence of shared IGSs between human and camel S. enterica isolates suggested zoonotic or reverse-zoonotic transmission events. Additionally, host-specific unknown IGSs (UIGS) were identified. Importantly, camel isolates initially identified as S. enterica subspecies enterica serovar Enteritidis based on rrnH gene sequencing were reclassified as S. enterica serovar Enteritidis based on CRISPR-1 profiling, demonstrating the higher resolution of CRISPR-based genotyping. Conclusion The diversity of IGSs in the CRISPR-1 locus effectively differentiated S. enterica strains and provided insights into their evolutionary origins and transmission dynamics. CRISPR-based genotyping proves to be a promising tool to complement traditional serotyping methods, enhancing the molecular epidemiology of salmonellosis and potentially leading to better management and control strategies for this pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maan Neamah
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Al-Qasim Green University, Babil, IRQ
| | - Evan Mahdi
- Department of Medical Laboratory Techniques, Altoosi University College, Najaf, IRQ
| | - Muhammed Sameir
- Hammurabi College of Medicine, University of Babylon, Babil, IRQ
| | - Safin Hussein
- Department of Biology, University of Raparin, Sulaymaniyah, IRQ
| | - Abdulmalik Saber
- Department of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing, Hawler Medical University, Erbil, IRQ
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Sallam KI, Kasem NG, Abdelkhalek A, Elshebrawy HA. Extensively drug-, ciprofloxacin-, cefotaxime-, and azithromycin-resistant Salmonella enterica serovars isolated from camel meat in Egypt. Int J Food Microbiol 2024; 411:110538. [PMID: 38134580 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2023.110538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
Given the great importance of Salmonella as a leading foodborne pathogen of global concern and the few available data regarding its prevalence in camel meat, the present study aimed to determine the prevalence, antimicrobial resistance (AMR) profile, virulence genes, β-lactamase genes of Salmonella enterica serovars isolated from camel meat marketed in Egypt. Forty-five (29.6 %) of the 152 camel meat samples examined were positive for Salmonella spp. Among the 432 Salmonella presumptive colonies isolated, 128 were molecularly verified as Salmonella after confirmation by PCR targeting the Salmonella marker (invA) gene. Virulence genes, encompassing stn, spvC, and hilA genes, were detected in 91.4 % (117/128), 20.3 % (26/128), and 80.5 % (103/128) of the isolates, respectively. S. Enteritidis, S. Typhimurium, S. Cerro, and S. Montevideo were the most prevalent serovars with incidences of 25 % (32/128), 15.6 % (20/128), 15.6 % (20/128), and 12.5 % (16/128), respectively. Interestingly, 56.3 %, 53.1 %, 37.5 %, 28.1 %, 21.9 %, 18.8 %, 12.5 %, and 3.1 % of the isolates tested showed resistance to cefepime, ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, cefotaxime, gentamicin, colistin, meropenem, and azithromycin, respectively. Salmonella isolates showed resistance to at least one antibiotic, with a mean multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR) index of 0.472. Interestingly, 59.4 %, 15.6 %, and 3.1 % of the isolates were categorized into multidrug-resistant, extensively drug-resistant, and pan-drug-resistant, respectively. Only 23 (25 %) of the 92 ampicillin-resistant isolates were proven to be Extended Spectrum Beta-Lactamase (ESBL)-producing Salmonella, in which β-lactamase (bla) genes were detected. The blaOXA-2 was the most existing gene where it was detected lonely in 10 of the ampicillin-resistant isolates and coexisted with blaCMY-1 in 4 isolates and with blaCMY-2 in a single isolate. The blaCMY-1, however, existed in 11 isolates, whereas the blaCMY-2 gene was only detected in 3 isolates tested. The present findings affirm that camel meat could be a leading reservoir for multi- and extensively-drug-resistance β-lactamase-producing Salmonella, representing a global public health challenge. Therefore, further research is necessary to detect the prevalence and AMR of Salmonella serovars from camel meat in Egypt and other countries to put camel meat as a source of Salmonella in foods of animal origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalid Ibrahim Sallam
- Department of Food Hygiene, Safety, and Technology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt.
| | - Nahed Gomaa Kasem
- Department of Food Hygiene, Safety, and Technology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Adel Abdelkhalek
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Badr University in Cairo (BUC), Badr City, Cairo 11829, Egypt
| | - Hend Ali Elshebrawy
- Department of Food Hygiene, Safety, and Technology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
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Xu F, Ge C, Li S, Tang S, Wu X, Luo H, Deng X, Zhang G, Stevenson A, Baker RC. Evaluation of nanopore sequencing technology to identify Salmonella enterica Choleraesuis var. Kunzendorf and Orion var. 15 +, 34 . Int J Food Microbiol 2021; 346:109167. [PMID: 33774575 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2021.109167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Our previous study demonstrated that whole genome sequencing (WGS) data generated by Oxford Nanopore Technologies (ONT) can be used for rapid and accurate prediction of selected Salmonella serotypes. However, one limitation is that established methods for WGS-based serotype prediction, utilizing data from either ONT or Illumina, cannot differentiate certain serotypes and serotype variants with the same or closely related antigenic formulae. This study aimed to evaluate nanopore sequencing and additional data analysis for identification of Salmonella enterica Choleraesuis var. Kunzendorf and S. enterica Orion var. 15+, 34+, thus overcoming this limitation. Five workflows that combined different flow cells, library construction methods and basecaller models were evaluated and compared. The workflow that consisted of the R9 flow cell, rapid sequencing library construction kit and guppy basecaller with base modified model performed best for Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) analysis. With this workflow, 99.98% of matching identity between assembled genomes from ONT and that from Illumina was achieved. Less than five high-quality SNPs differed when comparing sequencing data between ONT and Illumina. SNP typing successfully identified Choleraesuis var. Kunzendorf. While prophage prediction further differentiated Orion var. 15+, 34+ from the other two Orion variants. Our study improves the readiness of ONT as a Salmonella subtyping and source tracking tool for food industry applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Xu
- Mars Global Food Safety Center, Beijing 101407, China.
| | - Chongtao Ge
- Mars Global Food Safety Center, Beijing 101407, China.
| | - Shaoting Li
- Center for Food Safety, University of Georgia, Griffin, GA 30223, USA
| | - Silin Tang
- Mars Global Food Safety Center, Beijing 101407, China
| | - Xingwen Wu
- Mars Global Food Safety Center, Beijing 101407, China
| | - Hao Luo
- Mars Global Food Safety Center, Beijing 101407, China
| | - Xiangyu Deng
- Center for Food Safety, University of Georgia, Griffin, GA 30223, USA
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Marin C, Lorenzo-Rebenaque L, Laso O, Villora-Gonzalez J, Vega S. Pet Reptiles: A Potential Source of Transmission of Multidrug-Resistant Salmonella. Front Vet Sci 2021; 7:613718. [PMID: 33490138 PMCID: PMC7815585 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.613718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonella spp. is widely considered one of the most important zoonotic pathogens worldwide. The close contact between reptiles and their owners provides favourable conditions for the transmission of zoonotic pathogen infections, and ~6% of human salmonellosis cases are acquired after direct or indirect contact with reptiles. Moreover, antimicrobial resistance is one of the most important health threats of the twenty-first century and has been reported in Salmonella strains isolated from pet reptiles, which could entail therapeutic consequences for their owners and breeders. The aim of this study was to assess Salmonella carriage by pet reptiles in pet shops and households, and their role in the transmission of antimicrobial resistance, to inform the owners about the possible risks factors. During the period between January 2019 and December 2019, 54 reptiles from pet shops and 69 reptiles from households were sampled in the Valencian Region (Eastern Spain). Three different sample types were collected from each reptile: oral cavity, skin, and cloacal swabs. Salmonella identification was based on ISO 6579-1:2017 (Annex D), serotyped in accordance with Kauffman-White-Le-Minor technique, and antibiotic susceptibility was assessed according to Decision 2013/652. The results of this study showed that 48% of the pet reptiles examined from households and pet shops carry Salmonella spp. All the strains isolated presented resistance to at least one antibiotic, and 72% were multidrug-resistant strains, the most frequently observed resistance patterns being gentamicin-colistin and gentamicin-colistin-ampicillin. The present study demonstrates that pet reptiles could be a source of human multidrug-resistant Salmonella infection. In this context, the most optimal prevention of multidrug-resistant Salmonella infections necessarily involves strict control of the sanitary status of reptile pet shops and hygienic handling by the individual owners at home.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Marin
- Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, Alfara del Patriarca, Spain
| | - Laura Lorenzo-Rebenaque
- Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, Alfara del Patriarca, Spain
| | - Omar Laso
- Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, Alfara del Patriarca, Spain
| | | | - Santiago Vega
- Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, Alfara del Patriarca, Spain
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Blyde DJ, March D, Howard P, Sintchenko V, Rousselet E, Atkin C. An outbreak of multidrug-resistant Salmonella Kentucky infection in long-nosed fur seals. DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS 2020; 142:119-124. [PMID: 33269723 DOI: 10.3354/dao03540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
An outbreak of salmonellosis occurred in a group of 7 long-nosed fur seals Arctocephalus forsteri undergoing rehabilitation after being found injured and malnourished on beaches along the northern New South Wales and southern Queensland coasts of Australia. Three of the 7 individuals developed clinical disease and died within 3 d. Clinical signs included profuse diarrhea, vomiting, depression, and lethargy. Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Kentucky (S. Kentucky) was cultured from 2 of the 3 deceased animals. The other 4 animals showed similar signs and recovered following treatment. S. Kentucky (antigenic formula 8,20:i:z6) was isolated from the survivors and tissues recovered from post-mortem samples of deceased animals. The bacterium was susceptible to cephalothin and sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim and resistant to amoxicillin-clavulanate, ampicillin/amoxicillin, tetracycline, and enrofloxacin. This organism has the potential to cause disease in aquatic wildlife, as well as posing a zoonotic threat to people who utilise the aquatic environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Blyde
- Sea World, PO Box 190, Surfers Paradise, 4217 Queensland, Australia
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Sevilla-Navarro S, Cerdà-Cuéllar M, Ayats T, Jordá J, Marin C, Vega S. Characterization of Salmonella Frintrop isolated from dromedary camels (Camelus dromedarius). Transbound Emerg Dis 2020; 68:742-746. [PMID: 32678976 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Different studies have reported the prevalence and antibiotic resistance of Salmonella in dromedary camels and its role in camelid-associated salmonellosis in humans, but little is known about the epidemiology of Campylobacter in dromedaries. Here, we investigate the prevalence, genetic diversity and antibiotic resistance of Campylobacter and Salmonella in dromedary camels (Camelus dromedarius). A total of 54 individuals were sampled from two different dromedary farms located in Tenerife (Canary Islands, Spain). While all the samples were Campylobacter-negative, Salmonella prevalence was 5.5% (3/54), and the only serovar isolated was S. Frintrop. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis analysis revealed a low genetic diversity, with all isolates showing a nearly identical pulsotype (similarity >95%). Our results indicate that dromedary camels could not be a risk factor for Campylobacter human infection, but seems to be a reservoir for Salmonella transmission. Since camel riding has become one of the main touristic attractions in several countries, and its popularity has increased considerably in recent years, a mandatory control, especially for zoonotic pathogens such as Campylobacter and Salmonella, should be implemented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Sevilla-Navarro
- Departamento de Producción y Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Salud Pública Veterinaria y Ciencia y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, Moncada, Spain.,Centro de Calidad Avícola y Alimentación de la Comunidad Valenciana, CECAV, Castellón, Spain
| | - Marta Cerdà-Cuéllar
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Teresa Ayats
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Jaume Jordá
- Departamento de Producción y Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Salud Pública Veterinaria y Ciencia y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, Moncada, Spain
| | - Clara Marin
- Departamento de Producción y Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Salud Pública Veterinaria y Ciencia y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, Moncada, Spain
| | - Santiago Vega
- Departamento de Producción y Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Salud Pública Veterinaria y Ciencia y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, Moncada, Spain
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Kiflu B, Alemayehu H, Abdurahaman M, Negash Y, Eguale T. Salmonella serotypes and their antimicrobial susceptibility in apparently healthy dogs in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. BMC Vet Res 2017; 13:134. [PMID: 28526020 PMCID: PMC5437602 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-017-1055-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2017] [Accepted: 05/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The close bond between pet animals and family members poses risk of infection with zoonotic bacterial pathogens such as Salmonella. No data is available on occurrence of Salmonella in dogs in Ethiopia. The aim of this study was therefore to determine the prevalence, serotype distribution and antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella from feces of apparently healthy dogs in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. RESULTS Of the total 360 dogs examined, 42 (11.7%; 95% Confidence limit of 8.5%-15.4%) were positive for Salmonella. Fourteen serotypes were detected and the predominant ones were S. Bronx (n = 7; 16.7%), S. Newport (n = 6; 14.3%), followed by S. Typhimurium, S. Indiana, S. Kentucky, S. Saintpaul and S. Virchow (n = 4; 9.5%) each. Salmonella infection status was significantly associated with history of symptom of diarrhea during the past 60 days (OR = 3.78; CI = 1.76-8.13; p = 0). Highest resistance rates were found for oxytetracycline (59.5%), neomycin (50%), streptomycin (38.1%), cephalothin (33.3%), doxycycline (30.9%), ampicillin (30.9%) and amoxicillin + clavulanic acid (26.2%). Thirty eight (90.5%) of the isolates were resistant or intermediately resistant to at least one of the 16 antimicrobials tested. Resistance to two or more antimicrobials was detected in 30 (71.4%) of the isolates. Resistance to three or more antimicrobials was detected in 19 (45.2%) of the isolates. CONCLUSION This study demonstrated high carriage rate of Salmonella serotypes known for causing human salmonellosis and large proportion of them were resistant to antimicrobials used in public and veterinary medicine for management of various bacterial infections, suggesting the possible risk of infection of human population in close contact with these dogs by drug resistant pathogens. Therefore, it is vital to work on raising public awareness on zoonotic canine diseases prevention measures and good hygienic practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bitsu Kiflu
- Ministry of Livestock and Fisheries, P.O. Box 170042, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Haile Alemayehu
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Mukarim Abdurahaman
- College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Jimma University, P.O.Box 307, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Yohannes Negash
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Tadesse Eguale
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
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Ghoneim NH, Abdel-Moein KA, Zaher H. Camel as a transboundary vector for emerging exotic Salmonella serovars. Pathog Glob Health 2017; 111:143-147. [PMID: 28362226 PMCID: PMC5445640 DOI: 10.1080/20477724.2017.1309343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The current study was conducted to shed light on the role of imported camels as a transboundary vector for emerging exotic Salmonella serovars. Fecal samples were collected from 206 camels directly after slaughtering including 25 local camels and 181 imported ones as well as stool specimens were obtained from 50 slaughterhouse workers at the same abattoir. The obtained samples were cultured while Salmonella serovars were identified through Gram's stain films, biochemical tests and serotyping with antisera kit. Moreover, the obtained Salmonella serovars were examined by PCR for the presence of invA and stn genes. The overall prevalence of Salmonella serovars among the examined camels was 8.3%. Stn gene was detected in the vast majority of exotic strains (11/14) 78.6% including emerging serovars such as Salmonella Saintpaul, S. Chester, S. Typhimurium whereas only one isolate from local camels carried stn gene (1/3) 33.3%. On the other hand, none of the examined humans yielded positive result. Our findings highlight the potential role of imported camels as a transboundary vector for exotic emerging Salomenella serovars.
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Diseases of the Alimentary Tract. Vet Med (Auckl) 2017. [PMCID: PMC7167529 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-7020-5246-0.00007-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Draft Genome Sequence of Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica Serovar Orion Strain CRJJGF_00093 (Phylum Gammaproteobacteria). GENOME ANNOUNCEMENTS 2016; 4:4/5/e01063-16. [PMID: 27688320 PMCID: PMC5043568 DOI: 10.1128/genomea.01063-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Here, we report a 4.70-Mbp draft genome sequence of Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Orion strain CRJJGF_00093, isolated from a dog in 2005.
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Chang YC, Scaria J, Ibraham M, Doiphode S, Chang YF, Sultan A, Mohammed HO. Distribution and factors associated with Salmonella enterica genotypes in a diverse population of humans and animals in Qatar using multi-locus sequence typing (MLST). J Infect Public Health 2015; 9:315-23. [PMID: 26631436 DOI: 10.1016/j.jiph.2015.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2015] [Revised: 10/08/2015] [Accepted: 10/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica is one of the most commonly reported causes of bacterial foodborne illness around the world. Understanding the sources of this pathogen and the associated factors that exacerbate its risk to humans will help in developing risk mitigation strategies. The genetic relatedness among Salmonella isolates recovered from human gastroenteritis cases and food animals in Qatar were investigated in the hope of shedding light on these sources, their possible transmission routes, and any associated factors. A repeat cross-sectional study was conducted in which the samples and associated data were collected from both populations (gastroenteritis cases and animals). Salmonella isolates were initially analyzed using multi-locus sequence typing (MLST) to investigate the genetic diversity and clonality. The relatedness among the isolates was assessed using the minimum spanning tree (MST). Twenty-seven different sequence types (STs) were identified in this study; among them, seven were novel, including ST1695, ST1696, ST1697, ST1698, ST1699, ST1702, and ST1703. The pattern of overall ST distribution was diverse; in particular, it was revealed that ST11 and ST19 were the most common sequence types, presenting 29.5% and 11.5% within the whole population. In addition, 20 eBurst Groups (eBGs) were identified in our data, which indicates that ST11 and ST19 belonged to eBG4 and eBG1, respectively. In addition, the potential association between the putative risk factors and eBGs were evaluated. There was no significant clustering of these eBGs by season; however, a significant association was identified in terms of nationality in that Qataris were six times more likely to present with eBG1 compared to non-Qataris. In the MST analysis, four major clusters were presented, namely, ST11, ST19, ST16, and ST31. The linkages between the clusters alluded to a possible transmission route. The results of the study have provided insight into the ST distributions of S. enterica and their possible zoonotic associations in Qatar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu C Chang
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Schurman Hall, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
| | - Joy Scaria
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Schurman Hall, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
| | | | - Sanjay Doiphode
- Hamad Medical Corporation, Bin Omran Area, Doha 3050, Qatar.
| | - Yung-Fu Chang
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Schurman Hall, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
| | - Ali Sultan
- Weill Cornell Medical College-Qatar, Education City, Al Luqta Street, Ar-Rayyan, P.O. Box 24144, Doha, Qatar.
| | - Hussni O Mohammed
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Schurman Hall, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
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Raufu IA, Odetokun IA, Oladunni FS, Adam M, Kolapo UT, Akorede GJ, Ghali IM, Ameh JA, Ambali A. Serotypes, antimicrobial profiles, and public health significance of Salmonella from camels slaughtered in Maiduguri central abattoir, Nigeria. Vet World 2015; 8:1068-72. [PMID: 27047200 PMCID: PMC4774774 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2015.1068-1072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Revised: 08/01/2015] [Accepted: 08/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM This study aimed at determining the serotypes, antimicrobial profiles, and public health importance of Salmonella strains from camels slaughtered at Maiduguri central abattoir, Nigeria. MATERIALS AND METHODS Two hundred samples were obtained from camel comprising of intestines, feces, liver, and spleen (n=50 each). Non-lactose fermenting dark center Salmonella colonies were identified using standard biochemical techniques, serotyped and subjected to antimicrobial susceptibility test using minimum inhibition concentration method. RESULTS Out of the 200 samples collected, 17 were Salmonella positive (spleen=7, intestine=6, feces=3, and liver=1) with a prevalence of 8.5%. Five serotypes comprising Salmonella Eko, 7 (3.5%), Salmonella Uganda, 4 (2.0%), Salmonella Amager, 2 (1.0%), Salmonella Westhampton, 2 (1.0%), and Salmonella Give, 2 (1.0%) were incriminated. Majority of the serotypes were sensitive to the antimicrobials, but one Salmonella Amager exhibited resistance to streptomycin, and one each of Salmonella Uganda and Salmonella Eko were resistant to sulfamethoxazole. CONCLUSION This study revealed the prevalence and the antibiotic resistance profile of newly emerging Salmonella from camels in the northeast of Nigeria, which can serve as a means for the transmission of Salmonella to human. Therefore, there is a need for the establishment of national Salmonella surveillance and control programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim A. Raufu
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria
| | - Ismail A. Odetokun
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Ilorin, Nigeria
| | - Fatai S. Oladunni
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria
| | - Mohammed Adam
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, University of Ilorin, Nigeria
| | - Ubaidat T. Kolapo
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology and Entomology, University of Ilorin, Nigeria
| | - Ganiu J. Akorede
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Ilorin, Nigeria
| | - Ibraheem M. Ghali
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Ilorin, Nigeria
| | - James A. Ameh
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Abuja, Nigeria
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The microbial safety of ready-to-eat raw and cooked sausages in Poland: Listeria monocytogenes and Salmonella spp. occurrence. Food Control 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2013.08.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Le Hello S, Bekhit A, Granier SA, Barua H, Beutlich J, Zając M, Münch S, Sintchenko V, Bouchrif B, Fashae K, Pinsard JL, Sontag L, Fabre L, Garnier M, Guibert V, Howard P, Hendriksen RS, Christensen JP, Biswas PK, Cloeckaert A, Rabsch W, Wasyl D, Doublet B, Weill FX. The global establishment of a highly-fluoroquinolone resistant Salmonella enterica serotype Kentucky ST198 strain. Front Microbiol 2013; 4:395. [PMID: 24385975 PMCID: PMC3866546 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2013.00395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2013] [Accepted: 12/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
While the spread of Salmonella enterica serotype Kentucky resistant to ciprofloxacin across Africa and the Middle-East has been described recently, the presence of this strain in humans, food, various animal species (livestock, pets, and wildlife) and in environment is suspected in other countries of different continents. Here, we report results of an in-depth molecular epidemiological study on a global human and non-human collection of S. Kentucky (n = 70). We performed XbaI-pulsed field gel electrophoresis and multilocus sequence typing, assessed mutations in the quinolone resistance-determining regions, detected β-lactam resistance mechanisms, and screened the presence of the Salmonella genomic island 1 (SGI1). In this study, we highlight the rapid and extensive worldwide dissemination of the ciprofloxacin-resistant S. Kentucky ST198-X1-SGI1 strain since the mid-2000s in an increasingly large number of contaminated sources, including the environment. This strain has accumulated an increasing number of chromosomal and plasmid resistance determinants and has been identified in the Indian subcontinent, Southeast Asia and Europe since 2010. The second substitution at position 87 in GyrA (replacing the amino acid Asp) appeared helpful for epidemiological studies to track the origin of contamination. This global study provides evidence leading to the conclusion that high-level resistance to ciprofloxacin in S. Kentucky is a simple microbiological trait that facilitates the identification of the epidemic clone of interest, ST198-X1-SGI1. Taking this into account is essential in order to detect and monitor it easily and to take rapid measures in livestock to ensure control of this infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Le Hello
- Unité des Bactéries Pathogènes Entériques, Centre National de Référence des Escherichia coli, Shigella et Salmonella, Institut Pasteur Paris, France
| | - Amany Bekhit
- Unité des Bactéries Pathogènes Entériques, Centre National de Référence des Escherichia coli, Shigella et Salmonella, Institut Pasteur Paris, France ; Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Minia University Minia, Egypt
| | - Sophie A Granier
- Unité Caractérisation et épidémiologie Bactérienne, Laboratoire de Sécurité des Aliments, Université Paris-Est Anses, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Himel Barua
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chittagong Veterinary and Animal Sciences University Chittagong, Bangladesh
| | - Janine Beutlich
- Unit Antimicrobial Resistance and Resistance Determinants, National Reference Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance, Department Biological Safety, Federal Institute for Risk Assessment Berlin, Germany
| | - Magdalena Zając
- Department of Microbiology, National Veterinary Research Institute Puławy, Poland
| | - Sebastian Münch
- National Reference Centre for Salmonellae and other Bacterial Enteric Pathogens, Robert Koch Institute Wernigerode, Germany
| | - Vitali Sintchenko
- Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology - Public Health, University of Sydney, ICPMR Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Brahim Bouchrif
- Institut Pasteur du Maroc, Sécurité alimentaire et Environnement Casablanca, Maroc
| | - Kayode Fashae
- Department of Microbiology, University of Ibadan Ibadan, Nigeria
| | | | - Lucile Sontag
- Unité des Bactéries Pathogènes Entériques, Centre National de Référence des Escherichia coli, Shigella et Salmonella, Institut Pasteur Paris, France
| | - Laetitia Fabre
- Unité des Bactéries Pathogènes Entériques, Centre National de Référence des Escherichia coli, Shigella et Salmonella, Institut Pasteur Paris, France
| | - Martine Garnier
- Unité des Bactéries Pathogènes Entériques, Centre National de Référence des Escherichia coli, Shigella et Salmonella, Institut Pasteur Paris, France
| | - Véronique Guibert
- Unité des Bactéries Pathogènes Entériques, Centre National de Référence des Escherichia coli, Shigella et Salmonella, Institut Pasteur Paris, France
| | - Peter Howard
- Institut Pasteur du Maroc, Sécurité alimentaire et Environnement Casablanca, Maroc
| | - Rene S Hendriksen
- WHO Collaborating Center for Antimicrobial Resistance in Foodborne Pathogens and European Union Reference Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance, Technical University of Denmark Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Jens P Christensen
- Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen Frederiksberg, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Paritosh K Biswas
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chittagong Veterinary and Animal Sciences University Chittagong, Bangladesh
| | - Axel Cloeckaert
- Institut national de la recherche agronomique, UMR1282 Infectiologie et Santé publique Nouzilly, France ; Université François Rabelais de Tours, UMR1282 Infectiologie et Santé publique Tours, France
| | - Wolfgang Rabsch
- National Reference Centre for Salmonellae and other Bacterial Enteric Pathogens, Robert Koch Institute Wernigerode, Germany
| | - Dariusz Wasyl
- Department of Microbiology, National Veterinary Research Institute Puławy, Poland
| | - Benoit Doublet
- Institut national de la recherche agronomique, UMR1282 Infectiologie et Santé publique Nouzilly, France ; Université François Rabelais de Tours, UMR1282 Infectiologie et Santé publique Tours, France
| | - François-Xavier Weill
- Unité des Bactéries Pathogènes Entériques, Centre National de Référence des Escherichia coli, Shigella et Salmonella, Institut Pasteur Paris, France
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