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Aleksandrowicz A, Kjærup RB, Grzymajło K, Martinez FG, Muñoz J, Borowska D, Sives S, Vervelde L, Dalgaard TS, Kingsley RA, Kolenda R. FdeC expression regulates motility and adhesion of the avian pathogenic Escherichia coli strain IMT5155. Vet Res 2024; 55:70. [PMID: 38822378 PMCID: PMC11143625 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-024-01327-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Adaptation of avian pathogenic E. coli (APEC) to changing host environments including virulence factors expression is vital for disease progression. FdeC is an autotransporter adhesin that plays a role in uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) adhesion to epithelial cells. Expression of fdeC is known to be regulated by environmental conditions in UPEC and Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC). The observation in a previous study that an APEC strain IMT5155 in which the fdeC gene was disrupted by a transposon insertion resulted in elevated adhesion to chicken intestinal cells prompted us to further explore the role of fdeC in infection. We found that the fdeC gene prevalence and FdeC variant prevalence differed between APEC and nonpathogenic E. coli genomes. Expression of the fdeC gene was induced at host body temperature, an infection relevant condition. Disruption of fdeC resulted in greater adhesion to CHIC-8E11 cells and increased motility at 42 °C compared to wild type (WT) and higher expression of multiple transporter proteins that increased inorganic ion export. Increased motility may be related to increased inorganic ion export since this resulted in downregulation of YbjN, a protein known to supress motility. Inactivation of fdeC in APEC strain IMT5155 resulted in a weaker immune response in chickens compared to WT in experimental infections. Our findings suggest that FdeC is upregulated in the host and contributes to interactions with the host by down-modulating motility during colonization. A thorough understanding of the regulation and function of FdeC could provide novel insights into E. coli pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrianna Aleksandrowicz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
| | | | - Krzysztof Grzymajło
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
| | | | - Javier Muñoz
- Proteomics Unit, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
- Present Address: Cell Signaling and Clinical Proteomics Group, Biobizkaia Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, Spain
- Present Address: Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Dominika Borowska
- Division of Immunology, The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick), School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Samantha Sives
- Present Address: Cell Signaling and Clinical Proteomics Group, Biobizkaia Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, Spain
| | - Lonneke Vervelde
- Division of Immunology, The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick), School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | | | - Robert A Kingsley
- Quadram Institute Biosciences, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
- University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Rafał Kolenda
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wrocław, Poland.
- Quadram Institute Biosciences, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK.
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Xu P, Wang J, Chen P, Ding H, Wang X, Li S, Fan X, Zhou Z, Shi D, Li Z, Cao S, Xiao Y. Effects of pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) peel on the growth performance and intestinal microbiota of broilers challenged with Escherichia coli. Poult Sci 2024; 103:103304. [PMID: 38096668 PMCID: PMC10757254 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2023.103304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/02/2024] Open
Abstract
The effects of pomegranate peel on the growth performance, intestinal morphology, and the cecal microbial community were investigated in broilers challenged with avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) O78. A total of 240 one-day-old chicks (120 males and 120 females) were randomly and evenly allotted into 4 treatment groups (each with 6 biological replicates each of 10 chicks), i.e., negative control (NC), positive control (PC), and 2 experimental groups treated with 0.2% fermented pomegranate peel (FP) and 0.2% unfermented pomegranate peel (UFP), respectively, with PC, FP, and UFP groups challenged with APEC O78 (5 × 108 CFU) on day 14. Results showed that the challenge of APEC O78 decreased the body weight (BW) and average daily gain (ADG) of broilers from 1 to 28 d (P < 0.01). These broilers exhibited more pathological conditions in the heart and liver and higher mortality rates in 28 d compared to the NC group. Diet supplemented with pomegranate peel (either fermented or unfermented) significantly increased BW, ADG, and the villus height/crypt depth ratio (VCR) of small intestine in 28 d compared to the NC group (P < 0.05). Results of the taxonomic structure of the gut microbiota showed that compared to the NC group, the APEC challenge significantly decreased the relative abundance of Bacteroidetes and increased the relative abundance of Firmicutes (P < 0.01). Compared to the PC group, the relative abundance of Ruminococcus_torques_group in FP group was increased, while the relative abundance of Alistipes was decreased. In summary, our study showed that the dietary supplementation of pomegranate peel could maintain the intestinal microbiota at a state favorable to the host, effectively reduce the abnormal changes in the taxonomic structure of the intestinal microbiota, and improve the growth performance in broilers treated with APEC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Xu
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Jie Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Pinpin Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Hongxia Ding
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Xu Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Shijie Li
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Xin Fan
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Zutao Zhou
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Deshi Shi
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Zili Li
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Shengbo Cao
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yuncai Xiao
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
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Usman S, Anjum A, Usman M, Imran MS, Ali M, Moustafa M, Rehman MS, Hussain T, Sarwar F, Azad A, Hussain I, Naseer J, Tiwana U, Hafeez S. Antibiotic resistance pattern and pathological features of avian pathogenic Escherichia coli O78:K80 in chickens. BRAZ J BIOL 2024; 84:e257179. [DOI: 10.1590/1519-6984.257179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract Avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) induces colibacillosis, an acute and systemic disease, resulting in substantial economic losses in the poultry sector. This study aimed to investigate the antibiotic resistance pattern associated with frequent virulence gene distribution in APEC O78:K80 that may cause pathological alterations in chickens. The antibiogram profile showed high resistance to erythromycin, chloramphenicol, tetracycline, ampicillin, and co-trimoxazole, followed by intermediate resistance to ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, enrofloxacin, norfloxacin, nitrofurantoin, and doxycycline hydrochloride, and sensitive to amikacin, streptomycin, gentamicin, and colistin. Virulence gene distribution identifies eight (irp-2, iutA, ompT, iss, iucD, astA, hlyF, iroN) genes through a conventional polymerase chain reaction. APEC O78:K80 caused significantly high liver enzyme concentrations, serum interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha levels in experimental birds. Also, infected birds have hypoproteinemia, hypoalbuminemia, and hyperglobulinemia. Necropsy examination revealed fibrinous perihepatitis and pericarditis, congested lungs, intestinal ecchymotic hemorrhages and necrotizing granulomatosis of the spleen. Histopathological examination depicted hepatocellular degeneration, myocardial necrosis, interstitial nephritis, intestinal hemorrhages and lymphopenia in the spleen. This study is the first evidence to assess the antibiotic resistance profile linked with virulence genes and clinicopathological potential of APEC O78:K80 in chickens in Pakistan, which could be a useful and rapid approach to prevent and control the disease by developing the control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Usman
- University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Pakistan
| | - A. Anjum
- Muhammad Nawaz Shareef University of Agriculture Multan, Pakistan
| | - M. Usman
- University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Pakistan
| | - M. S. Imran
- University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Pakistan
| | - M. Ali
- BZU Bahadur sub campus Layyah, Pakistan
| | - M. Moustafa
- King Khalid University; South Valley University, Egypt
| | | | - T. Hussain
- The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | - F. Sarwar
- Poultry Research Institute, Pakistan
| | - A. Azad
- Poultry Research Institute, Pakistan
| | | | - J. Naseer
- The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | - U. Tiwana
- Range Land Research Institute, Pakistan
| | - S. Hafeez
- University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Pakistan
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Yousef HMY, Hashad ME, Osman KM, Alatfeehy NM, Hassan WMM, Elebeedy LA, Salem HM, Shami A, Al-Saeed FA, El-Saadony MT, El-Tarabily KA, Marouf S. Surveillance of Escherichia coli in different types of chicken and duck hatcheries: one health outlook. Poult Sci 2023; 102:103108. [PMID: 37862868 PMCID: PMC10616547 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2023.103108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Escherichia coli is an important zoonotic bacterium that significantly impacts one health concept. E. coli is normally detected in the gut of warm-blooded animals, but some serotypes can cause diseases in humans and animals. Moreover, it can continue for a long time in different environments, replicate in water, and survive outside different hosts. In this study, 171 samples collected from 10 different types of poultry hatcheries (automatic, semiautomatic, and manual "traditional" types) were examined for the prevalence of E. coli. PCR was applied to verify the E. coli isolates via 16S rRNA gene-specific primers. From the gathered samples, 62 E. coli isolates were recovered (36.3%). The highest prevalence was met with the manual "traditional" hatcheries (57.1%) with no significance difference (P = 0.243) in the 3 types of hatcheries. The incidence of E. coli varied significantly in different tested avian types and breeds. The prevalence was 35.7% in duck hatcheries and 37% in chicken hatcheries, with significant differences between breeds of both species (P = 0.024 and 0.001, respectively). The identification of zoonotic E. coli serotypes in this study is concerning, highlighting the need for collaborative efforts across various sectors, including social, environmental, and governance, to promote the adoption of the one health principle in the chicken business. Periodical surveillance, biosecurity measures at the hatcheries and farm levels, and boosting the immunity of birds were recommended to limit the risk of E. coli spread from avian sources to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hend M Y Yousef
- Central Administration of Preventive Medicine, General Organization for Veterinary Service, Giza 3751254, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud E Hashad
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza 12211, Egypt
| | - Kamelia M Osman
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza 12211, Egypt
| | - Nayera M Alatfeehy
- Reference Laboratory for Veterinary Quality Control on Poultry Production (RLQP), Animal Health Research Institute (AHRI), Agriculture Research Center (ARC), Giza 12618, Egypt
| | - Wafaa M M Hassan
- Reference Laboratory for Veterinary Quality Control on Poultry Production (RLQP), Animal Health Research Institute (AHRI), Agriculture Research Center (ARC), Giza 12618, Egypt
| | - Lamia A Elebeedy
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, New Valley University, Kharga Oasis, New Valley 1065002, Egypt
| | - Heba M Salem
- Department of Poultry Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza 12211, Egypt
| | - Ashwag Shami
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fatimah A Al-Saeed
- Department of Biology, College of Science, King Khalid University, Abha 9088, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed T El-Saadony
- Department of Agricultural Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt
| | - Khaled A El-Tarabily
- Department of Biology, College of Science, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain 15551, United Arab Emirates.
| | - Sherif Marouf
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza 12211, Egypt
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Usman M, Rasool MH, Khurshid M, Aslam B, Baloch Z. Co-Occurrence of mcr-1 and Carbapenem Resistance in Avian Pathogenic E. coli Serogroup O78 ST95 from Colibacillosis-Infected Broiler Chickens. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:antibiotics12050812. [PMID: 37237715 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12050812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Revised: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) is responsible for significant economic losses in the poultry industry. This study aimed to molecularly detect carbapenem-resistant co-harboring mcr-1 avian pathogenic E. coli in broiler chickens infected with colibacillosis. A total of 750 samples were collected from colibacillosis-infected broilers, and conventional microbiological techniques were used to isolate and identify APEC. MALDI-TOF and virulence-associated genes (VAGs) were used for further identification. Phenotypic carbapenem resistance profiling was followed by molecular detection of carbapenem resistance genes (CRGs) and other resistance genes through PCR using specific primers. Isolates were also subjected to PCR for O typing, followed by allele-specific PCR to detect sequence type (ST) 95. Results showed that 154 (37%) isolates were confirmed as APEC, with 13 (8.4%) isolates found to be carbapenem-resistant (CR)-APEC. Among CR-APEC isolates, 5 (38%) were observed to co-harbor mcr-1. All CR-APEC showed the presence of five markers (ompT, hylF, iutA, iroN, and iss) APEC VAGs, and 89% of CR-APEC isolates displayed O78 type. Furthermore, 7 (54%) CR-APEC isolates were observed with ST95, all displaying O78 type. These results suggest that the improper use of antibiotics in poultry production systems is contributing to the emergence of pathogens such as CR-APEC co-harboring the mcr-1 gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Usman
- Institute of Microbiology, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Hidayat Rasool
- Institute of Microbiology, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Mohsin Khurshid
- Institute of Microbiology, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Bilal Aslam
- Institute of Microbiology, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Zulqarnain Baloch
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, China
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Aberkane C, Messaï A, Messaï CR, Boussaada T. Antimicrobial resistance pattern of avian pathogenic Escherichia coli with detection of extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing isolates in broilers in east Algeria. Vet World 2023; 16:449-454. [PMID: 37041836 PMCID: PMC10082731 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2023.449-454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim: Avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) is the causative agent of colibacillosis, one of the most prevalent bacterial diseases responsible for significant economic losses in the poultry industry worldwide. This study aimed to assess the antimicrobial resistance (AMR) patterns of APEC isolates recovered from poultry in east Algeria and estimate the prevalence of extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing isolates.
Materials and Methods: In the slaughterhouse of Batna City (Algeria), livers indicating colibacillosis were sampled from 204 suspected carcasses with growth retardation and generalized congestion. Escherichia coli isolation and identification were performed on MacConkey agar using conventional methods and the API 20E system. Antimicrobial resistance susceptibility was tested by the disk diffusion method according to the Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute Guidelines. Extended-spectrum β-lactamase detection was carried out using the double-disk confirmation test.
Results: One hundred sixty E. coli isolates were recovered (one isolate per sample). Avian pathogenic Escherichia coli isolates showed high levels of resistance to ampicillin and tetracycline (100%), nalidixic acid (95%), ofloxacin (93.75%), doxycycline (91.87), ciprofloxacin (87.50%), trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (62.50%), gentamycin (32.50%), chloramphenicol (27.50%), amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (16.25%), colistin (14.37%), and nitrofurantoin (10.62%). All strains were multidrug-resistant to at least three antibiotics, and more than half (52.52%) of the isolates were resistant to at least seven antibiotics. All isolates were susceptible to ceftriaxone, ceftazidime, and aztreonam. Two E. coli isolates were ESBL producers (1.25%).
Conclusion: Avian pathogenic Escherichia coli resistance to most antimicrobial agents used in poultry may lead to antimicrobial therapy failure.
Keywords: antimicrobial resistance, avian pathogenic Escherichia coli, broilers, colibacillosis, Eastern Algeria, extended-spectrum β-lactamase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chahrazed Aberkane
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, DEDSPAZA Laboratory, Mohamed-Khider University, Biskra, Algeria
| | - Ahmed Messaï
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, PIARA Laboratory, Mohamed-Khider University, Biskra, Algeria
| | - Chafik Redha Messaï
- Laboratory of Research Health and Animal Production, High National Veterinary School, Algiers, Algeria; Department of Biology and Agronomy, University Mohamed El Bachir El Ibrahimi of Bordj Bou Arreridj, Algeria
| | - Tarek Boussaada
- Scientific and Technical Research Centre for Arid Areas (CRSTRA) Biskra, Algeria
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Bhattarai RK, Basnet HB, Dhakal IP, Alocilja EC. Virulence genes of avian pathogenic Escherichia coli isolated from commercial chicken in Nepal. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2023; 95:101961. [PMID: 36870115 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2023.101961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
Colibacillosis is the most common bacteriological disease in poultry. The purpose of this study was to determine the recovery rate of avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) strains, the distribution, prevalence of Escherichia coli Reference (ECOR) collection and virulence associated gene (VAG) in four types of chickens infected by colibacillosis. Commercial broilers and layers had the highest percentage of positive APEC isolates (91%). We confirmed the ECOR phylogroup including B1 and E for the first time in Nepal. The prevalences of these phylogroups among chicken types were significantly different (p < 0.001). Among 57 VAGs, the number of genes found per isolate ranged from 8 to 26, with the top 5 VAGs being fimH (100%), issa (92.2%), traTa (90.6%), sit chro. (86%), and ironEC (84.8%). We found significant differences in gene prevalence among the chicken types. The predominance of B1 and E, and the VAG patterns suggest considering ECOR phylogroup and VAGs while formulating strategies for the prevention and control of APEC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebanta Kumar Bhattarai
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Animal Science, Veterinary Science and Fisheries, Agriculture and Forestry University, Nepal.
| | - Hom Bahadur Basnet
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Animal Science, Veterinary Science and Fisheries, Agriculture and Forestry University, Nepal.
| | - Ishwari Prasad Dhakal
- Department of Medicine and Public Health, Faculty of Animal Science, Veterinary Science and Fisheries, Agriculture and Forestry University, Nepal.
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Genetic Diversity of Escherichia coli Coharboring mcr-1 and Extended Spectrum Beta-Lactamases from Poultry. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 2022:8224883. [PMID: 36246985 PMCID: PMC9556198 DOI: 10.1155/2022/8224883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Background. The emergence of resistance to beta-lactam agents in poultry results in multidrug-resistant (MDR) phenotypes in Escherichia coli isolates from poultry birds. The appearance of mobile colistin resistance (mcr) genes in the poultry sector has further worsened the situation. Therefore, the current study is aimed at investigating the molecular epidemiology of mcr harboring colistin-resistant E. coli among poultry. Methods. The isolation and identification of colistin-resistant E. coli (CR-Ec) were done from the broiler’s fecal samples through culturing using selective media supplemented with colistin sulfate (4 μg/ml). The antibiogram studies of the isolates were performed using the disc diffusion method and broth microdilution method as per CLSI guidelines. The screening for the genes conferring resistance to colistin as well as beta-lactam agents was performed by PCR. The genetic diversity of mcr-positive strains was assessed by multilocus sequencing typing (MLST). Results. Out of 500 fecal samples, 7% (35/500) were found positive for the presence of colistin-resistant E. coli (CR-Ec). Among the CR-Ec isolates, 74.28% (26/35) were detected as ESBL producers carrying the blaCTX-M-1 gene in 15/35 (42.85%) isolates and blaCTX-M-15 and blaTEM genes in 21/35 (60%) and 35/35 (100%) isolates, respectively. E. coli isolates were found positive for the presence of mcr-1, although none of the isolates exhibited the mcr-2 or mcr-3 genes. The MLST of CR-Ec has shown the ST1035 as the most prevalent genotype, while 82.85% (29/35) of CR-Ec strains belonged to clonal complex (CC) 131 comprising ST1035, ST131, ST1215, ST1650, and ST2279. Conclusions. The findings suggest a continuous monitoring system in veterinary and clinical settings to avoid unnecessary antibiotics. Further studies are needed at the national level to help control the increasing resistance among Enterobacterales in poultry settings.
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Shafiq M, Rahman SU, Bilal H, Ullah A, Noman SM, Zeng M, Yuan Y, Xie Q, Li X, Jiao X. Incidence and molecular characterization of ESBL-producing and colistin-resistant Escherichia coli isolates recovered from healthy food-producing animals in Pakistan. J Appl Microbiol 2022; 133:1169-1182. [PMID: 35094463 DOI: 10.1111/jam.15469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Revised: 01/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate the occurrence and molecular features of ESBL-producing and colistin-resistant Escherichia coli isolates recovered from healthy food-producing animals in Pakistan. METHODS A total of 153 E. coli isolates were recovered from 250 faecal samples collected from livestock and poultry. The antibiotic susceptibility, resistant determinants and mobile genetic elements were determined for all the isolates. The clonal relatedness was analysed by MLST. Plasmids harbouring, localization and transferability of mcr-1 gene were carried out by Southern hybridization, S1-PFGE and transconjugation. RESULTS Out of 153 E. coli strains, 49.01% isolates were ESBLs producers, whereas 18.95% were resistant to colistin and 84.31% of the isolates. Multidrug resistance was found in 84% of the isolates. The ESBL-producing E. coli in buffaloes, cattle, sheep, goat and broilers faecal samples were 60%, 74%, 54%, 50% and 68%, respectively. Among the ESBLs genes, blaCTX-M was the most prevalent group detected in 98.66%, while only mcr-1 of the colistin-resistant genes could be PCR amplified in 29 isolates. The common MGEs found were ISECP1 (35.13%), ISCR1 (33.78%), ISApl1 (20.27%) and Inti1 (58.10%). The most predominant Inc. types found were IncFIB 46.66%, followed by IncFIA 30.66%, IncFIC 26.66%, IncFrepB 26.66%, IncHI2 26.66%, IncP 22.66% and IncX4 21.33%. The most frequent sequence type detected was ST58. Southern blot and S1-PFGE confirmed the plasmid harbouring of mcr-1 gene. CONCLUSION The co-occurrence of mcr-1 and ESBLs-encoding genes, along with MGEs in E. coli from healthy food animals in Pakistan, is a major concern. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF STUDY Antimicrobial resistance can be transferred from animals to humans by direct contact or via the food chain and environment. The prevalence and co-occurrence of ESBL and colistin resistance genes from food-producing animals is rare in Pakistan. To our knowledge, this is the first report to find ESBLs and mcr-1-harbouring E. coli from the faecal samples of the healthy food-producing animals in Pakistan. The presence of ARGs in association with MGEs, co-harbouring the virulence factors, as determined in the current study, is a severe threat to livestock and the human community as it has horizontally and food web transferability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Shafiq
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Sadeeq Ur Rahman
- Department of Microbiology, Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan, KP, Pakistan
| | - Hazrat Bilal
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Physical Sciences and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei, China
| | - Aftab Ullah
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Sohail Muhammad Noman
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Mi Zeng
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Yumeng Yuan
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Qingdong Xie
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Xin Li
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Xiaoyang Jiao
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
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10
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Gambi L, Rossini R, Menandro ML, Franzo G, Valentini F, Tosi G, D’Incau M, Fiorentini L. Virulence Factors and Antimicrobial Resistance Profile of Escherichia Coli Isolated from Laying Hens in Italy. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12141812. [PMID: 35883359 PMCID: PMC9311855 DOI: 10.3390/ani12141812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Colibacillosis is a disease of great importance in the poultry industry, but many of its features and characteristics still need to be identified. This survey on avian Escherichia coli investigated the correlation between the presence of specific virulence genes, antimicrobial resistance features and serogroups. The results highlighted that half of the tested strains were avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC). Moreover, a high prevalence of two specific serogroups was detected, namely, O2 and O88. Finally, antimicrobial resistance was lower than in other studies. Further investigations of APEC strains’ antimicrobial resistance features would support farmers, veterinarians and local authorities in planning actions for a better control of colibacillosis in poultry production. Abstract Colibacillosis is the most common bacterial disease in the poultry industry. The isolation of Escherichia coli (E. coli) strains with multiple resistance to various classes of antimicrobials has been increasing in recent years. In this study, antimicrobial resistance features, serotyping and the presence of avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) virulence genes were investigated on a total of 71 E. coli strains isolated during outbreaks of colibacillosis in laying hens. The correlation between these features was evaluated. The most frequently isolated serogroups were O2 and O88. Resistance was often detected with nalidixic acid (49%) and ampicillin (38%), while all strains were sensitive to ceftiofur and florfenicol. Overall, 25% of the isolates showed resistance to at least three or more antimicrobial classes (multidrug-resistant strains), and 56% of the isolates were defined as APEC strains (due to the presence of at least five virulence genes). Correlation between the different parameters (virulence genes, serogroup and antimicrobial resistance) did not reveal relevant associations. The comparison of the obtained results with those of similar studies highlighted the importance of continuous monitoring in order to have a better understanding of colibacillosis. An evaluation of the national epidemiological situation would allow, especially with regard to antimicrobial resistance, to focus on the right measures in order to prioritize the available resources for effective disease control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Gambi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Della Lombardia e dell’Emilia Romagna (IZSLER), 47122 Forlì, Italy; (R.R.); (F.V.); (G.T.); (L.F.)
- Reparto Produzione Primaria, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Della Lombardia e dell’Emilia Romagna (IZSLER), 25124 Brescia, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0543-721533
| | - Rachele Rossini
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Della Lombardia e dell’Emilia Romagna (IZSLER), 47122 Forlì, Italy; (R.R.); (F.V.); (G.T.); (L.F.)
| | - Maria Luisa Menandro
- Dipartimento di Medicina Animale, Produzioni e Salute, Università Degli Studi di Padova, 35020 Legnaro, Italy; (M.L.M.); (G.F.)
| | - Giovanni Franzo
- Dipartimento di Medicina Animale, Produzioni e Salute, Università Degli Studi di Padova, 35020 Legnaro, Italy; (M.L.M.); (G.F.)
| | - Francesco Valentini
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Della Lombardia e dell’Emilia Romagna (IZSLER), 47122 Forlì, Italy; (R.R.); (F.V.); (G.T.); (L.F.)
| | - Giovanni Tosi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Della Lombardia e dell’Emilia Romagna (IZSLER), 47122 Forlì, Italy; (R.R.); (F.V.); (G.T.); (L.F.)
| | - Mario D’Incau
- Laboratorio Batteriologia Specializzata, Reparto Tecnologie Biologiche Applicate, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Della Lombardia e dell’Emilia Romagna (IZSLER), 25124 Brescia, Italy;
| | - Laura Fiorentini
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Della Lombardia e dell’Emilia Romagna (IZSLER), 47122 Forlì, Italy; (R.R.); (F.V.); (G.T.); (L.F.)
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11
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Isolation, Molecular Characterization, and Antibiotic Resistance of Avian Pathogenic Escherichia coli in Eastern China. Vet Sci 2022; 9:vetsci9070319. [PMID: 35878336 PMCID: PMC9324180 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci9070319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) causes colibacillosis in avians, resulting in considerable losses in the poultry industry. APEC showed zoonotic potential initially related to the fact that APEC serves as the reservoir of virulence genes and antibiotic resistance genes for other E. coli. Thus, we determine the serotypes, phylogenetic groups, virulence genes distribution, and antibiotic resistance profiles of APEC isolates in eastern China. A total of 230 APEC were isolated from diseased chicken and duck with typical colibacillosis symptoms. Serotyping identified that O78 (44.78%) was the predominant serotype. The majority of APEC isolates were classified into B2 (29.57%), A (26.96%), D (20.00%), and B1 (18.26%), respectively. Among the 15 virulence genes, a high prevalence of ibeB (99.57%), fimC (91.74%), mat (91.30%), ompA (83.04%), and iss (80.43%) genes was observed. Except for low resistance rates for imipenem (1.7%) and polymyxin B (0.4%), most of the APEC isolates were resistant to erythromycin (98.7%), enrofloxacin (96.1%), tetracycline (95.2%), doxycycline (93.9%), lincomycin (90.0%), and streptomycin (90.0%). Moreover, all APEC exhibit multi-drug resistance. This study indicated that APEC isolates harbor a variety of virulence genes and showed multi-antibiotic resistance profiles, providing proof for understanding the epidemiological background and zoonotic potential of APEC in poultry farms.
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12
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Phenotypic and Genotypic Screening of Colistin Resistance Associated with Emerging Pathogenic Escherichia coli Isolated from Poultry. Vet Sci 2022; 9:vetsci9060282. [PMID: 35737334 PMCID: PMC9229556 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci9060282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Chickens continue to be an important reservoir of zoonotic multidrug-resistant illnesses. Antimicrobial resistance correlated with colistin has emerged as a critical concern worldwide in the veterinary field and the public health sector. The current study investigated the prevalence of multidrug-resistant avian pathogenic Escherichia coli among chicken farms in three Egyptian governorates, focusing on colistin resistance assessment. A total of 56 Escherichia coli isolates were recovered out of 120 pooled samples obtained from diseased chicken broilers (46.7%). The E. coli isolates were serotyped to nine different serotypes; the highest incidence was for O125 (n = 18). The E. coli isolates demonstrated multidrug-resistant patterns against 10 antibiotics, especially clindamycin, tetracycline, streptomycin and ampicillin, by 100, 100, 96.4 and 92.9%, respectively. On the other hand, colistin resistance was 41.1% using AST. All E. coli isolates displayed positive colistin resistance growth on chromogenic medium, but only 25% represented this positivity via MIC estimation and Sensititre kit. PCR results revealed that all isolates harbored mcr-1, but no isolates harbored the other 2–5 mcr genes. In conclusion, the study demonstrated the emergence of multidrug-resistant, especially colistin-resistant, E. coli among chicken broiler flocks, and mcr-1 is the master gene of the colistin resistance feature.
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13
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Rezatofighi SE, Najafifar A, Askari Badouei M, Peighambari SM, Soltani M. An Integrated Perspective on Virulence-Associated Genes (VAGs), Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR), and Phylogenetic Clusters of Pathogenic and Non-pathogenic Avian Escherichia coli. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:758124. [PMID: 34901248 PMCID: PMC8651559 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.758124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) is an important bacterial pathogen that causes avian colibacillosis and leads to huge economic losses in the poultry industry. Different virulence traits contribute to pathogenesis of APEC infections, and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has also been an overwhelming issue in poultry worldwide. In the present study, we aimed to investigate and compare the presence of virulence-associated genes (VAGs), AMR, and phylogenetic group's distribution among APEC and avian fecal E. coli (AFEC) strains. E. coli from birds with colisepticemia and yolk sac infection (YSI) (APEC) plus E. coli strains from the feces of healthy birds (AFEC) were compared by the aforementioned traits. In addition, the clonal relatedness was compared using Enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus PCR (ERIC-PCR). Although all strains were susceptible to fosfomycin, ceftriaxone, and cefixime, almost all strains (98%) were multi-drug resistant (MDR). All strains (except two) harbored at least three or more VAGs, and the virulence scores tended to be higher in pathogenic strains especially in the colisepticemic group. All phylogenetic groups were found in isolates from YSI, colisepticemia, and the feces of healthy birds; however, the frequency of phylogroups varied according to the source of the isolate. B1 and C phylogroups were statistically more likely to be found among APEC from YSI and colisepticemic E. coli groups, respectively, while phylogroup A was the most frequently occurring phylogroup among AFEC strains. Our findings also revealed that AMR and VAGs are not essentially co-evolved traits as in some instances AMR strains were more prevalent among AFEC. This reflects the divergent evolutionary pathways of resistance acquisition in pathogenic or non-pathogenic avian E. coli strains. Importantly, strains related to phylogenetic group C showed higher virulence score and AMR that requires further attention. To some extent, ERIC-PCR was able to group strains by isolation source, phylogroup, or virulence genes. Further integrated studies along with assessment of more detailed genotypic and phenotypic features could potentially lead to better understanding of virulence, resistance, and evolution of ExPEC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Arash Najafifar
- Private Veterinary Practitioner, Independent Researcher, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahdi Askari Badouei
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pathobiology, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | | | - Mohammad Soltani
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Avian Diseases, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
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14
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Narasinakuppe Krishnegowda D, Singh BR, Mariappan AK, Munuswamy P, Singh KP, Monalisa Sahoo, Saminathan M, Ramalingam R, Chellappa MM, Singh V, Dhama K, Reddy MR. Molecular epidemiological studies on avian pathogenic Escherichia coli associated with septicemia in chickens in India. Microb Pathog 2021; 162:105313. [PMID: 34902538 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2021.105313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial septicemia causes huge economic losses in the poultry industry and there is no systematic research available in India on the connection of various pathogens associated with septicemia. The present molecular epidemiological study was conducted to investigate the association of different bacterial and immunosuppressive viral pathogens in septicemia suspected chickens. A total of 443 chicken carcasses with septicemic conditions from 71 different flocks were included in this study. Heart blood swabs were subjected to bacterial culture for Salmonella spp., Pasteurella multocida, Escherichia coli, and Gallibacterium anatis. Of these 51 flocks tested for E. coli, 49 (96.1%) flocks were found positive. Among flocks tested for Salmonella spp., 2 flocks were found positive. All tested flocks were found negative for G. anatis and P. multocida as well as air sac swabs tested negative for Mycoplasma spp. Bacterial cultural examination revealed that majority of septicemic chickens were found to be infected with E. coli and these E. coli isolates showed the highest resistance to vancomycin (60%), followed by erythromycin (50%) and cefotaxime (38%) and maximum sensitivity to cefotaxime and clavulanic acid combinations (81.5%), followed by chloramphenicol (69.6%) and ertapenem (67.2%). Among the 5 avian pathogenic E. coli (APEC) virulence genes were detected in 36 flocks and highest frequency of iss (100%), followed by ompT or iutA (97.2%), hly (61.1%) and iroN (47.2%) genes. On polymerase chain reaction (PCR) screening, 10.5, 4.5, 52.2, 19.4, 9.0, 4.5, 20.1 and 19.4% of the flocks were positive for G. anatis, Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale, APEC, Salmonella spp., Mycoplasma gallisepticum, Mycoplasma synoviae, chicken infectious anemia virus and Marek's disease virus, respectively. To our knowledge, the present study is first on the etiology of septicemia in chicken flocks in India. The present study infers that the majority of septicemic deaths in broiler chickens less than 8 weeks have been connected with APEC and majority of E. coli isolates are multidrug resistance, suggesting the need for surveillance and intervention to curb the inadvertent use of antibiotics. Although, incidence of G. anatis association with septicemia was reported, still requires a rigorous epidemiological study to determine the actual prevalence. However, more detailed studies encompassing vast geographical area with large sample size and long duration of the studies are necessary to provide a clear picture of the interaction of different pathogens causing septicemia in chicken.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bhoj Raj Singh
- Division of Epidemiology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, 243 122, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Asok Kumar Mariappan
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute Izatnagar, Bareilly, 243 122, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Palanivelu Munuswamy
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute Izatnagar, Bareilly, 243 122, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Karam Pal Singh
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute Izatnagar, Bareilly, 243 122, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Monalisa Sahoo
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute Izatnagar, Bareilly, 243 122, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Mani Saminathan
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute Izatnagar, Bareilly, 243 122, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Rajasekar Ramalingam
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute Izatnagar, Bareilly, 243 122, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Madhan Mohan Chellappa
- Division of Veterinary Biotechnology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, 243 122, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Vidya Singh
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute Izatnagar, Bareilly, 243 122, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Kuldeep Dhama
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute Izatnagar, Bareilly, 243 122, Uttar Pradesh, India.
| | - Maddula Ramakoti Reddy
- Avian Health Laboratory, ICAR-Directorate of Poultry Research, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad, 500030, Telengana, India.
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15
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Silva RM, Silva IMM, Jesus MC, Fernandes MDB, Oliveira FS, Evêncio-Neto J. Co-relationship between Escherichia coli in broiler cellulitis and liver lesions. BRAZ J BIOL 2021; 81:714-718. [PMID: 32965333 DOI: 10.1590/1519-6984.230243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathogenic strains of Escherichia coli may invade the subcutaneous tissue of poultry and cause cellulitis, whilst the pathogen may also cause lesions in internal organs such as the liver. Current paper co-relates Escherichia coli and virulence genes characteristic of Avian Pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) in broilers´ cellulitis and liver lesions. One hundred carcasses were retrieved from the production chain in an avian abattoir in the state of Bahia, Brazil, between August 2013 and January 2014, due to detection of cellulitis lesions. Cellulitis and liver samples were retrieved aseptically to quantify E. coli by Petrifilm™ count fast method (3M Company) (AOAC 998.8). Virulent genes iss and iutA were removed from E. coli isolates by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). Escherichia coli was isolated from 82.0% of broilers removed from the production chain and the bacterium was concomitantly detected in cellulitis and liver lesions in 40.0% of broilers. E. coli counts ranged between 1.00 and 4.73 log CFU/g in liver lesions and between 2.00 and 9.00 log UFC/g in cellulitis lesions. Virulent genes iutA and iss were detected in 97.56% and 89.02% of E. coli isolates, respectively. Genotype analysis demonstrated the concomitant amplification of genes iutA and iss in 60.0% (n=40) of samples of cellulitis and liver lesions in which the simultaneous isolation of E. coli occurred. There was a positive and significant co-relationship (r=0.22; p<0.05) between the variables occurrence of E. coli isolated from liver samples and the occurrence of E. coli isolated from cellulitis lesions. There were also positive and significant co-relationships between populations of E. coli from liver isolates and cellulitis lesions (r=0.46; p<0.05) when E. coli isolated in the liver and in cellulitis lesions was detected. Since results showed a relationship between E. coli in cellulitis and liver lesions and possible systemic infection, the occurrence of cellulitis lesions as a criterion for total discarding of carcass may be suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M Silva
- Universidade Federal do Recôncavo da Bahia - UFRB, Complexo Multidisciplinar de Estudo e Pesquisa em Saúde, Santo Antônio de Jesus, BA, Brasil
| | - I M M Silva
- Universidade Federal do Recôncavo da Bahia - UFRB, Complexo Multidisciplinar de Estudo e Pesquisa em Saúde, Santo Antônio de Jesus, BA, Brasil
| | - M C Jesus
- Centro de Ciências Agrárias Ambientais e Biológicas - UFRB, Programa de Pós-graduação em Microbiologia Agrícola, Cruz das Almas, BA, Brasil
| | - M D B Fernandes
- Universidade Federal do Recôncavo da Bahia - UFRB, Complexo Multidisciplinar de Estudo e Pesquisa em Saúde, Santo Antônio de Jesus, BA, Brasil
| | - F S Oliveira
- Universidade Federal do Recôncavo da Bahia - UFRB, Complexo Multidisciplinar de Estudo e Pesquisa em Saúde, Santo Antônio de Jesus, BA, Brasil
| | - J Evêncio-Neto
- Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Departamento de Histopatologia, Recife, PE, Brasil
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16
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Mehat JW, van Vliet AHM, La Ragione RM. The Avian Pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) pathotype is comprised of multiple distinct, independent genotypes. Avian Pathol 2021; 50:402-416. [PMID: 34047644 DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2021.1915960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Avian Pathogenic E. coli (APEC) is the causative agent of avian colibacillosis, resulting in economic losses to the poultry industry through morbidity, mortality and carcass condemnation, and impacts the welfare of poultry. Colibacillosis remains a complex disease to manage, hampered by diagnostic and classification strategies for E. coli that are inadequate for defining APEC. However, increased accessibility of whole genome sequencing (WGS) technology has enabled phylogenetic approaches to be applied to the classification of E. coli and genomic characterization of the most common APEC serotypes associated with colibacillosis O1, O2 and O78. These approaches have demonstrated that the O78 serotype is representative of two distinct APEC lineages, ST-23 in phylogroup C and ST-117 in phylogroup G. The O1 and O2 serotypes belong to a third lineage comprised of three sub-populations in phylogroup B2; ST-95, ST-140 and ST-428/ST-429. The frequency with which these genotypes are associated with colibacillosis implicates them as the predominant APEC populations and distinct from those causing incidental or opportunistic infections. The fact that these are disparate clusters from multiple phylogroups suggests that these lineages may have become adapted to the poultry niche independently. WGS studies have highlighted the limitations of traditional APEC classification and can now provide a path towards a robust and more meaningful definition of the APEC pathotype. Future studies should focus on characterizing individual APEC populations in detail and using this information to develop improved diagnostics and interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jai W Mehat
- Department of Pathology and Infectious Diseases, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
| | - Arnoud H M van Vliet
- Department of Pathology and Infectious Diseases, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
| | - Roberto M La Ragione
- Department of Pathology and Infectious Diseases, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
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17
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Jeong J, Lee JY, Kang MS, Lee HJ, Kang SI, Lee OM, Kwon YK, Kim JH. Comparative Characteristics and Zoonotic Potential of Avian Pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) Isolates from Chicken and Duck in South Korea. Microorganisms 2021; 9:946. [PMID: 33925760 PMCID: PMC8145765 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9050946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) causes colibacillosis, which is an economically important disease in the poultry industry worldwide. The present study investigated O-serogroups, phylogenetic groups, antimicrobial resistance, and the existence of virulence-associated genes (VAGs) and antimicrobial resistance genes in 125 APEC isolates between 2018 and 2019 in Korea. The phylogenetic group B2 isolates were confirmed for human-related sequence types (STs) through multi-locus sequence typing (MLST). O-serogroups O2 (12.5%) and O78 (10.3%) and phylogenetic group B1 (36.5%) and A (34.5%) were predominant in chicken and duck isolates, respectively. Out of 14 VAGs, iucD, iroN, hlyF, and iss were found significantly more in chicken isolates than duck isolates (p < 0.05). The resistance to ampicillin, ceftiofur, ceftriaxone, and gentamicin was higher in chicken isolates than duck isolates (p < 0.05). The multidrug resistance (MDR) rates of chicken and duck isolates were 77.1% and 65.5%, respectively. One isolate resistant to colistin (MIC 16 μg/mL) carried mcr-1. The B2-ST95 APEC isolates possessed more than 9 VAGs, and most of them were MDR (82.4%). This report is the first to compare the characteristics of APEC isolates from chickens and ducks in Korea and to demonstrate that B2-ST95 isolates circulating in Korea have zoonotic potential and pose a public health risk.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Jin-Hyun Kim
- Avian Disease Research Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177, Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon-si 39660, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Korea; (J.J.); (J.-Y.L.); (M.-S.K.); (H.-J.L.); (S.-I.K.); (O.-M.L.); (Y.-K.K.)
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18
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Avian Pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC): An Overview of Virulence and Pathogenesis Factors, Zoonotic Potential, and Control Strategies. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10040467. [PMID: 33921518 PMCID: PMC8069529 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10040467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) causes colibacillosis in avian species, and recent reports have suggested APEC as a potential foodborne zoonotic pathogen. Herein, we discuss the virulence and pathogenesis factors of APEC, review the zoonotic potential, provide the current status of antibiotic resistance and progress in vaccine development, and summarize the alternative control measures being investigated. In addition to the known virulence factors, several other factors including quorum sensing system, secretion systems, two-component systems, transcriptional regulators, and genes associated with metabolism also contribute to APEC pathogenesis. The clear understanding of these factors will help in developing new effective treatments. The APEC isolates (particularly belonging to ST95 and ST131 or O1, O2, and O18) have genetic similarities and commonalities in virulence genes with human uropathogenic E. coli (UPEC) and neonatal meningitis E. coli (NMEC) and abilities to cause urinary tract infections and meningitis in humans. Therefore, the zoonotic potential of APEC cannot be undervalued. APEC resistance to almost all classes of antibiotics, including carbapenems, has been already reported. There is a need for an effective APEC vaccine that can provide protection against diverse APEC serotypes. Alternative therapies, especially the virulence inhibitors, can provide a novel solution with less likelihood of developing resistance.
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19
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Ahmed T, Ameer HA, Javed S. Pakistan's backyard poultry farming initiative: impact analysis from a public health perspective. Trop Anim Health Prod 2021; 53:210. [PMID: 33733340 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-021-02659-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Commercial poultry rearing in Pakistan dates back to the 1960s. Meanwhile, backyard poultry setups have been providing meat and eggs for human consumption and supplementing the livelihood of farmers in many rural setups for ages. Different poultry rearing practices have varied approaches to feed supplementation, administration, biosafety practices, and flock size. All are important factors affecting disease spread and vulnerability. Recently, the Pakistani government announced the prime minister's Backyard Poultry Initiative under the National Agricultural Emergency program to economically develop farmers, especially women. Widespread adoption of this scheme with little to no training of inexperienced farmers may lead to the emergence of zoonotic infections in the population. The focus of the current review is to examine the probable impact of the promotion of backyard poultry farming practices by the government on the spread of zoonotic illnesses, both in the farmers and consumer population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taliha Ahmed
- COMSATS University Islamabad, Park Road, Tarlai Kalan, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Hafiza Aqsa Ameer
- COMSATS University Islamabad, Park Road, Tarlai Kalan, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Sundus Javed
- COMSATS University Islamabad, Park Road, Tarlai Kalan, Islamabad, Pakistan.
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Afridi OK, Ali J, Chang JH. Next-Generation Sequencing Based Gut Resistome Profiling of Broiler Chickens Infected with Multidrug-Resistant Escherichia coli. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10122350. [PMID: 33317082 PMCID: PMC7764233 DOI: 10.3390/ani10122350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Revised: 12/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Antimicrobial resistance acquired an endemic status in the Pakistan poultry sector. A cross-sectional study was designed to investigate the fecal microbiome and resistome of broiler chickens infected with multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli using next-generation sequencing. Results show the widespread presence of diverse antibiotic resistance genes, virulence-associated genes, plasmid replicon types, and dysbiotic fecal microbial communities. Results indicate that antibiotic resistance altered the fecal microbial community structure of broiler chickens. The use of next-generation sequencing in this study documents a robust and cost-effective approach to study the fecal microbiome and resistome diversities of broiler chickens. Abstract The study was designed to investigate the fecal microbiome and resistome of broiler chickens infected with multidrug-resistant (MDR) Escherichia coli (E. coli). Fecal samples (n = 410) from broiler chickens were collected from thirteen randomly selected sites of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and screened for the presence of MDR E. coli. Upon initial screening, thirteen (13) MDR E. coli isolates were then subjected to shotgun metagenome next-generation sequencing (NGS). NGS based resistome analysis identified the multidrug efflux pump system-related genes at the highest prevalence (36%) followed by aminoglycoside (26.1%), tetracycline (15.9%), macrolide-lincosamide-streptogramin (9.6%), beta-lactam (6.6%), rifampin (2%), sulphonamide (1.3%), phenicol (0.91%), vancomycin (0.62%), trimethoprim (0.34%), colistin (0.30%), and quinolone (0.33%). The most abundant virulence-associated genes (VAGs) identified were iroN, iutA, iss, and iucA. NGS based taxonomic profiling at the phylum level revealed the predominance of Proteobacteria (38.9%) followed by Firmicutes (36.4%), Bacteroidetes (15.8%), and Tenericutes (8.9%). Furthermore, pathobionts such as E. coli, Salmonella enterica, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Shigella flexneri belonging to the family Enterobacteriaceae were predominantly found. This study revealed the widespread presence of MDR genes, diverse VAGs, and a dysbiotic gut in the broiler chickens infected with MDR E. coli of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa for the first time using NGS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ome Kalsoom Afridi
- Department of Biology Education, Kyungpook National University, 80 Daehak-ro, Buk-gu, Daegu 41566, Korea;
| | - Johar Ali
- Center for Genome Sciences, Rehman Medical College, Hayatabad, Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa 25000, Pakistan
- Executive Development Center, Sukkur Institute of Business Administration University, Sindh 65200, Pakistan
- Correspondence: (J.A.); (J.H.C.)
| | - Jeong Ho Chang
- Department of Biology Education, Kyungpook National University, 80 Daehak-ro, Buk-gu, Daegu 41566, Korea;
- Correspondence: (J.A.); (J.H.C.)
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Glombowsky P, Campigotto G, Galli GM, Griss LG, da Rosa G, Lopes MT, Araújo DN, Boiago MM, Da Silva AS. Experimental infection with Escherichia coli in broilers: Impacts of the disease and benefits of preventive consumption of a stimulator of homeopathic immunity. Microb Pathog 2020; 149:104570. [PMID: 33075519 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2020.104570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Colibacillosis is a disease caused by Escherichia coli that manifests itself when there are homeostatic imbalances or in the context of increased exposure, in which case the organism displays opportunistic behavior. To control this problem in poultry, antibiotics are used in the feed, because E. coli is component of the intestinal microbiota of birds. However, because of the changing dietary habits of the human population that seeks out healthier foods without antimicrobial residues, there have been many studies of alternatives to replace conventional antimicrobials as performance enhancers. Thus, the objective of the present study was to determine whether daily consumption of a homeopathic product (immune stimulator) by broilers stimulates immune responses and thereby minimizes the negative effects of experimental E. coli infection. We used 320 1-day-old Cobb 500 chicks, distributed in two groups with eight repetitions each, and 20 birds per repetition: control (CG) and homeopathy (HG). HG birds consumed doses of 0.02 mL/bird/day (1-7 d) via water, 0.01 ml/bird (8-21 d), 0.02 ml/bird (22-28 d), 0.01 mL/bird (29-35 d), and 0.02 mL/bird (35-45 d), as recommended by the manufacturer. At day 22 of the birds' life, the two groups were divided into four subgroups, with four repetitions per subgroup. On day 22, birds in CG1 and HG1 groups were infected intraperitoneally with 0.5 mL of inoculum containing 1.0 × 108 CFU of E. coli/mL. During the experimental period, data were collected for analysis of performance. On days 21 and 45 of age, we collected blood and feces. During the first 21 days of the experiment, we found that birds that consumed the immunostimulator had lower neutrophil counts and higher levels of globulins, however without significant difference between groups in terms of performance. Uninfected birds that consumed the homeopathic product in the water had less feed conversion (HG2) between days 1-35 and 1 to 45 compared to the other treatments. Mortality was higher in groups experimentally infected with E. coli (HG1 and CG1) from 22 to 35 days of life. There were greater numbers of lymphocytes in the HG2 group on day 45 than in CG1 and CG2; while numbers of neutrophils were lower at 42 days in birds of groups HG1 and HG2 than in CG1. Lower total bacterial counts, total coliforms and E. coli were observed in the feces of birds in the HG2 group compared to the other groups. Taken together, these findings suggest that inclusion of homeopathic product in the water of broilers had positive effects on the modulation of the immune response and on feed conversion in birds not challenged with E. coli. But the preventive protocol used in this study was not able to minimize the negative effects caused by the experimental E. coli intraperitoneal infection in broilers, featuring a substantial infectious challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrícia Glombowsky
- Graduate Program in Zootecnia, Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina (UDESC), Chapecó, Brazil
| | - Gabriela Campigotto
- Graduate Program in Zootecnia, Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina (UDESC), Chapecó, Brazil
| | - Gabriela M Galli
- Graduate Program in Zootecnia, Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina (UDESC), Chapecó, Brazil
| | - Luiz Gustavo Griss
- Department of Animal Science, Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina (UDESC), Chapecó, Brazil
| | - Gilneia da Rosa
- Graduate Program in Zootecnia, Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina (UDESC), Chapecó, Brazil
| | | | - Denise N Araújo
- Department of Animal Science, Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina (UDESC), Chapecó, Brazil
| | - Marcel M Boiago
- Graduate Program in Zootecnia, Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina (UDESC), Chapecó, Brazil; Department of Animal Science, Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina (UDESC), Chapecó, Brazil
| | - Aleksandro S Da Silva
- Graduate Program in Zootecnia, Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina (UDESC), Chapecó, Brazil; Department of Animal Science, Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina (UDESC), Chapecó, Brazil.
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22
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Amani F, Hashemitabar G, Ghaniei A, Farzin H. Antimicrobial resistance and virulence genes in the Escherichia coli isolates obtained from ostrich. Trop Anim Health Prod 2020; 52:3501-3508. [PMID: 32929588 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-020-02384-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Escherichia coli (E.coli) is a normal intestinal microflora of birds, including ostrich. However, some strains are pathogenic to ostrich. There is a lack of knowledge concerning the differences between commensal and pathogenic E.coli isolates of ostrich. This research aimed to characterize the antimicrobial susceptibility profile and virulence gene content of presumptive commensal and pathogenic E.coli isolates of ostrich. A total of 129 bacterial isolates (commensal strains no. = 45; pathogenic strains no. = 84) were obtained from ostriches. The resistance profile of these isolates was investigated by the disk diffusion method and PCR. Also, the strains were screened for virulence-associated genes of avian pathogenic E.coli (APEC). The study showed that the highest and the lowest antimicrobial resistance were against oxytetracycline and gentamicin, respectively. Oxytetracycline, florfenicol, and streptomycin resistance rate in pathogenic isolates were higher than commensal ones (p < 0.05). Also, tetA, blaTEM, and aac(3)-IV resistance genes were more prevalent in pathogenic than commensal isolates (p < 0.05). More than half of the isolates had no virulence-associated genes. The multiplex PCR results showed that irp2 gene was more prevalent in pathogenic than commensal E.coli (p < 0.05). Nevertheless this was not the case with the other genes. Our results indicated a low frequency of antimicrobial resistance and virulence genes in E.coli isolates of ostriches. Antimicrobial susceptibility profile and virulence gene content of E.coli isolates of ostriches differ between presumptive commensal and pathogenic strains. However, more analyses are needed to discriminate these isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Amani
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Gholamreza Hashemitabar
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Abolfazl Ghaniei
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran.
| | - Hamidreza Farzin
- Mashhad Branch, Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Mashhad, Iran
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Molecular Detection of Avian Pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) for the First Time in Layer Farms in Bangladesh and Their Antibiotic Resistance Patterns. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8071021. [PMID: 32660167 PMCID: PMC7409187 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8071021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) causes significant economic losses in poultry industries. Here, we determined for the first time in Bangladesh, the prevalence of APEC-associated virulence genes in E. coli isolated from layer farms and their antibiotic resistance patterns. A total of 99 samples comprising internal organs, feces, and air were collected from 32 layer farms. Isolation was performed by culturing samples on eosin–methylene blue agar plates, while the molecular detection of APEC was performed by PCR, and antibiograms were performed by disk diffusion. Among the samples, 36 were positive for the APEC-associated virulence genes fimC, iucD, and papC. Out of 36 isolates, 7, 18, and 11 were positive, respectively, for three virulence genes (papC, fimC, and iucD), two virulence genes, and a single virulence gene. Although the detection of virulence genes was significantly higher in the internal organs, the air and feces were also positive. The antibiograms revealed that all the isolates (100%) were resistant to ampicillin and tetracycline; 97.2%, to chloramphenicol and erythromycin; 55.5%, to enrofloxacin; 50.0%, to norfloxacin and ciprofloxacin; 19.4%, to streptomycin; 11.1%, to colistin; and 8.33%, to gentamicin. Interestingly, all the isolates were multidrug-resistant (MDR). Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient analysis revealed the strongest significant correlation between norfloxacin and ciprofloxacin resistance. This is the first study in Bangladesh describing the molecular detection of APEC in layer farms. Isolated APEC can now be used for detailed genetic characterization and assessing the impact on public health.
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Azam M, Mohsin M, Johnson TJ, Smith EA, Johnson A, Umair M, Saleemi MK, Sajjad-Ur-Rahman. Genomic landscape of multi-drug resistant avian pathogenic Escherichia coli recovered from broilers. Vet Microbiol 2020; 247:108766. [PMID: 32768218 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2020.108766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Revised: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Colibacillosis, a disease caused by avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC), constitutes a substantial burden to the poultry industry worldwide. APEC has been extensively characterized throughout the world, however, less is known about the genetic background of APEC isolates from Pakistan. In this study, a total of 75 E. coli isolates from colibacillosis affected dead broiler birds in Pakistan were subjected to whole genome sequencing followed by in-silico characterization. These isolates were investigated for virulence and resistance genotypes, serotypes, multi-locus sequence types, plasmid replicon types and single nucleotide polymorphism-based core genome phylogeny. Among the APEC isolates investigated, 14 different sequence types were identified with ST117 (16 %), ST2847 (10.7 %) and ST48 (5.3 %) being the most prevalent. Of the 28 different serotypes identified in this study, O1, O2 and O78 serotypes accounted for 25.3 % of the APEC isolates. The most frequently identified virulence-associated genes (VAGs) were increased serum survival gene; iss (100 %), glutamate decarboxylase; gad (92 %) and the siderophore receptor; iroN (81.3 %). According to the previously established definition, 72 % of isolates fell within the highly pathogenic APEC category by possessing a combination of VAGs; iss, iroN, iutA, hlyF and ompT simultaneously. Of the 75 APEC isolates, 89.3 % contained the genes predicted to encode resistance against aminoglycosides, tetracyclines and sulfonamides. Notably, the acquired colistin resistance gene mcr-1 was found in 38.7 % of the APEC isolates. Our findings reveal a diverse genetic background and high virulence and resistance potentials for APEC isolates in Pakistan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariya Azam
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38040, Pakistan
| | - Mashkoor Mohsin
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38040, Pakistan.
| | - Timothy J Johnson
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota, USA; Mid-Central Research and Outreach Center, University of Minnesota, Willmar, Minnesota, USA
| | - Emily A Smith
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | - Abigail Johnson
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | - Muhammad Umair
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38040, Pakistan
| | | | - Sajjad-Ur-Rahman
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38040, Pakistan
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25
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Rafique M, Potter RF, Ferreiro A, Wallace MA, Rahim A, Ali Malik A, Siddique N, Abbas MA, D’Souza AW, Burnham CAD, Ali N, Dantas G. Genomic Characterization of Antibiotic Resistant Escherichia coli Isolated From Domestic Chickens in Pakistan. Front Microbiol 2020; 10:3052. [PMID: 32010104 PMCID: PMC6978674 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.03052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Poultry husbandry is important for the economic health of Pakistan, but the Pakistani poultry industry is negatively impacted by infections from Escherichia coli. We performed Illumina whole genome sequencing on 92 E. coli isolates obtained from the livers of deceased chickens originating in five Pakistani geographical regions. Our analysis indicates that the isolates are predominantly from the B1 and A clade and harbor a diverse number of antibiotic resistance and virulence genes, with no linkage between phylogeny and antibiotic resistance gene presence but some association between phylogeny and virulence gene and SNP presence for the B1 and E phylogroups. The colistin resistance gene mcr-1 and the quinolone resistance gene qnrS1 were both found in 13/92 isolates. Alarmingly, 82/92 of the E. coli strains characterized in this study are multidrug resistant with 100% (92/92) resistance to lincomycin, 81.5% (75/92) to streptomycin, 79.3% (73/92) to ampicillin and 66.3% (61/92) to ciprofloxacin. These results provide a high-resolution analysis of poultry-associated E. coli isolates in an area with a high endemic burden of antibiotic resistance. Surveillance of antibiotic resistance in poultry associated E. coli isolates is an important pillar of the One Health concept to integrate analysis of potential pathogens in human, animal, and environmental niches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Rafique
- Department of Microbiology, Quaid-I-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
- The Edison Family Center for Genome Sciences & Systems Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Robert F. Potter
- The Edison Family Center for Genome Sciences & Systems Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Aura Ferreiro
- The Edison Family Center for Genome Sciences & Systems Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Meghan A. Wallace
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Abdul Rahim
- National Reference Laboratory for Poultry Diseases, National Agricultural Research Centre, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Akbar Ali Malik
- National Reference Laboratory for Poultry Diseases, National Agricultural Research Centre, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Naila Siddique
- National Reference Laboratory for Poultry Diseases, National Agricultural Research Centre, Islamabad, Pakistan
- Department of Animal Genomics and Biotechnology, PARC Institute of Advanced Studies in Agriculture, National Agricultural Research Centre, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Athar Abbas
- National Reference Laboratory for Poultry Diseases, National Agricultural Research Centre, Islamabad, Pakistan
- Department of Animal Genomics and Biotechnology, PARC Institute of Advanced Studies in Agriculture, National Agricultural Research Centre, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Alaric W. D’Souza
- The Edison Family Center for Genome Sciences & Systems Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Carey-Ann D. Burnham
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Naeem Ali
- Department of Microbiology, Quaid-I-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Gautam Dantas
- The Edison Family Center for Genome Sciences & Systems Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
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