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Portillo-Estrada M. Limitations of Plant Stress Tolerance upon Heat and CO 2 Exposure in Black Poplar: Assessment of Photosynthetic Traits and Stress Volatile Emissions. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:1165. [PMID: 38674574 PMCID: PMC11054441 DOI: 10.3390/plants13081165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2024] [Revised: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted by plants may help in understanding the status of a plant's physiology and its coping with mild to severe stress. Future climatic projections reveal that shifts in temperature and CO2 availability will occur, and plants may incur the uncoupling of carbon assimilation and synthesis of key molecules. This study explores the patterns of emissions of key VOCs (isoprene, methanol, acetaldehyde, and acetic acid) emitted by poplar leaves (more than 350) under a combined gradient of temperature (12-42 °C) and air CO2 concentration (400-1500 ppm), along with measurements of photosynthetic rates and stomatal conductance. Isoprene emission exhibited a rise with temperature and CO2 availability, peaking at 39 °C, the temperature at which methanol emission started to peak, illustrating the limit of stress tolerance to severe damage. Isoprene emission was uncoupled from the photosynthesis rate, indicating a shift from the carbon source for isoprene synthesis, while assimilation was decreased. Methanol and acetaldehyde emissions were correlated with stomatal conductance and peaked at 25 °C and 1200 ppm CO2. Acetic acid emissions lacked a clear correlation with stomatal conductance and the emission pattern of its precursor acetaldehyde. This study offers crucial insights into the limitations of photosynthetic carbon and stress tolerance.
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Salivary surprise: Symmerista caterpillars anoint petioles with red saliva after clipping leaves. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0265490. [PMID: 35294481 PMCID: PMC8926259 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0265490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
After feeding on a tree leaf, caterpillars in ten families sever the petiole and allow the remaining leaf fragment to fall to the ground. Previous researchers proposed that the caterpillars thereby reduced bird predation by eliminating visual evidence of feeding. In this study, 26 species of caterpillars in five families were filmed clipping leaves. Caterpillar behavior did not conform to the visual cue hypothesis. Some caterpillars clipped midribs and petioles repeatedly even though a single clip would suffice to reduce visual cues for birds. Every caterpillar that clipped a leaf rubbed its spinneret (which secretes saliva from the labial glands) over the petiole or midrib stub. In the notodontids Symmerista albifrons and S. leucitys, petiole stubs were bathed in red fluid. Cauterizing the spinneret eliminated fluid application. Dissections documented that the anterior portion of their labial glands contained red pigment, thereby confirming that the red secretion is saliva. When applied to petiole stubs, the red pigment in Symmerista saliva travelled several mm in five minutes within the petiole xylem demonstrating the potential for rapid movement of salivary constituents into the plant. In diverse caterpillars, including species that clip leaves, saliva contains substances reported to suppress plant defenses. Thus, leaf clipping likely functions primarily not to remove visual cues, but to introduce salivary constituents into the plant that prevent defenses from being mobilized in nearby leaves where the caterpillar feeds next.
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Khan AL, Asaf S, Numan M, AbdulKareem NM, Imran M, Riethoven JJM, Kim HY, Al-Harrasi A, Schachtman DP, Al-Rawahi A, Lee IJ. Transcriptomics of tapping and healing process in frankincense tree during resin production. Genomics 2021; 113:4337-4351. [PMID: 34798281 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2021.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Frankincense tree (Boswellia sacra Fluek) has been poorly known on how it responds to tapping and wound-recovery process at molecular levels. Here, we used RNA-sequencing analysis to profile transcriptome of B. sacra after 30 min, 3 h and 6 h of post-tapping. Results showed 5525 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) that were related to terpenoid biosynthesis, phytohormonal regulation, cellular transport, and cell-wall synthesis. Plant-growth-regulators were applied exogenously which showed regulation of endogenous jasmonates and resulted in rapid recovery of cell-wall integrity by significantly up-regulated gene expression of terpenoid biosynthesis (germacrene-D synthase, B-amyrin synthase, and squalene epioxidase-1) and cell-wall synthesis (xyloglucan endotransglucosylase, cellulose synthase-A, and cell-wall hydrolase) compared to control. These findings suggest that tapping immediately activated several cell-developmental and regeneration processes, alongwith defense-induced terpenoid metabolism, to improve the healing process in epidermis. Exogenous growth regulators, especially jasmonic acid, can drastically help tree recovery from tissue degeneration and might help in tree conservation purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Latif Khan
- Department of Engineering Technology, College of Technology, University of Houston, Houston 77479, TX, United States of America; Natural & Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, Nizwa 616, Oman.
| | - Sajjad Asaf
- Natural & Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, Nizwa 616, Oman
| | - Muhammad Numan
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, 363 Sullivan Science Building, Greensboro, NC 27402-6170, United States of America
| | | | - Muhammad Imran
- School of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Jean-Jack M Riethoven
- Nebraska Center for Integrated Biomolecular communication, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588, United States of America
| | - Ho-Youn Kim
- Smart Farm Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Gangneung, Gangwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Ahmed Al-Harrasi
- Natural & Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, Nizwa 616, Oman.
| | - Daniel P Schachtman
- Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68588, United States of America.
| | - Ahmed Al-Rawahi
- Natural & Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, Nizwa 616, Oman
| | - In-Jung Lee
- School of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
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Yang Z, Xie C, Huang Y, An W, Liu S, Huang S, Zheng X. Metabolism and transcriptome profiling provides insight into the genes and transcription factors involved in monoterpene biosynthesis of borneol chemotype of Cinnamomum camphora induced by mechanical damage. PeerJ 2021; 9:e11465. [PMID: 34249483 PMCID: PMC8255067 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.11465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The borneol chemotype of Cinnamomum camphora (BCC), a monoterpene-rich woody plant species, is the sole source prescribed by the Chinese Pharmacopoeia for the production of natural D-borneol, a major monoterpene in BCC used for millennia as a topical analgesic in China. Nevertheless, the possible gene-regulatory roles of transcription factors (TFs) in BCC’s monoterpenoid biosynthesis remained unknown. Here, a joint analysis of the transcriptome and terpenoid metabolome of BCC induced by mechanical damage (MD) was used to comprehensively explore the interaction between TFs and terpene synthase (TPS) unigenes that might participate in monoterpene biosynthesis in BCC. Results Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry analysis detected 14 monoterpenes and seven sesquiterpenes. All but two monoterpenes underwent a significantly increased accumulation after the MD treatment. RNA sequencing data revealed that 10 TPS, 82 MYB, 70 AP2/ERF, 38 BHLH, 31 WRKY, and 29 bZIP unigenes responded to the MD treatment. A correlation analysis revealed that three monoterpene synthase genes (CcTPS1, CcTPS3, CcTPS4) highly correlated with multiple monoterpenes, namely D-borneol, camphor, and bornyl acetate, which could be responsible for monoterpenoid biosynthesis in BCC. Furthermore, five WRKY, 15 MYB, 10 ERF/AP2, five bZIP, and two BHLH genes had strong, positive correlations with CcTPS1 or CcTPS4, judging by their high coefficient values (R2 > 0.8). The bioinformatics results were verified by quantitative real-time PCR. Conclusion This study provides insight into the genes involved in the biosynthesis and regulation of monoterpene in BCC and thus provides a pool of candidate genes for future mechanistic analyses of how monoterpenes accumulate in BCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zerui Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Chunzhu Xie
- School of Pharmacy, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yuying Huang
- School of Pharmacy, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Wenli An
- School of Pharmacy, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Shanshan Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Song Huang
- School of Pharmacy, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiasheng Zheng
- School of Pharmacy, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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Portillo-Estrada M, Okereke CN, Jiang Y, Talts E, Kaurilind E, Niinemets Ü. Wounding-Induced VOC Emissions in Five Tropical Agricultural Species. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26092602. [PMID: 33946933 PMCID: PMC8125398 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26092602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Leaf mechanical wounding triggers a rapid release—within minutes—of a blend of volatile organic compounds. A wounding-induced VOC blend is mainly composed of oxygenated ubiquitous stress volatiles such as methanol and volatile products of lipoxygenase (LOX) pathway (mainly C5 and C6 alcohols and aldehydes and their derivatives), but also includes multiple minor VOCs that collectively act as infochemicals, inducing defences in non-damaged plant leaves and neighbouring plants and attracting herbivore enemies. At present, the interspecific variability of the rate of induction and magnitude of wounding-induced emissions and the extent to which plant structural traits and physiological activity alter these emissions are poorly known. Particularly scarce is information on the induced emissions in tropical agricultural plant species, despite their economic importance and large area of cultivation at regional and global scales. We chose five tropical crops with varying photosynthetic activity and leaf structural characteristics—Abelmoschus esculentus, Amaranthus cruentus, Amaranthus hybridus, Solanum aethiopicum, and Telfairia occidentalis—to characterize the kinetics and magnitude of wounding-induced emissions, hypothesizing that the induced emission response is greater and faster in physiologically more active species with greater photosynthetic activity than in less active species. Rapid highly repeatable leaf wounds (12 mm cuts) were generated by a within-leaf-chamber cutting knife. Wounding-induced VOC emissions were measured continuously with a proton-transfer reaction time-of-flight mass spectrometer and gas-chromatography mass spectrometry was used to separate isomers. Twenty-three ion VOCs and twelve terpenoid molecule structures were identified, whereas ubiquitous stress volatiles methanol (on average 40% of total emissions), hexenal (24%), and acetaldehyde (11%) were the main compounds across the species. Emissions of low-weight oxygenated compounds (LOC, 70% of total) and LOX products (29%) were positively correlated across species, but minor VOC components, monoterpenoids and benzenoids, were negatively correlated with LOC and LOX, indicating a reverse relationship between signal specificity and strength. There was a large interspecific variability in the rate of induction and emission magnitude, but the hypothesis of a stronger emission response in physiologically more active species was only partly supported. In addition, the overall emission levels were somewhat lower with different emission blend compared to the data reported for wild species, as well as different shares for the VOCs in the blend. The study demonstrates that wounding-dependent emissions from tropical agricultural crops can significantly contribute to atmospheric volatiles, and these emissions cannot be predicted based on current evidence of wild plant model systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Portillo-Estrada
- Research Group Pleco (Plants and Ecosystems), Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +32-3-265-1731
| | - Chikodinaka N. Okereke
- Chair of Crop Science and Plant Biology, Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 1, 51006 Tartu, Estonia; (C.N.O.); (E.T.); (E.K.); (Ü.N.)
| | - Yifan Jiang
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China;
| | - Eero Talts
- Chair of Crop Science and Plant Biology, Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 1, 51006 Tartu, Estonia; (C.N.O.); (E.T.); (E.K.); (Ü.N.)
| | - Eve Kaurilind
- Chair of Crop Science and Plant Biology, Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 1, 51006 Tartu, Estonia; (C.N.O.); (E.T.); (E.K.); (Ü.N.)
| | - Ülo Niinemets
- Chair of Crop Science and Plant Biology, Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 1, 51006 Tartu, Estonia; (C.N.O.); (E.T.); (E.K.); (Ü.N.)
- Estonian Academy of Sciences, Kohtu 6, 10130 Tallinn, Estonia
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Yu H, Holopainen JK, Kivimäenpää M, Virtanen A, Blande JD. Potential of Climate Change and Herbivory to Affect the Release and Atmospheric Reactions of BVOCs from Boreal and Subarctic Forests. Molecules 2021; 26:2283. [PMID: 33920862 PMCID: PMC8071236 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26082283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Compared to most other forest ecosystems, circumpolar boreal and subarctic forests have few tree species, and are prone to mass outbreaks of herbivorous insects. A short growing season with long days allows rapid plant growth, which will be stimulated by predicted warming of polar areas. Emissions of biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOC) from soil and vegetation could be substantial on sunny and warm days and biotic stress may accelerate emission rates. In the atmosphere, BVOCs are involved in various gas-phase chemical reactions within and above forest canopies. Importantly, the oxidation of BVOCs leads to secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation. SOA particles scatter and absorb solar radiation and grow to form cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) and participate in cloud formation. Through BVOC and moisture release and SOA formation and condensation processes, vegetation has the capacity to affect the abiotic environment at the ecosystem scale. Recent BVOC literature indicates that both temperature and herbivory have a major impact on BVOC emissions released by woody species. Boreal conifer forest is the largest terrestrial biome and could be one of the largest sources of biogenic mono- and sesquiterpene emissions due to the capacity of conifer trees to store terpene-rich resins in resin canals above and belowground. Elevated temperature promotes increased diffusion of BVOCs from resin stores. Moreover, insect damage can break resin canals in needles, bark, and xylem and cause distinctive bursts of BVOCs during outbreaks. In the subarctic, mountain birch forests have cyclic outbreaks of Geometrid moths. During outbreaks, trees are often completely defoliated leading to an absence of BVOC-emitting foliage. However, in the years following an outbreak there is extended shoot growth, a greater number of leaves, and greater density of glandular trichomes that store BVOCs. This can lead to a delayed chemical defense response resulting in the highest BVOC emission rates from subarctic forest in the 1-3 years after an insect outbreak. Climate change is expected to increase insect outbreaks at high latitudes due to warmer seasons and arrivals of invasive herbivore species. Increased BVOC emission will affect tropospheric ozone (O3) formation and O3 induced oxidation of BVOCs. Herbivore-induced BVOC emissions from deciduous and coniferous trees are also likely to increase the formation rate of SOA and further growth of the particles in the atmosphere. Field experiments measuring the BVOC emission rates, SOA formation rate and particle concentrations within and above the herbivore attacked forest stands are still urgently needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- H. Yu
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, 70211 Kuopio, Finland; (H.Y.); (J.K.H.); (M.K.)
| | - J. K. Holopainen
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, 70211 Kuopio, Finland; (H.Y.); (J.K.H.); (M.K.)
| | - M. Kivimäenpää
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, 70211 Kuopio, Finland; (H.Y.); (J.K.H.); (M.K.)
| | - A. Virtanen
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, 70211 Kuopio, Finland;
| | - J. D. Blande
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, 70211 Kuopio, Finland; (H.Y.); (J.K.H.); (M.K.)
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Portillo-Estrada M, Ariza-Carricondo C, Ceulemans R. Outburst of senescence-related VOC emissions from a bioenergy poplar plantation. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2020; 148:324-332. [PMID: 32004916 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2020.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Revised: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Leaf senescence is a catabolic process that emits volatile organic compounds (VOCs). In densely planted monocultures these VOC emissions occur in outbursts that might be relevant for the local air quality since these VOCs are typically oxygenated. The VOC emissions of a high-density poplar (Populus) bioenergy plantation were monitored along with meteorological parameters, CO2 and H2O exchanges, canopy greenness, and leaf area index during the second half of the year 2015. The emissions of 25 VOCs peaked at the beginning of September, coinciding with the onset of senescence. Together these VOC emissions amounted to a total of 2.85 mmol m-2, translated into 98.3 mg C m-2. The emission peak was mainly composed of oxygenated VOCs as methanol, acetic acid, and lipoxygenase products that are all typical for catabolic processes. So, the senescence process of the poplar plantation was very well reflected in the peak of VOC emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Portillo-Estrada
- Centre of Excellence PLECO, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610, Wilrijk, Belgium.
| | - Cristina Ariza-Carricondo
- Centre of Excellence PLECO, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610, Wilrijk, Belgium.
| | - Reinhart Ceulemans
- Centre of Excellence PLECO, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610, Wilrijk, Belgium; CzechGlobe, SustES, Belidla 4a, 603 00, Brno, Czech Republic.
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8
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Meents AK, Mithöfer A. Plant-Plant Communication: Is There a Role for Volatile Damage-Associated Molecular Patterns? FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:583275. [PMID: 33178248 PMCID: PMC7593327 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.583275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) are an ancient form of tissue-derived danger or alarm signals that initiate cellular signaling cascades, which often initiate defined defense responses. A DAMP can be any molecule that is usually not exposed to cells such as cell wall components, peptides, nucleic acid fragments, eATP and other compounds. DAMPs might be revealed upon tissue damage or during attack. Typically, DAMPs are derived from the injured organism. Almost all eukaryotes can generate and respond to DAMPs, including plants. Besides the molecules mentioned, certain volatile organic compounds (VOCs) can be considered as DAMPs. Due to their chemical nature, VOCs are supposed to act not only locally and systemically in the same plant but also between plants. Here, we focus on damage-induced volatiles (DIVs) that might be regarded as DAMPs; we will review their origin, chemical nature, physiochemical properties, biological relevance and putative function in plant-plant communications. Moreover, we discuss the possibility to use such airborne DAMPs as eco-friendly compounds to stimulate natural defenses in agriculture in order to avoid pesticides.
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The Power of Electropenetrography in Enhancing Our Understanding of Host Plant-Vector Interactions. INSECTS 2019; 10:insects10110407. [PMID: 31731698 PMCID: PMC6920982 DOI: 10.3390/insects10110407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2019] [Revised: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The invasive Asian citrus psyllid, Diaphorina citri (Hemiptera: Liviidae), is the primary vector of the phloem-infecting bacterium, Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus. Candidatus L. asiaticus is the putative causal agent of Huanglongbing (HLB) disease, a destructive disease of Citrus. While many Citrus species are susceptible to D. citri probing and HLB disease, there are marked behavioral differences in D. citri probing responses and Ca. Liberibacter asiaticus infection severity among Citrus species. Using four mandarin hybrid selections and pummelo plants variably resistant to D. citri probing, oviposition, and survival, we explored probing differences using electropenetrography (EPG), conducted an oviposition and survival study, and determined host plant metabolites using gas-chromatography mass-spectroscopy (GC-MS). We found thirty-seven D. citri probing variables to be significantly different among tested mandarin selections and pummelo, in addition to differential oviposition and survivorship abilities on tested plants. We found sixty-three leaf metabolites with eight being significantly different among tested mandarin selections and pummelo. Detailed analysis of probing behavior, oviposition, survivorship, and host plant metabolite concentrations reveals the complex, layered resistance mechanisms utilized by resistant Citrus against D. citri probing. EPG is a powerful technology for screening Asian citrus psyllid resistant Citrus to elucidate host plant-vector interactions, with an aim to minimize vector probing and eliminate the spread of the bacterial pathogen, Ca. L. asiaticus.
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Rasulov B, Talts E, Niinemets Ü. A novel approach for real-time monitoring of leaf wounding responses demonstrates unprecedently fast and high emissions of volatiles from cut leaves. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 283:256-265. [PMID: 31128696 PMCID: PMC6837861 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2019.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Revised: 03/09/2019] [Accepted: 03/10/2019] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Wounding is a key plant stress that results in a rapid, within seconds to a few minutes, release of ubiquitous stress volatiles and stored volatiles in species with storage structures. Understanding the timing and extent of wound-dependent volatile elicitation is needed to gain an insight into different emission controls, but real-time monitoring of plant emissions through wounding treatments has been hampered by the need to stop the measurements to perform the wounding, slow stabilization of gas flows upon chamber closure and smearing out the signal by large chambers and long sampling lines. We developed a novel leaf cutter that allows to rapidly perform highly precise leaf cuts within the leaf chamber. The cutter was fitted to the standard Walz GFS-3000 portable gas-exchange system leaf chamber and chamber exhaust air for analysis with a proton transfer reaction time-of-flight mass-spectrometer (PTR-TOF-MS) was taken right at the leaf chamber outlet. Wounding experiments in four species of contrasting leaf structure demonstrated significant species differences in timing, extent and blend of emitted volatiles, and showed unprecedently high emission rates of several stress volatiles and stored monoterpenes. In light of the rapid rise of release of de novo synthesized and stored volatiles, the results of this study suggest that past studies have underestimated the rate of elicitation and maximum emission rates of wound-dependent volatiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bahtijor Rasulov
- Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 1, 51006, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Eero Talts
- Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 1, 51006, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Ülo Niinemets
- Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 1, 51006, Tartu, Estonia; Estonian Academy of Sciences, Kohtu 6, 10130, Tallinn, Estonia.
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11
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Ye J, Jiang Y, Veromann-Jürgenson LL, Niinemets Ü. Petiole gall aphid ( Pemphigus spyrothecae) infestation of Populus × petrovskiana leaves alters foliage photosynthetic characteristics and leads to enhanced emissions of both constitutive and stress-induced volatiles. TREES (BERLIN, GERMANY : WEST) 2019; 33:37-51. [PMID: 31700201 PMCID: PMC6837882 DOI: 10.1007/s00468-018-1756-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Poplar spiral gall aphid (Pemphigus spyrothecae) forms galls on the petiole in poplars (Populus) and mass infestations are frequent in poplar stands, but how these parasite gall infestations can affect the leaf lamina structure, photosynthetic rate and constitutive and stress volatile emissions is unknown. We investigated how the infestation by the petiole gall aphids affects lamina photosynthetic characteristics (net assimilation rate, stomatal conductance), C and N contents, and constitutive isoprene and induced volatile emissions in Populus × petrovskiana. The dry gall mass per leaf dry mass (M g/M l) was used as a quantitative measure of the severity of gall infestation. Very high fraction of leaf biomass was invested in gall formation with M g/M l varying between 0.5-2. Over the whole range of the infestation severities, net assimilation rate per area, leaf dry mass per unit area and N content decreased with increasing the severity of infestation. In contrast, stomatal conductance, leaf dry mass per fresh mass, constitutive isoprene emissions, and induced green leaf volatile (GLV), monoterpene, sesquiterpene and benzenoid emissions increased with increasing the severity of gall infestation. The rates of induced emissions were low and these emissions were associated with methyl jasmonate release from leaf laminas. The data demonstrate that petiole gall infestations lead to major changes in leaf lamina sink-source relationships and leaf water relations, thereby significantly altering lamina photosynthesis. Modifications in stress-induced emissions likely indicated systemic signaling triggered by jasmonate transported from the petiole galls to the lamina where jasmonate elicited a cascade of volatile emission responses. Enhance isoprene emissions and induced volatile emissions can play a major role in indirect defense against other herbivores, securing the food source for the gall aphids. In conclusion, a massive infestation by petiole gall aphids can profoundly modify the foliage photosynthetic performance and volatile emission profiles in poplars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayan Ye
- Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 1, Tartu 51014, Estonia
| | - Yifan Jiang
- Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 1, Tartu 51014, Estonia
- Corresponding author,
| | - Linda-Liisa Veromann-Jürgenson
- Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 1, Tartu 51014, Estonia
| | - Ülo Niinemets
- Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 1, Tartu 51014, Estonia
- Estonian Academy of Sciences, Kohtu 6, 10130 Tallinn, Estonia
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