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Davis SK, Jia F, Wright QG, Islam MT, Bean A, Layton D, Williams DT, Lynch SE. Defining correlates of protection for mammalian livestock vaccines against high-priority viral diseases. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1397780. [PMID: 39100679 PMCID: PMC11294087 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1397780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 06/28/2024] [Indexed: 08/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Enhancing livestock biosecurity is critical to safeguard the livelihoods of farmers, global and local economies, and food security. Vaccination is fundamental to the control and prevention of exotic and endemic high-priority infectious livestock diseases. Successful implementation of vaccination in a biosecurity plan is underpinned by a strong understanding of correlates of protection-those elements of the immune response that can reliably predict the level of protection from viral challenge. While correlates of protection have been successfully characterized for many human viral vaccines, for many high-priority livestock viral diseases, including African swine fever and foot and mouth disease, they remain largely uncharacterized. Current literature provides insights into potential correlates of protection that should be assessed during vaccine development for these high-priority mammalian livestock viral diseases. Establishment of correlates of protection for biosecurity purposes enables immune surveillance, rationale for vaccine development, and successful implementation of livestock vaccines as part of a biosecurity strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha K. Davis
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) Australian Centre for Disease Preparedness, Geelong, VIC, Australia
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Ferrara G, Improda E, Piscopo F, Esposito R, Iovane G, Pagnini U, Montagnaro S. Bluetongue virus seroprevalence and risk factor analysis in cattle and water buffalo in southern Italy (Campania region). Vet Res Commun 2024; 48:579-584. [PMID: 37682447 PMCID: PMC10810927 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-023-10215-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
Bluetongue is an arthropod-borne viral infection that is notifiable in several countries and causes significant economic losses and major concerns for ruminant trade. In this study, we investigated bluetongue 1seroprevalence in the Campania region, southern Italy, in cattle and buffalo populations, and assessed which factors were correlated with a high risk of exposure. The infection was widespread, as evidenced by the high individual (43.6%) and herd prevalence (85.4%). The highest prevalence was found in adult animals. Among the climatic factors analyzed, average temperature played a prominent role, being capable of affecting the probability of being positive for this infection. Surprisingly, exposure to Schmallenberg virus did not predispose animals to be positive for bluetongue virus, even though these infections share the same vector (Culicoides). Our data, consistent with those in the literature, suggest the transversal spread of bluetongue virus in the Mediterranean area, and indicate a limited co-exposure rate between Bluetongue and Schmallenberg viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianmarco Ferrara
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples Federico II, Via Federico Delpino N.1, 80137, Naples, Italy.
| | - Elvira Improda
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples Federico II, Via Federico Delpino N.1, 80137, Naples, Italy
| | - Federica Piscopo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples Federico II, Via Federico Delpino N.1, 80137, Naples, Italy
| | - Riccardo Esposito
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples Federico II, Via Federico Delpino N.1, 80137, Naples, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Iovane
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples Federico II, Via Federico Delpino N.1, 80137, Naples, Italy
| | - Ugo Pagnini
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples Federico II, Via Federico Delpino N.1, 80137, Naples, Italy
| | - Serena Montagnaro
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples Federico II, Via Federico Delpino N.1, 80137, Naples, Italy
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Moreno S, Calvo-Pinilla E, Devignot S, Weber F, Ortego J, Brun A. Recombinant Rift Valley fever viruses encoding bluetongue virus (BTV) antigens: Immunity and efficacy studies upon a BTV-4 challenge. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0008942. [PMID: 33275608 PMCID: PMC7744063 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Many ruminant diseases of viral aetiology can be effectively prevented using appropriate vaccination measures. For diseases such as Rift Valley fever (RVF) the long inter-epizootic periods make routine vaccination programs unfeasible. Coupling RVF prophylaxis with seasonal vaccination programmes by means of multivalent vaccine platforms would help to reduce the risk of new RVF outbreaks. Methodology/Principal findings In this work we generated recombinant attenuated Rift Valley fever viruses (RVFVs) encoding in place of the virulence factor NSs either the VP2 capsid protein or a truncated form of the non-structural NS1 protein of bluetongue virus serotype 4 (BTV-4). The recombinant viruses were able to carry and express the heterologous BTV genes upon consecutive passages in cell cultures. In murine models, a single immunization was sufficient to protect mice upon RVFV challenge and to elicit a specific immune response against BTV-4 antigens that was fully protective after a BTV-4 boost. In sheep, a natural host for RVFV and BTV, both vaccines proved immunogenic although conferred only partial protection after a virulent BTV-4 reassortant Morocco strain challenge. Conclusions/Significance Though additional optimization will be needed to improve the efficacy data against BTV in sheep, our findings warrant further developments of attenuated RVFV as a dual vaccine platform carrying heterologous immune relevant antigens for ruminant diseases in RVF risk areas. Live attenuated Rift Valley fever (RVF) vaccines constitute a reliable intervention measure to reduce the burden of the disease in endemic countries. In this work we report the generation of attenuated Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) that express vaccine antigens of bluetongue virus (BTV) instead of the virulence factor NSs. The recombinant viruses were able to induce protective immune responses against both RVFV and BTV when administered as vaccines in mice and sheep respectively. Though further optimization is needed to enhance the level of protection in sheep upon a single dose, these results demonstrate the potential of attenuated RVFV as a vaccine vector for other ruminant diseases, in this case enabling bluetongue vaccination while immunizing against RVF. Since RVF outbreaks are sporadic events, preventive vaccination is often not perceived as a real need. In such scenario a bivalent vaccine strategy would make RVF vaccination more appealing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Moreno
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA), Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Valdeolmos (Madrid), Spain
| | - Eva Calvo-Pinilla
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA), Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Valdeolmos (Madrid), Spain
| | - Stephanie Devignot
- Institute for Virology, FB10-Veterinary Medicine, Justus-Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Friedemann Weber
- Institute for Virology, FB10-Veterinary Medicine, Justus-Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Javier Ortego
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA), Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Valdeolmos (Madrid), Spain
- * E-mail: (JO); (AB)
| | - Alejandro Brun
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA), Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Valdeolmos (Madrid), Spain
- * E-mail: (JO); (AB)
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Mokoena NB, Moetlhoa B, Rutkowska DA, Mamputha S, Dibakwane VS, Tsekoa TL, O'Kennedy MM. Plant-produced Bluetongue chimaeric VLP vaccine candidates elicit serotype-specific immunity in sheep. Vaccine 2019; 37:6068-6075. [PMID: 31471154 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.08.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Revised: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Bluetongue (BT) is a hemorrhagic non-contagious, biting midge-transmitted disease of wild and domestic ruminants that is caused by bluetongue virus (BTV). Annual vaccination plays a pivotal role in BT disease control in endemic regions. Due to safety concerns of the current BTV multivalent live attenuated vaccine (LAV), a safe efficacious new generation subunit vaccine such as a plant-produced BT virus-like particle (VLP) vaccine is imperative. Previously, homogenous BTV serotype 8 (BTV-8) VLPs were successfully produced in Nicotiana benthamiana plants and provided protective immunity in sheep. In this study, combinations of BTV capsid proteins from more than one serotype were expressed and assembled to form chimaeric BTV-3 and BTV-4 VLPs in N. benthamiana plants. The assembled homogenous BTV-8, as well as chimaeric BTV-3 and chimaeric BTV-4 VLP serotypes, were confirmed by SDS-PAGE, Transmission Electron microscopy (TEM) and protein confirmation using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) based peptide sequencing. As VP2 is the major determinant eliciting protective immunity, the percentage coverage and number of unique VP2 peptides detected in assembled chimaeric BT VLPs were used as a guide to assemble the most appropriate chimaeric combinations. Both plant-produced chimaeric BTV-3 and BTV-4 VLPs were able to induce long-lasting serotype-specific neutralizing antibodies equivalent to the monovalent LAV controls. Antibody levels remained high to the end of the trial. Combinations of homogenous and chimaeric BT VLPs have great potential as a safe, effective multivalent vaccine with the ability to distinguish between vaccinated and infected individuals (DIVA) due to the absence of non-structural proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Daria A Rutkowska
- Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) Biosciences, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Sipho Mamputha
- Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) Biosciences, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Vusi S Dibakwane
- Onderstepoort Biological Products SOC Ltd, Onderstepoort, South Africa
| | - Tsepo L Tsekoa
- Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) Biosciences, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Martha M O'Kennedy
- Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) Biosciences, Pretoria, South Africa.
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Beta-propiolactone inactivated bivalent bluetongue virus vaccine containing Montanide ISA-71VG adjuvant induces long-term immune response in sheep against serotypes 4 and 16 even after 3 years of controlled vaccine storage. Vet Microbiol 2018; 226:23-30. [PMID: 30389040 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2018.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Revised: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we developed and evaluated the beta-propiolactone inactivated bivalent bluetongue virus (BTV) serotypes 4 and 16 vaccine delivered with Montanide™ ISA-71VG adjuvant. The safety, stability and immunological profile of the fresh and after three years of long-term storage of the vaccine formulation was analyzed. We observed after long-term storage that the vaccine emulsion was stable as indicated by unchanged pH and viscosity. The stored vaccine formulation induced virus neutralizing antibodies (VNA) in sheep against both the bluetongue virus serotypes at 7-10 day post-vaccination (dpv). VNA titers reached the peak by 60 dpv and detectable during the entire study period. Antibodies against bluetongue virus structural protein VP7 were detected by ELISA in all BTV vaccinated experimental animal groups. Partial clinical protection was observed in vaccinates against challenge virulent BTV-4 and BTV-16 serotypes by 10 dpv, while complete protection was observed at 14 dpv. The levels of viremia was decreased in challenged sheep by 10 dpv while the viremia was undetectable by 14 dpv. In summary, our newly formulated bivalent BTV (BTV-4 and BTV-16) vaccine delivered with Montanide™ ISA-71VG adjuvant was found safe and stable for over three years and induced protective response in sheep.
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Rojas-Martínez C, Rodríguez-Vivas RI, Millán JVF, Bautista-Garfias CR, Castañeda-Arriola RO, Lira-Amaya JJ, Urióstegui PV, Carrasco JJO, Martínez JAÁ. Bovine babesiosis: Cattle protected in the field with a frozen vaccine containing Babesia bovis and Babesia bigemina cultured in vitro with a serum-free medium. Parasitol Int 2017; 67:190-195. [PMID: 29155165 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2017.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2017] [Revised: 09/21/2017] [Accepted: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
An attenuated live vaccine containing Babesia bovis and B. bigemina cultured in vitro with a serum-free medium was assessed for its clinical protection conferred of naïve cattle, under natural tick-challenge in a high endemicity zone to Babesia spp. Three groups of six animals were treated as follows: group I (GI) received a vaccine derived from parasites cultured with a free-serum medium; group II (GII) were immunized with the standard vaccine, with parasites cultured in a medium supplemented with 40% (v/v) bovine serum; and a control group (GIII) inoculated with non-infected bovine erythrocytes. Inocula were administered by IM route. Experimental animals were kept during 23days after vaccination in a cattle farm free of ticks and Babesia spp. Thereafter, cattle were moved to a high endemicity farm for natural exposure to Babesia spp. transmitted by Rhipicephalus microplus ticks. Protection against clinical babesiosis was observed in bovines belonging to GI (100%) and GII (83.33%), while the control animals (GIII) were not protected, and showed severe clinical signs, closely related to babesiosis, were observed for at least three consecutive days during the challenge. These were fever, anemia, which were measured simultaneously, and circulating parasites were detected by optic light microscopy. All cattle showed B. bovis and B. bigemina in stained blood films during the challenge; B. bovis antibody titers were higher than those to B. bigemina in GI and GII, and lower titers were determined in GIII. The protective capacity of the vaccine derived from B. bovis and B. bigemina cultured in vitro in a serum-free medium was demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Rojas-Martínez
- Centro Nacional de Investigación Disciplinaria en Parasitología Veterinaria (CENID-PAVET), Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agrícolas y Pecuarias (INIFAP), Jiutepec, Morelos, Mexico; Campus de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, FMVZ, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, km 15.5 Carretera Mérida-Xmatkuil, C.P. 97100, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - Roger Iván Rodríguez-Vivas
- Campus de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, FMVZ, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, km 15.5 Carretera Mérida-Xmatkuil, C.P. 97100, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - Julio Vicente Figueroa Millán
- Centro Nacional de Investigación Disciplinaria en Parasitología Veterinaria (CENID-PAVET), Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agrícolas y Pecuarias (INIFAP), Jiutepec, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Carlos Ramón Bautista-Garfias
- Centro Nacional de Investigación Disciplinaria en Parasitología Veterinaria (CENID-PAVET), Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agrícolas y Pecuarias (INIFAP), Jiutepec, Morelos, Mexico
| | | | - José Juan Lira-Amaya
- Centro Nacional de Investigación Disciplinaria en Parasitología Veterinaria (CENID-PAVET), Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agrícolas y Pecuarias (INIFAP), Jiutepec, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Patricia Vargas Urióstegui
- Centro Nacional de Investigación Disciplinaria en Parasitología Veterinaria (CENID-PAVET), Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agrícolas y Pecuarias (INIFAP), Jiutepec, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Juan José Ojeda Carrasco
- Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Carretera Amecameca-Ayapango Km. 2.5, Amecameca, Estado de México, Mexico
| | - Jesús Antonio Álvarez Martínez
- Centro Nacional de Investigación Disciplinaria en Parasitología Veterinaria (CENID-PAVET), Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agrícolas y Pecuarias (INIFAP), Jiutepec, Morelos, Mexico.
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Abstract
The performance of different bluetongue control measures related to both vaccination and protection from bluetongue virus (BTV) vectors was assessed. By means of a mathematical model, it was concluded that when vaccination is applied on 95% of animals even for 3 years, bluetongue cannot be eradicated and is able to re‐emerge. Only after 5 years of vaccination, the infection may be close to the eradication levels. In the absence of vaccination, the disease can persist for several years, reaching an endemic condition with low level of prevalence of infection. Among the mechanisms for bluetongue persistence, the persistence in the wildlife, the transplacental transmission in the host, the duration of viraemia and the possible vertical transmission in vectors were assessed. The criteria of the current surveillance scheme in place in the EU for demonstration of the virus absence need revision, because it was highlighted that under the current surveillance policy bluetongue circulation might occur undetected. For the safe movement of animals, newborn ruminants from vaccinated mothers with neutralising antibodies can be considered protected against infection, although a protective titre threshold cannot be identified. The presence of colostral antibodies interferes with the vaccine immunisation in the newborn for more than 3 months after birth, whereas the minimum time after vaccination of animal to be considered immune can be up to 48 days. The knowledge about vectors ecology, mechanisms of over‐wintering and criteria for the seasonally vector‐free period was updated. Some Culicoides species are active throughout the year and an absolute vector‐free period may not exist at least in some areas in Europe. To date, there is no evidence that the use of insecticides and repellents reduce the transmission of BTV in the field, although this may reduce host/vector contact. By only using pour‐on insecticides, protection of animals is lower than the one provided by vector‐proof establishments. This publication is linked to the following EFSA Supporting Publications article: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.2903/sp.efsa.2017.EN-1182/full, http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.2903/sp.efsa.2017.EN-1171/full
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Replication-Deficient Particles: New Insights into the Next Generation of Bluetongue Virus Vaccines. J Virol 2016; 91:JVI.01892-16. [PMID: 27795442 PMCID: PMC5165199 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01892-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Bluetongue virus (BTV) is endemic in many parts of the world, often causing severe hemorrhagic disease in livestock. To date, at least 27 different serotypes have been recognized. Vaccination against all serotypes is necessary to protect susceptible animals and to prevent onward spread of the virus by insect vectors. In our previous studies, we generated replication-deficient (disabled infectious single-cycle [DISC]) virus strains for a number of serotypes and reported preliminary data on their protective efficacy in animals. In this report, to advance the DISC vaccines to the marketplace, we investigated different parameters of these DISC vaccines. First, we demonstrated the genetic stabilities of these vaccine strains and also the complementing cell line. Subsequently, the optimal storage conditions of vaccines, including additives, temperature, and desiccation, were determined and their protective efficacies in animals confirmed. Furthermore, to test if mixtures of different vaccine strains could be tolerated, we tested cocktails of DISC vaccines in combinations of three or six different serotypes in sheep and cattle, the two natural hosts of BTV. Groups of sheep vaccinated with a cocktail of six different vaccines were completely protected from challenge with individual virulent serotypes, both in early challenge and after 5 months of challenge without any clinical disease. There was no interference in protection between the different vaccines. Protection was also achieved in cattle with a mixture of three vaccine strains, albeit at a lesser level than in sheep. Our data support and validate the suitability of these virus strains as the next-generation vaccines for BTV. IMPORTANCE Bluetongue (BT) is a debilitating and in many cases lethal disease that affects ruminants of economic importance. Classical vaccines that afford protection against bluetongue virus, the etiological agent, are not free from secondary and undesirable effects. A surge in new approaches to produce highly attenuated, safer vaccines was evident after the development of the BTV reverse-genetics system that allows the introduction of targeted mutations in the virus genome. We targeted an essential gene to develop disabled virus strains as vaccine candidates. The results presented in this report further substantiate our previous evidence and support the suitability of these virus strains as the next-generation BTV vaccines.
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Development and Evaluation of Real Time RT-PCR Assays for Detection and Typing of Bluetongue Virus. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0163014. [PMID: 27661614 PMCID: PMC5035095 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0163014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Bluetongue virus is the type species of the genus Orbivirus, family Reoviridae. Bluetongue viruses (BTV) are transmitted between their vertebrate hosts primarily by biting midges (Culicoides spp.) in which they also replicate. Consequently BTV distribution is dependent on the activity, geographic distribution, and seasonal abundance of Culicoides spp. The virus can also be transmitted vertically in vertebrate hosts, and some strains/serotypes can be transmitted horizontally in the absence of insect vectors. The BTV genome is composed of ten linear segments of double-stranded (ds) RNA, numbered in order of decreasing size (Seg-1 to Seg-10). Genome segment 2 (Seg-2) encodes outer-capsid protein VP2, the most variable BTV protein and the primary target for neutralising antibodies. Consequently VP2 (and Seg-2) determine the identity of the twenty seven serotypes and two additional putative BTV serotypes that have been recognised so far. Current BTV vaccines are serotype specific and typing of outbreak strains is required in order to deploy appropriate vaccines. We report development and evaluation of multiple 'TaqMan' fluorescence-probe based quantitative real-time type-specific RT-PCR assays targeting Seg-2 of the 27+1 BTV types. The assays were evaluated using orbivirus isolates from the 'Orbivirus Reference Collection' (ORC) held at The Pirbright Institute. The assays are BTV-type specific and can be used for rapid, sensitive and reliable detection / identification (typing) of BTV RNA from samples of infected blood, tissues, homogenised Culicoides, or tissue culture supernatants. None of the assays amplified cDNAs from closely related but heterologous orbiviruses, or from uninfected host animals or cell cultures.
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