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Ghazaleh RA, Al-Sawalhe M, Odeh IA, El Ibrahim J, Al-Turman B, Makhamreh J. Host range, severity and trans boundary transmission of Orf virus (ORFV). INFECTION, GENETICS AND EVOLUTION : JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY AND EVOLUTIONARY GENETICS IN INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2023; 112:105448. [PMID: 37217030 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2023.105448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Contagious ecthyma in small ruminants is a zoonotic disease caused by Orf virus (ORFV) in the genus Parapoxvirus that can be deadly to its natural hosts. It causes significant losses worldwide, and commonly infects humans. However, the literature about its comparative severity in sheep and goat hosts is misleading; and while contagious ecthyma has been shown to occur in camels and transmit to humans, there is confusion as to whether ORFV is responsible. Camels are important from a 'One Health' perspective as they have been implicated as a reservoir host for the virus causing Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS), which has a case fatality rate of 35% in humans. We compared ORFV gene sequences and mortality data from the West Bank in Palestine, where ORFV has not been reported previously, with data from the region. Surprisingly, we found that infections of camels that had been attributed to ORFV were more closely related to a different member of the genus Parapoxvirus. Two Middle East ORFVs isolated from humans were unrelated and sat alongside sheep and goat derived sequences on two distinct ORFV lineages of a maximum likelihood B2L gene tree. One of the viral lineages bifurcated to produce a monophyletic group of goat-derived ORFVs characterized uniquely by a glycine at amino acid reside 249. We found that serine is the ancestral allele shared between ORFV infections of sheep and also two closely related Parapoxviruses (PCPV and CCEV), indicating that the glycine allele represents a more recent shift in virus host range adaptation to goats. Furthermore, and contrary to some reports that ORFV is more severe in goats than in sheep, we observed median mortality of up to 24.5% in sheep, but none in goats. We also identified trans-boundary spread of ORFV between the West Bank and Israel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin Abu Ghazaleh
- Palestine-Korea Biotechnology Research Center, Palestine Polytechnic University, P.O. Box 198, Hebron, Palestine.
| | - Mohammed Al-Sawalhe
- Palestine-Korea Biotechnology Research Center, Palestine Polytechnic University, P.O. Box 198, Hebron, Palestine
| | - Insaf Abu Odeh
- Palestine-Korea Biotechnology Research Center, Palestine Polytechnic University, P.O. Box 198, Hebron, Palestine
| | - Jehad El Ibrahim
- Palestine-Korea Biotechnology Research Center, Palestine Polytechnic University, P.O. Box 198, Hebron, Palestine; National Agricultural Research Center (NARC), Jenin, Palestine
| | - Basem Al-Turman
- Palestine-Korea Biotechnology Research Center, Palestine Polytechnic University, P.O. Box 198, Hebron, Palestine
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Hussain I, Khan MUR, Aslam A, Rabbani M, Masood S, Anjum A. Identification, molecular characterization, and pathological features of orf virus in sheep and goats in Punjab province, Pakistan. Trop Anim Health Prod 2022; 55:24. [PMID: 36562854 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-022-03432-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Orf virus (ORFV) causes an acute, contagious, skin disease of sheep and goats which is economically important. The objectives of this study were to identify ORFV and to explore its pathological and phylogenetic profiles in 350 goats and 91 sheep of 14 districts of Punjab, Pakistan, from July 2020 to July 2021. Skin scrapings (total no. of samples = 441) of suspected animals were subjected to polymerase chain reactions, phylogenetic analysis, and pathological observations. The partial length of GIF/IL-2 gene (408 bp) was successfully amplified in 58/441 samples. Phylogenetic analysis of GIF/IL2 gene showed that the study isolates belonged to ORFV-cluster I, together with the viruses reported in India and China. Pakistan ORFV isolates were shared 97.6-98.7% nucleotide and 97.6-100% amino acid identities with the reference strain (NC_005336). Moreover, Chinese ORFV-isolates were detected unique multiple amino acid substitutions (F11L, Q21H, D27N, I46V, N49S, N82D, D103N, S129G) with study isolates. Naturally infected animals were anorexic, emaciated, dull, and depressed. The macroscopic lesions included multifocal to coalescing, ulceration followed by proliferative papules, pustules, and crust formation on the epidermis of gums, lips, mouth commissure, muzzles, nose, and udder. Histopathological examination revealed hyperplasia, anastomosing rete ridges formation and degenerative changes, including spongiosis and vacuolation of epidermal cells. Keratinocytes exhibited eosinophilic intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies with pyknotic and karyorrhexis nuclei. This is the first report on molecular characterization of ORFV from Pakistan, with insight into its pathogenesis and comparative analysis of pathological alterations and genetic diversity between ORFV strains reported in different geographical areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irtaza Hussain
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Bahauddin Zakariya University Multan, Multan, Pakistan
| | - Muti Ur Rehman Khan
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan.
| | - Asim Aslam
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Masood Rabbani
- Institute of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Saima Masood
- Department of Anatomy and Histology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Ahsan Anjum
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
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Kumar R, Moudgil P, Grakh K, Jindal N, Sharma M, Gupta R. Epidemiology, clinical features, and molecular detection of orf virus in Haryana (India) and its adjoining areas. Trop Anim Health Prod 2022; 54:268. [PMID: 35980491 PMCID: PMC9386199 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-022-03269-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Orf is an acute, highly contagious, and economically important viral disease of small ruminants. In this study, six orf suspected outbreaks among goats and sheep were investigated from Haryana state and adjoining areas of Rajasthan state during the year 2021. The disease was diagnosed on the basis of clinical signs and molecular identification. The causative agent of the disease, orf virus (ORFV), was confirmed using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) targeting immunodominant envelope antigen (B2L) gene and confirmed by sequencing. The morbidity in goats ranged from 8.75 to 100%, whereas in sheep, it ranged from 0 to 8%. The higher mortality was observed among flocks with mixed infections of orf and peste des petits (PPR) or orf and haemonchosis as compared to other outbreaks. The phylogenetic analysis of sequenced PCR products clustered the current study strains in the same clad with Indian as well as strains from other countries with nucleotide identity more than 99%, signifying a close genetic relationship. The study highlighted the circulation of strains of a single cluster among sheep and goats in Haryana and adjoining areas. Prompt diagnosis of the disease is highly important for facilitating the implementation of control measures to minimize the losses suffered by small and marginal farmers in this region. Further detailed studies are required to delineate the molecular details of ORFV for better understanding the dynamics and molecular epidemiology of strains circulating in the country and for designing the effective vaccines against the disease which are currently lacking in the country.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramesh Kumar
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Epidemiology, College of Veterinary Sciences, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, 125004, Haryana, India
| | - Pallavi Moudgil
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Epidemiology, College of Veterinary Sciences, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, 125004, Haryana, India
| | - Kushal Grakh
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Epidemiology, College of Veterinary Sciences, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, 125004, Haryana, India
| | - Naresh Jindal
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Epidemiology, College of Veterinary Sciences, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, 125004, Haryana, India
| | - Maneesh Sharma
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Complex, College of Veterinary Sciences, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, 125004, India
| | - Renu Gupta
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Epidemiology, College of Veterinary Sciences, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, 125004, Haryana, India.
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Yu Z, Zhang W, Fu H, Zou X, Zhao M, Liang S, Gu C, Yang Q, He M, Xiao Q, Xiao W, He L, Lü M. Genomic analysis of Poxviridae and exploring qualified gene sequences for phylogenetics. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2021; 19:5479-5486. [PMID: 34712393 PMCID: PMC8515299 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2021.09.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2021] [Revised: 09/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The members of the Poxviridae family are globally distributed all over the world and can cause infectious diseases. Although genome sequences are publicly available for representative isolates of all genera, studies on the criteria for genome-based classification within the Poxviridae family have rarely been reported. In our study, 60 Poxviridae genomes were re-annotated using Prokka. By using BLAST filtration and MCScanX, synteny and similarity of whole genomic amino acid sequences were visualized. According to the analysis pattern, the Chordopoxvirinae and Entomopoxvirinae subfamilies can be subdivided into five and two categories respectively, which is consistent with the phylogenetic tree constructed based on whole genomic amino acid sequences and Poxvirus core genes. Finally, four genes (Early transcription factor, DNA-directed RNA polymerase, RNA polymerase-associated transcription-specificity factor and DNA-dependent RNA polymerase) were selected from Poxvirus core genes by substitution saturation analysis and phylogenetic tree verification. Phylogenetic trees constructed based on single gene and concatenated sequences of the four selected genes showed that the classification of subgroups was consistent with the phylogenetic trees based on genome. Conclusion: a new method based on the similarity of whole genomic amino acid sequences was proposed for Poxviridae taxon demarcation, and the use of the four selected qualified genes will help make phylogenic identification of newly discovered Poxviridae isolates more convenient and accurate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zehui Yu
- Laboratory Animal Center, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, PR China.,Department of Gastroenterology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan Province, PR China.,School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Wenjie Zhang
- Laboratory Animal Center, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, PR China.,School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, PR China
| | - Huancheng Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, Sichuan University, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Xiaoxia Zou
- Suining First People's Hospital, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Mingde Zhao
- Laboratory Animal Center, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Sicheng Liang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan Province, PR China
| | - Congwei Gu
- Laboratory Animal Center, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Qian Yang
- Laboratory Animal Center, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Manli He
- Laboratory Animal Center, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Qihai Xiao
- Laboratory Animal Center, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Wudian Xiao
- Laboratory Animal Center, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Lvqin He
- Laboratory Animal Center, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Muhan Lü
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan Province, PR China
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Comparative analysis, distribution, and characterization of microsatellites in Orf virus genome. Sci Rep 2020; 10:13852. [PMID: 32807836 PMCID: PMC7431841 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-70634-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Genome-wide in-silico identification of microsatellites or simple sequence repeats (SSRs) in the Orf virus (ORFV), the causative agent of contagious ecthyma has been carried out to investigate the type, distribution and its potential role in the genome evolution. We have investigated eleven ORFV strains, which resulted in the presence of 1,036-1,181 microsatellites per strain. The further screening revealed the presence of 83-107 compound SSRs (cSSRs) per genome. Our analysis indicates the dinucleotide (76.9%) repeats to be the most abundant, followed by trinucleotide (17.7%), mononucleotide (4.9%), tetranucleotide (0.4%) and hexanucleotide (0.2%) repeats. The Relative Abundance (RA) and Relative Density (RD) of these SSRs varied between 7.6-8.4 and 53.0-59.5 bp/kb, respectively. While in the case of cSSRs, the RA and RD ranged from 0.6-0.8 and 12.1-17.0 bp/kb, respectively. Regression analysis of all parameters like the incident of SSRs, RA, and RD significantly correlated with the GC content. But in a case of genome size, except incident SSRs, all other parameters were non-significantly correlated. Nearly all cSSRs were composed of two microsatellites, which showed no biasedness to a particular motif. Motif duplication pattern, such as, (C)-x-(C), (TG)-x-(TG), (AT)-x-(AT), (TC)- x-(TC) and self-complementary motifs, such as (GC)-x-(CG), (TC)-x-(AG), (GT)-x-(CA) and (TC)-x-(AG) were observed in the cSSRs. Finally, in-silico polymorphism was assessed, followed by in-vitro validation using PCR analysis and sequencing. The thirteen polymorphic SSR markers developed in this study were further characterized by mapping with the sequence present in the database. The results of the present study indicate that these SSRs could be a useful tool for identification, analysis of genetic diversity, and understanding the evolutionary status of the virus.
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Khalafalla AI, Elhag AE, Ishag HZA. Field investigation and phylogenetic characterization of orf virus (ORFV) circulating in small ruminants and Pseudocowpoxvirus (PCPV) in dromedary camels of eastern Sudan. Heliyon 2020; 6:e03595. [PMID: 32258461 PMCID: PMC7096746 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e03595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Revised: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, livestock herders in eastern Sudan were interviewed through structured questionnaire involved 14046 animals in 151 herds (87 camel herds, 51 sheep and 13 goats) from June to September of 2016 in Showak area of Gadarif State to get some epidemiological information on contagious ecthyma (CE) infection. 102 suspected cases of CE were investigated (38 sheep, 22 goats and 42 camels) by a second questionnaire focusing on age and sex of affected animals beside number and localization of the lesions. Representative tissue samples of scab lesion scrapings were collected from a total of 36 suspected sheep, goats and camels for DNA extraction to identify PPV by quantitative real-time PCR and gel-based PCR, then a PCR protocol was used to obtain DNA fragment of B2L gene from six DNAs (2 from each animal species) for sequencing. Phylogenetic tree based on nucleotide sequences was constructed and all data were analyzed statistically. Obtained result has shown morbidity rate of 23.8% and a case fatality rate of 4.7 % in overall investigated animals resulting in a significant economic loss. Within individual herd, the morbidity rate varied from 5.6 to 42.8%, while the case fatality rate ranged between 0 and 33.3%. Camels accounted for the highest case fatality rate with 6.5% compared to sheep and goats which their rates were 2.8% and 1.3%, respectively. 93% of the affected animals were young less than one-year-old. The prevalence of CE was high in the rainy season compared to winter and summer. Out of 36 scab materials collected from sheep, goats, and camels, 24 gave positive specific amplification in real-time PCR and 21 in the gel-based PCR. DNA sequencing confirmed the PCR results. All sequences had a high G + C content of 62.6-63.9%. A BLAST search also revealed that the studied sheep PPV (SPPV) isolates shared 99.08% nucleotide sequence intragroup identity, 96.88-97.27% identity with the goat PPV (GPPV) isolates and together they belong to the Orf virus (ORFV) species, while the camel PPV (CPPV) isolates are close to the Pseudocowpoxvirus (PCPV) species of the PPV genus and share 92.51-93.62 % identity with the GPPV isolates. In conclusion the present study demonstrated that the gross lesion produced by PPV in sheep, goats and camels is generally similar, yet the PPVs circulating in eastern Sudan in camels (PCPV) are genetically distinct from those affecting sheep and goats (ORFV). Contagious ecthyma in eastern Sudan causes significant morbidities and mortalities and control measures, guided by the results of this investigation ought to be implemented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdelmalik Ibrahim Khalafalla
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Khartoum, P. O. Box 32, Khartoum North, Shambat, Sudan
- Veterinary Laboratories Division, Animal Wealth Sector, Abu Dhabi Agriculture and Food Safety Authority P. O. Box 52150, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Ahmed Eisa Elhag
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Gadarif, 32211 Sudan
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ondokuz Mayis University, 55270 Samsun, Turkey
| | - Hassan Zackaria Ali Ishag
- Veterinary Laboratories Division, Animal Wealth Sector, Abu Dhabi Agriculture and Food Safety Authority P. O. Box 52150, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
- College of Veterinary Science, University of Nyala, Sudan
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Karki M, Kumar A, Arya S, Venkatesan G. Circulation of orf viruses containing the NZ7-like vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF-E) gene type in India. Virus Res 2020; 281:197908. [PMID: 32126295 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2020.197908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Revised: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Orf, a poxviral skin infection of small ruminants is caused by orf virus (ORFV) of the genus Parapoxvirus of the Poxviridae family. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is an important virulence factor that is responsible for proliferative lesions in parapoxviral infections. VEGF gene shows high intra- and inter-species variability. Two variants of VEGF have been described globally in ORFV, viz. NZ2- and NZ7-like. In the present study, ORFV isolates of different geographic regions of India were analysed on the basis of the VEGF gene. Indian ORFV isolates showed 95.7-100 % nucleotide (nt) and 78.4-99.3 % amino acid (aa) identity with each other, except ORFV-Assam/LK/14 and ORFV-Meghalaya/03 which shared 85.1-88.35 % and 79.1-81.8 % identity, at nt and aa levels, respectively with other Indian ORFV isolates. All Indian ORFVs under the study demonstrated 83.5-99.1 % nt and 80.5-97.9 % aa identity with NZ7-like VEGF as compared to 41.2-44.8 % nt and 30.7-38.4 % aa identity with NZ2-like VEGF on comparison with global ORFV strains. Phylogenetic analysis based on the VEGF gene showed two clusters of ORFV in which the Indian ORFVs clustered with NZ7-like VEGF from global ORFV strains, mostly from China. Despite the considerable variation, VEGF protein from Indian ORFV strains showed conserved VEGF homology domain with eight cysteine residues. Homology modeling of Indian ORFV strains predicted the presence of extended Loop 3 similar to NZ7-like VEGF. Therefore, the present study showed the circulation of ORFV strains with comparatively less variable NZ7-like VEGF in India which implicates its importance in the epidemiology of ORFV infections in the country.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monu Karki
- Division of Virology, ICAR- Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Mukteswar, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Amit Kumar
- Division of Virology, ICAR- Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Mukteswar, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Sargam Arya
- Division of Virology, ICAR- Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Mukteswar, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Gnanavel Venkatesan
- Division of Virology, ICAR- Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Mukteswar, Uttarakhand, India.
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Bala JA, Balakrishnan KN, Jesse FFA, Abdullah AA, Noorzahari MSB, Ghazali MT, Mohamed RB, Haron AW, Noordin MM, Mohd-Azmi ML. Identification of strain diversity and phylogenetic analysis based on two major essential proteins of Orf viruses isolated from several clinical cases reported in Malaysia. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2019; 77:104076. [PMID: 31678648 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2019.104076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Revised: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
There is a little information on the characterization of Orf virus strains that are endemic in Malaysia. The relationship between the severity of disease and the molecular genetic profile of Orf virus strains has not been fully elucidated. This study documented the first confirmed report of contagious ecthyma causing by Orf virus in goats from a selected state of eastern peninsular Malaysia. The disease causes significant debilitation due to the inability of affected animals to suckle which brings a great economic loss to the farmers. A total of 504 animals were examined individually to recognize the affected animals with Orf lesion. Skin scrapping was used to collect the scab material from the infected animals. The presence of Orf virus was confirmed by combination of methods including virus isolation on vero cells, identification by Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) and molecular technique using PCR and Sanger sequencing. The results showed the successful isolation of four Orf virus strains with a typical cytopathic effects on the cultured vero cells line. The morphology was confirmed to be Orf virus with a distinctive ovoid and criss cross structure. The phylogenetic analysis revealed that these isolated strains were closely related to each other and to other previously isolated Malaysian orf viruses. In addition these Orf virus strains were closely related to Orf viruses from China and India. This study provides more valuable insight in terms of genotype of Orf virus circulating in Malaysia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamilu Abubakar Bala
- Virology Unit, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia; Microbiology Unit, Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Bayero University Kano, P.M.B. 3011 Kano, Nigeria.
| | - Krishnan Nair Balakrishnan
- Virology Unit, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Faez Firdaus Abdullah Jesse
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Ashwaq Ahmed Abdullah
- Institute of Bioscience, University Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia; Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Applied Science, Taiz University, Taiz, Yemen
| | - Muhammad Syaafii Bin Noorzahari
- Virology Unit, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Termizi Ghazali
- Jabatan Perkhidmatan Veterinar Negeri Terengganu, Peti Surat 203, 20720 Kuala Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - Ramlan Bin Mohamed
- Institut Penyelidikan Haiwan (IPH), Veterinary Research Institute, Ipoh, 59, Jalan Sultan Azlan Shah, 31400 Ipoh, Perak, Malaysia
| | - Abd Wahid Haron
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Applied Science, Taiz University, Taiz, Yemen
| | - Mustapha Mohamed Noordin
- Virology Unit, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Lila Mohd-Azmi
- Virology Unit, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
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Karki M, Kumar A, Arya S, Ramakrishnan MA, Venkatesan G. Poxviral E3L ortholog (Viral Interferon resistance gene) of orf viruses of sheep and goats indicates species-specific clustering with heterogeneity among parapoxviruses. Cytokine 2019; 120:15-21. [PMID: 30991229 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2019.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Revised: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Orf is a contagious disease posing a serious threat to animal and human health. E3L is one of the evolutionarily acquired immunomodulatory proteins present in orf virus (ORFV) and is responsible for conferring resistance to interferons among poxviruses. Genetic analysis of ORFV isolates of different geographical regions including Indian subcontinent targeting viral interferon resistance (VIR) gene (a homolog of vaccinia virus E3L gene) revealed a high percentage of identity among themselves and other ORFV isolates at both nt and aa levels as compared to low identity among parapoxviruses (PPVs). Phylogenetic analysis showed species-specific clustering among PPVs along with sub-clusters based on host species of origin among ORFVs infecting sheep and goats. Conserved amino acids in N-terminal Z-DNA binding domain and C-terminal ds RNA binding domain of VIR proteins of PPVs corresponding to ORFV VIR positions namely N37, Y41, P57, and W59 (necessary for Z-DNA binding) and E116, F127, F141, and K160 (necessary for dsRNA binding) were found. Further, the predicted protein characteristics and homology model of VIR protein of ORFV showed high structural conservation among poxviruses. This study on E3L genetic analysis of ORFV isolates may provide a better understanding of the molecular epidemiology of circulating strains in India and neighboring countries. Also, E3L deleted or mutated ORFV may be an as vaccine candidate and/or compounds blocking E3L may prove as an effective method for treating broad spectrum poxviral infections, suggesting a wider application in control of poxvirus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monu Karki
- Division of Virology, ICAR-IVRI, Mukteswar 263 138, Nainital, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Amit Kumar
- Division of Virology, ICAR-IVRI, Mukteswar 263 138, Nainital, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Sargam Arya
- Division of Virology, ICAR-IVRI, Mukteswar 263 138, Nainital, Uttarakhand, India
| | - M A Ramakrishnan
- Division of Virology, ICAR-IVRI, Mukteswar 263 138, Nainital, Uttarakhand, India
| | - G Venkatesan
- Division of Virology, ICAR-IVRI, Mukteswar 263 138, Nainital, Uttarakhand, India.
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Yogisharadhya R, Kumar A, Bhanuprakash V, Shivachandra SB. Evaluation of a recombinant major envelope protein (F1L) based indirect- ELISA for sero-diagnosis of orf in sheep and goats. J Virol Methods 2018; 261:112-120. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2018.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Revised: 08/10/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Comparative sequence and structural analysis of Indian orf viruses based on major envelope immuno-dominant protein (F1L), an homologue of pox viral p35/H3 protein. Gene 2018; 663:72-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2018.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Revised: 04/07/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Venkatesan G, De A, Arya S, Kumar A, Muthuchelvan D, Debnath BC, Dutta TK, Hemadri D, Pandey AB. Molecular evidence and phylogenetic analysis of orf virus isolates from outbreaks in Tripura state of North-East India. Virusdisease 2018; 29:216-220. [PMID: 29911157 DOI: 10.1007/s13337-018-0442-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
This study describes the first confirmed report of contagious ecthyma in Black Bengal goats from Tripura state, a North-Eastern state of India situated at the Indo-Bangladesh border. Outbreaks were characterized by the high rates of morbidity (58-67%), low mortality (8-10%) and case fatality (11-15%). The etiology of the outbreaks was confirmed as orf virus (ORFV) by standard virological/serological and molecular techniques including sequence analysis of B2L, a major envelop protein gene of genus Parapoxvirus. Sequence and phylogenetic analysis based on B2L gene of ORFV isolates from Tripura revealed that they were closely related to each other and also to other Indian isolates, in particular to ORFV-Shahjahanpur 82/04 isolate from North India. They revealed several specific nucleotide/amino acid substitutions, namely G299A (G100D), G660A, C705T, C795T (N267D) and G872A (R291H) which may be of notable epidemiological significance. This report necessitates the systematic investigation of orf outbreaks in susceptible populations including wild species particularly at transboundary regions by use of rapid diagnostics to control the infection by deploying an effective vaccine/therapeutics and better managemental practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gnanavel Venkatesan
- 1Division of Virology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Mukteswar, Nainital District, Uttarakhand 263 138 India
| | - Ankan De
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Veterinary Sciences and A.H., R K Nagar, West Tripura, Tripura India
| | - Sargam Arya
- 1Division of Virology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Mukteswar, Nainital District, Uttarakhand 263 138 India
| | - Amit Kumar
- 1Division of Virology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Mukteswar, Nainital District, Uttarakhand 263 138 India
| | - D Muthuchelvan
- 1Division of Virology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Mukteswar, Nainital District, Uttarakhand 263 138 India
| | - Bikas Ch Debnath
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Veterinary Sciences and A.H., R K Nagar, West Tripura, Tripura India
| | - Tapan Kumar Dutta
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary Sciences and A.H., Selesih, Aizawl, Mizoram India
| | - Divakar Hemadri
- 4ICAR-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics, Yelahanka, Bengaluru, Karnataka India
| | - A B Pandey
- 1Division of Virology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Mukteswar, Nainital District, Uttarakhand 263 138 India
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Chen H, Li W, Kuang Z, Chen D, Liao X, Li M, Luo S, Hao W. The whole genomic analysis of orf virus strain HN3/12 isolated from Henan province, central China. BMC Vet Res 2017; 13:260. [PMID: 28821255 PMCID: PMC5562994 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-017-1178-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 08/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The Orf virus (ORFV) is the causative agent of orf, a globally-occurring, acute, pustular, contagious disease affecting sheep, goats and humans with a worldwide distribution. Currently, the genomic analysis of four ORFV strains from the Fujian province in southern China and a NA1/11 strain isolated from the Jilin province in northeast China have been reported. However, little is known about the genomic information of ORFV strains from central China. Results From a recent outbreak in a sheep herd in the Henan province of central China, a novel ORFV strain (HN3/12) was isolated and cultured in ovine fetal turbinate (OFTu) cells. The strain was identified as HN3/12 and verified by PCR based on the DNA sequences of 011 and 059 genes. The whole genomic sequence of this isolate was determined by Next Generation Sequencing technology. To determine the genetic characteristics of the HN3/12 strain, phylogenetic analysis of the 011 and 059 genes and amino acid sequence alignment of the HN3/12 strain were performed and compared with reference parapoxvirus strains. Conclusions The HN3/12 genome is 136,643 bp in length, contains 63.67% G + C and encodes 132 putative genes. Phylogenetic analysis of the 011 and 059 nucleotide sequences showed that this viral strain was similar to the NA1/11 isolate. The homology analysis indicates that HN3/12 has 93% to 98% identity with published ORFV strains at amino acid level. When open reading frames (ORFs) were aligned among the HN3/12 and four Fujian ORFV strains, most of them have identities greater than 90% and only a few less than 60%. The availability of the whole genomic sequence of HN3/12 aids in our understanding of, and provides new insights into, the genetic diversity of ORFV. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12917-017-1178-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiqin Chen
- Institute of Antibody Engineering, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Li
- Institute of Antibody Engineering, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenzhan Kuang
- Institute of Antibody Engineering, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, People's Republic of China
| | - Daxiang Chen
- Institute of Antibody Engineering, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoqing Liao
- Institute of Antibody Engineering, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, People's Republic of China
| | - Ming Li
- Institute of Antibody Engineering, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuhong Luo
- Institute of Antibody Engineering, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, People's Republic of China. .,Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Stomatology and Medicine, Foshan University, 5 Hebin Road, Foshan, Guangdong Province, 528000, People's Republic of China.
| | - Wenbo Hao
- Institute of Antibody Engineering, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, People's Republic of China. .,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, People's Republic of China.
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Functional characterization of recombinant major envelope protein (rB2L) of orf virus. Arch Virol 2016; 162:953-962. [PMID: 27995337 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-016-3178-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2016] [Accepted: 11/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Orf, or contagious ecthyma, a highly contagious transboundary disease of sheep and goats, is caused by a double-stranded DNA virus (ORFV) belonging to the genus Parapoxvirus of the family Poxviridae. The ORFV genome encodes the major envelope proteins B2L and F1L, which have been found to be highly immunogenic and have multiple functional characteristics. In order to investigate the functional properties of the B2L protein, in this study, the B2L gene of ORFV strain 59/05, encoding recombinant mature B2L (aa 1M-D334), was produced as a fusion protein in Escherichia coli. The functional characteristics of purified rB2L fusion protein (~60 kDa) were evaluated in vivo and in vitro, showing that this protein had lipase and immunomodulatory activities. Immunization trials involving laboratory animals (mice, rabbits and guinea pigs) using either constant or graded doses of rB2L fusion protein with or without adjuvants (FCA, alum) as well as co-administration with candidate rErns-Ag protein of classical swine fever virus (CSFV) indicated that the rB2L protein is immunogenic and has immunomodulatory properties. This study shows the potential utility of the rB2L protein as a safe and novel adjuvant in veterinary vaccine formulations.
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15
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Bora M, Bora DP, Barman NN, Borah B, Das S. Seroprevalence of contagious ecthyma in goats of Assam: An analysis by indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Vet World 2016; 9:1028-1033. [PMID: 27733808 PMCID: PMC5057025 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2016.1028-1033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2016] [Accepted: 08/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM The objective of this study was to screen the prevalence of contagious ecthyma (CE) among the goat population of Assam owing to its high prevalence rate. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this study, a total of 231 serum samples were collected from 12 districts of Assam during September 2013 to July 2014. The serum samples were tested for the presence of antibodies against Orf virus (ORFV) by indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Indirect ELISA was standardized using purified Orf reference virus produced in bulk in primary lamb testes cells. RESULTS Studies on seroprevalence showed 76.62% of goats were seropositive. The total number of animals were divided into different age groups starting from 0-2 months, 2-4 months, 4-6 months, and above 8 months and accordingly highest prevalence of antibodies against ORFV was recorded in the age-group above 8 months of age. Significantly, lower rates of infection were observed in goats of age group 2-4 months. This study recorded that seropositivity from naturally infected animals and in contact apparently healthy animals to be 53.67% and 46.32%, respectively. CONCLUSION The results indicated that CE is a prevalent infection in goats of Assam, and the healthy population is at increased risk of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mousumi Bora
- Division of Virology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Durlav Prasad Bora
- Department of Microbiology, College of Veterinary Science, Assam Agricultural University, Khanapara Campus, Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Nagendra Nath Barman
- Department of Microbiology, College of Veterinary Science, Assam Agricultural University, Khanapara Campus, Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Biswajyoti Borah
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Assam Agricultural University, Khanapara Campus, Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Sutopa Das
- Department of Microbiology, College of Veterinary Science, Assam Agricultural University, Khanapara Campus, Guwahati, Assam, India
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16
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Occurrence and identification of contagious ecthyma in blackbuck. Virusdisease 2016; 27:198-202. [PMID: 27366773 DOI: 10.1007/s13337-016-0316-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A carcass of male free ranging adult blackbuck (Antilope cervicapra) was presented for necropsy examination exhibiting thick confluent nodular skin lesions around the mouth and the dry scaly crusts/fissures on the skin of abdomen, thigh and shoulder with subcutaneous haemorrhages. The skin sample around mouth was found positive for orf virus (ORFV) identified by counterimmunoelectrophoresis and PCR. Histopathology of the mouth skin revealed the hyperkeratinization, epidermal sloughing and epithelial hyperplasia showing acanthosis with rete ridges and few eosinophilic intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies in keratinocytes. Further, comparative B2L gene sequence analysis revealed that the virus isolate from blackbuck had shown 97.8-99.6 and 97.6-99.5 % identity at nucleotide and amino acid levels respectively with Indian isolates and maximum identity with ORFV 79/04, an isolate from India. Phylogenetic analysis based on B2L gene also revealed the same evolutionary relationship that it is closely related to Indian isolates. This seems to be the first report of orf in blackbuck from Indian subcontinent.
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Gelaye E, Achenbach JE, Jenberie S, Ayelet G, Belay A, Yami M, Loitsch A, Grabherr R, Diallo A, Lamien CE. Molecular characterization of orf virus from sheep and goats in Ethiopia, 2008-2013. Virol J 2016; 13:34. [PMID: 26923232 PMCID: PMC4770539 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-016-0489-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Orf is a contagious disease of sheep, goats and wild ungulates caused by orf virus (ORFV) a member of the genus Parapoxvirus, Poxviridae family. Although orf is endemic in Ethiopia, little attention has been given so far as it is not a notifiable disease by the World Organization for Animal Health. In this work, we have investigated orf outbreaks representing five different geographical locations of Ethiopia, in Amba Giorgis, Gondar zuria, Adet, Debre zeit and Adami Tulu, between 2008 and 2013. Results The viral isolation and the sequence analysis of the A32L and the B2L genes of eighteen representative isolates confirmed that sampled animals were infected by ORFVs. The phylogenetic study and the comparative analysis of the deduced amino acid profile suggests that there were two main clusters of ORFV isolates which were responsible for the investigated outbreaks. Additionally the analysis of these two genes showed limited variability to ORFVs encountered elsewhere. This is the first report on the genetic characterization of the ORFV isolates from sheep and goats in Ethiopia. Conclusion The molecular characterization of Ethiopian ORFV isolates highlighted the circulation of two main clusters causing orf disease in sheep and goats. The use of laboratory based methods and a constant monitoring of Ethiopian ORFV isolates is needed to better understand the dynamic of ORFV circulating in the country and facilitate the implementation of control measures. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12985-016-0489-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esayas Gelaye
- Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, International Atomic Energy Agency, Wagramer Strasse 5, P.O. Box 100, A-1400, Vienna, Austria.,Institute of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, A-1190, Vienna, Austria.,Research and Diagnostic Laboratories, National Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 19, Debre Zeit, Ethiopia
| | - Jenna Elizabeth Achenbach
- Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, International Atomic Energy Agency, Wagramer Strasse 5, P.O. Box 100, A-1400, Vienna, Austria
| | - Shiferaw Jenberie
- Research and Diagnostic Laboratories, National Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 19, Debre Zeit, Ethiopia
| | - Gelagay Ayelet
- Research and Diagnostic Laboratories, National Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 19, Debre Zeit, Ethiopia
| | - Alebachew Belay
- Research and Diagnostic Laboratories, National Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 19, Debre Zeit, Ethiopia
| | - Martha Yami
- Research and Diagnostic Laboratories, National Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 19, Debre Zeit, Ethiopia
| | - Angelika Loitsch
- Institute for Veterinary Disease Control, Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety, Robert Koch-Gasse 17, A-2340, Mödling, Austria
| | - Reingard Grabherr
- Institute of Applied Microbiology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 11, 1190, Vienna, Austria
| | - Adama Diallo
- Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, International Atomic Energy Agency, Wagramer Strasse 5, P.O. Box 100, A-1400, Vienna, Austria
| | - Charles Euloge Lamien
- Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, International Atomic Energy Agency, Wagramer Strasse 5, P.O. Box 100, A-1400, Vienna, Austria.
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18
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Khalafalla AI, El-Sabagh IM, Al-Busada KA, Al-Mubarak AI, Ali YH. Phylogenetic analysis of eight sudanese camel contagious ecthyma viruses based on B2L gene sequence. Virol J 2015; 12:124. [PMID: 26260127 PMCID: PMC4578853 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-015-0348-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2015] [Accepted: 07/22/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Camel contagious ecthyma (CCE) is an important viral disease of camelids caused by a poxvirus of the genus parapoxvirus (PPV) of the family Poxviridae. The disease has been reported in west and east of the Sudan causing economical losses. However, the PPVs that cause the disease in camels of the Sudan have not yet subjected to genetic characterization. At present, the PPV that cause CCE cannot be properly classified because only few isolates that have been genetically analyzed. METHODS AND RESULTS PCR was used to amplify the B2L gene of the PPV directly from clinical specimens collected from dromedary camels affected with contagious ecthyma in the Sudan between 1993 and 2013. PCR products were sequenced and subjected to genetic analysis. The results provided evidence for close relationships and genetic variation of the camel PPV (CPPV) represented by the circulation of both Pseudocowpox virus (PCPV) and Orf virus (ORFV) strains among dromedary camels in the Sudan. Based on the B2L gene sequence the available CPPV isolates can be divided into two genetic clades or lineages; the Asian lineage represented by isolates from Saudi Arabia, Bahrain and India and the African lineage comprising isolates from the Sudan. CONCLUSION The camel parapoxvirus is genetically diverse involving predominantly viruses close to PCPV in addition to ORFVs, and can be divided into two genetically distant lineages. Based on sequences of the B2L gene it is not possible to suggest that the viruses that cause CCE form a monophylogenetic group or species within the PPV phylogeny.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdelmalik I Khalafalla
- Camel Research Center, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, 31982, Saudi Arabia.
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Khartoum, P.O. Box 32, Shambat, Sudan.
| | - Ibrahim M El-Sabagh
- Central Biotechnology Laboratory, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Resources, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, 31982, Saudi Arabia.
- Department of Virology, Cairo University, Giza, 12211, Egypt.
| | - Khalid A Al-Busada
- Department of Biochemistry, Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Resources, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, 31982, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Abdullah I Al-Mubarak
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Resources, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, 31982, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Yahia H Ali
- Department of Virology, Central Veterinary Research Laboratory, P. O. Box 8067, Al Amarat, Khartoum, Sudan.
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Bora M, Bora DP, Barman NN, Borah B, Bora PL, Talukdar A, Tamuly S. Isolation and molecular characterization of Orf virus from natural outbreaks in goats of Assam. Virusdisease 2015; 26:82-8. [PMID: 26436126 DOI: 10.1007/s13337-015-0255-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2015] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Outbreaks of contagious ecthyma (caused by a Parapox virus) in goats were investigated in 6 districts of Assam, a north eastern state of India. Diagnosis of the disease was carried out employing both standard virological as well as molecular methods. Four representative isolates from different places were selected for phylogenetic analysis. The major envelop protein (B2L) of Orf virus was targeted for molecular analysis. The sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of the selected sequences at nucleotide level revealed that the Orf virus isolates were closely related to each other (97.6-100 %) and showed highest similarity to the Orf virus isolate 82/04 (98.4 %), reported from Shahjahanpur, India. The data will provide an insight in transmission of the virus from northern to North eastern part of the country.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mousumi Bora
- Department of Microbiology, College of Veterinary Science, Assam Agricultural University, Khanapara Campus, Guwahati, 781022 Assam India
| | - Durlav Prasad Bora
- Department of Microbiology, College of Veterinary Science, Assam Agricultural University, Khanapara Campus, Guwahati, 781022 Assam India
| | - Nagendra Nath Barman
- Department of Microbiology, College of Veterinary Science, Assam Agricultural University, Khanapara Campus, Guwahati, 781022 Assam India
| | - Biswajyoti Borah
- Department of Microbiology, College of Veterinary Science, Assam Agricultural University, Khanapara Campus, Guwahati, 781022 Assam India
| | - Padma Lochan Bora
- Department of Microbiology, College of Veterinary Science, Assam Agricultural University, Khanapara Campus, Guwahati, 781022 Assam India
| | - Archana Talukdar
- Department of Veterinary Public Health & Hygiene, College of Veterinary Science, Assam Agricultural University, Khanapara Campus, Guwahati, Assam India
| | - Shantanu Tamuly
- Department of Veterinary Biochemistry, College of Veterinary Science, Assam Agricultural University, Khanapara Campus, Guwahati, Assam India
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Comparative genomic sequence analysis of Chinese orf virus strain NA1/11 with other parapoxviruses. Arch Virol 2014; 160:253-66. [PMID: 25385177 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-014-2274-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2014] [Accepted: 10/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Orf virus (ORFV) is a typical member of the genus Parapoxvirus. The parapoxvirus genome consists of highly variable terminal regions and relatively conserved central regions with a high G + C content. In our previous study, a novel ORFV strain, NA1/11, was isolated from northeastern China. To fully characterize this strain, we sequenced the entire genome of NA1/11 and conducted a comparative analysis using multiple parapoxviruses. The genomic sequence of NA1/11 was found to consist of 137,080 nucleotides with a G + C content of 63.6 %, but it did not contain the terminal hairpin sequence. Alignment of ORFs from NA1/11 with NZ2, IA82 and SA00 revealed several highly variable ORFs, while the most evident ones are ORFs 001, 103, 109-110, 116 and 132. An odd phenomenon in the region of ORFs 118-120 is that the non-coding fragments are almost as long as the coding fragments. By comparative analysis of inverted terminal repeats, we identified one repeat motif and a long conserved fragment. By comparing the ITRs of SA00 with those of three other ORFVs, more clues were obtained about the correlation between ITR sequence and host adaption. Comparison of the NA1/11 genome with the sequences of other strains of ORFV revealed highly variable regions, thus providing new insights into the genetic diversity of ORFV.
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Santhamani R, Yogisharadhya R, Venkatesan G, Shivachandra SB, Pandey AB, Ramakrishnan MA. Molecular characterization of Indian sheeppox and goatpox viruses based on RPO30 and GPCR genes. Virus Genes 2014; 49:286-91. [DOI: 10.1007/s11262-014-1095-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2014] [Accepted: 06/05/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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Yang H, Meng Q, Qiao J, Peng Y, Xie K, Liu Y, Zhao H, Cai X, Chen C. Detection of genetic variations in Orf virus isolates epidemic in Xinjiang China. J Basic Microbiol 2014; 54:1273-8. [DOI: 10.1002/jobm.201300911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2013] [Accepted: 02/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Haibo Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology; Shihezi University; Shihezi Xinjiang China
| | - Qingling Meng
- College of Animal Science and Technology; Shihezi University; Shihezi Xinjiang China
| | - Jun Qiao
- College of Animal Science and Technology; Shihezi University; Shihezi Xinjiang China
| | - Yelong Peng
- College of Animal Science and Technology; Shihezi University; Shihezi Xinjiang China
| | - Kun Xie
- College of Animal Science and Technology; Shihezi University; Shihezi Xinjiang China
| | - Yucheng Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology; Shihezi University; Shihezi Xinjiang China
| | - Hailong Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Technology; Shihezi University; Shihezi Xinjiang China
| | - Xuepeng Cai
- State Key Lab of Veterinary Etiological Biology; Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute; Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Lanzhou Gansu China
| | - Chuangfu Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology; Shihezi University; Shihezi Xinjiang China
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Maan S, Kumar A, Batra K, Singh M, Nanda T, Ghosh A, Maan NS. Isolation and molecular characterization of contagious pustular dermatitis virus from Rajasthan, India. Virusdisease 2014; 25:376-80. [PMID: 25674607 DOI: 10.1007/s13337-014-0205-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2013] [Accepted: 02/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
This article describes the isolation and identification of contagious pustular dermatitis virus/orf virus (ORFV) from an outbreak of contagious pustular dermatitis (orf) in flocks of goats, in the north western region of India (Rajasthan). The virus was isolated in Vero cell cultures from scab and swab suspensions and has been identified using GIF/IL-2 and B2L gene specific primers in PCR and sequencing. The virus showed high nucleotide identity with previously reported Chinese, far eastern, Brazilian and Indian isolates. This report described the use of molecular tools for fast, reliable and confirmatory diagnosis of ORFV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sushila Maan
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Sciences, LLR University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, 125 004 Haryana India
| | - Aman Kumar
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Sciences, LLR University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, 125 004 Haryana India
| | - Kanisht Batra
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Sciences, LLR University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, 125 004 Haryana India
| | - Mahendra Singh
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Sciences, LLR University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, 125 004 Haryana India
| | - Trilok Nanda
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Sciences, LLR University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, 125 004 Haryana India
| | - Arnab Ghosh
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Sciences, LLR University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, 125 004 Haryana India
| | - Narender S Maan
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Sciences, LLR University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, 125 004 Haryana India
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Venkatesan G, Balamurugan V, Bhanuprakash V. TaqMan based real-time duplex PCR for simultaneous detection and quantitation of capripox and orf virus genomes in clinical samples. J Virol Methods 2014; 201:44-50. [PMID: 24552953 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2014.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2013] [Revised: 01/24/2014] [Accepted: 02/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
A rapid and sensitive TaqMan based real-time duplex PCR (drt-PCR) assay for simultaneous detection, differentiation and quantitation of Capripoxvirus (CaPV) and Orf virus (ORFV) DNA, was optimized targeting the highly conserved DNA polymerase genes of these virus genomes. Two pairs of oligonucleotide primers and two hybridization probes labeled with Cy5/BHQ1 and Hex/BHQ1 for CaPV and ORFV, respectively, were used in the drt-PCR assay. The assay was found to be specific only to targeted viruses and did not react with buffalopox virus (BPXV), camelpox virus (CMLV) (Orthopoxviruses) and cDNA of Peste des petits ruminants virus and bluetongue virus, the other common viruses of sheep and goats. The detection limit of the assay was 20 copies for each of the standard plasmid and 35fg of viral genomic DNA for CaPV and ORFV, respectively, in a single and mixed virus population. Both intra-(0.49-4.6% and 0.7-3.7%) and inter-(0.6-2.35% and 0.27-2.1%) assay variations of drt-PCR for CaPV and ORFV DNA were within the acceptable limits, implying high reproducibility and repeatability of the assay. Further, the diagnostic specificity and the sensitivity of the assay was assessed using known virus isolates of sheeppox virus (SPPV), goatpox virus (GTPV) and ORFV and the clinical specimens from sheep and goats. The developed drt-PCR assay was able to detect, differentiate, quantify simultaneously and also to identity mixed infections of CaPV and ORFV in sheep and goats.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Venkatesan
- Division of Virology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Nainital District, Mukteswar 263 138, Uttarakhand, India
| | - V Balamurugan
- Division of Virology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Nainital District, Mukteswar 263 138, Uttarakhand, India; Project Directorate on Animal Disease Monitoring and Surveillance (PD-ADMAS), HA Farm post, Hebbal, Bangalore 560 024, Karnataka, India
| | - V Bhanuprakash
- Division of Virology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Nainital District, Mukteswar 263 138, Uttarakhand, India; Indian Veterinary Research Institute, HA Farm post, Hebbal, Bangalore 560 024, Karnataka, India.
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Chi X, Zeng X, Hao W, Li M, Li W, Huang X, Wang S, Luo S. Heterogeneity among orf virus isolates from goats in Fujian Province, Southern China. PLoS One 2013; 8:e66958. [PMID: 24143166 PMCID: PMC3797069 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0066958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2013] [Accepted: 05/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Orf virus is a parapoxvirus that causes recurring contagious ecthyma or orf disease in goat, sheep and other wild and domestic ruminants. Infected animals show signs of pustular lesions on the mouth and muzzle and develop scabs over the lesions. Although the infection is usually cleared within 1–2 months, delayed growth and associated secondary infections could still impact the herds. Orf virus can also infect humans, causing lesions similar to the animals in pathological histology. Prior infection of orf virus apparently offers little protective immunity against future infections. Several gene products of orf virus have been identified as responsible for immunomodulatory functions. In our recent study of orf virus isolates from an area along the Minjiang River in northern Fujian Province, we found a high heterogeneity among isolates from 10 farms within a 120-kilometer distance. Only two isolates from locations within 1 km to each other had same viral genes. There is no correlation between the geographical distance between the corresponding collection sites and the phylogenetic distance in ORFV011 or ORV059 genes for any two isolates. This finding suggests that there are diverse populations of orf virus present in the environment. This may in part contribute to the phenomenon of recurring outbreaks and heighten the need for better surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuelin Chi
- College of Life Sciences,Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, People's Republic of China
- University Key Laboratory for Integrated Chinese Traditional and Western Veterinary Medicine and Animal Healthc re in Fujian Province, College of Animal Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiancheng Zeng
- College of Life Sciences,Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, People's Republic of China
- University Key Laboratory for Integrated Chinese Traditional and Western Veterinary Medicine and Animal Healthc re in Fujian Province, College of Animal Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenbo Hao
- School of Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Ming Li
- School of Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Li
- School of Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaohong Huang
- University Key Laboratory for Integrated Chinese Traditional and Western Veterinary Medicine and Animal Healthc re in Fujian Province, College of Animal Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Shihua Wang
- College of Life Sciences,Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, People's Republic of China
- * E-mail: (SW); (SL)
| | - Shuhong Luo
- College of Life Sciences,Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, People's Republic of China
- School of Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
- * E-mail: (SW); (SL)
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Oem JK, Chung JY, Kim YJ, Lee KK, Kim SH, Jung BY, Hyun BH. Isolation and characterization of orf viruses from Korean black goats. J Vet Sci 2013; 14:227-30. [PMID: 23814477 PMCID: PMC3694196 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.2013.14.2.227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2012] [Revised: 10/25/2012] [Accepted: 12/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Five cases of orf virus infection in Korean black goats were diagnosed in our laboratory between 2010 and 2011. One orf virus (ORF/2011) was isolated from an ovine testis cell line (OA3.Ts) for use as a vaccine candidate. Sequences of the major envelope protein and orf virus interferon resistance genes were determined and compared with published reference sequences. Phylogenetic analyses revealed that orf viruses from Korean black goats were most closely related to an isolate (ORF/09/Korea) from dairy goats in Korea. This result indicates that the orf viruses might have been introduced from dairy goats into the Korean black goat population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Ku Oem
- Animal Disease Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Anyang 430-824, Korea
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Bhanuprakash V, Hosamani M, Venkatesan G, Balamurugan V, Yogisharadhya R, Singh RK. Animal poxvirus vaccines: a comprehensive review. Expert Rev Vaccines 2013; 11:1355-74. [PMID: 23249235 DOI: 10.1586/erv.12.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The family Poxviridae includes several viruses of medical and veterinary importance. Global concerted efforts combined with an intensive mass-vaccination campaign with highly efficaceious live vaccine of vaccinia virus have led to eradication of smallpox. However, orthopoxviruses affecting domestic animals continue to cause outbreaks in several endemic countries. Different kinds of vaccines starting from conventional inactivated/attenuated to recombinant protein-based vaccines have been used for control of poxvirus infections. Live virus homologous vaccines are currently in use for diseases including capripox, parapox, camelpox and fowlpox, and these vaccines are highly effective in eliciting (with the exception of parapoxviruses) long-lasting immunity. Attenuated strains of poxviruses have been exploited as vectored vaccines to deliver heterologous immunogens, many of them being licensed for use in animals. Worthy of note are vaccinia virus, fowlpox virus, capripoxvirus, parapoxvirus and canary pox, which have been successfully used for developing new-generation vaccines targeting many important pathogens. Remarkable features of these vaccines are thermostability and their ability to engender both cellular and humoral immune responses to the target pathogens. This article updates the important vaccines available for poxviruses of livestock and identifies some of the research gaps in the present context of poxvirus research.
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