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Min L, Zhong F, Gu L, Lee K, He JC. Krüppel-like factor 2 is an endoprotective transcription factor in diabetic kidney disease. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2024; 327:C477-C486. [PMID: 38981608 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00222.2024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2024] [Revised: 07/02/2024] [Accepted: 07/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/11/2024]
Abstract
Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is a microvascular complication of diabetes, and glomerular endothelial cell (GEC) dysfunction is a key driver of DKD pathogenesis. Krüppel-like factor 2 (KLF2), a shear stress-induced transcription factor, is among the highly regulated genes in early DKD. In the kidney, KLF2 expression is mostly restricted to endothelial cells, but its expression is also found in immune cell subsets. KLF2 expression is upregulated in response to increased shear stress by the activation of mechanosensory receptors but suppressed by inflammatory cytokines, both of which characterize the early diabetic kidney milieu. KLF2 expression is reduced in progressive DKD and hypertensive nephropathy in humans and mice, likely due to high glucose and inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α. However, KLF2 expression is increased in glomerular hyperfiltration-induced shear stress without metabolic dysregulation, such as in settings of unilateral nephrectomy. Lower KLF2 expression is associated with CKD progression in patients with unilateral nephrectomy, consistent with its endoprotective role. KLF2 confers endoprotection by inhibition of inflammation, thrombotic activation, and angiogenesis, and thus KLF2 is considered a protective factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD). Based on similar mechanisms, KLF2 also exhibits renoprotection, and its reduced expression in endothelial cells worsens glomerular injury and albuminuria in settings of diabetes or unilateral nephrectomy. Thus KLF2 confers endoprotective effects in both CVD and DKD, and its activators could potentially be developed as a novel class of drugs for cardiorenal protection in diabetic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lulin Min
- Department of Nephrology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Medicine/Nephrology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States
| | - Fang Zhong
- Department of Medicine/Nephrology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States
| | - Leyi Gu
- Department of Nephrology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Kyung Lee
- Department of Medicine/Nephrology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States
| | - John Cijiang He
- Department of Medicine/Nephrology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States
- Renal Section, James J. Peters Veterans Affair Medical Center, Bronx, New York, United States
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2
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Purinergic receptors mediate endothelial dysfunction and participate in atherosclerosis. Purinergic Signal 2023; 19:265-272. [PMID: 34981330 PMCID: PMC9984579 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-021-09839-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is the main pathological basis of cardiovascular disease and involves damage to vascular endothelial cells (ECs) that results in endothelial dysfunction (ED). The vascular endothelium is the key to maintaining blood vessel health and homeostasis. ED is a complex pathological process involving inflammation, shear stress, vascular tone, adhesion of leukocytes to ECs, and platelet aggregation. The activation of P2X4, P2X7, and P2Y2 receptors regulates vascular tone in response to shear stress, while activation of the A2A, P2X4, P2X7, P2Y1, P2Y2, P2Y6, and P2Y12 receptors promotes the secretion of inflammatory cytokines. Finally, P2X1, P2Y1, and P2Y12 receptor activation regulates platelet activity. These purinergic receptors mediate ED and participate in atherosclerosis. In short, P2X4, P2X7, P2Y1, and P2Y12 receptors are potential therapeutic targets for atherosclerosis.
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3
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Purinoceptor: a novel target for hypertension. Purinergic Signal 2023; 19:185-197. [PMID: 35181831 PMCID: PMC9984596 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-022-09852-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypertension is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality globally among all cardiovascular diseases. Purinergic signalling plays a crucial role in hypertension through the sympathetic nerve system, neurons in the brain stem, carotid body, endothelium, immune system, renin-angiotensin system, sodium excretion, epithelial sodium channel activity (ENaC), and renal autoregulation. Under hypertension, adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is released as a cotransmitter from the sympathetic nerve. It mediates vascular tone mainly through P2X1R activation on smooth muscle cells and activation of P2X4R and P2YR on endothelial cells and also via interaction with other purinoceptors, showing dual effects. P2Y1R is linked to neurogenic hypertension. P2X7R and P2Y11R are potential targets for immune-related hypertension. P2X3R located on the carotid body is the most promising novel therapeutic target for hypertension. A1R, A2AR, A2BR, and P2X7R are all related to renal autoregulation, which contribute to both renal damage and hypertension. The main focus is on the evidence addressing the involvement of purinoceptors in hypertension and therapeutic interventions.
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4
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Li L, Wang M, Ma Q, Ye J, Sun G. Role of glycolysis in the development of atherosclerosis. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2022; 323:C617-C629. [DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00218.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory vascular disease associated with atherosclerotic plaques and endothelial dysfunction, inflammation, and plaque formation. Glycolysis is a conservative and rigorous biological process that decomposes glucose into pyruvate. Its function is to provide the body with energy and intermediate products required for life activities. However, abnormalities in glycolytic flux during the progression of atherosclerosis accelerate disease progression. Here, we review the role of glycolysis in the development of atherosclerosis to provide new ideas for developing novel anti-atherosclerosis strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lanfang Li
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Min Wang
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qiuxiao Ma
- Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jingxue Ye
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Guibo Sun
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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5
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He L, Zhang CL, Chen Q, Wang L, Huang Y. Endothelial shear stress signal transduction and atherogenesis: From mechanisms to therapeutics. Pharmacol Ther 2022; 235:108152. [PMID: 35122834 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2022.108152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerotic vascular disease and its complications are among the top causes of mortality worldwide. In the vascular lumen, atherosclerotic plaques are not randomly distributed. Instead, they are preferentially localized at the curvature and bifurcations along the arterial tree, where shear stress is low or disturbed. Numerous studies demonstrate that endothelial cell phenotypic change (e.g., inflammation, oxidative stress, endoplasmic reticulum stress, apoptosis, autophagy, endothelial-mesenchymal transition, endothelial permeability, epigenetic regulation, and endothelial metabolic adaptation) induced by oscillatory shear force play a fundamental role in the initiation and progression of atherosclerosis. Mechano-sensors, adaptor proteins, kinases, and transcriptional factors work closely at different layers to transduce the shear stress force from the plasma membrane to the nucleus in endothelial cells, thereby controlling the expression of genes that determine cell fate and phenotype. An in-depth understanding of these mechano-sensitive signaling cascades shall provide new translational strategies for therapeutic intervention of atherosclerotic vascular disease. This review updates the recent advances in endothelial mechano-transduction and its role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis, and highlights the perspective of new anti-atherosclerosis therapies through targeting these mechano-regulated signaling molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei He
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Cheng-Lin Zhang
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen 518060, China; Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Qinghua Chen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Li Wang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yu Huang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
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6
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The Interplay of Endothelial P2Y Receptors in Cardiovascular Health: From Vascular Physiology to Pathology. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23115883. [PMID: 35682562 PMCID: PMC9180512 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23115883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The endothelium plays a key role in blood vessel health. At the interface of the blood, it releases several mediators that regulate local processes that protect against the development of cardiovascular disease. In this interplay, there is increasing evidence for a role of extracellular nucleotides and endothelial purinergic P2Y receptors (P2Y-R) in vascular protection. Recent advances have revealed that endothelial P2Y1-R and P2Y2-R mediate nitric oxide-dependent vasorelaxation as well as endothelial cell proliferation and migration, which are processes involved in the regeneration of damaged endothelium. However, endothelial P2Y2-R, and possibly P2Y1-R, have also been reported to promote vascular inflammation and atheroma development in mouse models, with endothelial P2Y2-R also being described as promoting vascular remodeling and neointimal hyperplasia. Interestingly, at the interface with lipid metabolism, P2Y12-R has been found to trigger HDL transcytosis through endothelial cells, a process known to be protective against lipid deposition in the vascular wall. Better characterization of the role of purinergic P2Y-R and downstream signaling pathways in determination of the endothelial cell phenotype in healthy and pathological environments has clinical potential for the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular diseases.
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7
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Shihan M, Novoyatleva T, Lehmeyer T, Sydykov A, Schermuly RT. Role of the Purinergic P2Y2 Receptor in Pulmonary Hypertension. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph182111009. [PMID: 34769531 PMCID: PMC8582672 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph182111009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH), group 1 pulmonary hypertension (PH), is a fatal disease that is characterized by vasoconstriction, increased pressure in the pulmonary arteries, and right heart failure. PAH can be described by abnormal vascular remodeling, hyperproliferation in the vasculature, endothelial cell dysfunction, and vascular tone dysregulation. The disease pathomechanisms, however, are as yet not fully understood at the molecular level. Purinergic receptors P2Y within the G-protein-coupled receptor family play a major role in fluid shear stress transduction, proliferation, migration, and vascular tone regulation in systemic circulation, but less is known about their contribution in PAH. Hence, studies that focus on purinergic signaling are of great importance for the identification of new therapeutic targets in PAH. Interestingly, the role of P2Y2 receptors has not yet been sufficiently studied in PAH, whereas the relevance of other P2Ys as drug targets for PAH was shown using specific agonists or antagonists. In this review, we will shed light on P2Y receptors and focus more on the P2Y2 receptor as a potential novel player in PAH and as a new therapeutic target for disease management.
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8
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Patel N, Chin DD, Chung EJ. Exosomes in Atherosclerosis, a Double-Edged Sword: Their Role in Disease Pathogenesis and Their Potential as Novel Therapeutics. AAPS JOURNAL 2021; 23:95. [PMID: 34312734 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-021-00621-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CAD) due to atherosclerosis is a major cause of death worldwide. The development of atherosclerosis involves intercellular communication facilitated by exosomes secreted from vascular endothelial cells (VECs), vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs), immune cells, and platelets. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of exosome biogenesis and uptake, and discuss atherogenic and atheroprotective functions of exosomes secreted from these cell types. In addition, we examine the potential of enhancing the therapeutic and targeting ability of exosomes exhibiting atheroprotective function by drug loading and surface modification with targeting ligands. We conclude with current challenges associated with exosome engineering for therapeutic use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil Patel
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, 1042 Downey Way, DRB 140, California, Los Angeles, 90089, USA
| | - Deborah D Chin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, 1042 Downey Way, DRB 140, California, Los Angeles, 90089, USA
| | - Eun Ji Chung
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, 1042 Downey Way, DRB 140, California, Los Angeles, 90089, USA. .,Division of Vascular Surgery and Endovascular Therapy, Department of Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, California, Los Angeles, 90033, USA. .,Mork Family Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Southern California, California, Los Angeles, 90089, USA. .,Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, California, Los Angeles, 90033, USA.
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9
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Purinergic Regulation of Endothelial Barrier Function. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22031207. [PMID: 33530557 PMCID: PMC7865261 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22031207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 01/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Increased vascular permeability is a hallmark of several cardiovascular anomalies, including ischaemia/reperfusion injury and inflammation. During both ischaemia/reperfusion and inflammation, massive amounts of various nucleotides, particularly adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP) and adenosine, are released that can induce a plethora of signalling pathways via activation of several purinergic receptors and may affect endothelial barrier properties. The nature of the effects on endothelial barrier function may depend on the prevalence and type of purinergic receptors activated in a particular tissue. In this review, we discuss the influence of the activation of various purinergic receptors and downstream signalling pathways on vascular permeability during pathological conditions.
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10
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Abstract
Complex multicellular life in mammals relies on functional cooperation of different organs for the survival of the whole organism. The kidneys play a critical part in this process through the maintenance of fluid volume and composition homeostasis, which enables other organs to fulfil their tasks. The renal endothelium exhibits phenotypic and molecular traits that distinguish it from endothelia of other organs. Moreover, the adult kidney vasculature comprises diverse populations of mostly quiescent, but not metabolically inactive, endothelial cells (ECs) that reside within the kidney glomeruli, cortex and medulla. Each of these populations supports specific functions, for example, in the filtration of blood plasma, the reabsorption and secretion of water and solutes, and the concentration of urine. Transcriptional profiling of these diverse EC populations suggests they have adapted to local microenvironmental conditions (hypoxia, shear stress, hyperosmolarity), enabling them to support kidney functions. Exposure of ECs to microenvironment-derived angiogenic factors affects their metabolism, and sustains kidney development and homeostasis, whereas EC-derived angiocrine factors preserve distinct microenvironment niches. In the context of kidney disease, renal ECs show alteration in their metabolism and phenotype in response to pathological changes in the local microenvironment, further promoting kidney dysfunction. Understanding the diversity and specialization of kidney ECs could provide new avenues for the treatment of kidney diseases and kidney regeneration.
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11
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Oo JA, Irmer B, Günther S, Warwick T, Pálfi K, Izquierdo Ponce J, Teichmann T, Pflüger-Müller B, Gilsbach R, Brandes RP, Leisegang MS. ZNF354C is a transcriptional repressor that inhibits endothelial angiogenic sprouting. Sci Rep 2020; 10:19079. [PMID: 33154469 PMCID: PMC7645770 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-76193-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Zinc finger proteins (ZNF) are a large group of transcription factors with diverse functions. We recently discovered that endothelial cells harbour a specific mechanism to limit the action of ZNF354C, whose function in endothelial cells is unknown. Given that ZNF354C has so far only been studied in bone and tumour, its function was determined in endothelial cells. ZNF354C is expressed in vascular cells and localises to the nucleus and cytoplasm. Overexpression of ZNF354C in human endothelial cells results in a marked inhibition of endothelial sprouting. RNA-sequencing of human microvascular endothelial cells with and without overexpression of ZNF354C revealed that the protein is a potent transcriptional repressor. ZNF354C contains an active KRAB domain which mediates this suppression as shown by mutagenesis analysis. ZNF354C interacts with dsDNA, TRIM28 and histones, as observed by proximity ligation and immunoprecipitation. Moreover, chromatin immunoprecipitation revealed that the ZNF binds to specific endothelial-relevant target-gene promoters. ZNF354C suppresses these genes as shown by CRISPR/Cas knockout and RNAi. Inhibition of endothelial sprouting by ZNF354C is dependent on the amino acids DV and MLE of the KRAB domain. These results demonstrate that ZNF354C is a repressive transcription factor which acts through a KRAB domain to inhibit endothelial angiogenic sprouting.
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Affiliation(s)
- James A Oo
- Institute for Cardiovascular Physiology, Goethe University, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,German Center of Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner site RheinMain, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Barnabas Irmer
- Institute for Cardiovascular Physiology, Goethe University, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Stefan Günther
- Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Timothy Warwick
- Institute for Cardiovascular Physiology, Goethe University, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Katalin Pálfi
- Institute for Cardiovascular Physiology, Goethe University, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Judit Izquierdo Ponce
- Institute for Cardiovascular Physiology, Goethe University, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Tom Teichmann
- Institute for Cardiovascular Physiology, Goethe University, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Beatrice Pflüger-Müller
- Institute for Cardiovascular Physiology, Goethe University, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,German Center of Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner site RheinMain, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Ralf Gilsbach
- Institute for Cardiovascular Physiology, Goethe University, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,German Center of Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner site RheinMain, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Ralf P Brandes
- Institute for Cardiovascular Physiology, Goethe University, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,German Center of Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner site RheinMain, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Matthias S Leisegang
- Institute for Cardiovascular Physiology, Goethe University, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590, Frankfurt am Main, Germany. .,German Center of Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner site RheinMain, Frankfurt, Germany.
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12
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Bonacina F, Da Dalt L, Catapano AL, Norata GD. Metabolic adaptations of cells at the vascular-immune interface during atherosclerosis. Mol Aspects Med 2020; 77:100918. [PMID: 33032828 PMCID: PMC7534736 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2020.100918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic reprogramming is a physiological cellular adaptation to intracellular and extracellular stimuli that couples to cell polarization and function in multiple cellular subsets. Pathological conditions associated to nutrients overload, such as dyslipidaemia, may disturb cellular metabolic homeostasis and, in turn, affect cellular response and activation, thus contributing to disease progression. At the vascular/immune interface, the site of atherosclerotic plaque development, many of these changes occur. Here, an intimate interaction between endothelial cells (ECs), vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) and immune cells, mainly monocytes/macrophages and lymphocytes, dictates physiological versus pathological response. Furthermore, atherogenic stimuli trigger metabolic adaptations both at systemic and cellular level that affect the EC layer barrier integrity, VSMC proliferation and migration, monocyte infiltration, macrophage polarization, lymphocyte T and B activation. Rewiring cellular metabolism by repurposing “metabolic drugs” might represent a pharmacological approach to modulate cell activation at the vascular immune interface thus contributing to control the immunometabolic response in the context of cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Bonacina
- Department of Excellence of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy.
| | - L Da Dalt
- Department of Excellence of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy.
| | - A L Catapano
- Department of Excellence of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy; IRCSS Multimedica, Milan, Italy.
| | - G D Norata
- Department of Excellence of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy; IRCCS, Ospedale Bassini, Cinisello Balsamo, Italy.
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13
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Resolving the Ionotropic P2X4 Receptor Mystery Points Towards a New Therapeutic Target for Cardiovascular Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21145005. [PMID: 32679900 PMCID: PMC7404342 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21145005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is a primordial versatile autacoid that changes its role from an intracellular energy saver to a signaling molecule once released to the extracellular milieu. Extracellular ATP and its adenosine metabolite are the main activators of the P2 and P1 purinoceptor families, respectively. Mounting evidence suggests that the ionotropic P2X4 receptor (P2X4R) plays pivotal roles in the regulation of the cardiovascular system, yet further therapeutic advances have been hampered by the lack of selective P2X4R agonists. In this review, we provide the state of the art of the P2X4R activity in the cardiovascular system. We also discuss the role of P2X4R activation in kidney and lungs vis a vis their interplay to control cardiovascular functions and dysfunctions, including putative adverse effects emerging from P2X4R activation. Gathering this information may prompt further development of selective P2X4R agonists and its translation to the clinical practice.
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14
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Li W, Li Y, Zhao Y, Ren L. The protective effects of aloperine against ox-LDL-induced endothelial dysfunction and inflammation in HUVECs. ARTIFICIAL CELLS NANOMEDICINE AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 2020; 48:107-115. [PMID: 31852304 DOI: 10.1080/21691401.2019.1699816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a potentially life-threatening cardiovascular disease characterized by chronic endothelial inflammation and the formation of atherosclerotic lesions. Circulating ox-LDL is known to induce atherosclerosis by triggering oxidative stress, the expression of inflammatory mediators and adhesion molecules, as well as downregulating the atheroprotective transcriptional factor KLF2. Aloperine is an alkaloid compound isolated from the plant Sophora alopecuroides. Here, we employed various experimental methods to determine the effects of aloperine on ox-LDL-induced markers of atherosclerosis. DHE staining revealed that aloperine may restore the oxidant/antioxidant balance in HUVECs by reducing the level of ROS and rescuing the reduction in NOQ-1 and GCLC induced by ox-LDL. Aloperine treatment reduced ox-LDL-induced expression of IL-6, MCP-1, VCAM-1, and E-selectin and rescued the reduction in KLF2. Aloperine also downregulated ox-LDL-induced expression of the LOX-1. We also demonstrate that aloperine improved cell viability and inhibited the adhesion of U937 monocytes to HUVECs. Finally, we demonstrate that the effects of aloperine are mediated through the rescue of KLF2 expression via suppression of the phosphorylation of p53 protein. Together, our results implicate the potential of aloperine as a safe and effective antiatherosclerosis treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Li
- Department of Obstetrics, First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yanshu Li
- Key Laboratory of Cell Biology of Ministry of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yi Zhao
- Department of Obstetrics, First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Lina Ren
- Department of Obstetrics, First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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15
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Biomechanical Cues Direct Valvulogenesis. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis 2020; 7:jcdd7020018. [PMID: 32438610 PMCID: PMC7345189 DOI: 10.3390/jcdd7020018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The vertebrate embryonic heart initially forms with two chambers, a ventricle and an atrium, separated by the atrioventricular junction. Localized genetic and biomechanical information guides the development of valves, which function to ensure unidirectional blood flow. If the valve development process goes awry, pathology associated with congenital valve defects can ensue. Congenital valve defects (CVD) are estimated to affect 1–2% of the population and can often require a lifetime of treatment. Despite significant clinical interest, molecular genetic mechanisms that direct valve development remain incompletely elucidated. Cells in the developing valve must contend with a dynamic hemodynamic environment. A growing body of research supports the idea that cells in the valve are highly sensitive to biomechanical forces, which cue changes in gene expression required for normal development or for maintenance of the adult valve. This review will focus on mechanotransductive pathways involved in valve development across model species. We highlight current knowledge regarding how cells sense physical forces associated with blood flow and pressure in the forming heart, and summarize how these changes are transduced into genetic and developmental responses. Lastly, we provide perspectives on how altered biomechanical cues may lead to CVD pathogenesis.
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16
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Zemskov EA, Lu Q, Ornatowski W, Klinger CN, Desai AA, Maltepe E, Yuan JXJ, Wang T, Fineman JR, Black SM. Biomechanical Forces and Oxidative Stress: Implications for Pulmonary Vascular Disease. Antioxid Redox Signal 2019; 31:819-842. [PMID: 30623676 PMCID: PMC6751394 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2018.7720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Significance: Oxidative stress in the cell is characterized by excessive generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Superoxide (O2-) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) are the main ROS involved in the regulation of cellular metabolism. As our fundamental understanding of the underlying causes of lung disease has increased it has become evident that oxidative stress plays a critical role. Recent Advances: A number of cells in the lung both produce, and respond to, ROS. These include vascular endothelial and smooth muscle cells, fibroblasts, and epithelial cells as well as the cells involved in the inflammatory response, including macrophages, neutrophils, eosinophils. The redox system is involved in multiple aspects of cell metabolism and cell homeostasis. Critical Issues: Dysregulation of the cellular redox system has consequential effects on cell signaling pathways that are intimately involved in disease progression. The lung is exposed to biomechanical forces (fluid shear stress, cyclic stretch, and pressure) due to the passage of blood through the pulmonary vessels and the distension of the lungs during the breathing cycle. Cells within the lung respond to these forces by activating signal transduction pathways that alter their redox state with both physiologic and pathologic consequences. Future Directions: Here, we will discuss the intimate relationship between biomechanical forces and redox signaling and its role in the development of pulmonary disease. An understanding of the molecular mechanisms induced by biomechanical forces in the pulmonary vasculature is necessary for the development of new therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evgeny A Zemskov
- Department of Medicine, The University of Arizona Health Sciences, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Qing Lu
- Department of Medicine, The University of Arizona Health Sciences, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Wojciech Ornatowski
- Department of Medicine, The University of Arizona Health Sciences, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Christina N Klinger
- Department of Medicine, The University of Arizona Health Sciences, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Ankit A Desai
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Emin Maltepe
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Jason X-J Yuan
- Department of Medicine, The University of Arizona Health Sciences, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Ting Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Arizona Health Sciences, Phoenix, Arizona
| | - Jeffrey R Fineman
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Stephen M Black
- Department of Medicine, The University of Arizona Health Sciences, Tucson, Arizona
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17
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Akbari-Kordkheyli V, Azizi S, Khonakdar-Tarsi A. Effects of silibinin on hepatic warm ischemia-reperfusion injury in the rat model. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF BASIC MEDICAL SCIENCES 2019; 22:789-796. [PMID: 32373301 PMCID: PMC7196349 DOI: 10.22038/ijbms.2019.34967.8313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Liver ischemia-reperfusion injuries (I/RI) are typically the main causes of liver dysfunction after various types of liver surgery especially liver transplantation. Radical components are the major causes of such direct injuries. We aimed to determine the beneficial effects of silibinin, a potent radical scavenger on liver I/RI. MATERIALS AND METHODS Thirty-two rats were divided into 4 groups. Group I: VEHICLE, the rats underwent laparotomy and received DMSO, group II: SILI, laparotomy was done and silibinin was administered. Group III: I/R, the rats received DMSO and were subjected to a liver I/R procedure and group IV: I/R+SILI, the animals underwent the I/R procedure and received silibinin. After 1 hr of ischemia followed by 3 hr reperfusion, blood was collected to evaluate the serum marker of liver injuries. Hepatic tissue was harvested to investigate glycogen content, histological changes, and vasoregulatory gene expression. RESULTS Results showed that serum AST, ALT, LDH, GGT, ALP, and hyaluronic acid (HA) increased significantly in I/R group compared with the VEHICLE group. Silibinin reduced this elevation except for GGT. Silibinin inhibited hepatocyte vacuolization and degeneration, endothelium damages, sinusoidal congestion and inflammation, and glycogen depletion during I/R. ET-1 mRNA was overproduced in the I/R group compared with the VEHICLE group which was decreased by silibinin. KLF2 and eNOS expression was reduced during I/R compared with the VEHICLE group. Silibinin elevated KLF2 expression but had no meaningful effect on eNOS expression. CONCLUSION Silibinin protected the liver from I/RI. Silibinin could improve liver circulation by preventing sinusoidal congestion, inflammation, and perhaps modification of the vasoregulatory gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Soheil Azizi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Allied Medical Sciences, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Abbas Khonakdar-Tarsi
- Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Genetics, Cellular and molecular biology research center, Faculty of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
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Venturini G, Malagrino PA, Padilha K, Tanaka LY, Laurindo FR, Dariolli R, Carvalho VM, Cardozo KHM, Krieger JE, Pereira ADC. Integrated proteomics and metabolomics analysis reveals differential lipid metabolism in human umbilical vein endothelial cells under high and low shear stress. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2019; 317:C326-C338. [PMID: 31067084 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00128.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerotic plaque development is closely associated with the hemodynamic forces applied to endothelial cells (ECs). Among these, shear stress (SS) plays a key role in disease development since changes in flow intensity and direction could stimulate an atheroprone or atheroprotective phenotype. ECs under low or oscillatory SS (LSS) show upregulation of inflammatory, adhesion, and cellular permeability molecules. On the contrary, cells under high or laminar SS (HSS) increase their expression of protective and anti-inflammatory factors. The mechanism behind SS regulation of an atheroprotective phenotype is not completely elucidated. Here we used proteomics and metabolomics to better understand the changes in endothelial cells (human umbilical vein endothelial cells) under in vitro LSS and HSS that promote an atheroprone or atheroprotective profile and how these modifications can be connected to atherosclerosis development. Our data showed that lipid metabolism, in special cholesterol metabolism, was downregulated in cells under LSS. The low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) showed significant alterations both at the quantitative expression level as well as regarding posttranslational modifications. Under LSS, LDLR was seen at lower concentrations and with a different glycosylation profile. Finally, modulating LDLR with atorvastatin led to the recapitulation of a HSS metabolic phenotype in EC under LSS. Altogether, our data suggest that there is significant modulation of lipid metabolism in endothelial cells under different SS intensities and that this could contribute to the atheroprone phenotype of LSS. Statin treatment was able to partially recover the protective profile of these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Venturini
- Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Cardiology, Heart Institute (InCor), Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Pamella Araujo Malagrino
- Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Cardiology, Heart Institute (InCor), Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Kallyandra Padilha
- Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Cardiology, Heart Institute (InCor), Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Yuji Tanaka
- Vascular Biology Laboratory, Heart Institute (InCor), Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Francisco Rafael Laurindo
- Vascular Biology Laboratory, Heart Institute (InCor), Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rafael Dariolli
- Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Cardiology, Heart Institute (InCor), Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | - Jose Eduardo Krieger
- Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Cardiology, Heart Institute (InCor), Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alexandre da Costa Pereira
- Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Cardiology, Heart Institute (InCor), Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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Lopes-da-Silva M, McCormack JJ, Burden JJ, Harrison-Lavoie KJ, Ferraro F, Cutler DF. A GBF1-Dependent Mechanism for Environmentally Responsive Regulation of ER-Golgi Transport. Dev Cell 2019; 49:786-801.e6. [PMID: 31056345 PMCID: PMC6764485 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2019.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2018] [Revised: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
How can anterograde membrane trafficking be modulated by physiological cues? A screen of Golgi-associated proteins revealed that the ARF-GEF GBF1 can selectively modulate the ER-Golgi trafficking of prohaemostatic von Willebrand factor (VWF) and extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins in human endothelial cells and in mouse fibroblasts. The relationship between levels of GBF1 and the trafficking of VWF into forming secretory granules confirmed GBF1 is a limiting factor in this process. Further, GBF1 activation by AMPK couples its control of anterograde trafficking to physiological cues; levels of glucose control GBF1 activation in turn modulating VWF trafficking into secretory granules. GBF1 modulates both ER and TGN exit, the latter dramatically affecting the size of the VWF storage organelles, thereby influencing the hemostatic capacity of the endothelium. The role of AMPK as a central integrating element of cellular pathways with intra- and extra-cellular cues can now be extended to modulation of the anterograde secretory pathway. The Arf-GEF GBF1 modulates anterograde trafficking of VWF and ECM proteins Loss of GBF1 slows ER and TGN exit, producing swollen ER and giant WPBs Activation of GBF1 via AMPK reduces endothelial WPB size and secretion Metabolic change alters anterograde trafficking and cargo secretion via AMPK-GBF1
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Affiliation(s)
- Mafalda Lopes-da-Silva
- Endothelial Cell Biology Laboratory, MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London, UK.
| | - Jessica J McCormack
- Endothelial Cell Biology Laboratory, MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Jemima J Burden
- Electron Microscopy Laboratory, MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Kimberly J Harrison-Lavoie
- Endothelial Cell Biology Laboratory, MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Francesco Ferraro
- Endothelial Cell Biology Laboratory, MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Daniel F Cutler
- Endothelial Cell Biology Laboratory, MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London, UK.
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Wang K, Wei Y, Liu W, Liu L, Guo Z, Fan C, Wang L, Hu J, Li B. Mechanical Stress-Dependent Autophagy Component Release via Extracellular Nanovesicles in Tumor Cells. ACS NANO 2019; 13:4589-4602. [PMID: 30884224 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.9b00587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Tumor cells metastasizing through the bloodstream or lymphatic systems must withstand acute shear stress (ASS). Autophagy is a cell survival mechanism that functions in response to stressful conditions, but also contributes to cell death or apoptosis. We predicted that a compensation pathway to autophagy exists in tumor cells subjected to mechanical stress. We found that ASS promoted autophagosome (AP) accumulation and induced release of extracellular nanovesicles (EVs) containing autophagy components. Furthermore, we found that ASS promoted autophagic vesicles fused with multivesicular body (MVB) to form an AP-MVB compartment and then induced autophagy component release into the extracellular space via EVs through the autophagy-MVB-exosome pathway. More importantly, either increasing intracellular autophagosome accumulation or inhibiting autophagic degradation promoted AP-MVB accumulation but did not induce autophagy-associated protein release via EVs except under ASS, demonstrating the existence of a mechanical stress-dependent compensation pathway. Together, these findings revealed that EVs provide an additional protection mechanism for tumor cells and counteract autophagy to maintain cellular homeostasis under acute shear stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaizhe Wang
- Division of Physical Biology and Bioimaging Center, Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility, CAS Key Laboratory of Interfacial Physics and Technology , Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics , Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800 , China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China
| | - Yuhui Wei
- Division of Physical Biology and Bioimaging Center, Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility, CAS Key Laboratory of Interfacial Physics and Technology , Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics , Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800 , China
- Shanghai Advanced Research Institute , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shanghai 201210 , China
| | - Wenjing Liu
- Division of Physical Biology and Bioimaging Center, Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility, CAS Key Laboratory of Interfacial Physics and Technology , Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics , Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800 , China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China
| | - Lin Liu
- Division of Physical Biology and Bioimaging Center, Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility, CAS Key Laboratory of Interfacial Physics and Technology , Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics , Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800 , China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China
| | - Zhen Guo
- Division of Physical Biology and Bioimaging Center, Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility, CAS Key Laboratory of Interfacial Physics and Technology , Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics , Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800 , China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China
| | - Chunhai Fan
- Division of Physical Biology and Bioimaging Center, Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility, CAS Key Laboratory of Interfacial Physics and Technology , Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics , Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800 , China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, and Institute of Molecular Medicine, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine , Shanghai Jiao Tong University , Shanghai 200240 , China
| | - Lihua Wang
- Division of Physical Biology and Bioimaging Center, Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility, CAS Key Laboratory of Interfacial Physics and Technology , Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics , Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800 , China
- Shanghai Advanced Research Institute , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shanghai 201210 , China
| | - Jun Hu
- Division of Physical Biology and Bioimaging Center, Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility, CAS Key Laboratory of Interfacial Physics and Technology , Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics , Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800 , China
- Shanghai Advanced Research Institute , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shanghai 201210 , China
| | - Bin Li
- Division of Physical Biology and Bioimaging Center, Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility, CAS Key Laboratory of Interfacial Physics and Technology , Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics , Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800 , China
- Shanghai Advanced Research Institute , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shanghai 201210 , China
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Pethő Z, Najder K, Bulk E, Schwab A. Mechanosensitive ion channels push cancer progression. Cell Calcium 2019; 80:79-90. [PMID: 30991298 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2019.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Revised: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In many cases, the mechanical properties of a tumor are different from those of the host tissue. Mechanical cues regulate cancer development by affecting both tumor cells and their microenvironment, by altering cell migration, proliferation, extracellular matrix remodeling and metastatic spread. Cancer cells sense mechanical stimuli such as tissue stiffness, shear stress, tissue pressure of the extracellular space (outside-in mechanosensation). These mechanical cues are transduced into a cellular response (e. g. cell migration and proliferation; inside-in mechanotransduction) or to a response affecting the microenvironment (e. g. inducing a fibrosis or building up growth-induced pressure; inside-out mechanotransduction). These processes heavily rely on mechanosensitive membrane proteins, prominently ion channels. Mechanosensitive ion channels are involved in the Ca2+-signaling of the tumor and stroma cells, both directly, by mediating Ca2+ influx (e. g. Piezo and TRP channels), or indirectly, by maintaining the electrochemical gradient necessary for Ca2+ influx (e. g. K2P, KCa channels). This review aims to discuss the diverse roles of mechanosenstive ion channels in cancer progression, especially those involved in Ca2+-signaling, by pinpointing their functional relevance in tumor pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoltán Pethő
- Institut für Physiologie II, Robert-Koch-Str. 27b, 48149 Münster, Germany.
| | - Karolina Najder
- Institut für Physiologie II, Robert-Koch-Str. 27b, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Etmar Bulk
- Institut für Physiologie II, Robert-Koch-Str. 27b, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Albrecht Schwab
- Institut für Physiologie II, Robert-Koch-Str. 27b, 48149 Münster, Germany
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Wu H, Wang X, Gao S, Dai L, Tong H, Gao H, Lei Z, Han Y, Wang Z, Han L, Qi D. Yiqi-Huoxue Granule (YQHX) Downregulates Prothrombotic Factors by Modulating KLF2 and NF- κB in HUVECs following LPS Stimulation. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2019; 2019:9425183. [PMID: 30881601 PMCID: PMC6381561 DOI: 10.1155/2019/9425183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Revised: 10/27/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The Yiqi-Huoxue granule (YQHX) is a traditional Chinese medication widely used in the therapy of the traditional Chinese medicine diagnosis "Qi deficiency" or "blood stasis" in China. Both these symptoms are related to inflammation, but the mechanisms of YQHX against inflammation are largely unknown. Thus, our present study investigated the effects of YQHX on regulating inflammatory responses induced by lipopolysaccharides (LPS) in HUVECs. Our data found that YQHX remarkably inhibits the production of prothrombotic factors, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) and tissue factor (TF), while it upregulates the protein expression of Kruppel-like factor 2 (KLF2). The increase in PAI-1 and TF was significantly attenuated through a transgenic knockdown in KLF2 with a Lenti-shKLF2 vector. YQHX also decreases the phosphorylation of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) p65 and IκB following LPS stimulation, and it effectively suppresses PAI-1 and TF via a NF-κB-dependent mechanism. Taken together, our results suggest that YQHX provides a notable antithrombotic activity via regulating the KLF2 expression and NF-κB signaling pathway in HUVECs. The KLF2 and NF-κB may be potential therapeutic targets for interventions of inflammation associated with atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Wu
- Laboratory of Cell Imaging, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450002, China
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Xinzhou Wang
- Laboratory of Cell Imaging, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Shuibo Gao
- Laboratory of Cell Imaging, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Liping Dai
- School of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Haibin Tong
- College of Life and Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Haixia Gao
- Laboratory of Cell Imaging, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Zhen Lei
- Laboratory of Cell Imaging, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Yongjun Han
- Laboratory of Cell Imaging, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Zhentao Wang
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Lihua Han
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Dake Qi
- Memorial University of Newfoundland, Division of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Newfoundland, Canada A1B 3V6
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Choi HY, Yang GM, Dayem AA, Saha SK, Kim K, Yoo Y, Hong K, Kim JH, Yee C, Lee KM, Cho SG. Hydrodynamic shear stress promotes epithelial-mesenchymal transition by downregulating ERK and GSK3β activities. Breast Cancer Res 2019; 21:6. [PMID: 30651129 PMCID: PMC6335853 DOI: 10.1186/s13058-018-1071-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) occurs in the tumor microenvironment and presents an important mechanism of tumor cell intravasation, stemness acquisition, and metastasis. During metastasis, tumor cells enter the circulation to gain access to distant tissues, but how this fluid microenvironment influences cancer cell biology is poorly understood. METHODS AND RESULTS Here, we present both in vivo and in vitro evidence that EMT-like transition also occurs in circulating tumor cells (CTCs) as a result of hydrodynamic shear stress (+SS), which promotes conversion of CD24middle/CD44high/CD133middle/CXCR4low/ALDH1low primary patient epithelial tumor cells into specific high sphere-forming CD24low/CD44low/CD133high/CXCR4high/ALDH1high cancer stem-like cells (CSLCs) or tumor-initiating cells (TICs) with elevated tumor progression and metastasis capacity in vitro and in vivo. We demonstrate that conversion of CSLCs/TICs from epithelial tumor cells via +SS is dependent on reactive oxygen species (ROS)/nitric oxide (NO) generation, and suppression of extracellular signal-related kinase (ERK)/glycogen synthase kinase (GSK)3β, a mechanism similar to that operating in embryonic stem cells to prevent their differentiation while promoting self-renewal. CONCLUSION Fluid shear stress experienced during systemic circulation of human breast tumor cells can lead to specific acquisition of mesenchymal stem cell (MSC)-like potential that promotes EMT, mesenchymal-epithelial transition, and metastasis to distant organs. Our data revealed that biomechanical forces appeared to be important microenvironmental factors that not only drive hematopoietic development but also lead to acquisition of CSLCs/TIC potential in cancer metastasis. Our data highlight that +SS is a critical factor that promotes the conversion of CTCs into distinct TICs in blood circulation by endowing plasticity to these cells and by maintaining their self-renewal signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye Yeon Choi
- Department of Stem Cell & Regenerative Biotechnology and Incurable Disease Animal Model and Stem Cell Institute (IDASI), Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Gwang-Mo Yang
- Department of Stem Cell & Regenerative Biotechnology and Incurable Disease Animal Model and Stem Cell Institute (IDASI), Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Ahmed Abdal Dayem
- Department of Stem Cell & Regenerative Biotechnology and Incurable Disease Animal Model and Stem Cell Institute (IDASI), Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Subbroto Kumar Saha
- Department of Stem Cell & Regenerative Biotechnology and Incurable Disease Animal Model and Stem Cell Institute (IDASI), Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyeongseok Kim
- Department of Stem Cell & Regenerative Biotechnology and Incurable Disease Animal Model and Stem Cell Institute (IDASI), Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngbum Yoo
- Department of Surgery, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul, 05030, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwonho Hong
- Department of Stem Cell & Regenerative Biotechnology and Incurable Disease Animal Model and Stem Cell Institute (IDASI), Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Hoi Kim
- Department of Stem Cell & Regenerative Biotechnology and Incurable Disease Animal Model and Stem Cell Institute (IDASI), Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Cassian Yee
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77054, USA
| | - Kyung-Mi Lee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Korea University College of Medicine, 26-1 Anam-dong, Sungbuk-gu, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea.
| | - Ssang-Goo Cho
- Department of Stem Cell & Regenerative Biotechnology and Incurable Disease Animal Model and Stem Cell Institute (IDASI), Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea.
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Pinto TS, Fernandes CJDC, da Silva RA, Gomes AM, Vieira JCS, Padilha PDM, Zambuzzi WF. c‐Src kinase contributes on endothelial cells mechanotransduction in a heat shock protein 70‐dependent turnover manner. J Cell Physiol 2018; 234:11287-11303. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.27787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thaís Silva Pinto
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry São Paulo State University (UNESP), Institute of Biosciences Botucatu Brazil
| | | | - Rodrigo Augusto da Silva
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry São Paulo State University (UNESP), Institute of Biosciences Botucatu Brazil
| | - Anderson Moreira Gomes
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry São Paulo State University (UNESP), Institute of Biosciences Botucatu Brazil
| | - José Cavalcante Souza Vieira
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry São Paulo State University (UNESP), Institute of Biosciences Botucatu Brazil
| | - Pedro de M. Padilha
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry São Paulo State University (UNESP), Institute of Biosciences Botucatu Brazil
| | - Willian F. Zambuzzi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry São Paulo State University (UNESP), Institute of Biosciences Botucatu Brazil
- Electron Microscopy Center São Paulo State University (UNESP), Institute of Biosciences Botucatu Brazil
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Poletto V, Rosti V, Biggiogera M, Guerra G, Moccia F, Porta C. The role of endothelial colony forming cells in kidney cancer's pathogenesis, and in resistance to anti-VEGFR agents and mTOR inhibitors: A speculative review. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2018; 132:89-99. [PMID: 30447930 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2018.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2018] [Revised: 08/07/2018] [Accepted: 09/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is highly dependent on angiogenesis, due to the overactivation of the VHL/HIF/VEGF/VEGFRs axis; this justifies the marked sensitivity of this neoplasm to antiangiogenic agents which, however, ultimately fail to control tumor growth. RCC also frequently shows alterations in the mTOR signaling pathway, and mTOR inhibitors have shown a similar pattern of initial activity/late failure as pure antiangiogenic agents. Understanding mechanisms of resistance to these agents would be key to improve the outcome of our patients. Circulating endothelial cells are a family of mainly bone marrow-derived progenitors, which have been postulated to be responsible of the reactivation of angiogenesis in different tumors. In this review, we shall discuss the complex nature and function of these cells, the evidence pro and contra their contribution to tumor vascularization, especially as far as RCC is concerned, and their possible role in determining resistance to presently available treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Poletto
- Center for the Study of Myelofibrosis, Research and Experimental Biotechnology Laboratory Area, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (I.R.C.C.S.) Policlinico San Matteo Foundation, Piazzale Golgi 19, 27100, Pavia, Italy.
| | - Vittorio Rosti
- Center for the Study of Myelofibrosis, Research and Experimental Biotechnology Laboratory Area, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (I.R.C.C.S.) Policlinico San Matteo Foundation, Piazzale Golgi 19, 27100, Pavia, Italy.
| | - Marco Biggiogera
- Laboratory of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Department of Biology and Biotechnology "Lazzaro Spallanzani", University of Pavia, Italy.
| | - Germano Guerra
- Department of Medicine and Health Sciences "Vincenzo Tiberio", University of Molise, Campobasso, Italy.
| | - Francesco Moccia
- Laboratory of Physiology, Department of Biology and Biotechnology "Lazzaro Spallanzani", University of Pavia, via Forlanini 6, 27100, Pavia, Italy.
| | - Camillo Porta
- Medical Oncology, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (I.R.C.C.S.) Policlinico San Matteo Foundation, Piazzale Golgi 19, 27100, Pavia, Italy; present address: Department of Internal Medicine, University of Pavia, and Division of Translational Oncology, IRCCS Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri, via S. Maugeri 10, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
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Xu C, Liu WB, Zhang DD, Shi HJ, Zhang L, Li XF. Benfotiamine, a Lipid-Soluble Analog of Vitamin B 1, Improves the Mitochondrial Biogenesis and Function in Blunt Snout Bream ( Megalobrama amblycephala) Fed High-Carbohydrate Diets by Promoting the AMPK/PGC-1β/NRF-1 Axis. Front Physiol 2018; 9:1079. [PMID: 30233383 PMCID: PMC6129842 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
This study evaluated the effects of benfotiamine on the growth performance and mitochondrial biogenesis and function in Megalobrama amblycephala fed high-carbohydrate (HC) diets. The fish (45.25 ± 0.34 g) were randomly fed six diets: the control diet (30% carbohydrate, C), the HC diet (43% carbohydrate), and the HC diet supplemented with different benfotiamine levels (0.7125 (HCB1), 1.425 (HCB2), 2.85 (HCB3), and 5.7 (HCB4) mg/kg) for 12 weeks. High-carbohydrate levels remarkably decreased the weight gain rate (WGR), specific growth rate (SGR), relative feed intake (RFI), feed conversion ratio (FCR), p-adenosine monophosphate (AMP)-activated protein kinase (AMPK)α/t-AMPKα ratio, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator-1β (PGC-1β) and nuclear respiratory factor-1 (NRF-1) protein expression, complexes I, III, and IV activities, and hepatic transcriptions of cytochrome b (CYT-b) and cytochrome c oxidase-2 (COX-2), whereas the opposite was true for plasma glucose, glycated serum protein, advanced glycation end product and insulin levels, tissue glycogen and lipid contents, hepatic adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and AMP contents and ATP/AMP ratio, complexes V activities, and the expressions of AMPKα-2, PGC-1β, NRF-1, mitochondrial transcription factor A (TFAM), mitofusin-1 (Mfn-1), optic atrophy-1 (Opa-1), dynamin-related protein-1 (Drp-1), fission-1 (Fis-1), mitochondrial fission factor (Mff), and ATP synthase-6 (ATP-6). As with benfotiamine supplementation, the HCB2 diet remarkably increased WGR, SGR, tissue glycogen and lipid contents, AMP content, p-AMPKα/t-AMPKα ratio, PGC-1β and NRF-1 levels, complexes I, III, IV, and V activities, and hepatic transcriptions of AMPKα-2, PGC-1β, NRF-1, TFAM, Mfn-1, Opa-1, CYT-b, COX-2, and ATP-6, while the opposite was true for the remaining indicators. Overall, 1.425 mg/kg benfotiamine improved the growth performance and mitochondrial biogenesis and function in fish fed HC diets by the activation of the AMPK/PGC-1β/NRF-1 axis and the upregulation of the activities and transcriptions of mitochondrial complexes as well as the enhancement of mitochondrial fusion coupled with the depression of mitochondrial fission.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Xiang-Fei Li
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Nutrition and Feed Science of Jiangsu Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
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The P2X4 purinergic receptor regulates hepatic myofibroblast activation during liver fibrogenesis. J Hepatol 2018; 69:644-653. [PMID: 29802948 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2018.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Revised: 04/07/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Liver fibrosis is characterized by the accumulation of extracellular matrix produced by hepatic myofibroblasts (hMF), the activation of which is critical to the fibrogenic process. Extracellular ATP, released by dying or stressed cells, and its purinergic receptors, constitute a powerful signaling network after injury. Although the purinergic receptor P2X4 (P2RX4) is highly expressed in the liver, its functions in hMF had never been investigated during liver fibrogenesis. METHODS In vivo, bile duct ligation was performed and methionine- and choline-deficient diet administered in wild-type and P2x4 knock-out (P2x4-KO) mice. In vitro, hMF were isolated from mouse (wild-type and P2x4-KO) and human liver. P2X4 pharmacological inhibition (in vitro and in vivo) and P2X4 siRNAs (in vitro) were used. Histological, biochemical and cell culture analysis allowed us to study P2X4 expression and its involvement in the regulation of fibrogenic and fibrolytic factors, as well as of hMF activation markers and properties. RESULTS P2X4 genetic invalidation or pharmacological inhibition protected mice from liver fibrosis and hMF accumulation after bile duct ligation or methionine- and choline-deficient diet. Human and mouse hMFs expressed P2X4, mainly in lysosomes. Invalidation of P2X4 in human and mouse hMFs blunted their activation marker expression and their fibrogenic properties. Finally, we showed that P2X4 regulates calcium entry and lysosomal exocytosis in hMF, impacting on ATP release, profibrogenic secretory profile, and transcription factor activation. CONCLUSION P2X4 expression and activation is critical for hMF to sustain their activated and fibrogenic phenotype. Therefore, the inactivation of P2X4 may be of therapeutic interest during liver fibrotic diseases. LAY SUMMARY During chronic injury, the liver often repairs with fibrotic tissue, which impairs liver function, and for which there is currently no treatment. We found that a previously unexplored pathway involving the purinergic receptor P2X4, can modulate fibrotic liver repair. Therefore, this receptor could be of interest in the development of novel therapies for fibrotic liver diseases.
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Eelen G, de Zeeuw P, Treps L, Harjes U, Wong BW, Carmeliet P. Endothelial Cell Metabolism. Physiol Rev 2018; 98:3-58. [PMID: 29167330 PMCID: PMC5866357 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00001.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 330] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Revised: 06/19/2017] [Accepted: 06/22/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Endothelial cells (ECs) are more than inert blood vessel lining material. Instead, they are active players in the formation of new blood vessels (angiogenesis) both in health and (life-threatening) diseases. Recently, a new concept arose by which EC metabolism drives angiogenesis in parallel to well-established angiogenic growth factors (e.g., vascular endothelial growth factor). 6-Phosphofructo-2-kinase/fructose-2,6-bisphosphatase-3-driven glycolysis generates energy to sustain competitive behavior of the ECs at the tip of a growing vessel sprout, whereas carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1a-controlled fatty acid oxidation regulates nucleotide synthesis and proliferation of ECs in the stalk of the sprout. To maintain vascular homeostasis, ECs rely on an intricate metabolic wiring characterized by intracellular compartmentalization, use metabolites for epigenetic regulation of EC subtype differentiation, crosstalk through metabolite release with other cell types, and exhibit EC subtype-specific metabolic traits. Importantly, maladaptation of EC metabolism contributes to vascular disorders, through EC dysfunction or excess angiogenesis, and presents new opportunities for anti-angiogenic strategies. Here we provide a comprehensive overview of established as well as newly uncovered aspects of EC metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guy Eelen
- Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; and Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Center for Cancer Biology, VIB, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Pauline de Zeeuw
- Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; and Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Center for Cancer Biology, VIB, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lucas Treps
- Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; and Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Center for Cancer Biology, VIB, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ulrike Harjes
- Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; and Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Center for Cancer Biology, VIB, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Brian W Wong
- Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; and Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Center for Cancer Biology, VIB, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Peter Carmeliet
- Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; and Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Center for Cancer Biology, VIB, Leuven, Belgium
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29
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Roberts AW, Lee BL, Deguine J, John S, Shlomchik MJ, Barton GM. Tissue-Resident Macrophages Are Locally Programmed for Silent Clearance of Apoptotic Cells. Immunity 2017; 47:913-927.e6. [PMID: 29150239 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2017.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2017] [Revised: 07/07/2017] [Accepted: 10/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Although apoptotic cells (ACs) contain nucleic acids that can be recognized by Toll-like receptors (TLRs), engulfment of ACs does not initiate inflammation in healthy organisms. Here we identified macrophage populations that continually engulf ACs in distinct tissues and found that these macrophages share characteristics compatible with immunologically silent clearance of ACs; such characteristics include high expression of AC recognition receptors, low expression of TLR9, and reduced TLR responsiveness to nucleic acids. Removal of the macrophages from tissues resulted in loss of many of these characteristics and the ability to generate inflammatory responses to AC-derived nucleic acids, suggesting that cues from the tissue microenvironment program macrophages for silent AC clearance. The transcription factors KLF2 and KLF4 control the expression of many genes within this AC clearance program. The coordinated expression of AC receptors with genes that limit responses to nucleic acids might ensure maintenance of homeostasis and thus represent a central feature of tissue macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison W Roberts
- Division of Immunology and Pathogenesis, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Bettina L Lee
- Division of Immunology and Pathogenesis, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Jacques Deguine
- Division of Immunology and Pathogenesis, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Shinu John
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Mark J Shlomchik
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Gregory M Barton
- Division of Immunology and Pathogenesis, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
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30
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Moccia F, Lucariello A, Guerra G. TRPC3-mediated Ca 2+ signals as a promising strategy to boost therapeutic angiogenesis in failing hearts: The role of autologous endothelial colony forming cells. J Cell Physiol 2017; 233:3901-3917. [PMID: 28816358 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.26152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Accepted: 08/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) are a sub-population of bone marrow-derived mononuclear cells that are released in circulation to restore damaged endothelium during its physiological turnover or rescue blood perfusion after an ischemic insult. Additionally, they may be mobilized from perivascular niches located within larger arteries' wall in response to hypoxic conditions. For this reason, EPCs have been regarded as an effective tool to promote revascularization and functional recovery of ischemic hearts, but clinical application failed to exploit the full potential of patients-derived cells. Indeed, the frequency and biological activity of EPCs are compromised in aging individuals or in subjects suffering from severe cardiovascular risk factors. Rejuvenating the reparative phenotype of autologous EPCs through a gene transfer approach has, therefore, been put forward as an alternative approach to enhance their therapeutic potential in cardiovascular patients. An increase in intracellular Ca2+ concentration constitutes a pivotal signal for the activation of the so-called endothelial colony forming cells (ECFCs), the only known truly endothelial EPC subset. Studies from our group showed that the Ca2+ toolkit differs between peripheral blood- and umbilical cord blood (UCB)-derived ECFCs. In the present article, we first discuss how VEGF uses repetitive Ca2+ spikes to regulate angiogenesis in ECFCs and outline how VEGF-induced intracellular Ca2+ oscillations differ between the two ECFC subtypes. We then hypothesize about the possibility to rejuvenate the biological activity of autologous ECFCs by transfecting the cell with the Ca2+ -permeable channel Transient Receptor Potential Canonical 3, which selectively drives the Ca2+ response to VEGF in UCB-derived ECFCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Moccia
- Laboratory of General Physiology, Department of Biology and Biotechnology "Lazzaro Spallanzani", University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Angela Lucariello
- Department of Mental and Physical Health and Preventive Medicine, Section of Human Anatomy, Universy of Campania "L. Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Germano Guerra
- Department of Medicine and Health Sciences "Vincenzo Tiberio", University of Molise, Campobasso, Italy
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31
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Baratchi S, Khoshmanesh K, Woodman OL, Potocnik S, Peter K, McIntyre P. Molecular Sensors of Blood Flow in Endothelial Cells. Trends Mol Med 2017; 23:850-868. [PMID: 28811171 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2017.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Revised: 07/16/2017] [Accepted: 07/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Mechanical stress from blood flow has a significant effect on endothelial physiology, with a key role in initiating vasoregulatory signals. Disturbances in blood flow, such as in regions of disease-associated stenosis, arterial branch points, and sharp turns, can induce proatherogenic phenotypes in endothelial cells. The disruption of vascular homeostasis as a result of endothelial dysfunction may contribute to early and late stages of atherosclerosis, the underlying cause of coronary artery disease. In-depth knowledge of the mechanobiology of endothelial cells is essential to identifying mechanosensory complexes involved in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. In this review, we describe different blood flow patterns and summarize current knowledge on mechanosensory molecules regulating endothelial vasoregulatory functions, with clinical implications. Such information may help in the search for novel therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Baratchi
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3083, Australia; Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia.
| | | | - Owen L Woodman
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3083, Australia
| | - Simon Potocnik
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3083, Australia
| | - Karlheinz Peter
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3083, Australia; Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
| | - Peter McIntyre
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3083, Australia
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32
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P2Y 2 receptor modulates shear stress-induced cell alignment and actin stress fibers in human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Cell Mol Life Sci 2016; 74:731-746. [PMID: 27652381 PMCID: PMC5272905 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-016-2365-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2016] [Revised: 08/28/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Endothelial cells release ATP in response to fluid shear stress, which activates purinergic (P2) receptor-mediated signaling molecules including endothelial nitric oxide (eNOS), a regulator of vascular tone. While P2 receptor-mediated signaling in the vasculature is well studied, the role of P2Y2 receptors in shear stress-associated endothelial cell alignment, cytoskeletal alterations, and wound repair remains ill defined. To address these aspects, human umbilical vein endothelial cell (HUVEC) monolayers were cultured on gelatin-coated dishes and subjected to a shear stress of 1 Pa. HUVECs exposed to either P2Y2 receptor antagonists or siRNA showed impaired fluid shear stress-induced cell alignment, and actin stress fiber formation as early as 6 h. Similarly, when compared to cells expressing the P2Y2 Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD) wild-type receptors, HUVECs transiently expressing the P2Y2 Arg-Gly-Glu (RGE) mutant receptors showed reduced cell alignment and actin stress fiber formation in response to shear stress as well as to P2Y2 receptor agonists in static cultures. Additionally, we observed reduced shear stress-induced phosphorylation of focal adhesion kinase (Y397), and cofilin-1 (S3) with receptor knockdown as well as in cells expressing the P2Y2 RGE mutant receptors. Consistent with the role of P2Y2 receptors in vasodilation, receptor knockdown and overexpression of P2Y2 RGE mutant receptors reduced shear stress-induced phosphorylation of AKT (S473), and eNOS (S1177). Furthermore, in a scratched wound assay, shear stress-induced cell migration was reduced by both pharmacological inhibition and receptor knockdown. Together, our results suggest a novel role for P2Y2 receptor in shear stress-induced cytoskeletal alterations in HUVECs.
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Besnard A, Gautherot J, Julien B, Tebbi A, Garcin I, Doignon I, Péan N, Gonzales E, Cassio D, Grosse B, Liu B, Safya H, Cauchois F, Humbert L, Rainteau D, Tordjmann T. The P2X4 purinergic receptor impacts liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy in mice through the regulation of biliary homeostasis. Hepatology 2016; 64:941-53. [PMID: 27301647 DOI: 10.1002/hep.28675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2016] [Accepted: 05/25/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Many regulatory pathways are involved in liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy (PH), to initiate growth, protect liver cells, and sustain remnant liver functions. Extracellular adenosine triphosphate rises in blood and bile after PH and contributes to liver regeneration, although purinergic receptors and mechanisms remain to be precisely explored. In this work we analyzed during regeneration after PH the involvement of P2X4 purinergic receptors, highly expressed in the liver. P2X4 receptor expression in the liver, liver histology, hepatocyte proliferation, plasma bile acid concentration, bile flow and composition, and lysosome distribution in hepatocytes were studied in wild-type and P2X4 knockout (KO) mice, before and after PH. P2X4 receptors were expressed in hepatocytes and Kupffer cells; in hepatocytes, P2X4 was concentrated in subcanalicular areas closely costained with lysosomal markers. After PH, delayed regeneration, hepatocyte necrosis, and cholestasis were observed in P2X4-KO mice. In P2X4-KO mice, post-PH biliary adaptation was impaired with a smaller increase in bile flow and HCO3 (-) biliary output, as well as altered biliary composition with reduced adenosine triphosphate and lysosomal enzyme release. In line with these data, lysosome distribution and biogenesis were altered in P2X4-KO compared with wild-type mice. CONCLUSION During liver regeneration after PH, P2X4 contributes to the complex control of biliary homeostasis through mechanisms involving pericanalicular lysosomes, with a resulting impact on hepatocyte protection and proliferation. (Hepatology 2016;64:941-953).
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurore Besnard
- INSERM U1174, Université Paris Sud, Orsay, France.,Université Paris Sud, Orsay, France.,UPMC, Université Paris 06, Paris, France
| | - Julien Gautherot
- INSERM U1174, Université Paris Sud, Orsay, France.,Université Paris Sud, Orsay, France
| | - Boris Julien
- INSERM U1174, Université Paris Sud, Orsay, France.,Université Paris Sud, Orsay, France
| | - Ali Tebbi
- INSERM U1174, Université Paris Sud, Orsay, France.,Université Paris Sud, Orsay, France
| | - Isabelle Garcin
- INSERM U1174, Université Paris Sud, Orsay, France.,Université Paris Sud, Orsay, France
| | - Isabelle Doignon
- INSERM U1174, Université Paris Sud, Orsay, France.,Université Paris Sud, Orsay, France
| | - Noémie Péan
- INSERM U1174, Université Paris Sud, Orsay, France.,Université Paris Sud, Orsay, France
| | - Emmanuel Gonzales
- INSERM U1174, Université Paris Sud, Orsay, France.,Université Paris Sud, Orsay, France.,Hépatologie pédiatrique, Hôpital du Kremlin Bicêtre, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
| | - Doris Cassio
- INSERM U1174, Université Paris Sud, Orsay, France.,Université Paris Sud, Orsay, France
| | - Brigitte Grosse
- INSERM U1174, Université Paris Sud, Orsay, France.,Université Paris Sud, Orsay, France
| | - Bingkaï Liu
- INSERM U1174, Université Paris Sud, Orsay, France.,Université Paris Sud, Orsay, France
| | - Hanaa Safya
- INSERM U1174, Université Paris Sud, Orsay, France.,Université Paris Sud, Orsay, France
| | - Florent Cauchois
- INSERM U1174, Université Paris Sud, Orsay, France.,Université Paris Sud, Orsay, France
| | - Lydie Humbert
- UPMC, Université Paris 06, Paris, France.,ERL INSERM U 1057, Faculté de Médecine Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France
| | - Dominique Rainteau
- UPMC, Université Paris 06, Paris, France.,ERL INSERM U 1057, Faculté de Médecine Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France
| | - Thierry Tordjmann
- INSERM U1174, Université Paris Sud, Orsay, France.,Université Paris Sud, Orsay, France
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Abstract
Fluid shear stress is an important environmental cue that governs vascular physiology and pathology, but the molecular mechanisms that mediate endothelial responses to flow are only partially understood. Gating of ion channels by flow is one mechanism that may underlie many of the known responses. Here, we review the literature on endothelial ion channels whose activity is modulated by flow with an eye toward identifying important questions for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin A Gerhold
- Department of Internal Medicine (Cardiology), Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut; and
| | - Martin A Schwartz
- Department of Internal Medicine (Cardiology), Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut; and Departments of Cell Biology and Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
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Endothelial Plasticity: Shifting Phenotypes through Force Feedback. Stem Cells Int 2016; 2016:9762959. [PMID: 26904133 PMCID: PMC4745942 DOI: 10.1155/2016/9762959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Accepted: 12/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The endothelial lining of the vasculature is exposed to a large variety of biochemical and hemodynamic stimuli with different gradients throughout the vascular network. Adequate adaptation requires endothelial cells to be highly plastic, which is reflected by the remarkable heterogeneity of endothelial cells in tissues and organs. Hemodynamic forces such as fluid shear stress and cyclic strain are strong modulators of the endothelial phenotype and function. Although endothelial plasticity is essential during development and adult physiology, proatherogenic stimuli can induce adverse plasticity which contributes to disease. Endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EndMT), the hallmark of endothelial plasticity, was long thought to be restricted to embryonic development but has emerged as a pathologic process in a plethora of diseases. In this perspective we argue how shear stress and cyclic strain can modulate EndMT and discuss how this is reflected in atherosclerosis and pulmonary arterial hypertension.
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Endres BT, Staruschenko A, Schulte M, Geurts AM, Palygin O. Two-photon Imaging of Intracellular Ca2+ Handling and Nitric Oxide Production in Endothelial and Smooth Muscle Cells of an Isolated Rat Aorta. J Vis Exp 2015:e52734. [PMID: 26132549 DOI: 10.3791/52734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Calcium is a very important regulator of many physiological processes in vascular tissues. Most endothelial and smooth muscle functions highly depend on changes in intracellular calcium ([Ca(2+)]i) and nitric oxide (NO). In order to understand how [Ca(2+)]i, NO and downstream molecules are handled by a blood vessel in response to vasoconstrictors and vasodilators, we developed a novel technique that applies calcium-labeling (or NO-labeling) dyes with two photon microscopy to measure calcium handling (or NO production) in isolated blood vessels. Described here is a detailed step-by-step procedure that demonstrates how to isolate an aorta from a rat, label calcium or NO within the endothelial or smooth muscle cells, and image calcium transients (or NO production) using a two photon microscope following physiological or pharmacological stimuli. The benefits of using the method are multi-fold: 1) it is possible to simultaneously measure calcium transients in both endothelial cells and smooth muscle cells in response to different stimuli; 2) it allows one to image endothelial cells and smooth muscle cells in their native setting; 3) this method is very sensitive to intracellular calcium or NO changes and generates high resolution images for precise measurements; and 4) described approach can be applied to the measurement of other molecules, such as reactive oxygen species. In summary, application of two photon laser emission microscopy to monitor calcium transients and NO production in the endothelial and smooth muscle cells of an isolated blood vessel has provided high quality quantitative data and promoted our understanding of the mechanisms regulating vascular function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley T Endres
- Departments of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin; Human and Molecular Genetics Center, Medical College of Wisconsin
| | | | | | - Aron M Geurts
- Departments of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin; Human and Molecular Genetics Center, Medical College of Wisconsin; Cardiovascular Center, Medical College of Wisconsin
| | - Oleg Palygin
- Departments of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin
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Sathanoori R, Swärd K, Olde B, Erlinge D. The ATP Receptors P2X7 and P2X4 Modulate High Glucose and Palmitate-Induced Inflammatory Responses in Endothelial Cells. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0125111. [PMID: 25938443 PMCID: PMC4418812 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0125111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Accepted: 03/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Endothelial cells lining the blood vessels are principal players in vascular inflammatory responses. Dysregulation of endothelial cell function caused by hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia, and hyperinsulinemia often result in impaired vasoregulation, oxidative stress, inflammation, and altered barrier function. Various stressors including high glucose stimulate the release of nucleotides thus initiating signaling via purinergic receptors. However, purinergic modulation of inflammatory responses in endothelial cells caused by high glucose and palmitate remains unclear. In the present study, we investigated whether the effect of high glucose and palmitate is mediated by P2X7 and P2X4 and if they play a role in endothelial cell dysfunction. Transcript and protein levels of inflammatory genes as well as reactive oxygen species production, endothelial-leukocyte adhesion, and cell permeability were investigated in human umbilical vein endothelial cells exposed to high glucose and palmitate. We report high glucose and palmitate to increase levels of extracellular ATP, expression of P2X7 and P2X4, and inflammatory markers. Both P2X7 and P2X4 antagonists inhibited high glucose and palmitate-induced interleukin-6 levels with the former having a significant effect on interleukin-8 and cyclooxygenase-2. The effect of the antagonists was confirmed with siRNA knockdown of the receptors. In addition, P2X7 mediated both high glucose and palmitate-induced increase in reactive oxygen species levels and decrease in endothelial nitric oxide synthase. Blocking P2X7 inhibited high glucose and palmitate-induced expression of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 as well as leukocyte-endothelial cell adhesion. Interestingly, high glucose and palmitate enhanced endothelial cell permeability that was dependent on both P2X7 and P2X4. Furthermore, antagonizing the P2X7 inhibited high glucose and palmitate-mediated activation of p38-mitogen activated protein kinase. These findings support a novel role for P2X7 and P2X4 coupled to induction of inflammatory molecules in modulating high glucose and palmitate-induced endothelial cell activation and dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramasri Sathanoori
- Department of Cardiology, Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- * E-mail:
| | - Karl Swärd
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Björn Olde
- Department of Cardiology, Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - David Erlinge
- Department of Cardiology, Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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