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Kikuchi J, Yamada S. The exposome paradigm to predict environmental health in terms of systemic homeostasis and resource balance based on NMR data science. RSC Adv 2021; 11:30426-30447. [PMID: 35480260 PMCID: PMC9041152 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra03008f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The environment, from microbial ecosystems to recycled resources, fluctuates dynamically due to many physical, chemical and biological factors, the profile of which reflects changes in overall state, such as environmental illness caused by a collapse of homeostasis. To evaluate and predict environmental health in terms of systemic homeostasis and resource balance, a comprehensive understanding of these factors requires an approach based on the "exposome paradigm", namely the totality of exposure to all substances. Furthermore, in considering sustainable development to meet global population growth, it is important to gain an understanding of both the circulation of biological resources and waste recycling in human society. From this perspective, natural environment, agriculture, aquaculture, wastewater treatment in industry, biomass degradation and biodegradable materials design are at the forefront of current research. In this respect, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) offers tremendous advantages in the analysis of samples of molecular complexity, such as crude bio-extracts, intact cells and tissues, fibres, foods, feeds, fertilizers and environmental samples. Here we outline examples to promote an understanding of recent applications of solution-state, solid-state, time-domain NMR and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to the complex evaluation of organisms, materials and the environment. We also describe useful databases and informatics tools, as well as machine learning techniques for NMR analysis, demonstrating that NMR data science can be used to evaluate the exposome in both the natural environment and human society towards a sustainable future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Kikuchi
- Environmental Metabolic Analysis Research Team, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku Yokohama 230-0045 Japan
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku Nagoya 464-8601 Japan
- Graduate School of Medical Life Science, Yokohama City University 1-7-29 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku Yokohama 230-0045 Japan
| | - Shunji Yamada
- Environmental Metabolic Analysis Research Team, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku Yokohama 230-0045 Japan
- Prediction Science Laboratory, RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research 7-1-26 Minatojima-minami-machi, Chuo-ku Kobe 650-0047 Japan
- Data Assimilation Research Team, RIKEN Center for Computational Science 7-1-26 Minatojima-minami-machi, Chuo-ku Kobe 650-0047 Japan
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Palma M, Bledsoe JW, Tavares LC, Romano N, Small BC, Viegas I, Overturf K. Digesta and Plasma Metabolomics of Rainbow Trout Strains with Varied Tolerance of Plant-Based Diets Highlights Potential for Non-Lethal Assessments of Enteritis Development. Metabolites 2021; 11:metabo11090590. [PMID: 34564406 PMCID: PMC8470503 DOI: 10.3390/metabo11090590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The replacement of fishmeal in aquafeeds is essential to the sustainability of aquaculture. Besides the procurement of alternative protein sources, fish can also be selected for better performance on plant-based alternative diets. Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) is one such species in which the strain ARS-Sel has been selected for higher growth and enhanced utilization when fed soy-based diets. The aim of this study was to compare fish growth and plasma and digesta metabolomes between ARS-Sel and two commercial strains (CS-1 and CS-2), when fed plant-protein (PM) and fishmeal-based (FM) diets, and to correlate them with the onset of enteritis. An NMR-metabolomics approach was taken to assess plasma and digesta metabolite profiles. Diet and strain showed significant effects on fish growth, with the ARS-Sel fish receiving the PM diet reaching the highest final weight at sampling. Multivariate analysis revealed differences between plasma and digesta metabolite profiles of ARS-Sel and CS (CS-1 considered together with CS-2) PM-fed groups in the early stages of enteritis development, which was confirmed by intestinal histology. As reported in previous studies, the ARS-Sel strain performed better than the commercial strains when fed the PM diet. Our findings also suggest that metabolomic profiles of plasma and digesta, samples of which can be obtained through non-lethal methods, offer valuable insight in monitoring the occurrence of enteritis in carnivorous aquaculture species due to plant-based diets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Palma
- Centre for Functional Ecology, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, 3000-456 Coimbra, Portugal;
| | - Jacob W. Bledsoe
- ARS-USDA, Hagerman Fish Culture Experiment Station, Hagerman, ID 83332, USA; (J.W.B.); (K.O.)
| | - Ludgero C. Tavares
- CIVG—Vasco da Gama Research Center, University School Vasco da Gama—EUVG, 3020-210 Coimbra, Portugal;
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-517 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Nicholas Romano
- Center of Excellence in Aquaculture & Fisheries Center, University of Arkansas at Pine Bluff, Pine Bluff, AR 71601, USA;
| | - Brian C. Small
- Aquaculture Research Institute, Hagerman Fish Culture Experiment Station, University of Idaho, Hagerman, ID 83332, USA;
| | - Ivan Viegas
- Centre for Functional Ecology, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, 3000-456 Coimbra, Portugal;
- Correspondence:
| | - Ken Overturf
- ARS-USDA, Hagerman Fish Culture Experiment Station, Hagerman, ID 83332, USA; (J.W.B.); (K.O.)
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Pérez-Pascual D, Pérez-Cobas AE, Rigaudeau D, Rochat T, Bernardet JF, Skiba-Cassy S, Marchand Y, Duchaud E, Ghigo JM. Sustainable plant-based diets promote rainbow trout gut microbiota richness and do not alter resistance to bacterial infection. Anim Microbiome 2021; 3:47. [PMID: 34225826 PMCID: PMC8256591 DOI: 10.1186/s42523-021-00107-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Farmed fish food with reduced fish-derived products are gaining growing interest due to the ecological impact of fish-derived protein utilization and the necessity to increase aquaculture sustainability. Although different terrestrial plant proteins could replace fishmeal proteins, their use is associated with adverse effects. Here, we investigated how diets composed of terrestrial vegetal sources supplemented with proteins originating from insect, yeast or terrestrial animal by-products affect rainbow trout (Onchorynchus mykiss) gut microbiota composition, growth performance and resistance to bacterial infection by the fish pathogen Flavobacterium psychrophilum responsible for frequent outbreaks in aquaculture settings. Results We showed that the tested regimes significantly increased gut bacterial richness compared to full vegetal or commercial-like diets, and that vegetal diet supplemented with insect and yeast proteins improves growth performance compared to full vegetal diet without altering rainbow trout susceptibility to F. psychrophilum infection. Conclusion Our results demonstrate that the use of insect and yeast protein complements to vegetal fish feeds maintain microbiota functions, growth performance and fish health, therefore identifying promising alternative diets to improve aquaculture’s sustainability. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s42523-021-00107-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Pérez-Pascual
- Unité de Génétique des Biofilms, Institut Pasteur, UMR CNRS 2001, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Ana Elena Pérez-Cobas
- Biologie des Bactéries Intracellulaires Institut Pasteur, UMR CNRS 3525, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Dimitri Rigaudeau
- Unité Infectiologie Expérimentale Rongeurs et Poissons, INRAE, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Tatiana Rochat
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, UVSQ, VIM, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | | | - Sandrine Skiba-Cassy
- INRAE, Univ Pau & Pays Adour, E2S UPPA, NUMEA, 64310, Saint-Pée-sur-Nivelle, France
| | | | - Eric Duchaud
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, UVSQ, VIM, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France.
| | - Jean-Marc Ghigo
- Unité de Génétique des Biofilms, Institut Pasteur, UMR CNRS 2001, 75015, Paris, France.
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Aru V, Khakimov B, Sørensen KM, Chikwati EM, Kortner TM, Midtlyng P, Krogdahl Å, Engelsen SB. The plasma metabolome of Atlantic salmon as studied by 1H NMR spectroscopy using standard operating procedures: effect of aquaculture location and growth stage. Metabolomics 2021; 17:50. [PMID: 33999285 DOI: 10.1007/s11306-021-01797-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Metabolomics applications to the aquaculture research are increasing steadily. The use of standardized proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) spectroscopy can provide the aquaculture industry with an unbiased, reproducible, and high-throughput screening tool, which can help to diagnose nutritional and disease-related metabolic disorders in farmed fish. OBJECTIVE Standard operating procedures developed for analysing (human) plasma by 1H NMR were applied to fingerprint the metabolome in plasma samples collected from Atlantic salmon. The aim was to explore the metabolome of salmon plasma in relation to growth stage and sampling site. METHODS A total of 72 salmon were collected from three aquaculture sites in Norway (Lat. 65, 67, and 70 °N) and over two sampling events (December 2017 and November 2018). Plasma drawn from each salmon was measured by 1H NMR and metabolites were quantified using the SigMa software. The NMR data was analysed by principal component analysis (PCA) and ANOVA-simultaneous component analysis (ASCA). RESULTS Important metabolic differences were evidenced, with adult salmon having a much higher content of very low-density lipoproteins and cholesterol in their plasma, while smolts displayed significantly higher levels of propylene glycol. Overall, 24% of the metabolite variation was due to the growth stage, whereas 12% of the metabolite variation was related to the aquaculture site and practice (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION This study provides a baseline investigation of the plasma metabolome of the Atlantic salmon and demonstrates how 1H NMR metabolomics can be used in future investigations for comparing aquaculture practices and their influence on the fish metabolome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Violetta Aru
- Chemometrics & Analytical Technology, Department of Food Science, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 26, 1958, Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
| | - Bekzod Khakimov
- Chemometrics & Analytical Technology, Department of Food Science, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 26, 1958, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Klavs Martin Sørensen
- Chemometrics & Analytical Technology, Department of Food Science, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 26, 1958, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Elvis Mashingaidze Chikwati
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
- Aquamedic AS, Gaustadallèen 21, 0349, Oslo, Norway
| | - Trond M Kortner
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Åshild Krogdahl
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Søren Balling Engelsen
- Chemometrics & Analytical Technology, Department of Food Science, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 26, 1958, Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
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Putative imbalanced amino acid metabolism in rainbow trout long term fed a plant-based diet as revealed by 1H-NMR metabolomics. J Nutr Sci 2021; 10:e13. [PMID: 33889396 PMCID: PMC8057518 DOI: 10.1017/jns.2021.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The long-term effect of a plant (P)-based diet was assessed by proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR) metabolomics in rainbow trout fed a marine fish meal (FM)-fish oil (FO) diet (M), a P-based diet and a control commercial-like diet (C) starting with the first feeding. Growth performances were not heavily altered by long-term feeding on the P-based diet. An 1H-NMR metabolomic analysis of the feed revealed significantly different soluble chemical compound profiles between the diets. A set of soluble chemical compounds was found to be specific either to the P-based diet or to the M diet. Pterin, a biomarker of plant feedstuffs, was identified both in the P-based diet and in the plasma of fish fed the P-based diet. 1H-NMR metabolomic analysis on fish plasma and liver and muscle tissues at 6 and 48 h post feeding revealed significantly different profiles between the P-based diet and the M diet, while the C diet showed intermediate results. A higher amino acid content was found in the plasma of fish fed the P-based diet compared with the M diet after 48 h, suggesting either a delayed delivery of the amino acids or a lower amino acid utilisation in the P-based diet. This was associated with an accumulation of essential amino acids and the depletion of glutamine in the muscle, together with an accumulation of choline in the liver. Combined with an anticipated absorption of methionine and lysine supplemented in free form, the present results suggest an imbalanced essential amino acid supply for protein metabolism in the muscle and for specific functions of the liver.
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Roques S, Deborde C, Richard N, Marchand Y, Larroquet L, Prigent S, Skiba-Cassy S, Moing A, Fauconneau B. Proton-NMR Metabolomics of Rainbow Trout Fed a Plant-Based Diet Supplemented with Graded Levels of a Protein-Rich Yeast Fraction Reveal Several Metabolic Processes Involved in Growth. J Nutr 2020; 150:2268-2277. [PMID: 32805000 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxaa206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plant raw materials are commonly used in aquafeeds, as marine resources are unsustainable. However, full plant-based diets lead to poorer fish growth performance. OBJECTIVE We aimed to understand the metabolic effects of a yeast fraction as a protein supplement in a plant-based diet and to integrate such effects with phenotypic traits as a new approach to assess the interest of this raw material. METHODS Juvenile (49 g) rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) were fed graded levels of a yeast protein-rich fraction (5% YST05, 10% YST10, 15% YST15) in a plant-based diet (PB) for 84 d. Final body weight, feed conversion ratio, and hepatosomatic and viscerosomatic indexes were measured. Plasma, liver, and muscle 1H-NMR fingerprints were analyzed with principal component analyses, and their metabolite patterns were clustered according to the yeast level to identify concomitant metabolic effects. A regression modeling approach was used to predict tissue metabolite changes from plasma fingerprints. RESULTS In tissues, the patterns of metabolite changes followed either linear trends with the gradual inclusion of a yeast fraction (2 patterns out of 6 in muscle, 1 in liver) or quadratic trends (4 patterns in muscle, 5 in liver). Muscle aspartate and glucose (395 and 138% maximum increase in relative content compared with PB, respectively) revealing modification in energy metabolism, as well as modification of liver betaine (163% maximum increase) and muscle histidine (57% maximum decrease) related functions, indicates that the yeast fraction could improve growth in several ways. The highest correlation between measured and predicted metabolite intensities in a tissue based on plasma fingerprints was observed for betaine in liver (r = 0.80). CONCLUSIONS These findings herald a new approach to assess the plurality of metabolic effects induced by diets and establish the optimal level of raw materials. They open the way for using plasma as a noninvasive matrix in trout nutrition studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Roques
- INRAE, Univ Pau & Pays Adour, E2S UPPA, UMR Nutrition, Métabolisme, Aquaculture, Saint Pée sur Nivelle, France.,Phileo by Lesaffre, Marcq-en-Baroeul, France.,PMB-Metabolome, INRAE, 2018, Bordeaux Metabolome Facility (doi: 10.15454/1.5572412770331912E12), MetaboHUB, Centre INRAE de Nouvelle Aquitaine Bordeaux, Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Catherine Deborde
- PMB-Metabolome, INRAE, 2018, Bordeaux Metabolome Facility (doi: 10.15454/1.5572412770331912E12), MetaboHUB, Centre INRAE de Nouvelle Aquitaine Bordeaux, Villenave d'Ornon, France.,INRAE, Univ Bordeaux, UMR Fruit Biology and Pathology, Centre INRAE de Nouvelle Aquitaine Bordeaux, Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | | | | | - Laurence Larroquet
- INRAE, Univ Pau & Pays Adour, E2S UPPA, UMR Nutrition, Métabolisme, Aquaculture, Saint Pée sur Nivelle, France
| | - Sylvain Prigent
- INRAE, Univ Bordeaux, UMR Fruit Biology and Pathology, Centre INRAE de Nouvelle Aquitaine Bordeaux, Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Sandrine Skiba-Cassy
- INRAE, Univ Pau & Pays Adour, E2S UPPA, UMR Nutrition, Métabolisme, Aquaculture, Saint Pée sur Nivelle, France
| | - Annick Moing
- PMB-Metabolome, INRAE, 2018, Bordeaux Metabolome Facility (doi: 10.15454/1.5572412770331912E12), MetaboHUB, Centre INRAE de Nouvelle Aquitaine Bordeaux, Villenave d'Ornon, France.,INRAE, Univ Bordeaux, UMR Fruit Biology and Pathology, Centre INRAE de Nouvelle Aquitaine Bordeaux, Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Benoit Fauconneau
- INRAE, Univ Pau & Pays Adour, E2S UPPA, UMR Nutrition, Métabolisme, Aquaculture, Saint Pée sur Nivelle, France
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Morin G, Pinel K, Dias K, Seiliez I, Beaumatin F. RTH-149 Cell Line, a Useful Tool to Decipher Molecular Mechanisms Related to Fish Nutrition. Cells 2020; 9:cells9081754. [PMID: 32707879 PMCID: PMC7463835 DOI: 10.3390/cells9081754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 07/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Nowadays, aquaculture provides more than 50% of fish consumed worldwide but faces new issues that challenge its sustainability. One of them relies on the replacement of fish meal (FM) in aquaculture feeds by other protein sources without deeply affecting the whole organism's homeostasis. Multiple strategies have already been tested using in vivo approaches, but they hardly managed to cope with the multifactorial problems related to the complexities of fish biology together with new feed formulations. In this context, rainbow trout (RT) is particularly concerned by these problems, since, as a carnivorous fish, dietary proteins provide the amino acids required to supply most of its energetic metabolism. Surprisingly, we noticed that in vitro approaches considering RT cell lines as models to study RT amino acid metabolism were never previously used. Therefore, we decided to investigate if, and how, three major pathways described, in other species, to be regulated by amino acid and to control cellular homeostasis were functional in a RT cell line called RTH-149-namely, the mechanistic Target Of Rapamycin (mTOR), autophagy and the general control nonderepressible 2 (GCN2) pathways. Our results not only demonstrated that these three pathways were functional in RTH-149 cells, but they also highlighted some RT specificities with respect to the time response, amino acid dependencies and the activation levels of their downstream targets. Altogether, this article demonstrated, for the first time, that RT cell lines could represent an interesting alternative of in vivo experimentations for the study of fish nutrition-related questions.
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Roques S, Deborde C, Guimas L, Marchand Y, Richard N, Jacob D, Skiba-Cassy S, Moing A, Fauconneau B. Integrative Metabolomics for Assessing the Effect of Insect ( Hermetia illucens) Protein Extract on Rainbow Trout Metabolism. Metabolites 2020; 10:metabo10030083. [PMID: 32120848 PMCID: PMC7143670 DOI: 10.3390/metabo10030083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Revised: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Nutrition of high trophic species in aquaculture is faced with the development of sustainable plant-based diets. Insects seem particularly promising for supplementing plant-based diets. However, the complex effect of whole insect meal on fish metabolism is not well understood, and even less is known about insect meal extracts. The purpose of this work was to decipher the metabolic utilization of a plant-based diet supplemented with the gradual addition of an insect protein extract (insect hydrolysate at 0%, 5%, 10% and 15%). 1H-NMR profiling was used to assess metabolites in experimental diets and in fish plasma, liver and muscle. A significant dose-dependent increase in growth and feed efficiency with increasing insect extract amounts was observed. The incremental incorporation of the insect extract in diet had a significant and progressive impact on the profile of dietary soluble compounds and trout metabolome. The metabolites modulated by dietary insect extracts in plasma and tissues were involved in protein and energy metabolism. This was associated with the efficient metabolic use of dietary free amino acids toward protein synthesis through the concomitant supply of balanced free amino acids and energy substrates in muscle. The findings provide new insights into how the dietary food metabolome affects fish metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Roques
- INRAE, University Pau & Pays Adour, E2S UPPA, UMR NuMeA Nutrition, Metabolism and Aquaculture, F-64310 Saint Pée sur Nivelle, France; (S.R.); (S.S.-C.); (B.F.)
- Phileo by Lesaffre, F-59700 Marcq-en-Baroeul, France;
- PMB-Metabolome, INRAE, 2018 Bordeaux Metabolome Facility, MetaboHUB, F-33140 Villenave d’Ornon, France; (C.D.); (D.J.)
| | - Catherine Deborde
- PMB-Metabolome, INRAE, 2018 Bordeaux Metabolome Facility, MetaboHUB, F-33140 Villenave d’Ornon, France; (C.D.); (D.J.)
- INRAE, University Bordeaux, UMR Fruit Biology and Pathology, F-33140 Villenave d’Ornon, France
| | | | | | | | - Daniel Jacob
- PMB-Metabolome, INRAE, 2018 Bordeaux Metabolome Facility, MetaboHUB, F-33140 Villenave d’Ornon, France; (C.D.); (D.J.)
- INRAE, University Bordeaux, UMR Fruit Biology and Pathology, F-33140 Villenave d’Ornon, France
| | - Sandrine Skiba-Cassy
- INRAE, University Pau & Pays Adour, E2S UPPA, UMR NuMeA Nutrition, Metabolism and Aquaculture, F-64310 Saint Pée sur Nivelle, France; (S.R.); (S.S.-C.); (B.F.)
| | - Annick Moing
- PMB-Metabolome, INRAE, 2018 Bordeaux Metabolome Facility, MetaboHUB, F-33140 Villenave d’Ornon, France; (C.D.); (D.J.)
- INRAE, University Bordeaux, UMR Fruit Biology and Pathology, F-33140 Villenave d’Ornon, France
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-5-57-12-25-28
| | - Benoit Fauconneau
- INRAE, University Pau & Pays Adour, E2S UPPA, UMR NuMeA Nutrition, Metabolism and Aquaculture, F-64310 Saint Pée sur Nivelle, France; (S.R.); (S.S.-C.); (B.F.)
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Melis R, Braca A, Sanna R, Spada S, Mulas G, Fadda ML, Sassu MM, Serra G, Anedda R. Metabolic response of yellow mealworm larvae to two alternative rearing substrates. Metabolomics 2019; 15:113. [PMID: 31422484 DOI: 10.1007/s11306-019-1578-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Mass insect rearing is becoming increasingly pursued by food and feed industry due to its high sustainability and low environmental impact. Yellow mealworm larvae (Tenebrio molitor) are conventionally reared on wheat bran (WB), but alternative substrates, such as several by-products of the agri-food industry, have shown good prospects for insect rearing. OBJECTIVES The objective of this study was to investigate on the metabolic and nutritional response of yellow mealworm larvae to dried brewer's spent grains (BSG) and WB used as rearing substrates. METHODS Proximate, fibre and fatty acid compositions of durum WB and dried BSG were first characterized. Mealworm larvae were fed either WB (WB-L) or BSG (BSG-L) in a trial reproducing a scale rearing condition. Feed efficiency parameters together with proximate and FA composition were determined. Metabolic pathways affected by the dietary treatments were evaluated by means of a targeted metabolomics approach. Proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) spectra were acquired on lipid and polar extracts of WB-L and BSG-L and then coupled to multivariate data analysis. Absolute quantitative 1H NMR data were carried out on selected metabolites. RESULTS BSG-L exhibited better feed conversion ratio and efficiency in conversion of ingested food (P < 0.05) and almost half fat content (P < 0.001) than WB-L. BSG-L also showed higher ω-3 and ω-6 poliunsaturated fatty acids (P < 0.001) and lower content of monounsaturated fatty acids (P < 0.001) than WB-L. BSG-L mobilized body fat towards methylamine accumulation and led to enhanced trehalose catabolism. CONCLUSIONS Our findings are useful to gain knowledge on the metabolic features that finally affect growth and body composition in reared yellow mealworm larvae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Melis
- Porto Conte Ricerche S. r. l, S.P. 55 Porto Conte - Capo Caccia, Km 8.400, Loc. Tramariglio, Alghero, SS, Italy
| | - Angela Braca
- Porto Conte Ricerche S. r. l, S.P. 55 Porto Conte - Capo Caccia, Km 8.400, Loc. Tramariglio, Alghero, SS, Italy
| | - Roberta Sanna
- Porto Conte Ricerche S. r. l, S.P. 55 Porto Conte - Capo Caccia, Km 8.400, Loc. Tramariglio, Alghero, SS, Italy
| | - Simona Spada
- Porto Conte Ricerche S. r. l, S.P. 55 Porto Conte - Capo Caccia, Km 8.400, Loc. Tramariglio, Alghero, SS, Italy
| | - Gilberto Mulas
- Porto Conte Ricerche S. r. l, S.P. 55 Porto Conte - Capo Caccia, Km 8.400, Loc. Tramariglio, Alghero, SS, Italy
| | - Maria Leonarda Fadda
- CNR - Research Institute on Terrestrial Ecosystems, Traversa la Crucca, 3 Li punti, Sassari, SS, Italy
| | - Maria Maddalena Sassu
- CNR - Institute for the Animal Production System in the Mediterranean Environment, Traversa la Crucca, 3 Li punti, Sassari, SS, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Serra
- CNR - Institute of Biometeorology, Traversa la Crucca, 3 Li punti, Sassari, SS, Italy
| | - Roberto Anedda
- Porto Conte Ricerche S. r. l, S.P. 55 Porto Conte - Capo Caccia, Km 8.400, Loc. Tramariglio, Alghero, SS, Italy.
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