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Nilén G, Larsson M, Hyötyläinen T, Keiter SH. A complex mixture of polycyclic aromatic compounds causes embryotoxic, behavioral, and molecular effects in zebrafish larvae (Danio rerio), and in vitro bioassays. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 906:167307. [PMID: 37804991 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.167307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/09/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs) are prevalent in the environment, typically found in complex mixtures and high concentrations. Our understanding of the effects of PACs, excluding the 16 priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (16 PAHs), remains limited. Zebrafish embryos and in vitro bioassays were utilized to investigate the embryotoxic, behavioral, and molecular effects of a soil sample from a former gasworks site in Sweden. Additionally, targeted chemical analysis was conducted to analyze 87 PACs in the soil, fish, water, and plate material. CALUX® assays were used to assess the activation of aryl hydrocarbon and estrogen receptors, as well as the inhibition of the androgen receptor. Larval behavior was measured by analyzing activity during light and darkness and in response to mechanical stimulation. Furthermore, qPCR analyses were performed on a subset of 36 genes associated with specific adverse outcomes, and the total lipid content in the larvae was measured. Exposure to the sample resulted in embryotoxic effects (LC50 = 0.480 mg dry matter soil/mL water). The mixture also induced hyperactivity in darkness and hypoactivity in light and in response to the mechanical stimulus. qPCR analysis revealed differential regulation of 15 genes, including downregulation of opn1sw1 (eye pigmentation) and upregulation of fpgs (heart failure). The sample caused significant responses in three bioassays (ERα-, DR-, and PAH-CALUX), and the exposed larvae exhibited elevated lipid levels. Chemical analysis identified benzo[a]pyrene as the predominant compound in the soil and approximately half of the total PAC concentration was attributed to the 16 PAHs. This study highlights the value of combining in vitro and in vivo methods with chemical analysis to assess toxic mechanisms at specific targets and to elucidate the possible interactions between various pathways in an organism. It also enhances our understanding of the risks associated with environmental mixtures of PACs and their distribution during toxicity testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greta Nilén
- Man-Technology-Environment Research Centre (MTM), School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, Fakultetsgatan 1, S-701 82 Örebro, Sweden.
| | - Maria Larsson
- Man-Technology-Environment Research Centre (MTM), School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, Fakultetsgatan 1, S-701 82 Örebro, Sweden
| | - Tuulia Hyötyläinen
- Man-Technology-Environment Research Centre (MTM), School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, Fakultetsgatan 1, S-701 82 Örebro, Sweden
| | - Steffen H Keiter
- Man-Technology-Environment Research Centre (MTM), School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, Fakultetsgatan 1, S-701 82 Örebro, Sweden
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2
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Jin F, Wang Y, Yu F, Liu X, Zhang M, Li Z, Yao Z, Cong Y, Wang J. Acute and Chronic Effects of Crude Oil Water-Accommodated Fractions on the Early Life Stages of Marine Medaka ( Oryzias melastigma, McClelland, 1839). TOXICS 2023; 11:236. [PMID: 36977001 PMCID: PMC10053065 DOI: 10.3390/toxics11030236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Oil spill is a major marine environmental pollution issue. Research regarding the long-term effects of oil spills on the early life stage of marine fish is still limited. In this study, the potential adverse impact of crude oil from one oil spill accident which occurred in the Bohai Sea on the early life stages of marine medaka (Oryzias melastigma, McClelland, 1839) was evaluated. A 96-h acute test (larvae) and a 21-d chronic test (embryo-larvae) of water-accommodated fractions (WAFs) from crude oil were conducted, respectively. The results of the acute test showed that only the highest concentration of WAFs (100.00%) significantly affected the mortality of larvae (p < 0.01) and that the 96 h-LC50 was 68.92% (4.11 mg·L-1 expressed as total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPHs)). Larval heart demonstrated histopathological alterations in all WAF-exposed groups. The chronic test results showed that, except for larval mortality, the total hatching success (%)/hatching time of embryos in WAF treatments was not significantly different from those of the control group (p > 0.05), and no malformation was found in surviving larvae after 21 d of exposure. Nevertheless, the exposed embryos and larvae in the highest concentration of WAFs (60.00%) demonstrated significantly reduced heart rate (p < 0.05) and increased mortality (p < 0.01), respectively. Overall, our results indicated that both acute and chronic WAF exposures had adverse impacts on the survival of marine medaka. In the early life stages, the heart of the marine medaka was the most sensitive organ which showed both structural alteration and cardiac dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Jin
- Key Laboratory for Ecological Environment in Coastal Areas, National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, No. 42 Linghe Street, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Key Laboratory for Ecological Environment in Coastal Areas, National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, No. 42 Linghe Street, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Fuwei Yu
- Key Laboratory for Ecological Environment in Coastal Areas, National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, No. 42 Linghe Street, Dalian 116023, China
- School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Xing Liu
- Key Laboratory for Ecological Environment in Coastal Areas, National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, No. 42 Linghe Street, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Mingxing Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Ecological Environment in Coastal Areas, National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, No. 42 Linghe Street, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Zhaochuan Li
- Key Laboratory for Ecological Environment in Coastal Areas, National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, No. 42 Linghe Street, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Ziwei Yao
- Key Laboratory for Ecological Environment in Coastal Areas, National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, No. 42 Linghe Street, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Yi Cong
- Key Laboratory for Ecological Environment in Coastal Areas, National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, No. 42 Linghe Street, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Juying Wang
- Key Laboratory for Ecological Environment in Coastal Areas, National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, No. 42 Linghe Street, Dalian 116023, China
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3
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Lin F, Ni L, Kennedy CJ. Diluted bitumen-induced alterations in aerobic capacity, swimming performance, and post-exercise recovery in juvenile sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka). AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2022; 247:106150. [PMID: 35397383 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2022.106150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The transportation of heavy crudes such as diluted bitumen (dilbit) sourced from Canadian oil sands through freshwater habitat requires the generation of information that will contribute to risk assessments, spill modelling, management, and remediation for the protection of aquatic organisms. Juvenile sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) were exposed acutely (96 h) or subchronically (28 d) to the water-soluble fraction (WSFd) of Cold Lake Blend dilbit at initial total polycyclic aromatic compound (TPAC) concentrations of 0, 13.7, 34.7, and 124.5 µg/L. A significant induction (>3-fold) of hepatic liver ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD) activity was induced by 96 h in fish exposed to [TPAC] ≥ 34.7 µg/L and at ≥13.7 µg/L for a 28 d exposure. Exposure resulted in a typical physiological stress response and disturbance of ion homeostasis; this included elevations in plasma [cortisol], [lactate], [Na+], and [Cl-], and significant reductions in muscle [glycogen]. Critical swimming speed (Ucrit) was significantly reduced (28.4%) in the acute exposure at [TPAC] 124.5 µg/L; reductions of 14.2% and 35.4% were seen in fish subchronically exposed at the two highest concentrations. Reductions in Ucrit were related to significant reductions in aerobic scope (24.3-46.6%) at [TPAC]s of 34.7 and 124.5 µg/L, respectively. Exposure did not impair the ability to mount a secondary stress response following burst exercise, however, the time required for biochemical parameters to return to baseline values was prolonged. Alterations in critical systems supporting swimming, exercise recovery and the physiological stress response could result in decreased salmonid fitness and contribute to population declines if a dilbit spill occurs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Lin
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Li Ni
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Christopher J Kennedy
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada.
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4
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Cresci A, Paris CB, Browman H, Skiftesvik AB, Shema S, Bjelland R, Durif CMF, Foretich M, Di Persia C, Lucchese V, Vikebø FB, Sørhus E. Effects of Exposure to Low Concentrations of Oil on the Expression of Cytochrome P4501a and Routine Swimming Speed of Atlantic Haddock ( Melanogrammus aeglefinus) Larvae In Situ. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:13879-13887. [PMID: 32990430 PMCID: PMC7659032 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c04889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to environmentally relevant concentrations of oil could impact survival of fish larvae in situ through subtle effects on larval behavior. During the larval period, Atlantic haddock (Melanogrammus aeglefinus) are transported toward nursery grounds by ocean currents and active swimming, which can modify their drift route. Haddock larvae are sensitive to dispersed oil; however, whether exposure to oil during development impacts the ability of haddock larvae to swim in situ is unknown. Here, we exposed Atlantic haddock embryos to 10 and 80 μg oil/L (0.1 and 0.8 μg ∑PAH/L) of crude oil for 8 days and used a novel approach to measure its effect on the larval swimming behavior in situ. We assessed the swimming behavior of 138 haddock larvae in situ, in the North Sea, using a transparent drifting chamber. Expression of cytochrome P4501a (cyp1a) was also measured. Exposure to 10 and 80 μg oil/L significantly reduced the average in situ routine swimming speed by 30-40% compared to the controls. Expression of cyp1a was significantly higher in both exposed groups. This study reports key information for improving oil spill risk assessment models and presents a novel approach to study sublethal effects of pollutants on fish larvae in situ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Cresci
- Institute
of Marine Research, Marine Ecosystem Acoustics Group, Austevoll Research Station, Sauganeset 16, N-5392 Storebø, Norway
- Rosenstiel
School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, 4600 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, Florida 33149, United States
- . Mobile: +47 485 06 296
| | - Claire B. Paris
- Rosenstiel
School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, 4600 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, Florida 33149, United States
| | - Howard
I. Browman
- Institute
of Marine Research, Marine Ecosystem Acoustics Group, Austevoll Research Station, Sauganeset 16, N-5392 Storebø, Norway
| | - Anne Berit Skiftesvik
- Institute
of Marine Research, Marine Ecosystem Acoustics Group, Austevoll Research Station, Sauganeset 16, N-5392 Storebø, Norway
| | - Steven Shema
- Institute
of Marine Research, Marine Ecosystem Acoustics Group, Austevoll Research Station, Sauganeset 16, N-5392 Storebø, Norway
| | - Reidun Bjelland
- Institute
of Marine Research, Marine Ecosystem Acoustics Group, Austevoll Research Station, Sauganeset 16, N-5392 Storebø, Norway
| | - Caroline M. F. Durif
- Institute
of Marine Research, Marine Ecosystem Acoustics Group, Austevoll Research Station, Sauganeset 16, N-5392 Storebø, Norway
| | - Matthew Foretich
- Rosenstiel
School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, 4600 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, Florida 33149, United States
| | - Camilla Di Persia
- Rosenstiel
School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, 4600 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, Florida 33149, United States
| | - Veronica Lucchese
- Rosenstiel
School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, 4600 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, Florida 33149, United States
| | - Frode B. Vikebø
- Institute
of Marine Research, Nordnesgaten 50, 5005 Bergen, Norway
| | - Elin Sørhus
- Institute
of Marine Research, Nordnesgaten 50, 5005 Bergen, Norway
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5
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Chen L. Visual system: An understudied target of aquatic toxicology. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2020; 225:105542. [PMID: 32585539 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2020.105542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2020] [Revised: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Visual system is increasingly recognized as a sensitive target of xenobiotics in aquatic ecosystems. Various environmental pollutants of distinct physicochemical properties are able to impair the retinal development and function of teleost fishes, including dioxin-like pollutants, flame retardants, pesticides, perfluoroalkyl acids, retinoic acids and metals. Considering the availability of developmental and functional database, zebrafish has been the most frequently used as the teleost model to study aquatic visual toxicology. A diversity of visual deficits has been displayed for fishes across multiple levels of biological organizations (e.g., molecule, cell, histology, physiology and behavior). Covering sensitive developmental windows of eyes during early embryogenesis, acute or chronic exposure to xenobiotics can disturb the expressions of visual gene and protein markers, which affect the retinal neurogenesis and induce degeneration of neurons. Morphological structures and physiological responses of retina and optic tectum are then disorganized, eventually compromising the performance of visually-mediated behaviors and recruitment of individuals. Environmental pollutants can cross the blood-retina barrier and accumulate in eyes, which might impact visual system directly. In addition, pollutants are very likely to interrupt retinal development and function indirectly by disturbing the signaling of retinoids and thyroid. However, exact mechanisms of visual toxicity are largely unknown currently. In this review, the development and structure of retina and available tools for studying visual science are described briefly. Advances in visual toxicology are summarized in detail and outlooks for future visual toxicity studies are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lianguo Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China.
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6
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Alderman SL, Dilkumar CM, Avey SR, Farrell AP, Kennedy CJ, Gillis TE. Effects of diluted bitumen exposure and recovery on the seawater acclimation response of Atlantic salmon smolts. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2020; 221:105419. [PMID: 32014643 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2020.105419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Revised: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Petrogenic chemicals are common and widespread contaminants in the aquatic environment. In Canada, increased extraction of bitumen from the oil sands and transport of the major crude oil export product, diluted bitumen (dilbit), amplifies the risk of a spill and contamination of Canadian waterways. Fish exposed to sublethal concentrations of crude oil can experience a variety of adverse physiological effects including osmoregulatory dysfunction. As regulation of water and ion balance is crucial during the seawater transition of anadromous fish, the hypothesis that dilbit impairs seawater acclimation in Atlantic salmon smolts (a fish at risk of exposure in Canada) was tested. Smolts were exposed for 24 d to the water-soluble fraction of dilbit in freshwater, and then transferred directly to seawater or allowed a 1 wk depuration period in uncontaminated freshwater prior to seawater transfer. The seawater acclimation response was quantified at 1 and 7 d post-transfer using established hematological, tissue, and molecular endpoints including gill Na+/K+-ATPase gene expression (nka). All smolts, irrespective of dilbit exposure, increased serum Na+ concentrations and osmolality within 1 d of seawater transfer. The recovery of these parameters to freshwater values by 7 d post-transfer was likely driven by the increased expression and activity of Na+/K+-ATPase in the gill. Histopathological changes in the gill were not observed; however, CYP1A-like immunoreactivity was detected in the pillar cells of gill lamellae of fish exposed to 67.9 μg/L PAC. Concentration-specific changes in kidney expression of a transmembrane water channel, aquaporin 3, occurred during seawater acclimation, but were resolved with 1 wk of depuration and were not associated with histopathological changes. In conclusion, apart from a robust CYP response in the gill, dilbit exposure did not greatly impact common measures of seawater acclimation, suggesting that significant osmoregulatory dysfunction is unlikely to occur if Atlantic salmon smolts are exposed sub-chronically to dilbit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah L Alderman
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Ontario, Canada.
| | | | - Sean R Avey
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Anthony P Farrell
- Department of Zoology and Faculty of Land and Food Systems, University of British Columbia, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Christopher J Kennedy
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Todd E Gillis
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Ontario, Canada
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7
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Johann S, Nüßer L, Goßen M, Hollert H, Seiler TB. Differences in biomarker and behavioral responses to native and chemically dispersed crude and refined fossil oils in zebrafish early life stages. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 709:136174. [PMID: 31884285 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.136174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/15/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Petroleum products including crude oils and refined distillates are unique environmental pollutants consisting of thousands of compounds with varying physical-chemical properties and resulting toxicity for aquatic biota. Hence, for a reliable risk assessment individual petroleum product toxicity profiles are needed. Furthermore, the influence of oil spill response strategies like the application of chemical dispersants has to be implemented. The present study addressed the toxicity of water-accommodated fractions (WAFs) of two different oil types on fish early life stages on different biological organization levels in the laboratory model species Danio rerio. Experiments with a 3rd generation dispersant used in loading rated resembling the exposure in experiments with chemically dispersed oils were included, enabling a direct comparability of results. This approach is of high importance as especially the investigation of dispersant toxicity in relevant exposure concentrations is rather scarce. Zebrafish embryos were exposed to different WAFs shortly after and up to 120 hour post fertilization (hpf). Besides phenotypic effects including edema and spine deformations, reduced responses to dark stimuli, increased CYP1A activity and marginal AChE inhibition were observed in sublethal effect concentrations. Both oil types had varying strength of toxicity, which did not correlate with corresponding chemical analysis of target PAHs. Chemically dispersed oils induced stronger acute toxicity in zebrafish embryos compared to native (initial) oil exposure, which was further reflected by very low exposure concentrations for biomarker endpoints. Based on a comparison to the dispersant alone, a higher toxicity of dispersed oils was related to a combination of dispersant toxicity and an elevated crude oil compound bioavailability, due to dispersion-related partitioning kinetics. In contrast to LEWAF and CEWAF neither typical morphological effects nor mechanism-specific toxicity were observed for the dispersant alone, indicating narcosis as the responsible cause of effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Johann
- Department of Ecosystem Analysis, Institute for Environmental Research, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Leonie Nüßer
- Department of Ecosystem Analysis, Institute for Environmental Research, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Mira Goßen
- Department of Ecosystem Analysis, Institute for Environmental Research, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Henner Hollert
- Department of Ecosystem Analysis, Institute for Environmental Research, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany; Department of Evolutionary Ecology and Environmental Toxicology, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 13, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Thomas Benjamin Seiler
- Department of Ecosystem Analysis, Institute for Environmental Research, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
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8
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Pasparakis C, Esbaugh AJ, Burggren W, Grosell M. Impacts of deepwater horizon oil on fish. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2019; 224:108558. [PMID: 31202903 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2019.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
An explosion on the Deepwater Horizon (DWH) oil rig in 2010 lead to the largest marine oil spill to occur in US history, resulting in significant impacts to the ecosystems and organisms in the Northern Gulf of Mexico (GoM). The present review sought to summarize and discuss findings from the 50+ peer-reviewed publications reporting effects of DWH oil exposure on teleost fish, and concludes that oil toxicity is a multi-target, multi-organ syndrome with substantial species-specific sensitivity differences. Of the 15 species tested with characterized exposures, 20% show effects at concentrations <1 μg l-1 while 50% display effects at <8.6 μg l-1 ΣPAH50, concentrations well within the range of reported environmental levels during the spill. Cardiotoxic effects are among the most frequently reported endpoints in DWH oil exposure studies and are thought to have significant downstream effects on fitness and survival. However, additional and possibly cardio-toxic independent impacts on sensory function and behavior are reported at very low exposure concentrations (< 1 μg l-1 ∑PAH50) and are clearly deserving of further study. Available information about modes of action leading to different categories of effects are summarized in the present review. An overview of the literature illustrates that early life stages (ELS) are approximately 1-order of magnitude more sensitive than corresponding later life stages, but also illustrates that adults can be impacted at concentrations as low as 4 μg l-1 ΣPAH50. The majority of studies exploring DWH oil toxicity in fish are performed using acute exposures (1-2 days), mid-range test temperatures (26-28 °C) and measure effects at the molecular to organismal levels, leaving a pressing need for more long-term exposures, exposures at the upper and lower levels of GoM relevant temperatures, and studies investigating population level impacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Pasparakis
- Department of Marine Biology and Ecology, University of Miami, Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, Miami, Fl, USA.
| | - Andrew J Esbaugh
- Department of Marine Science, University of Texas at Austin, Marine Science Institute, Port Aransas, TX, USA
| | - Warren Burggren
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, USA
| | - Martin Grosell
- Department of Marine Biology and Ecology, University of Miami, Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, Miami, Fl, USA
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9
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Itoyama T, Fukui M, Kawaguchi M, Kaneko S, Sugahara F, Murakami Y. FGF- and SHH-based molecular signals regulate barbel and craniofacial development in catfish. ZOOLOGICAL LETTERS 2019; 5:19. [PMID: 31223485 PMCID: PMC6570838 DOI: 10.1186/s40851-019-0135-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2018] [Accepted: 05/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Catfish (Siluriformes) are characterized by unique morphologies, including enlarged jaws with movable barbels and taste buds covering the entire body surface. Evolution of these characteristics was a crucial step in their adaptive radiation to freshwater environments. However, the developmental processes of the catfish craniofacial region and taste buds remain to be elucidated; moreover, little is known about the molecular mechanisms underlying the morphogenesis of these structures. RESULTS In Amur catfish (Silurus asotus), three pairs of barbel primordia are formed by 2 days post-fertilization (dpf). Innervation of the peripheral nerves and formation of muscle precursors are also established during early development. Taste buds from the oral region to the body trunk are formed by 4 dpf. We then isolated catfish cognates Shh (SaShh) and Fgf8 (SaFgf8), which are expressed in maxillary barbel primordium at 1-2 dpf. Further, SHH signal inhibition induces reduction of mandibular barbels with abnormal morphology of skeletal elements, whereas it causes no apparent abnormality in the trigeminal and facial nerve morphology. We also found that mandibular barbel lengths and number of taste buds are reduced by FGF inhibition, as seen in SHH signal inhibition. However, unlike with SHH inhibition, the abnormal morphology of the trigeminal and facial nerves was observed in FGF signal-inhibited embryos. CONCLUSION The developmental processes of Amur catfish are consistent with those reported for other catfish species. Thus, developmental aspects of craniofacial structures and taste buds may be conserved in Siluriformes. Our findings also suggest that SHH signaling plays a crucial role in the formation of barbels and taste buds, without affecting nerve projection, while FGF signaling is required for the development of barbels, taste buds, and branchial nerves. Thus, SHH and FGF signaling plays key roles in the ontogenesis and evolution of some catfish-specific characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuya Itoyama
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ehime University, 2-5 Bunkyo-cho, Matsuyama, 790-8577 Japan
| | - Makiko Fukui
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ehime University, 2-5 Bunkyo-cho, Matsuyama, 790-8577 Japan
| | - Masahumi Kawaguchi
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama, 930-0194 Japan
| | - Saki Kaneko
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ehime University, 2-5 Bunkyo-cho, Matsuyama, 790-8577 Japan
| | - Fumiaki Sugahara
- Division of Biology, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, 663-8501 Japan
| | - Yasunori Murakami
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ehime University, 2-5 Bunkyo-cho, Matsuyama, 790-8577 Japan
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10
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Alderman SL, Lin F, Gillis TE, Farrell AP, Kennedy CJ. Developmental and latent effects of diluted bitumen exposure on early life stages of sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka). AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2018; 202:6-15. [PMID: 29966910 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2018.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Revised: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The early life stages of Pacific salmon are at risk of environmental exposure to diluted bitumen (dilbit) as Canada's oil sands industry continues to expand. The toxicity and latent effects of dilbit exposure were assessed in sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) exposed to water-soluble fractions of dilbit (WSFd) from fertilization to the swim-up stage, and then reared in clean water for 8 months. Mortality was significantly higher in WSFd-exposed embryos, with cumulative mortality up to 4.6-fold higher in exposed relative to unexposed embryos. The sublethal effects of WSFd exposure included transcriptional up-regulation of cyp1a, a concentration-dependent delay in the onset and progression of hatching, as well as increased prevalence of developmental deformities at total polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (TPAH) concentrations ≥35 μg L-1. Growth and body composition were negatively affected by WSFd exposure, including a concentration-specific decrease in soluble protein concentration and increases in total body lipid and triglyceride concentrations. Mortality continued during the first 2 months after transferring fish to clean water, reaching 53% in fish exposed to 100 μg L-1 TPAH; but there was no latent impact on swimming performance, heart mass, or heart morphology in surviving fish after 8 months. A latent effect of WSFd exposure on brain morphology was observed, with fish exposed to 4 μg L-1 TPAH having significantly larger brains compared to other treatment groups after 8 months in clean water. This study provides comprehensive data on the acute, sub-chronic, and latent impacts of dilbit exposure in early life stage sockeye, information that is critical for a proper risk analysis of the impact of a dilbit spill on this socioeconomically important fish species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah L Alderman
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Feng Lin
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Todd E Gillis
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Anthony P Farrell
- Department of Zoology and Faculty of Land and Food Systems, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Christopher J Kennedy
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada.
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Itoyama T, Kawara M, Fukui M, Sugahara Y, Kurokawa D, Kawaguchi M, Kitamura SI, Nakayama K, Murakami Y. Nervous system disruption and swimming abnormality in early-hatched pufferfish (Takifugu niphobles) larvae caused by pyrene is independent of aryl hydrocarbon receptors. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2017; 124:792-797. [PMID: 28259418 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2017.02.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2016] [Revised: 02/14/2017] [Accepted: 02/22/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Pyrene, a member of the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), contributes to abnormality in the size of the brain and the swimming behavior of pufferfish (Takifugu niphobles) larvae. We hypothesized that the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) may mediate pyrene-induced toxic effects because AHR is assumed to be a candidate for the downstream target of PAHs in many cases. To identify the contribution of AHR on developing pufferfish, we performed exposure experiments using β-naphthoflavone, an agonist of AHR. We found that the toxic effects of pyrene and β-naphthoflavone in pufferfish larvae are fundamentally different. Pyrene specifically induced problems in the developing midbrain and in swimming behavior, while β-naphthoflavone affected the heartbeat rate and the size of the yolk. These results suggest that the behavioral and morphological abnormality caused by pyrene exposure is mediated by an AHR-independent pathway. Alternatively, defects caused by pyrene may be attributed to the inhibition of the FGF signal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuya Itoyama
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ehime University, Japan
| | - Moe Kawara
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ehime University, Japan
| | - Makiko Fukui
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ehime University, Japan
| | - Yuki Sugahara
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ehime University, Japan
| | - Daisuke Kurokawa
- Misaki Marine Biological Station, The University of Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masahumi Kawaguchi
- Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Japan
| | | | - Kei Nakayama
- Center for Marine Environmental Studies, Ehime University, Japan
| | - Yasunori Murakami
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ehime University, Japan.
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Xu EG, Khursigara AJ, Magnuson J, Hazard ES, Hardiman G, Esbaugh AJ, Roberts AP, Schlenk D. Larval Red Drum (Sciaenops ocellatus) Sublethal Exposure to Weathered Deepwater Horizon Crude Oil: Developmental and Transcriptomic Consequences. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:10162-10172. [PMID: 28768411 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b02037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The Deepwater Horizon (DWH) incident resulted in extensive oiling of the pelagic zone and shoreline habitats of many commercially important fish species. Exposure to the water-accommodated fraction (WAF) of oil from the spill causes developmental toxicity through cardiac defects in pelagic fish species. However, few studies have evaluated the effects of the oil on near-shore estuarine fish species such as red drum (Sciaenops ocellatus). Following exposure to a certified weathered slick oil (4.74 μg/L ∑PAH50) from the DWH event, significant sublethal impacts were observed ranging from impaired nervous system development [average 17 and 22% reductions in brain and eye area at 48 h postfertilization (hpf), respectively] to abnormal cardiac morphology (100% incidence at 24, 48, and 72 hpf) in red drum larvae. Consistent with the phenotypic responses, significantly differentially expressed transcripts, enriched gene ontology, and altered functions and canonical pathways predicted adverse outcomes in nervous and cardiovascular systems, with more pronounced changes at later larval stages. Our study demonstrated that the WAF of weathered slick oil of DWH caused morphological abnormalities predicted by a suite of advanced bioinformatic tools in early developing red drum and also provided the basis for a better understanding of molecular mechanisms of crude oil toxicity in fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elvis Genbo Xu
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California , Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Alex J Khursigara
- Marine Science Institute, University of Texas at Austin , Port Aransas, Texas 78373, United States
| | - Jason Magnuson
- Department of Biological Sciences & Advanced Environmental Research Institute, University of North Texas , Denton, Texas 76203, United States
| | - E Starr Hazard
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina , Charleston, South Carolina 29403, United States
- Computational Biology Resource Center, Medical University of South Carolina , Charleston, South Carolina 29403, United States
| | - Gary Hardiman
- Computational Biology Resource Center, Medical University of South Carolina , Charleston, South Carolina 29403, United States
- Departments of Medicine and Public Health Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina , Charleston, South Carolina 29403, United States
| | - Andrew J Esbaugh
- Marine Science Institute, University of Texas at Austin , Port Aransas, Texas 78373, United States
| | - Aaron P Roberts
- Department of Biological Sciences & Advanced Environmental Research Institute, University of North Texas , Denton, Texas 76203, United States
| | - Daniel Schlenk
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California , Riverside, California 92521, United States
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Alderman SL, Dindia LA, Kennedy CJ, Farrell AP, Gillis TE. Proteomic analysis of sockeye salmon serum as a tool for biomarker discovery and new insight into the sublethal toxicity of diluted bitumen. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY D-GENOMICS & PROTEOMICS 2017; 22:157-166. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbd.2017.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Revised: 03/24/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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14
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Noguchi K, Ishikawa R, Kawaguchi M, Miyoshi K, Kawasaki T, Hirata T, Fukui M, Kuratani S, Tanaka M, Murakami Y. Expression patterns of Sema3A in developing amniote limbs: With reference to the diversification of peripheral nerve innervation. Dev Growth Differ 2017; 59:270-285. [PMID: 28555754 DOI: 10.1111/dgd.12364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Revised: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Paired limbs were acquired in the ancestor of tetrapods and their morphology has been highly diversified in amniotes in relation to the adaptive radiation to the terrestrial environment. These morphological changes may have been induced by modification of the developmental program of the skeletal or muscular system. To complete limb modification, it is also important to change the neuronal framework, because the functions of the limbs rely on neural circuits that involve coordinated movement. Previous studies have shown that class 3 semaphorins (Sema3 semaphorins), which act as repulsive axonal guidance cues, play a crucial role in the formation of the peripheral nerves in mice. Here, we studied the expression pattern of Sema3A orthologues in embryos of developing amniotes, including mouse, chick, soft-shelled turtle, and ocelot gecko. Sema3A transcripts were expressed in restricted mesenchymal parts of the developing limb primordium in all animals studied, and developing spinal nerves appeared to extend through Sema3A-negative regions. These results suggest that a Sema3A-dependent guidance system plays a key role in neuronal circuit formation in amniote limbs. We also found that Sema3A partially overlapped with the distribution of cartilage precursor cells. Based on these results, we propose a model in which axon guidance and skeletogenesis are linked by Sema3A; such mechanisms may underlie functional neuron rearrangement during limb diversification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanami Noguchi
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ehime University, 2-5 Bunkyo-cho, Matsuyama, 790-8577, Japan
| | - Ryota Ishikawa
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ehime University, 2-5 Bunkyo-cho, Matsuyama, 790-8577, Japan
| | - Masahumi Kawaguchi
- Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan
| | - Kanako Miyoshi
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ehime University, 2-5 Bunkyo-cho, Matsuyama, 790-8577, Japan
| | - Takahiko Kawasaki
- Division of Brain Function, National Institute of Genetics, SOKENDAI, 1111Yata, Mishima, 411-8540, Japan
| | - Tatsumi Hirata
- Division of Brain Function, National Institute of Genetics, SOKENDAI, 1111Yata, Mishima, 411-8540, Japan
| | - Makiko Fukui
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ehime University, 2-5 Bunkyo-cho, Matsuyama, 790-8577, Japan
| | - Shigeru Kuratani
- Laboratory for Evolutionary Morphology, RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology, 2-2-3 Minatojima-minami, Chuoku, Kobe, Hyogo, 650-0047, Japan
| | - Mikiko Tanaka
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, B-17, 4259, Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Yasunori Murakami
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ehime University, 2-5 Bunkyo-cho, Matsuyama, 790-8577, Japan
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Kellar NM, Speakman TR, Smith CR, Lane SM, Balmer BC, Trego ML, Catelani KN, Robbins MN, Allen CD, Wells RS, Zolman ES, Rowles TK, Schwacke LH. Low reproductive success rates of common bottlenose dolphins Tursiops truncatus in the northern Gulf of Mexico following the Deepwater Horizon disaster (2010-2015). ENDANGER SPECIES RES 2017. [DOI: 10.3354/esr00775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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16
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Ren Z, Li S, Zhang T, Qi L, Xing N, Yu H, Jian J, Chon TS, Tang B. Behavior persistence in defining threshold switch in stepwise response of aquatic organisms exposed to toxic chemicals. CHEMOSPHERE 2016; 165:409-417. [PMID: 27668718 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.09.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2016] [Revised: 09/13/2016] [Accepted: 09/15/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
As a characteristic in bacterial colony, persistence model described the dynamics of two subpopulations (normal (n) and persister (p)). In order to illustrate the switch of "Threshold" in the stepwise behavior responses of organisms, it is hypothesized that total behavior (Bt) of organisms consists of two types in behavior tendency, intoxication (Bp) and normal/recovery behavior (Bn). Both Bp and Bn could be concurrently affected by environmental stress E, and behavior response modes (M) are decided by the relationship between E and toxicity threshold of test organisms (Ti). The results suggested stress constant λ was decided by the constant rates gnE,gpE, an and ap. Due to different stress constant λ, the behavior responses of indicators showed great difference in different M, which included 'safe mode' (Ms), 'acclimation mode' (Mac), 'adjustment mode' (Maj) and 'toxic effect' (Mte). Usually, Bt during Ms could maintain around 0.8, and Mte would happen once it is lower than 0.2. According to the relationship between Bt values and E changes in 7 Majs, behavior persistence relying on adjustment could reflect the behavior homeostasis of organisms under environmental stress and be regarded as a threshold switch for the stepwise behavior responses. The mathematical analysis of behavior persistence allows making a quantitative prediction on environment assessment that would promote the emergence of persistence, as well as evaluating its ecological implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zongming Ren
- Institute of Environment and Ecology, Shandong Normal University, Ji'nan 250014, PR China.
| | - Shangge Li
- Institute of Environment and Ecology, Shandong Normal University, Ji'nan 250014, PR China
| | - Tingting Zhang
- Institute of Environment and Ecology, Shandong Normal University, Ji'nan 250014, PR China
| | - Luhuizi Qi
- Institute of Environment and Ecology, Shandong Normal University, Ji'nan 250014, PR China
| | - Na Xing
- Institute of Environment and Ecology, Shandong Normal University, Ji'nan 250014, PR China
| | - Huimin Yu
- Institute of Environment and Ecology, Shandong Normal University, Ji'nan 250014, PR China
| | - Jinfeng Jian
- Institute of Environment and Ecology, Shandong Normal University, Ji'nan 250014, PR China
| | - Tae-Soo Chon
- Department of Biological Sciences, Pusan National University, Busan 609735, Republic of Korea; Ecology and Future Research Association, Busan 609802, Republic of Korea
| | - Bo Tang
- Institute of Environment and Ecology, Shandong Normal University, Ji'nan 250014, PR China.
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17
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Xu EG, Mager EM, Grosell M, Pasparakis C, Schlenker LS, Stieglitz JD, Benetti D, Hazard ES, Courtney SM, Diamante G, Freitas J, Hardiman G, Schlenk D. Time- and Oil-Dependent Transcriptomic and Physiological Responses to Deepwater Horizon Oil in Mahi-Mahi (Coryphaena hippurus) Embryos and Larvae. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:7842-7851. [PMID: 27348429 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b02205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The Deepwater Horizon (DWH) oil spill contaminated the spawning habitats for numerous commercially and ecologically important fishes. Exposure to the water accommodated fraction (WAF) of oil from the spill has been shown to cause cardiac toxicity during early developmental stages across fishes. To better understand the molecular events and explore new pathways responsible for toxicity, RNA sequencing was performed in conjunction with physiological and morphological assessments to analyze the time-course (24, 48, and 96 h post fertilization (hpf)) of transcriptional and developmental responses in embryos/larvae of mahi-mahi exposed to WAF of weathered (slick) and source DWH oils. Slick oil exposure induced more pronounced changes in gene expression over time than source oil exposure. Predominant transcriptomic responses included alteration of EIF2 signaling, steroid biosynthesis, ribosome biogenesis and activation of the cytochrome P450 pathway. At 96 hpf, slick oil exposure resulted in significant perturbations in eye development and peripheral nervous system, suggesting novel targets in addition to the heart may be involved in the developmental toxicity of DHW oil. Comparisons of changes of cardiac genes with phenotypic responses were consistent with reduced heart rate and increased pericardial edema in larvae exposed to slick oil but not source oil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elvis Genbo Xu
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California , Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Edward M Mager
- Department of Marine Biology and Ecology, University of Miami , Miami, Florida 33149, United States
| | - Martin Grosell
- Department of Marine Biology and Ecology, University of Miami , Miami, Florida 33149, United States
| | - Christina Pasparakis
- Department of Marine Biology and Ecology, University of Miami , Miami, Florida 33149, United States
| | - Lela S Schlenker
- Department of Marine Biology and Ecology, University of Miami , Miami, Florida 33149, United States
| | - John D Stieglitz
- Department of Marine Biology and Ecology, University of Miami , Miami, Florida 33149, United States
| | - Daniel Benetti
- Department of Marine Biology and Ecology, University of Miami , Miami, Florida 33149, United States
| | - E Starr Hazard
- Center for Genomics Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina , Charleston, South Carolina 29403, United States
- Computational Biology Resource Center, Medical University of South Carolina , Charleston, South Carolina 29403, United States
| | - Sean M Courtney
- Center for Genomics Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina , Charleston, South Carolina 29403, United States
| | - Graciel Diamante
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California , Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Juliane Freitas
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California , Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Gary Hardiman
- Center for Genomics Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina , Charleston, South Carolina 29403, United States
- Departments of Medicine & Public Health Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina , Charleston, South Carolina 29403, United States
| | - Daniel Schlenk
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California , Riverside, California 92521, United States
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18
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Morgana S, Gambardella C, Falugi C, Pronzato R, Garaventa F, Faimali M. Swimming speed alteration in the early developmental stages of Paracentrotus lividus sea urchin as ecotoxicological endpoint. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2016; 115:11-19. [PMID: 26826671 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2016.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2015] [Revised: 01/11/2016] [Accepted: 01/16/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Behavioral endpoints have been used for decades to assess chemical impacts at concentrations unlikely to cause mortality. With recently developed techniques, it is possible to investigate the swimming behavior of several organisms under laboratory conditions. The aims of this study were: i) assessing for the first time the feasibility of swimming speed analysis of the early developmental stage sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus by an automatic recording system ii) investigating any Swimming Speed Alteration (SSA) on P. lividus early stages exposed to a chemical reference; iii) identifying the most suitable stage for SSA test. Results show that the swimming speed of all the developmental stages was easily recorded. The swimming speed was inhibited as a function of toxicant concentration. Pluteus were the most appropriate stage for evaluating SSA in P. lividus as ecotoxicological endpoint. Finally, swimming of sea urchin early stages represents a sensitive endpoint to be considered in ecotoxicological investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Morgana
- Institute of Marine Science (ISMAR), National Council of Researches (CNR), Via De Marini 6, 16149 Genova, Italy.
| | - Chiara Gambardella
- Institute of Marine Science (ISMAR), National Council of Researches (CNR), Via De Marini 6, 16149 Genova, Italy
| | - Carla Falugi
- Department of Earth, Environment and Life Sciences (DISVA), Polytechnic University of Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy
| | - Roberto Pronzato
- Department of Earth, Environment and Life Sciences (DISTAV), Università di Genova, Viale Benedetto XV 5, 16136 Genova, Italy
| | - Francesca Garaventa
- Institute of Marine Science (ISMAR), National Council of Researches (CNR), Arsenale Tesa 104, Castello 2737/F, 30122 Venezia, Italy
| | - Marco Faimali
- Institute of Marine Science (ISMAR), National Council of Researches (CNR), Via De Marini 6, 16149 Genova, Italy
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Tosa Y, Tsukano K, Itoyama T, Fukagawa M, Nii Y, Ishikawa R, Suzuki KIT, Fukui M, Kawaguchi M, Murakami Y. Involvement of Slit-Robo signaling in the development of the posterior commissure and concomitant swimming behavior in Xenopus laevis. ZOOLOGICAL LETTERS 2015; 1:28. [PMID: 26605073 PMCID: PMC4657333 DOI: 10.1186/s40851-015-0029-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2015] [Accepted: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION During vertebrate development, the central nervous system (CNS) has stereotyped neuronal tracts (scaffolds) that include longitudinal and commissural axonal bundles, such as the medial longitudinal fascicle or the posterior commissure (PC). As these early tracts appear to guide later-developing neurons, they are thought to provide the basic framework of vertebrate neuronal circuitry. The proper construction of these neuronal circuits is thought to be a crucial step for eliciting coordinated behaviors, as these circuits transmit sensory information to the integrative center, which produces motor commands for the effective apparatus. However, the developmental plan underlying some commissures and the evolutionary transitions they have undergone remain to be elucidated. Little is known about the role of axon guidance molecules in the elicitation of early-hatched larval behavior as well. RESULTS Here, we report the developmentally regulated expression pattern of axon-guidance molecules Slit2 ligand and Robo2 receptor in Xenopus laevis and show that treatment of X. laevis larvae with a slit2- or robo2-morpholino resulted in abnormal swimming behavior. We also observed an abnormal morphology of the PC, which is part of the early axonal scaffold. CONCLUSION Our present findings suggest that expression patterns of Slit2 and Robo2 are conserved in tetrapods, and that their signaling contributes to the construction of the PC in Xenopus. Given that the PC also includes several types of neurons stemming from various parts of the CNS, it may represent a candidate prerequisite neuronal tract in the construction of subsequent complex neuronal circuits that trigger coordinated behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiko Tosa
- />Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ehime University, 2-5 Bunkyo-cho, Matsuyama, 790-8577 Japan
| | - Kiyohito Tsukano
- />Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ehime University, 2-5 Bunkyo-cho, Matsuyama, 790-8577 Japan
| | - Tatsuya Itoyama
- />Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ehime University, 2-5 Bunkyo-cho, Matsuyama, 790-8577 Japan
| | - Mai Fukagawa
- />Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ehime University, 2-5 Bunkyo-cho, Matsuyama, 790-8577 Japan
| | - Yukako Nii
- />Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ehime University, 2-5 Bunkyo-cho, Matsuyama, 790-8577 Japan
| | - Ryota Ishikawa
- />Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ehime University, 2-5 Bunkyo-cho, Matsuyama, 790-8577 Japan
| | - Ken-ichi T. Suzuki
- />Graduate School of Science, Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8526 Japan
| | - Makiko Fukui
- />Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ehime University, 2-5 Bunkyo-cho, Matsuyama, 790-8577 Japan
| | - Masahumi Kawaguchi
- />Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama, 930-0194 Japan
| | - Yasunori Murakami
- />Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ehime University, 2-5 Bunkyo-cho, Matsuyama, 790-8577 Japan
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20
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Sugahara Y, Kawaguchi M, Itoyama T, Kurokawa D, Tosa Y, Kitamura SI, Handoh IC, Nakayama K, Murakami Y. Pyrene induces a reduction in midbrain size and abnormal swimming behavior in early-hatched pufferfish larvae. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2014; 85:479-486. [PMID: 24793779 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2014.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2013] [Revised: 04/01/2014] [Accepted: 04/08/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Spills of heavy oil (HO) have an adverse effect on marine life. We have demonstrated previously that exposure to HO by fertilized eggs of the pufferfish (Takifugu rubripes) induces neural disruption and behavioral abnormality in early-hatched larvae. Here, two kinds of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, pyrene and phenanthrene, were selected to examine their toxic effects on larval behavior of another pufferfish species (T. niphobles). Larvae exposed to pyrene or phenanthrene exhibited no abnormalities in morphology. However, those exposed to pyrene but not phenanthrene swam in an uncoordinated manner, although their swimming distance and speed were normal. The optic tectum, a part of the midbrain, of pyrene-exposed larvae did not grow to full size. Thus, these findings are indicated that pyrene might be a contributor to the behavioral and neuro-developmental toxicity, although there is no indication that it is the only compound participating in the toxicity of the heavy oil mixture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Sugahara
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ehime University, 2-5 Bunkyo-cho, Matsuyama, Japan
| | - Masahumi Kawaguchi
- Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Itoyama
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ehime University, 2-5 Bunkyo-cho, Matsuyama, Japan
| | - Daisuke Kurokawa
- Misaki Marine Biological Station, The University of Tokyo, 1024 Koajiro, Misaki, Miura, Japan
| | - Yasuhiko Tosa
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ehime University, 2-5 Bunkyo-cho, Matsuyama, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichi Kitamura
- Center for Marine Environmental Studies (CMES), Ehime University, 2-5 Bunkyo-cho, Matsuyama, Japan
| | - Itsuki C Handoh
- The Futurability Initiatives, Research Institute for Humanity and Nature, 457-4 Motoyama, Kamigamo, Kita-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kei Nakayama
- Center for Marine Environmental Studies (CMES), Ehime University, 2-5 Bunkyo-cho, Matsuyama, Japan.
| | - Yasunori Murakami
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ehime University, 2-5 Bunkyo-cho, Matsuyama, Japan.
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