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Liu S, Duan L, Shi F, Filippelli GM, Naidu R. Concentrations of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in vegetables from Sydney and Newcastle, Australia. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2024; 104:6667-6675. [PMID: 38545920 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.13491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study investigated per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in 53 fruit and vegetable samples collected from a local wholesale and retail market in Sydney and a local supermarket in Newcastle. As there is limited information about PFAS levels in vegetables on the market, this study aimed to fill this gap and assess potential risks for humans through consumption of these vegetables. METHODS QuEChERS extraction - a solid-phase extraction method, a portmanteau word formed from 'quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged and safe' - followed by enhanced matrix removal-lipid cleaning and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry analysis were used to detect 30 PFASs in vegetables. RESULTS PFOA was detected in 7 out of the 53 samples, with concentrations of 0.038-1.996 ng g-1 fresh weight; PFOS was detected in 2 samples only, with concentrations ranging from 0.132 to 0.911 ng g-1 fresh weight. PFHxS was not detected in any sample in this study. PFOA and PFOS concentrations measured in vegetables in this study constituted daily intake of 2.03 ng kg-1 body weight (BW) and 1.98 ng kg-1 BW, respectively, according to recommended daily vegetable intake and BW data from the Australian Bureau of Statistics. The most sensitive population group is girls of 4-8 years of age. These estimated exposure levels represent up to 1.3% of the tolerable daily intake for PFOA (160 ng kg-1 BW) and 9.9% for PFOS (20 ng kg-1 BW) according to Food Standards Australia New Zealand. Consumption of the vegetables from the study locations poses a marginal risk to human health. © 2024 The Authors. Journal of The Science of Food and Agriculture published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyuan Liu
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation (GCER), University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Luchun Duan
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation (GCER), University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
- Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment (CRC CARE), University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Feng Shi
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation (GCER), University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Gabriel M Filippelli
- Department of Earth Science, Indiana University-Purdue University, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Ravi Naidu
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation (GCER), University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
- Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment (CRC CARE), University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
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Jovanović M, Müller V, Feldmann J, Leitner E. Analysis of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in raw materials intended for the production of paper-based food contact materials - evaluating LC-MS/MS versus total fluorine and extractable organic fluorine. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2024; 41:525-536. [PMID: 38530104 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2024.2332334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) analysis has become crucial due to their presence in the environment, their persistence and potential health risks. These compounds are commonly used in food contact materials (FCM) as a coating to provide water and grease-repellent properties. One of the pathways for PFAS to enter the human body is either through direct consumption of contaminated food or indirectly through migration from FCM into food. The purpose of this study was to investigate where the initial contamination of paper FCM occurs. We analysed paper material consisting of fresh fibre and secondary materials, intended to produce food packaging for the presence of PFAS. The samples were extracted and analysed for 23 different PFAS substances using the targeted approach with LC tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). This analytical technique detects specific, easily ionisable PFAS with high sensitivity. However, one drawback of this approach is that it allows the identification of less than 1% of the PFAS known today. For this reason, we used combustion ion chromatography (CIC) to determine the content of extractable organic fluorine compounds (EOF) and compare it to the total fluorine content. The targeted analysis using LC-MS/MS measured an average sum concentration of PFAS of 0.17 ng g-1 sample. Our research shows that the primary PFAS contamination happens during the recycling process since all of the samples in which the targeted PFAS were measured belonged to the secondary material. The most frequently detected analytes were PFOA and PFOS, detected in 90% and 62% of the samples, respectively, followed by PFBS (in 29% of the samples). CIC showed that measured PFAS via LC-MS/MS amount to an average of 2.7 × 10-4% of total fluorine content, whereas the EOF was under the LOD in all of the measured samples. This result highlights the complexity of the accurate determination of PFAS compounds, displaying what kind of information the chosen methods provide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milica Jovanović
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry and Food Chemistry, TU Graz, Austria
| | - Viktoria Müller
- The James Hutton Institute, Aberdeen, Scotland, UK
- TESLA - Analytical Chemistry, Institute for Chemistry, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Jörg Feldmann
- TESLA - Analytical Chemistry, Institute for Chemistry, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Erich Leitner
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry and Food Chemistry, TU Graz, Austria
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Phelps D, Parkinson LV, Boucher JM, Muncke J, Geueke B. Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances in Food Packaging: Migration, Toxicity, and Management Strategies. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:5670-5684. [PMID: 38501683 PMCID: PMC10993423 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c03702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
PFASs are linked to serious health and environmental concerns. Among their widespread applications, PFASs are known to be used in food packaging and directly contribute to human exposure. However, information about PFASs in food packaging is scattered. Therefore, we systematically map the evidence on PFASs detected in migrates and extracts of food contact materials and provide an overview of available hazard and biomonitoring data. Based on the FCCmigex database, 68 PFASs have been identified in various food contact materials, including paper, plastic, and coated metal, by targeted and untargeted analyses. 87% of these PFASs belong to the perfluorocarboxylic acids and fluorotelomer-based compounds. Trends in chain length demonstrate that long-chain perfluoroalkyl acids continue to be found, despite years of global efforts to reduce the use of these substances. We utilized ToxPi to illustrate that hazard data are available for only 57% of the PFASs that have been detected in food packaging. For those PFASs for which toxicity testing has been performed, many adverse outcomes have been reported. The data and knowledge gaps presented here support international proposals to restrict PFASs as a group, including their use in food contact materials, to protect human and environmental health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Drake
W. Phelps
- Independent
Consultant, Raleigh, North Carolina 27617, United States
| | | | | | - Jane Muncke
- Food
Packaging Forum Foundation, 8045 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Birgit Geueke
- Food
Packaging Forum Foundation, 8045 Zürich, Switzerland
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4
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Ao J, Tang W, Liu X, Ao Y, Zhang Q, Zhang J. Polyfluoroalkyl phosphate esters (PAPs) as PFAS substitutes and precursors: An overview. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 464:133018. [PMID: 37984148 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.133018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
Polyfluoroalkyl phosphate esters (PAPs) are emerging substitutes for legacy per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), which are widely applied in consumer products and closely related to people's daily lives. Increasing concern has been raised about the safety of PAPs due to their metabolism into perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and other perfluorinated carboxylates (PFCAs) in vivo. This review summarizes the current knowledge on PAPs and highlights the knowledge gaps. PAPs dominated the PFAS profiles in wastewater, sludge, household dust, food-contact materials, paper products, paints, and cosmetics. They exhibit biomagnification due to their higher levels in top predators. PAPs have been detected in human blood worldwide, with the highest mean levels being found in the United States (1.9 ng/mL) and China (0.4 ng/mL). 6:2 diPAP is the predominant PAP among all identified matrices, followed by 8:2 diPAP. Toxicokinetic studies suggest that after entering the body, most PAPs undergo biotransformation, generating phase Ⅰ (i.e., PFCAs), phase II, and intermediate products with toxicity to be verified. Several epidemiological and toxicological studies have reported the antiandrogenic effect, estrogenic effect, thyroid disruption, oxidative damage, and reproductive toxicity of PAPs. More research is urgently needed on the source and fate of PAPs, human exposure pathways, toxicity other than reproductive and endocrine systems, toxic effects of metabolites, and mixed exposure effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjie Ao
- Ministry of Education-Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China.
| | - Weifeng Tang
- Ministry of Education-Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Xiaoning Liu
- Ministry of Education-Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Yan Ao
- Ministry of Education-Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Qianlong Zhang
- Ministry of Education-Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Ministry of Education-Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
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Hoang AQ, Tran TL, Tuyen LH, Nguyen TAH, Pham DM, Nguyen TC, Nguyen TN, Phan DQ, Nguyen MK, Tran VQ, Pham CT, Do Bui Q, Nguyen TQH. Perfluoroalkyl substances in food contact materials: preliminary investigation in Vietnam and global comparison. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:104181-104193. [PMID: 37698798 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-29746-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/03/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are a group of concerned persistent toxic substances, especially for their application or unintentional formation in food contact materials (FCMs). However, information about the occurrence, sources, and fate of these pollutants in food packaging materials from Vietnam as well as Southeast Asian countries is probably still obscured. In this study, levels of 13 perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (PFCAs) and 4 sulfonates (PFSs) were determined in various types of food packaging samples collected from Vietnamese markets. Generally low concentrations of total 17 PFASs (median 0.341; max 624 ng/g) suggested that these compounds were mainly inadvertently produced rather than intentionally added to the packaging materials. A few mochi paper tray samples had relatively high PFAS levels (372-624 ng/g), which were dominated by long-chain (C8-C12) PFCAs. A comprehensive and updated overview of PFASs in FCMs from different countries in the world was also provided. Current database could not provide conclusive trends of PFAS concentrations and profiles in FCMs between continents and countries. The highest levels up to ppm were reported for PFCAs (e.g., PFBA, PFHxA, PFOA, and PFDA) and several fluorotelomer alcohols and carboxylic acids, while PFSs were almost absent in FCMs. FPASs can emit from FCMs, migrate to food, and then contribute to dietary exposure in humans and animals. Additional investigations on the occurrence, sources, behavior and fate, and impacts of PFASs in FCMs are critically needed, especially in emerging and developing countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anh Quoc Hoang
- University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, 334 Nguyen Trai, Hanoi, 10000, Vietnam
| | - Thi Lieu Tran
- University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, 334 Nguyen Trai, Hanoi, 10000, Vietnam
- Vietnam National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health, 99 Tran Quoc Toan, Hanoi, 10000, Vietnam
| | - Le Huu Tuyen
- University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, 334 Nguyen Trai, Hanoi, 10000, Vietnam
| | - Thi Anh Huong Nguyen
- University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, 334 Nguyen Trai, Hanoi, 10000, Vietnam
| | - Dang Minh Pham
- University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, 334 Nguyen Trai, Hanoi, 10000, Vietnam
| | - Thi Chuc Nguyen
- Faculty of Chemical Technology and Environment, Hung Yen University of Technology and Education, Khoai Chau, Hung Yen, 17000, Vietnam
| | - Trong Nghia Nguyen
- Faculty of Chemical Technology and Environment, Hung Yen University of Technology and Education, Khoai Chau, Hung Yen, 17000, Vietnam
| | - Dinh Quang Phan
- Vietnam National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health, 99 Tran Quoc Toan, Hanoi, 10000, Vietnam
| | - Manh Khai Nguyen
- University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, 334 Nguyen Trai, Hanoi, 10000, Vietnam
| | - Van Quy Tran
- University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, 334 Nguyen Trai, Hanoi, 10000, Vietnam
| | - Chau Thuy Pham
- University of Engineering and Technology, Vietnam National University, 144 Xuan Thuy, Hanoi, 10000, Vietnam
| | - Quang Do Bui
- University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, 334 Nguyen Trai, Hanoi, 10000, Vietnam
| | - Thi Quynh Hoa Nguyen
- Faculty of Chemical Technology and Environment, Hung Yen University of Technology and Education, Khoai Chau, Hung Yen, 17000, Vietnam.
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Dueñas-Mas MJ, Ballesteros-Gómez A, de Boer J. Determination of several PFAS groups in food packaging material from fast-food restaurants in France. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 339:139734. [PMID: 37544525 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.139734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkylated substances (PFAS) are a large group of toxic compounds which have been widely used in industrial and consumer applications, from where they can migrate into the environment. They can pose a risk to human health because they have been associated with several diseases. To obtain more information on the risk of PFAS in fast food packaging materials, several PFAS (perfluorocarboxylic acids or PFCAs (n = 16), perfluorosulfonic acids or PFSAs (n = 14), and a miscellaneous group constituted by sulfonamides (n = 5) and fluorotelomer phosphate esters or PAPs (n = 5)) were quantified in food contact materials (FCMs) from fast-food restaurants in France. Perfluorohexanoic acid (PFHxA), 6:2 fluorotelomer sulfonic acid (6:2 FTS) and 6:2/6:2 fluorotelomer phosphate diester (6:2/6:2 diPAP) were detected in all samples. PFCAs with shorter chain lengths (C4-C6) showed the highest concentrations compared to median (C7-C10) and longer chain length PFCAs (C11-C18). However, they had lower detection frequencies (DFs) (except for PFHxA, DF = 100%) with values of 36 and 34% for C4 and C5 PFCAs, respectively. The DF of longer chain length PFCAs was higher, especially those of the median chain length PFCAs (C8-C10, with DF = 79-98%). Analytes from the PFSA group with high DFs (70-98%) were perfluorobutane sulfonic acid (PFBS), perfluorohexane sulfonic acid (PFHxS), perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS, linear and branched) and 10:2 fluorotelomer sulfonic acid (10:2 FTS), with concentrations similar to some analytes from the PFCA group. 4:2 Fluorotelomer phosphate monoester (4:2 mPAP), 8:2 fluorotelomer phosphate monoester (8:2 mPAP) and 8:2/8:2 fluorotelomer phosphate diester (8:2/8:2 diPAP) were found with the highest concentrations (<0.006-42.7 ng g-1, <0.001-2.7 ng g-1 and <0.001-287 ng g-1, respectively) and the highest DFs (ranged 68-94%). Some correlations between analytes were found, indicating similar degradation routes or a common origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Jesús Dueñas-Mas
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry for Energy and the Environment, Marie Curie Building (Annex), Campus of Rabanales, University of Córdoba, 14014, Córdoba, Spain; Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Dept. Environment & Health, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081HV, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Ana Ballesteros-Gómez
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry for Energy and the Environment, Marie Curie Building (Annex), Campus of Rabanales, University of Córdoba, 14014, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Jacob de Boer
- Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Dept. Environment & Health, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081HV, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
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Zweigle J, Capitain C, Simon F, Roesch P, Bugsel B, Zwiener C. Non-extractable PFAS in functional textiles - characterization by complementary methods: oxidation, hydrolysis, and fluorine sum parameters. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2023; 25:1298-1310. [PMID: 37503704 DOI: 10.1039/d3em00131h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are widely used for durable water-repellent finishing of different fabrics and textiles such as outdoor clothing, carpets, medical textiles and more. Existing PFAS extraction techniques followed by target analysis are often insufficient for detecting widely used side-chain fluorinated polymers (SFPs) that are barely or non-extractable. SFPs are typically copolymers consisting of a non-fluorinated backbone with perfluoroalkyl side-chains to obtain desired properties. We compared the accessible analytical information and performance of complementary techniques based on oxidation (dTOP and PhotoTOP assays), hydrolysis (THP assay), standard extraction, extractable organic fluorine (EOF), and total fluorine (TF) with five functional textiles and characterized 7 further textiles only by PhotoTOP oxidation. The results show that when applied directly to textile samples, dTOP and PhotoTOP oxidation and also hydrolysis (THP) are able to capture large fractions of TF in the form of perfluoroalkyl side-chains present in the textiles while methods relying on extracts (EOF, target and non-target analysis) yield much lower fractions of TF (e.g., factor ∼25-50 lower). The conversion of large fractions of the measured TF into PFCAs or FTOHs from fluorinated side chains is in contrast to previous studies. Concentrations ranged from
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Zweigle
- Environmental Analytical Chemistry, Department of Geosciences, University of Tübingen, Schnarrenbergstraße 94-96, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Catharina Capitain
- Environmental Analytical Chemistry, Department of Geosciences, University of Tübingen, Schnarrenbergstraße 94-96, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Fabian Simon
- Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM), Division 1.1 - Inorganic Trace Analysis, Richard-Willstätter-Straße 11, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Philipp Roesch
- Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM), Division 4.3 - Contaminant Transfer and Environmental Technologies, Unter den Eichen 87, 12205, Berlin, Germany
| | - Boris Bugsel
- Environmental Analytical Chemistry, Department of Geosciences, University of Tübingen, Schnarrenbergstraße 94-96, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Christian Zwiener
- Environmental Analytical Chemistry, Department of Geosciences, University of Tübingen, Schnarrenbergstraße 94-96, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
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Sapozhnikova Y, Taylor RB, Bedi M, Ng C. Assessing per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in globally sourced food packaging. CHEMOSPHERE 2023:139381. [PMID: 37392795 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.139381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/03/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the presence and levels of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in food packaging originating from different geographic locations. Food packaging samples were extracted and analyzed by targeted analysis with liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) before and after a total oxidizable precursor (TOP) assay. Additionally, full-scan high resolution MS (HRMS) was used to screen for PFAS not included in the targeted list. Of the 88 food packaging samples, 84% had detectable levels of at least one PFAS prior to oxidation with a TOP assay, with 6:2 fluorotelomer phosphate diester (6:2 diPAP) found most frequently and at the highest levels (224 ng/g). Other frequently detected substances (in 15-17% of samples) were PFHxS, PFHpA and PFDA. Shorter chain perfluorinated carboxylic acids PFHpA (C7), PFPeA (C5) and PFHxS (C6) were present at levels up to 51.3, 24.1 and 18.2 ng/g, respectively. Average ∑PFAS levels were 28.3 ng/g and 381.9 ng/g before and after oxidation with the TOP assay. The 25 samples with highest frequency of detection and amounts of measured PFAS were selected for migration experiments with food simulants to better understand potential dietary exposure. PFHxS, PFHpA, PFHxA and 6:2 diPAP were measured in the food simulants of five samples at concentrations ranging from 0.04 to 12.2 ng/g and at increasing concentrations over the 10-day migration period. To estimate potential exposure to PFAS that had migrated from food packaging samples, weekly intake was calculated and ranged from 0.0006 ng/kg body weight/week for PFHxA exposure in tomato packaging to 1.1200 ng/kg body weight/week for PFHxS exposure in cake paper. These values were below the established EFSA maximum tolerable weekly intake (TWI) of 4.4 ng/kg body weight/week for the sum of PFOA, PFNA, PFHxS and PFOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yelena Sapozhnikova
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Eastern Regional Research Center, Wyndmoor, PA, USA.
| | - Raegyn B Taylor
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Eastern Regional Research Center, Wyndmoor, PA, USA
| | - Megha Bedi
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA
| | - Carla Ng
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA
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9
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Zhou Y, Lin X, Xing Y, Zhang X, Lee HK, Huang Z. Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances in Personal Hygiene Products: The Implications for Human Exposure and Emission to the Environment. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:8484-8495. [PMID: 37262408 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c08912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) have been related to reproductive toxicity in humans, but their occurrence in some specific personal hygiene products, i.e., sanitary pads, panty liners, tampons, paper diapers, menstrual cups, and bactericidal liquids, has not been extensively studied. This work investigated 31 representative PFAS in six categories of such personal hygiene products (n = 91). Perfluorinated carboxylic acids were the primary PFAS found in the samples, accounting for over 85% of the total concentrations of PFAS. Paper diapers contained the highest sum of PFAS concentrations (64.6 ng/g) followed by sanitary pads (52.3 ng/g) and menstrual cups (21.1 ng/g). The estimated exposure doses of perfluorooctanoic acid through dermal absorption from the use of menstrual cups and paper diapers for infants (adults) were 0.77 and 2.1 (1.2) ng/kg-bw/day, which contributed more than normal dust ingestion. The estimated emission of paper diapers and sanitary pads into the environment was 2.58 and 322 kg/year with an assumed leaching rate of 100%. The potential exposure of PFAS through the use of personal hygiene products observed in this work suggests a previously unreported exposure pathway of these chemicals to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhou
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, P.R. China
| | - Xia Lin
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, P.R. China
| | - Yudong Xing
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, P.R. China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, P.R. China
| | - Hian Kee Lee
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Zhenzhen Huang
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, P.R. China
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10
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Timshina AS, Sobczak WJ, Griffin EK, Lin AM, Townsend TG, Bowden JA. Up in the air: Polyfluoroalkyl phosphate esters (PAPs) in airborne dust captured by air conditioning (AC) filters. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 325:138307. [PMID: 36878365 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.138307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2022] [Revised: 02/25/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are ubiquitously present in our indoor living environments. Dust is thought to accumulate PFAS released indoors and serve as an exposure pathway for humans. Here, we investigated whether spent air conditioning (AC) filters can be exploited as opportunistic samplers of airborne dust for assessing PFAS burden in indoor environments. Used AC filters from campus facilities (n = 19) and homes (n = 11) were analyzed for 92 PFAS via targeted ultra-high pressure liquid chromatography - tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS). While 27 PFAS were measured (in at least one filter), the predominant species were polyfluorinated dialkylated phosphate esters (diPAPs), with the sum of 6:2-, 8:2-, and 6:2/8:2diPAPs accounting for approximately 95 and 98 percent of ∑27PFAS in campus and household filters, respectively. Exploratory screening of a subset of the filters revealed the presence of additional species of mono-, di-, and tri-PAPs. Considering the constant human exposure to dust indoors and the potential of PAPs to degrade into terminal species with well-established toxicological risks, assessing dust for these precursor PFAS warrants further investigation with respect to both human health and PFAS loading to landfills from this under studied waste stream.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alina S Timshina
- University of Florida, Department of Environmental Engineering Sciences, College of Engineering, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - William J Sobczak
- University of Florida, Department of Environmental Engineering Sciences, College of Engineering, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Emily K Griffin
- University of Florida, Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology & Department of Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Ashley M Lin
- University of Florida, Department of Environmental Engineering Sciences, College of Engineering, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Timothy G Townsend
- University of Florida, Department of Environmental Engineering Sciences, College of Engineering, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - John A Bowden
- University of Florida, Department of Environmental Engineering Sciences, College of Engineering, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA; University of Florida, Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology & Department of Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA.
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11
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Food simulants and real food – What do we know about the migration of PFAS from paper based food contact materials? Food Packag Shelf Life 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fpsl.2022.100992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
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12
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Zweigle J, Bugsel B, Capitain C, Zwiener C. PhotoTOP: PFAS Precursor Characterization by UV/TiO 2 Photocatalysis. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:15728-15736. [PMID: 36305720 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c05652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
To unravel the complexity of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in products and environmental samples, sum parameters that provide relevant information on chemical characteristics are necessary since not all PFAS can be captured by target analysis in case of missing reference standards or if they are not extractable or amenable to the analytical method. Therefore, we evaluated photocatalysis (UV/TiO2) as a further total oxidizable precursor approach (PhotoTOP) to characterize perfluoroalkyl acid precursors via their conversion to perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (PFCAs). Photocatalysis has the advantage that no salts are needed, allowing direct injection with liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry without time-consuming and potentially discriminating sample cleanup. OH radicals were monitored with OH probes to determine the reactivity. For eight different precursors (diPAPs, FTSAs, FTCAs, N-EtFOSAA, PFOSA), mass balance was achieved within 4 h of oxidation, and also, in the presence of matrix, complete conversion was possible. The PhotoTOP was able to predict the precursor chain length of known and here newly identified precursors qualitatively when applied to two PFAS-coated paper samples and technical PFAS mixtures. The length of the perfluorinated carbon chain (n) was mostly conserved in the form of PFCAs (n-1) with only minor fractions of shorter-chain PFCAs. Finally, an unknown fabric sample and a polymer mixture (no PFAS detectable in extracts) were oxidized, and the generated PFCAs indicated the occurrence of side-chain fluorinated polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Zweigle
- Environmental Analytical Chemistry, Center for Applied Geoscience, University of Tübingen, Schnarrenbergstraße 94-96, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Boris Bugsel
- Environmental Analytical Chemistry, Center for Applied Geoscience, University of Tübingen, Schnarrenbergstraße 94-96, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Catharina Capitain
- Environmental Analytical Chemistry, Center for Applied Geoscience, University of Tübingen, Schnarrenbergstraße 94-96, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Christian Zwiener
- Environmental Analytical Chemistry, Center for Applied Geoscience, University of Tübingen, Schnarrenbergstraße 94-96, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
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13
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Peskett ST, Rand AA. The human fecal microbiome contributes to the biotransformation of the PFAS surfactant 8:2 monosubstituted polyfluoroalkyl phosphate ester. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2022; 24:1758-1768. [PMID: 35979739 DOI: 10.1039/d2em00225f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Polyfluoroalkyl phosphate esters (PAPs) can be found throughout society due to their numerous commercial applications. However, they also pose an environmental and health concern given their ability to undergo hydrolysis and oxidation to several bioactive and persistent products, including the perfluorocarboxylic acids (PFCAs). The metabolism of PAPs has been shown to occur in mammalian liver and intestine, however metabolism by the gut microbiome has not yet been investigated. In this study, human fecal samples were used to model the microbial population of the colon, to test whether these anaerobic microbes could facilitate 8:2 monosubstituted PAP (monoPAP) transformation. In vitro testing was completed by incubating the fecal samples with 8:2 monoPAP (400-10,000 nM) up to 120 minutes in an anaerobic chamber. Reactions were then terminated and the samples prepared for GC- and LC-MS/MS analysis. Metabolites of interest were the immediate hydrolysis product, the 8:2 fluorotelomer alcohol (FTOH), and 11 additional metabolites previously shown to form from 8:2 FTOH in both oxic and anoxic environments. The kinetics of 8:2 monoPAP transformation by gut microbiota were compared to those in human S9 liver and intestine fractions, both of which have active levels of hydrolyzing and oxidative enzymes that transform 8:2 monoPAP. Transformation rates from 8:2 monoPAP to 8:2 FTOH were highest in liver S9 > intestine S9 > fecal suspensions. The gut microbiome also produced a unique composition of oxidative metabolites, where the following intermediate metabolites were more abundant than terminal PFCAs: 8:2 fluorotelomer unsaturated carboxylic acid (FTUCA) > 8:2 fluorotelomer carboxylic acid (FTCA) > 7:2 Ketone ≈ perfluorohexanoic acid (PFHxA). Hydrolytic and oxidative metabolites contributed up to 30% of the molar balance after microbial 8:2 monoPAP transformation. Together, the results suggest that the gut microbiome can play a notable role in PAP biotransformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sierra T Peskett
- Department of Chemistry and Institute of Biochemistry, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, USA.
| | - Amy A Rand
- Department of Chemistry and Institute of Biochemistry, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, USA.
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14
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Gustafsson Å, Bergman Å, Weiss JM. Estimated daily intake of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances related to different particle size fractions of house dust. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 303:135061. [PMID: 35649447 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.135061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Indoor environmental pollutants are a threat to human health. In the current study, we analysed 25 per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in seven different size fraction of house dust including the two relevant for exposure via ingestion and inhalation. The highest PFAS concentration is found in the inhalable particulate fraction which is explained by the increased surface area as the particulate's sizes decrease. The estimated daily intake (EDI) of the individual PFAS and exposure pathways were calculated for children and adults. In addition, the total EDI for PFOA and its precursors was estimated. The polyfluoroalkyl phosphoric acid diesters (diPAP), followed by PFOA and PFHxA fluortelomer, showed the highest concentrations of PFAS analysed. The cumulative EDI of PFAS for children was 3.0 ng/kg bw per day, a worst-case scenario, which is 17 times higher than the calculated EDI for adults. For children, ingestion of dust was found to result in 800 times higher PFOA exposure than via inhalation. The contribution from PFOA precursors corresponded to only 1% of the EDI from dust indicating PFOA as the main source of exposure. The EDI's of PFOA and PFOS from dust were lower than the calculated EDI's from food ingestion reported by the Swedish Food Agency. Our data indicate that the EDI for the sum of four PFASs: PFOA, PFNA, PFHxS and PFOS from dust intake alone is close to the established tolerable weakly intake of 4.4 ng/kg bw in children, set by European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) in 2020. The combined EDI levels PFOA and PFOS from both dust and food exceeded the EFSA TWI for both children and adults. This study demonstrates that dust is a relevant exposure pathway for PFAS intake and that analysis of relevant particle size fractions is important for evaluation of dust as an exposure pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Åsa Gustafsson
- MTM Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, SE-701 82, Örebro, Sweden.
| | - Åke Bergman
- MTM Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, SE-701 82, Örebro, Sweden; Department of Environmental Science, Stockholm University, SE-10691, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jana M Weiss
- Department of Environmental Science, Stockholm University, SE-10691, Stockholm, Sweden
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15
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Zweigle J, Bugsel B, Zwiener C. FindPFΔS: Non-Target Screening for PFAS─Comprehensive Data Mining for MS 2 Fragment Mass Differences. Anal Chem 2022; 94:10788-10796. [PMID: 35866933 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c01521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The limited availability of analytical reference standards makes non-target screening approaches based on high-resolution mass spectrometry increasingly important for the efficient identification of unknown PFAS (per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances) and their TPs. We developed and optimized a vendor-independent open-source Python-based algorithm (FindPFΔS = FindPolyFluoroDeltas) to search for distinct fragment mass differences in MS/MS raw data (.ms2-files). Optimization with PFAS standards, two pre-characterized paper and soil samples (iterative data-dependent acquisition), revealed Δ(CF2)n, ΔHF, ΔCnH3F2n-3, ΔCnH2F2n-4, ΔCnHF2n-5, ΔCnF2nSO3, ΔCF3, and ΔCF2O as relevant and selective fragment differences depending on applied collision energies. In a PFAS standard mix, 94% (36 of 38 compounds from 10 compound classes) could be found by FindPFΔS. The use of fragment differences was applicable to a wide range of PFAS classes and appears as a promising new approach for PFAS identification. The influence of mass tolerance and intensity threshold on the identification efficiency and on the detection of false positives was systematically evaluated with the use of selected HR-MS2-spectra (20,998) from MassBank. To this end, with the use of FindPFΔS, we could identify different unknown PFAS homologues in the paper extracts. FindPFΔS is freely available as both Python source code on GitHub (https://github.com/JonZwe/FindPFAS) and as an executable windows application (https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6797353) with a graphical user interface on Zenodo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Zweigle
- Environmental Analytical Chemistry, Center for Applied Geoscience, University of Tübingen, Schnarrenbergstraße 94-96, Tübingen 72076, Germany
| | - Boris Bugsel
- Environmental Analytical Chemistry, Center for Applied Geoscience, University of Tübingen, Schnarrenbergstraße 94-96, Tübingen 72076, Germany
| | - Christian Zwiener
- Environmental Analytical Chemistry, Center for Applied Geoscience, University of Tübingen, Schnarrenbergstraße 94-96, Tübingen 72076, Germany
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16
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Lerch M, Nguyen KH, Granby K. Is the use of paper food contact materials treated with per- and polyfluorinated alkyl substances safe for high-temperature applications? - Migration study in real food and food simulants. Food Chem 2022; 393:133375. [PMID: 35661597 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.133375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Revised: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Migration of per- and polyfluorinated alkyl substances (PFAS) from paper food contact materials (FCMs) can pose a consumer risk. However, risk assessment procedures typically do not consider PFAS contribution from FCMs. Moreover, migration studies are often limited to one subclass of PFAS or simplified by using food simulants (FS). To assess the risk comprehensively, migration of three PFAS subclasses (perfluorinated carboxylic acids/ sulfonic acids (PFCAs/PFSAs), polyfluoroalkyl phosphate esters (PAPs), and fluorotelomer alcohols (FTOHs)) from six FCMs were investigated to FS (50% and 20% ethanol) and food (oatmeal porridge, muffins, and tomato soup) under high-temperature conditions. Migration of PFCAs and FTOHs to all food samples was observed. Migration of PFCAs and FTOHs to 50% ethanol was significantly higher than migration to real food whilst FTOHs did not migrate into 20% ethanol. Estimated dietary PFAS exposure for children (1.06 - 5.67 ng/kgbw/day) exceeded EFSA's proposed safety threshold (0.63 ng/kgbw/day), risking consumer health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaela Lerch
- Technical University of Denmark, National Food Institute, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Khanh Hoang Nguyen
- Technical University of Denmark, National Food Institute, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Kit Granby
- Technical University of Denmark, National Food Institute, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
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17
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Barhoumi B, Sander SG, Tolosa I. A review on per- and polyfluorinated alkyl substances (PFASs) in microplastic and food-contact materials. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 206:112595. [PMID: 34929191 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.112595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Plastic, paper and cardboard are widely used as food contact materials (FCMs), due to its numerous favourable characteristics. However, they are usually coated with hazardous substances, such as per- and polyfluorinated alkyl substances (PFASs). PFASs, with its functional properties of oil- and water-repellency, can migrate from FCMs into the food and cause potential risk to human health. There are also increasing concerns about the harm that FCMs can cause to the environment. These concerns include accumulation of non-degradable plastics in the environment, generation of microplastics (MPs) and nanoplastics, and release of PFASs from FCMs. While many reviews have been conducted on PFASs in the environment, including their occurrence, fate, toxicity, biodegradation, migration in ecosystems and remediation technologies, a systematic review of PFASs in FCMs and MPs is currently lacking. In addition, our knowledge of the PFAS sorption processes on MPs is rather limited, and in particular their desorption processes. Thus, this review aims to (1) review the presence of various classes of PFASs in FCMs and their migration into food, (2) review the PFASs in MPs and summarize the sorption mechanisms, and factors that influence their sorption behaviour on MPs in the aquatic environment, and (3) identify the current research gaps and future research directions to predict the risks associated with the presence and sorption of PFASs in FCMs and MPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Badreddine Barhoumi
- IAEA Environment Laboratories, 4a Quai Antoine 1er, 98000, Monaco, Principality of, Monaco.
| | - Sylvia G Sander
- IAEA Environment Laboratories, 4a Quai Antoine 1er, 98000, Monaco, Principality of, Monaco; GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Wischhofstr. 1-3, 24148, Kiel, Germany
| | - Imma Tolosa
- IAEA Environment Laboratories, 4a Quai Antoine 1er, 98000, Monaco, Principality of, Monaco.
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18
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Zweigle J, Bugsel B, Schmitt M, Zwiener C. Electrochemical Oxidation of 6:2 Polyfluoroalkyl Phosphate Diester-Simulation of Transformation Pathways and Reaction Kinetics with Hydroxyl Radicals. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:11070-11079. [PMID: 34327989 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c02106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Polyfluoroalkyl phosphate diesters (diPAPs) are widely used for paper and cardboard impregnation and discharged via waste streams from production processes and consumer products. To improve the knowledge about the environmental fate of diPAPs, electrochemical oxidation (EO) was used to characterize the transformation pathways and reaction kinetics. 6:2 diPAP was transformed electrochemically to perfluorocarboxylic acids (C5-C7 PFCAs) and two intermediates (6:2 fluorotelomer carboxylic acid, FTCA, and 6:2 fluorotelomer unsaturated carboxylic acid, FTUCA). EO of potential intermediates 6:2 monoPAP and 6:2 fluorotelomer alcohol (FTOH) showed similar transformation products but with different ratios. We show that 6:2 diPAP is initiated by OH radical (•OH) reactions, as evidenced by the measured steady-state concentrations of •OH with the probe molecule terephthalic acid, quenching experiments, and pH dependency of the reaction. PFHpA was the main product of 6:2 diPAP oxidation, and it was formed in a pseudo-first-order reaction for which a bimolecular rate constant was estimated to be k O • H , diPAP form PFHpA = 9.4(±1.4) × 107 M-1 s-1 by an initial rate approach. This can be utilized to estimate the environmental half-life of 6:2 diPAP for the reaction with •OH and the formation kinetics of persistent PFCAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Zweigle
- Environmental Analytical Chemistry, Center for Applied Geoscience, University of Tübingen, Schnarrenbergstraße 94-96, Tübingen 72076, Germany
| | - Boris Bugsel
- Environmental Analytical Chemistry, Center for Applied Geoscience, University of Tübingen, Schnarrenbergstraße 94-96, Tübingen 72076, Germany
| | - Markus Schmitt
- Environmental Analytical Chemistry, Center for Applied Geoscience, University of Tübingen, Schnarrenbergstraße 94-96, Tübingen 72076, Germany
| | - Christian Zwiener
- Environmental Analytical Chemistry, Center for Applied Geoscience, University of Tübingen, Schnarrenbergstraße 94-96, Tübingen 72076, Germany
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19
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Zhu Y, Jia Y, Liu M, Yang L, Yi S, Feng X, Zhu L. Mechanisms for tissue-specific accumulation and phase I/II transformation of 6:2 fluorotelomer phosphate diester in earthworm (M. guillelmi). ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2021; 151:106451. [PMID: 33647835 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2021.106451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Polyfluoroalkyl phosphate esters (PAPs) are high production volume surfactants used in the food contact paper and packaging industries. They are prone to partition to soil due to their strong hydrophobicity and may biotransform into recalcitrant perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (PFCAs); little is known about their fate and behaviors in terrestrial organisms. Here, geophagous earthworms (M. guillelmi) were exposed to 6:2 fluorotelomer phosphate diester (6:2 diPAP)-contaminated soil to examine tissue-specific accumulation and biotransformation. 6:2 diPAP quickly accumulated in M. guillelmi with the highest biota-soil-accumulation factor (BSAF) in the gut, followed by the organs, skin, and body fluid. The total amount of 6:2 diPAP accumulated in the skin was the highest due to its high mass content. These results indicated that skin absorption and gut processes were two major pathways for earthworms to accumulate 6:2 diPAP from soil. In vitro desorption experiments indicated that the gut digestion fluid greatly promoted the desorption of 6:2 diPAP from the soil and enhanced its bioavailability. Degradation of 6:2 diPAP in the soil was stimulated when the earthworm appeared. In contrast to the soil, a more extensive transformation occurred in the earthworm. Perfluorohexanoic acid (PFHxA) was the primary phase Ⅰ product, followed by perfluoropentyl propanoic acid (FPePA), perfluoropentanoic acid (PFPeA), 2-perfluorohexyl ethanoic acid (FHEA), and perfluoroheptanoic acid (PFHpA), which confirmed the occurrence of α- and β-oxidation in earthworms. For the first time, a new phase II product, namely, a 6:2 fluorotelomer alcohol sulfate conjugate, was identified in earthworms at unexpectedly high levels, which might be the primary way earthworms eliminate 6:2 diPAP. Both in vivo and in vitro experiments suggested that 6:2 diPAP experienced faster and more extensive biotransformation in the gut than in the organs. This work sheds light on the bioaccumulation and biotransformation of 6:2 diPAP in terrestrial invertebrates, providing strong evidence of indirect sources of PFCAs in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumin Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, PR China
| | - Yibo Jia
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, PR China
| | - Menglin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, PR China
| | - Liping Yang
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, PR China
| | - Shujun Yi
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, PR China
| | - Xuemin Feng
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, PR China
| | - Lingyan Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, PR China.
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20
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Genualdi S, Young W, DeJager L, Begley T. Method Development and Validation of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances in Foods from FDA's Total Diet Study Program. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:5599-5606. [PMID: 33983731 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c01777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Human exposure to per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) through the US diet has not been well-characterized. Highly consumed foods are routinely monitored through FDA's Total Diet Study program. Portions of these samples were used to develop and validate a method for PFAS in a wide variety of foods. The extraction of 16 PFAS was performed using the quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe (QuEChERS) method and analyzed by liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry. Method optimizations are described including investigations into the QuEChERS sorbents, matrix effects, and solid-phase extraction (SPE) cartridges. The use of a custom push-through SPE cartridge showed promising results as a rapid cleanup option for food samples. Challenges in ion confirmation are discussed, and the use of enhanced product ion (EPI) full-scan MS/MS spectra is presented as a potential option for verifying false positives. The validated method was then used for the analysis of 179 total diet study samples, and positive detects for perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) were found in two fish and one meat sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Genualdi
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, 5001 Campus Drive, College Park, Maryland 20740, United States
| | - Wendy Young
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, 5001 Campus Drive, College Park, Maryland 20740, United States
| | - Lowri DeJager
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, 5001 Campus Drive, College Park, Maryland 20740, United States
| | - Timothy Begley
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, 5001 Campus Drive, College Park, Maryland 20740, United States
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21
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Investigating Molecular Mechanisms of Immunotoxicity and the Utility of ToxCast for Immunotoxicity Screening of Chemicals Added to Food. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18073332. [PMID: 33804855 PMCID: PMC8036665 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18073332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The development of high-throughput screening methodologies may decrease the need for laboratory animals for toxicity testing. Here, we investigate the potential of assessing immunotoxicity with high-throughput screening data from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency ToxCast program. As case studies, we analyzed the most common chemicals added to food as well as per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) shown to migrate to food from packaging materials or processing equipment. The antioxidant preservative tert-butylhydroquinone (TBHQ) showed activity both in ToxCast assays and in classical immunological assays, suggesting that it may affect the immune response in people. From the PFAS group, we identified eight substances that can migrate from food contact materials and have ToxCast data. In epidemiological and toxicological studies, PFAS suppress the immune system and decrease the response to vaccination. However, most PFAS show weak or no activity in immune-related ToxCast assays. This lack of concordance between toxicological and high-throughput data for common PFAS indicates the current limitations of in vitro screening for analyzing immunotoxicity. High-throughput in vitro assays show promise for providing mechanistic data relevant for immune risk assessment. In contrast, the lack of immune-specific activity in the existing high-throughput assays cannot validate the safety of a chemical for the immune system.
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22
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Glenn G, Shogren R, Jin X, Orts W, Hart-Cooper W, Olson L. Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances and their alternatives in paper food packaging. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2021; 20:2596-2625. [PMID: 33682364 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) have been used in food contact paper and paperboard for decades due to their unique ability to provide both moisture and oil/grease resistance. Once thought to be innocuous, it is now clear that long chain PFAS bioaccumulate and are linked to reproductive and developmental abnormalities, suppressed immune response, and tumor formation. Second-generation PFAS have shorter biological half-lives but concerns about health risks from chronic exposure underscore the need for safe substitutes. Waxes and polymer film laminates of polyethylene, poly(ethylene-co-vinyl alcohol), and polyethylene terephthalate are commonly used alternatives. However, such laminates are neither compostable nor recyclable. Lamination with biodegradable polymers, including polyesters, such as polylactic acid (PLA), polybutylene adipate terephthalate, polybutylene succinate, and polyhydroxyalkanoates, are of growing research and commercial interest. PLA films are perhaps the most viable alternative, but performance and compostability are suboptimal. Surface sizings and coatings of starches, chitosan, alginates, micro- and nanofibrilated cellulose, and gelatins provide adequate oil barrier properties but have poor moisture resistance without chemical modification. Plant proteins, including soy, wheat gluten, and corn zein, have been tested as paper coatings with soy being the most commercially important. Internal sizing agents, such as alkyl ketene dimers, alkenyl succinic anhydride, and rosin, improve moisture resistance but are poor oil/grease barriers. The difficulty in finding a viable replacement for PFAS chemicals that is cost-effective, fully biodegradable, and environmentally sound underscores the need for more research to improve barrier properties and process economics in food packaging products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory Glenn
- Bioproduct Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Western Regional Research Center, Albany, California, USA
| | | | - Xing Jin
- World Centric, Rohnert Park, California, USA
| | - William Orts
- Bioproduct Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Western Regional Research Center, Albany, California, USA
| | - William Hart-Cooper
- Bioproduct Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Western Regional Research Center, Albany, California, USA
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23
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Panagopoulos Abrahamsson D, Sobus JR, Ulrich EM, Isaacs K, Moschet C, Young TM, Bennett DH, Tulve NS. A quest to identify suitable organic tracers for estimating children's dust ingestion rates. JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE SCIENCE & ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY 2021; 31:70-81. [PMID: 32661335 PMCID: PMC7909007 DOI: 10.1038/s41370-020-0244-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Revised: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Chemical exposure via dust ingestion is of great interest to researchers and regulators because children are exposed to dust through their daily activities, and as a result, to the many chemicals contained within dust. Our goal was to develop a workflow to identify and rank organic chemicals that could be used as tracers to calculate children's dust ingestion rates. We proposed a set of criteria for a chemical to be considered a promising tracer. The best tracers must be (1) ubiquitous in dust, (2) unique to dust, (3) detectable as biomarkers in accessible biological samples, and (4) have available or obtainable ADME information for biomarker-based exposure reconstruction. To identify compounds meeting these four criteria, we developed a workflow that encompasses non-targeted analysis approaches, literature and database searching, and multimedia modeling. We then implemented an ad hoc grading system and ranked candidate chemicals based on fulfillment of our criteria (using one small, publicly available dataset to show proof of concept). Initially, five chemicals (1,3-diphenylguanidine, leucine, piperine, 6:2/8:2 fluorotelomer phosphate diester, 6:2 fluorotelomer phosphate diester) appeared to satisfy many of our criteria. However, a rigorous manual investigation raised many questions about the applicability of these chemicals as tracers. Based on the results of this initial pilot study, no individual compounds can be unequivocally considered suitable tracers for calculating dust ingestion rates. Future work must therefore consider larger datasets, generated from broader measurement studies and literature searches, as well as refinements to selection criteria, to identify robust and defensible tracer compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitri Panagopoulos Abrahamsson
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE) Post-Doctoral Participant stationed at National Exposure Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Program on Reproductive Health and the Environment, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jon R Sobus
- Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Elin M Ulrich
- Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Kristin Isaacs
- Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Christoph Moschet
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Thomas M Young
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Deborah H Bennett
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Nicolle S Tulve
- Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA.
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Glüge J, Scheringer M, Cousins IT, DeWitt JC, Goldenman G, Herzke D, Lohmann R, Ng CA, Trier X, Wang Z. An overview of the uses of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2020; 22:2345-2373. [PMID: 33125022 PMCID: PMC7784712 DOI: 10.1039/d0em00291g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 530] [Impact Index Per Article: 132.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are of concern because of their high persistence (or that of their degradation products) and their impacts on human and environmental health that are known or can be deduced from some well-studied PFAS. Currently, many different PFAS (on the order of several thousands) are used in a wide range of applications, and there is no comprehensive source of information on the many individual substances and their functions in different applications. Here we provide a broad overview of many use categories where PFAS have been employed and for which function; we also specify which PFAS have been used and discuss the magnitude of the uses. Despite being non-exhaustive, our study clearly demonstrates that PFAS are used in almost all industry branches and many consumer products. In total, more than 200 use categories and subcategories are identified for more than 1400 individual PFAS. In addition to well-known categories such as textile impregnation, fire-fighting foam, and electroplating, the identified use categories also include many categories not described in the scientific literature, including PFAS in ammunition, climbing ropes, guitar strings, artificial turf, and soil remediation. We further discuss several use categories that may be prioritised for finding PFAS-free alternatives. Besides the detailed description of use categories, the present study also provides a list of the identified PFAS per use category, including their exact masses for future analytical studies aiming to identify additional PFAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliane Glüge
- Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, ETH Zürich, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland.
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Determination of transformation products of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances at trace levels in agricultural plants. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1625:461271. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.461271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Revised: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Guo R, Liu X, Liu J, Liu Y, Qiao X, Ma M, Zheng B, Zhao X. Occurrence, partition and environmental risk assessment of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in water and sediment from the Baiyangdian Lake, China. Sci Rep 2020; 10:4691. [PMID: 32170214 PMCID: PMC7069980 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-61651-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This work examined the contamination of poly- and perfluorinated compounds (PFASs) in the water and sediment of the Baiyangdian Lake. The total concentration of PFASs in the surface water varied from 140.5 to 1828.5 ng/L, and the highest concentration of PFASs were observed near the entrance of Fuhe river. The topmost contaminant was sodium perfluorohexanesulfonate (PFHxS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) in the north and south of the Baiyangdian Lake respectively, which indicated different contamination sources. The total concentration of PFASs in the sediment varied from 0.48 to 30 ng/g, and the distribution of PFASs in the sediment was similar with that in the surface water. The concentrations of polyfluoroalkyl phosphoric diesters (diPAPs) were three to four orders of magnitude lower than those of perfluorocarboxylates (PFCAs) and PFSAs. Although the pore water and the surface water had similar ΣPFASs, the concentration of perfluorodecanoic acid (PFDA) in pore water was 1.4 to 4.4 times higher than that in surface water, and the concentration of perfluoropentanoic acid (PFPeA) in pore water was 20–70% that in surface water. The results of ecological risk assessment showed that the PFASs were currently of no immediate risk to the aquatic life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Guo
- National Engineering Laboratory for Lake Pollution Control and Ecological Restoration, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Source Protection, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Xiaolei Liu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Lake Pollution Control and Ecological Restoration, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Source Protection, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Jie Liu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Lake Pollution Control and Ecological Restoration, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Source Protection, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Yan Liu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Lake Pollution Control and Ecological Restoration, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Source Protection, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Xiaocui Qiao
- National Engineering Laboratory for Lake Pollution Control and Ecological Restoration, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Source Protection, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Mengyu Ma
- National Engineering Laboratory for Lake Pollution Control and Ecological Restoration, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Source Protection, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Binghui Zheng
- National Engineering Laboratory for Lake Pollution Control and Ecological Restoration, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Source Protection, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Xingru Zhao
- National Engineering Laboratory for Lake Pollution Control and Ecological Restoration, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Source Protection, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China.
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LC-MS screening of poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances in contaminated soil by Kendrick mass analysis. Anal Bioanal Chem 2020; 412:4797-4805. [PMID: 31919607 PMCID: PMC7334281 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-019-02358-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Revised: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
The application of contaminated paper sludge on arable land in southwest Germany caused the occurrence of a broad range of poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) on soil. Recently, the dead-end transformation products (TPs) perfluorooctanoic acid and perfluorooctanesulfonic acid were detected in groundwater and drinking water. The precursors and other transformation products mostly remained unknown. Therefore, HRMS screening by Kendrick mass analysis and assignment of homologous series in combination with suspect screening were applied to identify original PFASs and their TPs in four different soil samples from sites where contaminated paper sludge was applied. In total, twelve compound classes comprising more than 61 PFASs could be fully or tentatively identified. The data reveal that contamination mainly originates from polyfluorinated dialkylated phosphate esters (from 4:2/6:2 to 12:2/14:2), N-ethyl perfluorooctane sulfonamide ethanol–based phosphate diesters (only C8/C8) and transformation products of these precursors. Contamination patterns can be attributed to PFASs used for paper impregnation and can vary slightly from site to site. Graphical abstract ![]()
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Balk FGP, Winkens Pütz K, Ribbenstedt A, Gomis MI, Filipovic M, Cousins IT. Children's exposure to perfluoroalkyl acids - a modelling approach. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2019; 21:1875-1886. [PMID: 31549993 DOI: 10.1039/c9em00323a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Adults are mainly exposed to per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) via ingestion of food, inhalation of air and ingestion of dust, whereas for children the exposure to PFASs is largely unknown. This study aimed to reconstruct the serum concentrations of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) and perfluorohexane sulfonic acid (PFHxS) in children after infancy up to 10.5 years of age and to test if dietary intake is the major exposure pathway for children to PFOA, PFOS and PFHxS after infancy. For this work, a dataset from a Finnish child cohort study was available, which comprised serum concentrations of the studied perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) and PFAS concentration measurements in dust and air samples from the children's bedrooms. The calculated PFAA intakes were used in a pharmacokinetic model to reconstruct the PFAA serum concentrations from 1 to 10.5 years of age. The calculated PFOA and PFOS intakes were close to current regulatory intake thresholds and diet was the major exposure medium for the 10.5 year-olds. The one-compartment PK model reconstructed median PFOA and PFOS serum concentrations well compared to corresponding measured median serum concentrations, while the modelled PFHxS serum concentrations showed a constant underestimation. The results imply that children's exposure to PFOA and PFOS after breastfeeding and with increasing age resembles the exposure of adults. Further, the children in the Finnish cohort experienced a rather constant exposure to PFOA and PFOS between 1 and 10.5 years of age. The PFHxS exposure sources and respective pharmacokinetic parameter estimations need further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian G P Balk
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry (ACES), Stockholm University, Svante Arrhenius väg 8c, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden. and Department of Environmental Toxicology, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 133, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Kerstin Winkens Pütz
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry (ACES), Stockholm University, Svante Arrhenius väg 8c, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden. and Department of Environmental Research and Monitoring, Swedish Museum of Natural History, P.O. Box 50007, 10405 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anton Ribbenstedt
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry (ACES), Stockholm University, Svante Arrhenius väg 8c, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Melissa I Gomis
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry (ACES), Stockholm University, Svante Arrhenius väg 8c, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden. and Université Paris-Saclay, 91190 Saint-Aubin, France
| | - Marko Filipovic
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry (ACES), Stockholm University, Svante Arrhenius väg 8c, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden. and NIRAS Sweden AB, Fleminggatan 14, Box 70375, 107 24 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ian T Cousins
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry (ACES), Stockholm University, Svante Arrhenius väg 8c, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden.
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29
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Susmann HP, Schaider LA, Rodgers KM, Rudel RA. Dietary Habits Related to Food Packaging and Population Exposure to PFASs. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2019; 127:107003. [PMID: 31596611 PMCID: PMC6867167 DOI: 10.1289/ehp4092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2018] [Revised: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are common industrial and consumer product chemicals with widespread human exposures that have been linked to adverse health effects. PFASs are commonly detected in foods and food-contact materials (FCMs), including fast food packaging and microwave popcorn bags. OBJECTIVES Our goal was to investigate associations between serum PFASs and consumption of restaurant food and popcorn in a representative sample of Americans. METHODS We analyzed 2003-2014 serum PFAS and dietary recall data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). We used multivariable linear regressions to investigate relationships between consumption of fast food, restaurant food, food eaten at home, and microwave popcorn and serum levels of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA), perfluorodecanoic acid (PFDA), perfluorohexanesulfonic acid (PFHxS), and perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS). RESULTS Calories of food eaten at home in the past 24 h had significant inverse associations with serum levels of all five PFASs; these associations were stronger in women. Consumption of meals from fast food/pizza restaurants and other restaurants was generally associated with higher serum PFAS concentrations, based on 24-h and 7-d recall, with limited statistical significance. Consumption of popcorn was associated with significantly higher serum levels of PFOA, PFNA, PFDA, and PFOS, based on 24-h and 12-month recall, up to a 63% (95% CI: 34, 99) increase in PFDA among those who ate popcorn daily over the last 12 months. CONCLUSIONS Associations between serum PFAS and popcorn consumption may be a consequence of PFAS migration from microwave popcorn bags. Inverse associations between serum PFAS and food eaten at home-primarily from grocery stores-is consistent with less contact between home-prepared food and FCMs, some of which contain PFASs. The potential for FCMs to contribute to PFAS exposure, coupled with concerns about toxicity and persistence, support the use of alternatives to PFASs in FCMs. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP4092.
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Affiliation(s)
- Herbert P Susmann
- Silent Spring Institute, Newton, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA
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Tian YP, Zeng XW, Bloom MS, Lin S, Wang SQ, Yim SHL, Yang M, Chu C, Gurram N, Hu LW, Liu KK, Yang BY, Feng D, Liu RQ, Nian M, Dong GH. Isomers of perfluoroalkyl substances and overweight status among Chinese by sex status: Isomers of C8 Health Project in China. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2019; 124:130-138. [PMID: 30641256 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2019.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Revised: 12/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Previous investigations on the associations of polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) with overweight/obesity are mixed. Moreover, little information has been reported about the association between isomers of PFASs with body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC) or overweight. To address this shortcoming in the literature, we conducted a study involving 1612 Chinese adults (1204 men and 408 women), ages 22-96 years old, from Shenyang, China, to analyze serum isomers of perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS), perfluorooctanoate (PFOA), and other PFASs. Height, weight and WC were measured by a standardized protocol of WHO. Results indicated that increased serum concentrations of all (both branched and linear) isomers of PFASs were associated with a higher prevalence of overweight, and these associations were more pronounced in women. The adjusted odds ratios (ORs) from logistic regression analyses among women were 1.45 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.06, 1.99) for linear PFOS isomers, 1.33 (95% CI: 1.00, 1.77) for branched PFOS isomers, 1.39 (95% CI: 1.06, 1.81) for 3 + 4 + 5m PFOS, 1.54 (95% CI: 1.08, 2.21) for linear PFOA isomers, and 1.62 (95% CI: 1.05, 2.51) for branched PFOA isomers, respectively. Associations with increased WC were yielded a similar pattern. Linear regression models also showed positive associations between PFASs and BMI or WC. In conclusion, this study suggests that PFASs and their isomers are positively associated with overweight or increased WC, and the associations are stronger in women. Furthermore, PFOA and its isomers displayed the most robust obesogenic associations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Peng Tian
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Environmental Pollution and Health Risk Assessment, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health Risk Assessment, Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Xiao-Wen Zeng
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Environmental Pollution and Health Risk Assessment, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health Risk Assessment, Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Michael S Bloom
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Environmental Pollution and Health Risk Assessment, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health Risk Assessment, Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China; Departments of Environmental Health Sciences and Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University at Albany, State University of New York, Rensselaer, NY 12144, USA
| | - Shao Lin
- Departments of Environmental Health Sciences and Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University at Albany, State University of New York, Rensselaer, NY 12144, USA
| | - Si-Quan Wang
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Steve Hung Lam Yim
- Department of Geography and Resource Management, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong, China
| | - Mo Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Environmental Pollution and Health Risk Assessment, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health Risk Assessment, Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Chu Chu
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Environmental Pollution and Health Risk Assessment, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health Risk Assessment, Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Namratha Gurram
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Environmental Pollution and Health Risk Assessment, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health Risk Assessment, Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China; Departments of Environmental Health Sciences and Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University at Albany, State University of New York, Rensselaer, NY 12144, USA
| | - Li-Wen Hu
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Environmental Pollution and Health Risk Assessment, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health Risk Assessment, Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Kang-Kang Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Environmental Pollution and Health Risk Assessment, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health Risk Assessment, Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Bo-Yi Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Environmental Pollution and Health Risk Assessment, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health Risk Assessment, Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Dan Feng
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Environmental Pollution and Health Risk Assessment, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health Risk Assessment, Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Ru-Qing Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Environmental Pollution and Health Risk Assessment, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health Risk Assessment, Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Min Nian
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Environmental Pollution and Health Risk Assessment, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health Risk Assessment, Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Guang-Hui Dong
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Environmental Pollution and Health Risk Assessment, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health Risk Assessment, Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China.
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Boronow KE, Brody JG, Schaider LA, Peaslee GF, Havas L, Cohn BA. Serum concentrations of PFASs and exposure-related behaviors in African American and non-Hispanic white women. JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE SCIENCE & ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY 2019; 29:206-217. [PMID: 30622332 PMCID: PMC6380931 DOI: 10.1038/s41370-018-0109-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Revised: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are used in a wide range of consumer products for their water- and grease-resistant properties, but few studies have explored this exposure route. We used multiple regression to investigate associations between six self-reported behaviors hypothesized to influence PFAS exposure and serum concentrations of six PFAS chemicals in 178 middle-aged women enrolled in the Child Health and Development Studies, about half of whom are African American. Blood samples were collected in 2010-2013, and participants were interviewed about behavior in 2015-2016. Results showed that African American women had lower levels of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorohexanesulfonic acid (PFHxS) compared with non-Hispanic white women. In African Americans, but not others, frequent consumption of prepared food in coated cardboard containers was associated with higher levels of four PFASs. Flossing with Oral-B Glide, having stain-resistant carpet or furniture, and living in a city served by a PFAS-contaminated water supply were also associated with higher levels of some PFASs. Product testing using particle-induced γ-ray emission (PIGE) spectroscopy confirmed that Oral-B Glide and competitor flosses contained detectable fluorine. Despite the delay between blood collection and interview, these results strengthen the evidence for exposure to PFASs from food packaging and implicate exposure from polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)-based dental floss for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Laurie Havas
- Child Health and Development Studies Participant Advisory Council, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Barbara A Cohn
- Child Health and Development Studies, Public Health Institute, Berkeley, CA, USA
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Szabo D, Coggan TL, Robson TC, Currell M, Clarke BO. Investigating recycled water use as a diffuse source of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) to groundwater in Melbourne, Australia. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 644:1409-1417. [PMID: 30743853 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.07.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Revised: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the contribution of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) to groundwater at a location where recycled water from a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) is used to irrigate crops. Groundwater from Werribee South, located west of Melbourne, Australia, was sampled over two campaigns in 2017 and 2018, extracted using solid phase extraction (SPE) and analysed with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS-QQQ). PFASs were detected in 100% of the groundwater samples. The sum total of twenty PFAS compounds (∑20PFASs) for all sites in the study ranged from <0.03 to 74 ng/L (n = 28) and the highest levels of which were observed in the centre of the irrigation district. Perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) was the most detected compound overall (96%) with a mean concentration of 11 ng/L (<0.03-34 ng/L), followed by perfluorobutanesulfonic acid (PFBS; 86%, 4.4 ng/L), perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA; 82%, 2.2 ng/L) and perfluorobutanoic acid (PFBA; 77%, 6.1 ng/L). Concentrations of PFASs found in this study are greater than background levels of PFASs detected in groundwater and are in the range of concentrations typically detected in wastewater effluent. This study presents evidence that the use of recycled water can be a source of PFAS contamination to groundwater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Drew Szabo
- School of Science, RMIT University, 124 La Trobe Street, Melbourne 3000, Australia
| | - Timothy L Coggan
- School of Science, RMIT University, 124 La Trobe Street, Melbourne 3000, Australia
| | - Timothy C Robson
- Australian Contaminated Land Consultants Association, PO Box 362, Malvern, Victoria 3144, Australia
| | - Matthew Currell
- School of Science, RMIT University, 124 La Trobe Street, Melbourne 3000, Australia
| | - Bradley O Clarke
- School of Science, RMIT University, 124 La Trobe Street, Melbourne 3000, Australia.
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Zabaleta I, Bizkarguenaga E, Izagirre U, Negreira N, Covaci A, Benskin JP, Prieto A, Zuloaga O. Biotransformation of 8:2 polyfluoroalkyl phosphate diester in gilthead bream (Sparus aurata). THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 609:1085-1092. [PMID: 28787782 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.07.241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2017] [Revised: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 07/27/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Polyfluoroalkyl phosphate esters (PAPs) are high production volume surfactants used in the food contact paper and packaging industry. PAPs may transform to persistent perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (PFCAs) under biotic conditions, but little is known about their fate and behavior in aquatic organisms. Here we report for the first time on the uptake, tissue distribution, and biotransformation of 8:2 polyfluoroalkyl phosphate diester (8:2 diPAP) in fish. Gilt-head bream (Sparus aurata) were dosed via the diet (8:2 diPAP at 29μg/g) for 7days, during which time 8:2 diPAP and its transformation products were monitored in plasma, liver, muscle, gills, bile and brain. 8:2 diPAP tended to accumulate in liver, plasma and gills, and to a lesser extent in muscle, bile and brain. Several transformation products (observed previously in other organisms) were also observed in most tissues and biofluids, including both saturated and unsaturated fluorotelomer acids (8:2 FTCA, 8:2 FTUCA, 7:3 FTCA), and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA). 8:2 FTCA was the major metabolite in all tissues/biofluids, except for bile, where PFOA occurred at the highest concentrations. Unexpectedly high PFOA levels (up to 3.7ng/g) were also detected in brain. Phase 2 metabolites, which have been reported in fish following exposure to fluorotelomer alcohols, were not observed in these experiments, probably due to their low abundance. Nevertheless, the detection of PFOA indicates that exposure to PAPs may be an indirect route of exposure to PFCAs in fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Itsaso Zabaleta
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), P.O. Box 644, E-48080 Bilbao, Spain; Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry (ACES), Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Ekhine Bizkarguenaga
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), P.O. Box 644, E-48080 Bilbao, Spain; Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry (ACES), Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Urtzi Izagirre
- Department of Zoology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country, P.O. Box 644, E-48080 Bilbao, Basque Country, Spain; Research Centre for Experimental Marine Biology and Biotechnology (PIE), University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Areatza z/g,E-48620 Plentzia, Spain
| | - Noelia Negreira
- Toxicological Center, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Adrian Covaci
- Toxicological Center, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Jonathan P Benskin
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry (ACES), Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ailette Prieto
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), P.O. Box 644, E-48080 Bilbao, Spain; Research Centre for Experimental Marine Biology and Biotechnology (PIE), University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Areatza z/g,E-48620 Plentzia, Spain
| | - Olatz Zuloaga
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), P.O. Box 644, E-48080 Bilbao, Spain; Research Centre for Experimental Marine Biology and Biotechnology (PIE), University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Areatza z/g,E-48620 Plentzia, Spain
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Zheng B, Liu X, Guo R, Fu Q, Zhao X, Wang S, Chang S, Wang X, Geng M, Yang G. Distribution characteristics of poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances in the Yangtze River Delta. J Environ Sci (China) 2017; 61:97-109. [PMID: 29191320 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2017.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Revised: 09/04/2017] [Accepted: 09/09/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In this work, a method was developed and optimized for the analysis of polyfluoroalkyl and/or perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) content in surface water and sediment samples with high instrumental response and good separation. Surface water and sediment samples were collected from the Yangtze River Delta (YRD) to analyze the distribution characteristics of perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (PFCAs), perfluoroalkane sulfonic acids (PFSAs), perfluoroalkyl phosphonic acids (PFPAs), perfluoroalkyl phosphinic acids (PFPiAs), and polyfluoroalkyl phosphoric acid diesters (diPAPs). The results showed that the total concentrations of PFCAs and PFSAs in YRD varied from 31 to 902ng/L. PFCAs (≥11 carbons) and PFSAs (≥10 carbons atoms) were not detected in any surface water samples. The mean concentrations of all PFCAs and PFSAs in surface water from the sampling areas decreased in the following order: Yangtze river (191ng/L)≈Taihu lake (189ng/L)>Huangpu river (122ng/L)≈Qiantang river (120ng/L)>Jiaxing urban river (100ng/L). Strong significant (p<0.05) correlations between the concentrations of many of the compounds were found in the sampling areas, suggesting a common source for these compounds. Only perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) was observed in all sediment samples, at concentrations varying from 0.02 to 1.35ng/g. Finally, detection rates of two diPAPs were only 8% and 10%, respectively and the concentration of diPAPs was two to three times lower compared to PFCAs and PFSAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binghui Zheng
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Source Water Protection, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Xiaolei Liu
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050024, China
| | - Rui Guo
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Source Water Protection, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China.
| | - Qing Fu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Source Water Protection, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Xingru Zhao
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Source Water Protection, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Shanjun Wang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Source Water Protection, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Sheng Chang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Source Water Protection, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Xing Wang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Source Water Protection, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Mengjiao Geng
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Source Water Protection, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Guang Yang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Source Water Protection, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
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Papadopoulou E, Poothong S, Koekkoek J, Lucattini L, Padilla-Sánchez JA, Haugen M, Herzke D, Valdersnes S, Maage A, Cousins IT, Leonards PEG, Småstuen Haug L. Estimating human exposure to perfluoroalkyl acids via solid food and drinks: Implementation and comparison of different dietary assessment methods. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2017; 158:269-276. [PMID: 28662452 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2017.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2017] [Revised: 06/13/2017] [Accepted: 06/15/2017] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diet is a major source of human exposure to hazardous environmental chemicals, including many perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs). Several assessment methods of dietary exposure to PFAAs have been used previously, but there is a lack of comparisons between methods. AIM To assess human exposure to PFAAs through diet by different methods and compare the results. METHODS We studied the dietary exposure to PFAAs in 61 Norwegian adults (74% women, average age: 42 years) using three methods: i) by measuring daily PFAA intakes through a 1-day duplicate diet study (separately in solid and liquid foods), ii) by estimating intake after combining food contamination with food consumption data, as assessed by 2-day weighted food diaries and iii) by a Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ). We used existing food contamination data mainly from samples purchased in Norway and if not available, data from food purchased in other European countries were used. Duplicate diet samples (n=122) were analysed by liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) to quantify 15 PFAAs (11 perfluoroalkyl carboxylates and 4 perfluoroalkyl sulfonates). Differences and correlations between measured and estimated intakes were assessed. RESULTS The most abundant PFAAs in the duplicate diet samples were PFOA, PFOS and PFHxS and the median total intakes were 5.6ng/day, 11ng/day and 0.78ng/day, respectively. PFOS and PFOA concentrations were higher in solid than liquid samples. PFOS was the main contributor to the contamination in the solid samples (median concentration 14pg/g food), while it was PFOA in the liquid samples (median concentrations: 0.72pg/g food). High intakes of fats, oils, and eggs were statistically significantly related to high intakes of PFOS and PFOA from solid foods. High intake of milk and consumption of alcoholic beverages, as well as food in paper container were related to high PFOA intakes from liquid foods. PFOA intakes derived from food diary and FFQ were significantly higher than those derived from duplicate diet, but intakes of PFOS derived from food diary and FFQ were significantly lower than those derived from duplicate diet. We found a positive and statistically significant correlation between the PFOS intakes derived from duplicate diet with those using the food diary (rho=0.26, p-value=0.041), but not with the FFQ. Additionally, PFOA intakes derived by duplicate diet were significantly correlated with estimated intakes from liquid food derived from the food diary (rho=0.34, p=0.008) and estimated intakes from the FFQ (rho=0.25, p-value=0.055). CONCLUSIONS We provide evidence that a food diary or a FFQ-based method can provide comparable intake estimates to PFOS and PFOA intakes derived from a duplicate diet study. These less burdensome methods are valuable and reliable tools to assess dietary exposure to PFASs in human studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleni Papadopoulou
- Department of Environmental Exposures and Epidemiology, Division of Infection Control and Environmental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, P.O. Box 4404, Nydalen, NO-0403 Oslo, Norway.
| | - Somrutai Poothong
- Department of Environmental Exposures and Epidemiology, Division of Infection Control and Environmental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, P.O. Box 4404, Nydalen, NO-0403 Oslo, Norway
| | - Jacco Koekkoek
- Department of Environment and Health, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Luisa Lucattini
- Department of Environment and Health, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Juan Antonio Padilla-Sánchez
- Department of Environmental Exposures and Epidemiology, Division of Infection Control and Environmental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, P.O. Box 4404, Nydalen, NO-0403 Oslo, Norway
| | - Margaretha Haugen
- Department of Environmental Exposures and Epidemiology, Division of Infection Control and Environmental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, P.O. Box 4404, Nydalen, NO-0403 Oslo, Norway
| | - Dorte Herzke
- Norwegian Institute for Air Research (NILU), FRAM - High North Research Centre on Climate and the Environment, Postboks 6606, Langnes 9296, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Stig Valdersnes
- National Institute of Nutrition and Seafood Research, Postboks 2029, Nordnes 5817, Bergen, Norway
| | - Amund Maage
- National Institute of Nutrition and Seafood Research, Postboks 2029, Nordnes 5817, Bergen, Norway
| | - Ian T Cousins
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry (ACES), Stockholm University, Geovetenskapens hus, Svante Arrhenius väg 8, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Pim E G Leonards
- Department of Environment and Health, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Line Småstuen Haug
- Department of Environmental Exposures and Epidemiology, Division of Infection Control and Environmental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, P.O. Box 4404, Nydalen, NO-0403 Oslo, Norway
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Screening and identification of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in microwave popcorn bags. Food Chem 2017; 230:497-506. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2017.03.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Revised: 02/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Mudumbi JBN, Ntwampe SKO, Matsha T, Mekuto L, Itoba-Tombo EF. Recent developments in polyfluoroalkyl compounds research: a focus on human/environmental health impact, suggested substitutes and removal strategies. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2017; 189:402. [PMID: 28721589 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-017-6084-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Between the late 1940s and early 1950s, humans manufactured polyfluoroalkyl compounds (PFCs) using electrochemical fluorination and telomerisation technologies, whereby hydrogen atoms are substituted by fluorine atoms, thus conferring unnatural and unique physicochemical properties to these compounds. Presently, there are wide ranges of PFCs, and owing to their bioaccumulative properties, they have been detected in various environmental matrices and in human sera. It has thus been suggested that they are hazardous. Hence, this review aims at highlighting the recent development in PFC research, with a particular focus on perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) and perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), the most studied and predominantly found PFCs in various environmental matrices, although recent reports have included perfluorobutane sulfonate (PFBS), which was previously regarded as innocuously harmless, when compared to its counterparts, PFOA and PFOS. As such, proper investigations are thus required for a better understanding of short-chain PFC substitutes, which have been suggested as suitable replacements to long-chained PFCs, although these substitutes have also been suggested to pose various health risks comparable to those associated with long-chain PFCs. Similarly, several novel technologies, such as PFC reduction using zero-valent iron, including removal at point of use, adsorption and coagulation, have been proposed. However, regardless of how efficient removers some of these techniques have proven to be, short-chain PFCs remain a challenge to overcome for scientists, in this regard.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Baptist Nzukizi Mudumbi
- Bioresource Engineering Research Group (BioERG), Department of Biotechnology, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, PO Box 652, Cape Town, 8000, South Africa.
| | - Seteno Karabo Obed Ntwampe
- Bioresource Engineering Research Group (BioERG), Department of Biotechnology, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, PO Box 652, Cape Town, 8000, South Africa
| | - Tandi Matsha
- Department of Bio-Medical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Wellness Science, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, PO Box 1906, Bellville, 7535, South Africa
| | - Lukhanyo Mekuto
- Bioresource Engineering Research Group (BioERG), Department of Biotechnology, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, PO Box 652, Cape Town, 8000, South Africa
| | - Elie Fereche Itoba-Tombo
- Bioresource Engineering Research Group (BioERG), Department of Biotechnology, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, PO Box 652, Cape Town, 8000, South Africa
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Sanchis Y, Yusà V, Coscollà C. Analytical strategies for organic food packaging contaminants. J Chromatogr A 2017; 1490:22-46. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.01.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Revised: 01/12/2017] [Accepted: 01/26/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Is there a human health risk associated with indirect exposure to perfluoroalkyl carboxylates (PFCAs)? Toxicology 2017; 375:28-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2016.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2016] [Revised: 11/07/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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40
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Schaider LA, Balan SA, Blum A, Andrews DQ, Strynar MJ, Dickinson ME, Lunderberg DM, Lang JR, Peaslee GF. Fluorinated Compounds in U.S. Fast Food Packaging. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LETTERS 2017; 4:105-111. [PMID: 30148183 PMCID: PMC6104644 DOI: 10.1021/acs.estlett.6b00435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 275] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are highly persistent synthetic chemicals, some of which have been associated with cancer, developmental toxicity, immunotoxicity, and other health effects. PFASs in grease-resistant food packaging can leach into food and increase dietary exposure. We collected ~400 samples of food contact papers, paperboard containers, and beverage containers from fast food restaurants throughout the United States and measured total fluorine using particle-induced γ-ray emission (PIGE) spectroscopy. PIGE can rapidly and inexpensively measure total fluorine in solid-phase samples. We found that 46% of food contact papers and 20% of paperboard samples contained detectable fluorine (>16 nmol/cm2). Liquid chromatography/high-resolution mass spectrometry analysis of a subset of 20 samples found perfluorocarboxylates, perfluorosulfonates, and other known PFASs and/or unidentified polyfluorinated compounds (based on nontargeted analysis). The total peak area for PFASs was higher in 70% of samples (10 of 14) with a total fluorine level of >200 nmol/cm2 compared to six samples with a total fluorine level of <16 nmol/cm2. Samples with high total fluorine levels but low levels of measured PFASs may contain volatile PFASs, PFAS polymers, newer replacement PFASs, or other fluorinated compounds. The prevalence of fluorinated chemicals in fast food packaging demonstrates their potentially significant contribution to dietary PFAS exposure and environmental contamination during production and disposal.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Simona A Balan
- California Department of Toxic Substances Control, Sacramento, California 95814, United States
| | - Arlene Blum
- Green Science Policy Institute, Berkeley, California 94709, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - David Q Andrews
- Environmental Working Group, Washington, D.C. 20009, United States
| | - Mark J Strynar
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, United States
| | | | - David M Lunderberg
- Chemistry Department, Hope College, Holland, Michigan 49423, United States
| | - Johnsie R Lang
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Graham F Peaslee
- Department of Physics, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
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Lewis M, Kim MH, Liu EJ, Wang N, Chu KH. Biotransformation of 6:2 polyfluoroalkyl phosphates (6:2 PAPs): Effects of degradative bacteria and co-substrates. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2016; 320:479-486. [PMID: 27585280 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2016.08.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Revised: 07/11/2016] [Accepted: 08/11/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Polyfluoroalkyl phosphates (PAPs), a group of fluorotelomer alcohol (FTOH)-based surfactants commonly used in water- and grease-proof food contact paper, have been suggested as a direct source of human exposure to health-concerned perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (PFCAs). This study investigated factors affecting biotranformation of 6:2 polyfluoroalkyl phosphates (6:2 PAPs) by three known FTOH-degrading Pseudomonas strains (Pseudomonas butanovora, P. oleovorans, and P. fluorescens DSM 8341) under different co-substrate conditions and compared to that by activated sludge samples. The three pure strains transformed 6:2 PAPs into eight different per- and poly-fluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (PFCAs) and/or PFCA precursors. P. fluorescens DSM 8341 produced 5:2 sFTOH [CF3(CF2)4CH(OH)CH3] and P. oleovorans produced 5:2 ketone [CF3(CF2)4C(O)CH3] as the primary transformation product, respectively, with citrate having a minimal impact on the transformation. P. butanovora with lactate produced more diverse transformation products than those by any two strains. Activated sludge was more efficient at transforming 6:2 PAPs and produced more transformation products including PFHpA [CF3(CF2)5COOH] and PFPeA [CF3(CF2)3COOH], with 5:2 sFTOH as the most abundant product on day 30. The abundance of the alkane hydroxylase (alkB) gene related to alkane oxidation, the changes of total microbial population as well as their community structure in activated sludge during 6:2 PAPs biotransformation were also investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Lewis
- Zachry Department of Civil Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843-3136, United States
| | - Myung Hee Kim
- Zachry Department of Civil Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843-3136, United States
| | - Ellen J Liu
- Zachry Department of Civil Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843-3136, United States
| | - Ning Wang
- E.I. du Pont De Nemours & Company, Inc., Experimental Station, 200 Powder Mill Road, Wilmington, DE, 19803, United States
| | - Kung-Hui Chu
- Zachry Department of Civil Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843-3136, United States.
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Dagnino S, Strynar MJ, McMahen RL, Lau CS, Ball C, Garantziotis S, Webster TF, McClean MD, Lindstrom AB. Identification of Biomarkers of Exposure to FTOHs and PAPs in Humans Using a Targeted and Nontargeted Analysis Approach. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:10216-25. [PMID: 27477586 PMCID: PMC5942555 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b01170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Although historic perfluorinated compounds are currently under scrutiny and growing regulatory control in the world, little is known about human exposure to other polyfluorinated compounds presently in use. Fluorotelomer alcohols (FTOHs) and polyfluoroalkyl phosphate esters (PAPs) are known to degrade to terminal perfluorinated acids and toxic reactive intermediates through metabolic pathways. Therefore, it is important to characterize their human exposure by the identification of unique biomarkers. With the use of liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry-time-of-flight analysis (LC-MS-TOF), we developed a workflow for the identification of metabolites for the 8:2 FTOH and 8:2 diPAP. Analysis of serum and urine of dosed rats indicated the 8:2 FTOH-sulfate and the 8:2 diPAP as potential biomarkers. These compounds, as well as 25 other fluorinated compounds and metabolites, were analyzed in human serum and urine samples from the general population (n = 100) and office workers (n = 30). The 8:2 FTOH-sulfate was measured for the first time in human samples in 5 to 10% of the serum samples, ranging from 50 to 80 pg/mL. The 8:2 diPAP was measured in 58% of the samples, ranging from 100 to 800 pg/mL. This study indicates the FTOH-sulfate conjugate as a biomarker of exposure to FTOHs and PAPs in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Dagnino
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, United States
- Oak Ridge Associated Universities, ORISE Program, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
- Corresponding Authors: S.G. phone: + 44-7480 127942; ; M.S. phone: 919-541-3706;
| | - Mark J. Strynar
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, United States
- Corresponding Authors: S.G. phone: + 44-7480 127942; ; M.S. phone: 919-541-3706;
| | - Rebecca L. McMahen
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, United States
- Oak Ridge Associated Universities, ORISE Program, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Christopher S. Lau
- National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, United States
| | - Carol Ball
- Agilent Technologies, Inc., 13000 Weston Parkway, Cary, North Carolina 27510, United States
| | - Stavros Garantziotis
- Clinical Research Program and Laboratory of Respiratory Biology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Thomas F. Webster
- Department of Environmental Health, Boston University School of Public Health, 715 Albany Street, T4W, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, United States
| | - Michael D. McClean
- Department of Environmental Health, Boston University School of Public Health, 715 Albany Street, T4W, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, United States
| | - Andrew B. Lindstrom
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, United States
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Gebbink WA, Bignert A, Berger U. Perfluoroalkyl Acids (PFAAs) and Selected Precursors in the Baltic Sea Environment: Do Precursors Play a Role in Food Web Accumulation of PFAAs? ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:6354-6362. [PMID: 27192404 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b01197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The present study examined the presence of perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) and selected precursors in the Baltic Sea abiotic environment and guillemot food web, and investigated the relative importance of precursors in food web accumulation of PFAAs. Sediment, water, zooplankton, herring, sprat, and guillemot eggs were analyzed for perfluoroalkane sulfonic acids (PFSAs; C4,6,8,10) and perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (PFCAs; C6-15) along with six perfluoro-octane sulfonic acid (PFOS) precursors and 11 polyfluoroalkyl phosphoric acid diesters (diPAPs). FOSA, FOSAA and its methyl and ethyl derivatives (Me- and EtFOSAA), and 6:2/6:2 diPAP were detected in sediment and water. While FOSA and the three FOSAAs were detected in all biota, a total of nine diPAPs were only detected in zooplankton. Concentrations of PFOS precursors and diPAPs exceeded PFOS and PFCA concentrations, respectively, in zooplankton, but not in fish and guillemot eggs. Although PFOS precursors were present at all trophic levels, they appear to play a minor role in food web accumulation of PFOS based on PFOS precursor/PFOS ratios and PFOS and FOSA isomer patterns. The PFCA pattern in fish could not be explained by the intake pattern based on PFCAs and analyzed precursors, that is, diPAPs. Exposure to additional precursors might therefore be a dominant exposure pathway compared to direct PFCA exposure for fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wouter A Gebbink
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry (ACES), Stockholm University , SE 10691, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anders Bignert
- Swedish Museum of Natural History, SE 10691, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Urs Berger
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry (ACES), Stockholm University , SE 10691, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ , DE 04318 Leipzig, Germany
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Rosenmai AK, Taxvig C, Svingen T, Trier X, van Vugt-Lussenburg BMA, Pedersen M, Lesné L, Jégou B, Vinggaard AM. Fluorinated alkyl substances and technical mixtures used in food paper-packaging exhibit endocrine-related activity in vitro. Andrology 2016; 4:662-72. [DOI: 10.1111/andr.12190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2015] [Revised: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- A. K. Rosenmai
- Division of Diet, Disease Prevention, and Toxicology; National Food Institute; Technical University of Denmark; Søborg Denmark
| | - C. Taxvig
- Division of Diet, Disease Prevention, and Toxicology; National Food Institute; Technical University of Denmark; Søborg Denmark
| | - T. Svingen
- Division of Diet, Disease Prevention, and Toxicology; National Food Institute; Technical University of Denmark; Søborg Denmark
| | - X. Trier
- Research Group for Analytical Food Chemistry; National Food Institute; Technical University of Denmark; Søborg Denmark
| | | | - M. Pedersen
- Research Group for Analytical Food Chemistry; National Food Institute; Technical University of Denmark; Søborg Denmark
| | - L. Lesné
- Inserm (Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale); IRSET, U1085; Rennes CEDEX France
- Université de Rennes I; Rennes CEDEX France
| | - B. Jégou
- Inserm (Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale); IRSET, U1085; Rennes CEDEX France
- Université de Rennes I; Rennes CEDEX France
- EHESP - School of Public Health; Rennes CEDEX France
| | - A. M. Vinggaard
- Division of Diet, Disease Prevention, and Toxicology; National Food Institute; Technical University of Denmark; Søborg Denmark
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Zabaleta I, Bizkarguenaga E, Bilbao D, Etxebarria N, Prieto A, Zuloaga O. Fast and simple determination of perfluorinated compounds and their potential precursors in different packaging materials. Talanta 2016; 152:353-63. [PMID: 26992531 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2016.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Revised: 02/09/2016] [Accepted: 02/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
A simple and fast analytical method for the determination of fourteen perfluorinated compounds (PFCs), including three perfluoroalkylsulfonates (PFSAs), seven perfluorocarboxylic acids (PFCAs), three perfluorophosphonic acids (PFPAs) and perfluorooctanesulfonamide (PFOSA) and ten potential precursors, including four polyfluoroalkyl phosphates (PAPs), four fluorotelomer saturated acids (FTCAs) and two fluorotelomer unsaturated acids (FTUCAs) in different packaging materials was developed in the present work. In order to achieve this objective the optimization of an ultrasonic probe-assisted extraction (UPAE) method was carried out before the analysis of the target compounds by liquid-chromatography-triple quadrupole-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-QqQ-MS/MS). 7 mL of 1 % acetic acid in methanol and a 2.5-min single extraction cycle were sufficient for the extraction of all the target analytes. The optimized analytical method was validated in terms of recovery, precision and method detection limits (MDLs). Apparent recovery values after correction with the corresponding labeled standard were in the 69-103 % and 62-98 % range for samples fortified at 25 ng/g and 50 ng/g concentration levels, respectively and MDL values in the 0.6-2.2 ng/g range were obtained. The developed method was applied to the analysis of plastic (milk bottle, muffin cup, pre-cooked food wrapper and cup of coffee) and cardboard materials (microwave popcorn bag, greaseproof paper for French fries, cardboard box for pizza and cinema cardboard box for popcorn). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first method that describes the determination of fourteen PFCs and ten potential precursors in packaging materials. Moreover, 6:2 FTCA, 6:2 FTUCA and 5:3 FTCA analytes were detected for the first time in microwave popcorn bags.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Zabaleta
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), P.O. Box 644, 48080 Bilbao, Spain.
| | - E Bizkarguenaga
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), P.O. Box 644, 48080 Bilbao, Spain
| | - D Bilbao
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), P.O. Box 644, 48080 Bilbao, Spain
| | - N Etxebarria
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), P.O. Box 644, 48080 Bilbao, Spain; Research Centre for Experimental Marine Biology and Biotechnology (PIE), University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Areatza z/g, E-48620 Plentzia, Spain
| | - A Prieto
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), P.O. Box 644, 48080 Bilbao, Spain; Research Centre for Experimental Marine Biology and Biotechnology (PIE), University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Areatza z/g, E-48620 Plentzia, Spain
| | - O Zuloaga
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), P.O. Box 644, 48080 Bilbao, Spain; Research Centre for Experimental Marine Biology and Biotechnology (PIE), University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Areatza z/g, E-48620 Plentzia, Spain
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46
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Shoeib T, Hassan Y, Rauert C, Harner T. Poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in indoor dust and food packaging materials in Egypt: Trends in developed and developing countries. CHEMOSPHERE 2016; 144:1573-81. [PMID: 26517384 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.08.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2015] [Revised: 08/19/2015] [Accepted: 08/21/2015] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
PFASs concentrations in dust samples collected from three microenvironments in Cairo ranged from 1.3 to 69 ng g(-1) with FTOHs being dominant. The 8:2 FTOH was detected in all samples. Among the FOSAs and FOSEs the MeFOSE was dominant while among ionic PFASs, PFOS and PFOA were most prominent. The concentrations of PFASs were among the lowest worldwide. Correlations between worldwide concentrations of PFOS + PFOA and country development indexes highlight higher usage and human exposure in more developed countries. Food packaging was analyzed for PFSAs, PFCAs and PAPs. The 6:2 and 8:2 monoPAPs were found to be above the MDL in 18% of the samples. PFOA was detected in 79% of the samples with median concentration of 2.40 ng g(-1). PFOS was detected in 58% of the samples with median concentration of 0.29 ng g(-1) while PFHxS and PFDS were below detection limit. Different human exposure scenarios were estimated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamer Shoeib
- Department of Chemistry, The American University in Cairo, New Cairo 11835, Egypt; Centre for Analytical Science, Department of Chemistry, Loughborough University, Loughborough, Leicestershire LE11 3TU, UK.
| | - Yasmeen Hassan
- Department of Chemistry, The American University in Cairo, New Cairo 11835, Egypt
| | - Cassandra Rauert
- Air Quality Processes Research Section, Environment Canada, 4905 Dufferin St., Toronto, ON M3H 5T4, Canada
| | - Tom Harner
- Air Quality Processes Research Section, Environment Canada, 4905 Dufferin St., Toronto, ON M3H 5T4, Canada
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47
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Gebbink WA, Bossi R, Rigét FF, Rosing-Asvid A, Sonne C, Dietz R. Observation of emerging per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in Greenland marine mammals. CHEMOSPHERE 2016; 144:2384-91. [PMID: 26610298 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.10.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2015] [Revised: 10/26/2015] [Accepted: 10/27/2015] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The present pilot study examined emerging per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs), i.e., a suite of short chain perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs), PFAA precursors and replacement chemicals, and legacy PFASs (long chain length PFAAs) in livers from ringed seals, polar bears and, for the first time, killer whales from East Greenland collected in 2012-2013. Among the emerging PFASs, perfluorobutanesulfonic acid (PFBS) and F-53B (a chlorinated polyfluorinated ether sulfonic acid) were detected in Arctic wildlife, albeit at concentrations approximately four orders of magnitude lower compared to perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS). PFOS was positively correlated with F-53B, but not PFBS in all three species. A total of 17 PFASs were detected in killer whales, including in a mother-fetus pair, demonstrating maternal transfer. ∑PFAS concentrations in killer whales (269 ± 90 ng/g) were comparable to concentrations found in ringed seals (138 ± 7 ng/g), however, an order of magnitude lower compared to concentrations found in polar bear livers (2336 ± 263 ng/g). Patterns of long chain PFAAs in killer whales differed from the pattern in ringed seals and polar bears. Of the monitored PFAA precursors, only perfluorooctanesulfonamide (FOSA) was detected in all three species, and FOSA/PFOS ratios and isomer patterns indicated that killer whales have a potential lower metabolic capacity to degrade FOSA compared to polar bears and ringed seals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wouter A Gebbink
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry (ACES), Stockholm University, SE 10691, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Rossana Bossi
- Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, Arctic Research Centre (ARC), DK-4000, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Frank F Rigét
- Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Arctic Research Centre (ARC), DK-4000, Roskilde, Denmark
| | | | - Christian Sonne
- Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Arctic Research Centre (ARC), DK-4000, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Rune Dietz
- Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Arctic Research Centre (ARC), DK-4000, Roskilde, Denmark
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48
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Eriksson U, Kärrman A. World-Wide Indoor Exposure to Polyfluoroalkyl Phosphate Esters (PAPs) and other PFASs in Household Dust. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2015; 49:14503-11. [PMID: 26000882 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b00679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Human exposure to perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and other per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) is ongoing and in some cases increasing, despite efforts made to reduce emissions. The role of precursor compounds such as polyfluorinated phosphate esters (PAPs) has received increasing attention, but there are knowledge gaps regarding their occurrence and impact on human exposure. In this study, mono-, di-, and triPAPs, perfluorinated alkyl acids (PFAAs), saturated, and unsaturated fluorotelomer carboxylic acids (FTCA/FTUCAs), perfluoroalkane sulfonamides, and sulfonamidethanols (FOSA/FOSEs), and one fluorotelomer sulfonic acid (FTSA)) were compared in household dust samples from Canada, the Faroe Islands, Sweden, Greece, Spain, Nepal, Japan, and Australia. Mono-, di-, and triPAPs, including several diPAP homologues, were frequently detected in dust from all countries, revealing an ubiquitous spread in private households from diverse geographic areas, with significant differences between countries. The median levels of monoPAPs and diPAPs ranged from 3.7 ng/g to 1 023 ng/g and 3.6 ng/g to 692 ng/g, respectively, with the lowest levels found in Nepal and the highest in Japan. The levels of PAPs exceeded those of the other PFAS classes. These findings reveal the importance of PAPs as a source of PFAS exposure worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrika Eriksson
- Man-Technology-Environment (MTM) Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Örebro University , SE-701 82 Örebro, Sweden
| | - Anna Kärrman
- Man-Technology-Environment (MTM) Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Örebro University , SE-701 82 Örebro, Sweden
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49
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Filipovic M, Berger U. Are perfluoroalkyl acids in waste water treatment plant effluents the result of primary emissions from the technosphere or of environmental recirculation? CHEMOSPHERE 2015; 129:74-80. [PMID: 25139477 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.07.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2014] [Revised: 07/21/2014] [Accepted: 07/28/2014] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) have been suggested to be one of the major pathways of perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) from the technosphere to the aquatic environment. The origin of PFAAs in WWTP influents is either from current primary emissions or a result of recirculation of PFAAs that have been residing and transported in the environment for several years or decades. Environmental recirculation can then occur when PFAAs from the environment enter the wastewater stream in, e.g., tap water. In this study 13 PFAAs and perfluorooctane sulfonamide were analyzed in tap water as well as WWTP influent, effluent and sludge from three Swedish cities: Bromma (in the metropolitan area of Stockholm), Bollebygd and Umeå. A mass balance of the WWTPs was assembled for each PFAA. Positive mass balances were observed for PFHxA and PFOA in all WWTPs, indicating the presence of precursor compounds in the technosphere. With regard to environmental recirculation, tap water was an important source of PFAAs to the Bromma WWTP influent, contributing >40% for each quantified sulfonic acid and up to 30% for the carboxylic acids. The PFAAs in tap water from Bollebygd and Umeå did not contribute significantly to the PFAA load in the WWTP influents. Our results show that in order to estimate current primary emissions from the technosphere, it may be necessary to correct the PFAA emission rates in WWTP effluents for PFAAs present in tap water, especially in the case of elevated levels in tap water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marko Filipovic
- Department of Applied Environmental Science (ITM), Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Urs Berger
- Department of Applied Environmental Science (ITM), Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
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50
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D'Hollander W, Herzke D, Huber S, Hajslova J, Pulkrabova J, Brambilla G, De Filippis SP, Bervoets L, de Voogt P. Occurrence of perfluorinated alkylated substances in cereals, salt, sweets and fruit items collected in four European countries. CHEMOSPHERE 2015; 129:179-185. [PMID: 25455675 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2014] [Revised: 10/01/2014] [Accepted: 10/02/2014] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
In the context of a European project, 12 perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) were determined in 14 food items collected in four European countries representing northern, southern, eastern and western Europe. This study presents the results of PFAAs measured in fruit, cereals, sweets and salt. Out of the 12 PFAAs, 10 PFAAs were detected in 67% of the samples. Overall, PFOA was the most abundant compound and the highest concentrations were found for PFOS but all were less than 1ngg(-1). When comparing the four countries, highest levels and detection frequencies were observed in Belgium (Western Europe), followed by the Czech Republic (Eastern Europe), Italy (Southern Europe) and finally Norway (Northern Europe). Comparison of profiles and levels is difficult due to variations in constitution of the food categories in the investigated countries and countries of origin of the food items. Dietary intake assessments for PFOS and PFOA show that the daily intake of PFAAs is far below the existing tolerable levels. However, they contribute to the total dietary intake and should therefore be included in future dietary exposure assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy D'Hollander
- Systemic Physiological and Ecotoxicology Research (SPHERE), Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - Dorte Herzke
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, NILU - Norwegian Institute for Air Research, FRAM-Centre, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Sandra Huber
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, NILU - Norwegian Institute for Air Research, FRAM-Centre, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Jana Hajslova
- Department of Food Analysis and Nutrition, Institute of Chemical Technology, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Pulkrabova
- Department of Food Analysis and Nutrition, Institute of Chemical Technology, Prague, Czech Republic
| | | | | | - Lieven Bervoets
- Systemic Physiological and Ecotoxicology Research (SPHERE), Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Pim de Voogt
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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