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Mai TTH, Kim H. Occurrence of N-nitrosamines in the atmosphere and human health risk: A case study in an urban area of Chuncheon, Gangwon State, South Korea. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 349:123802. [PMID: 38522602 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.123802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the occurrence of eight nitrosamines (NAs) in particulate (PM2.5) and gaseous phases and assess the human health risk associated with these compounds in an urban area of Chuncheon, Gangwon State, South Korea, across four sampling seasons. The findings revealed that the total concentrations of eight NAs measured during the sampling period exceeded the public health recommendation of 0.3 ng/m3 provided by the Norwegian Institute of Public Health, indicating a potential human health risk from NA exposures. In particular, the average total NA concentration observed in the gaseous samples during the winter of 2021 was 18.1 ± 6.46 ng/m3. The primary emission sources could potentially impact the concentrations of NAs in the atmosphere due to their significant positive correlation with primary emission species such as NO2, CO, and SO2. Moreover, the levels of particulate NAs during the summer were negatively correlated with O3, suggesting that their formation might be influenced by ozonation in the aqueous aerosol phase. In addition, the total NA concentrations measured in the gaseous phase were four to six times higher than those measured in the PM2.5 phase throughout the sampling period. Thus, domestic sources have the potential to impact the pollution levels of the research area more significantly than long-range atmospheric transport. In particular, the highest concentrations of NAs in the gas phase were observed during the winter, while the lowest concentrations were recorded in the summer, possibly influenced by photolysis. Nevertheless, the study suggested that tertiary amines might contribute to the presence of gaseous NAs in sunlight. Consequently, further studies focusing on the occurrence of tertiary amines in the gas phase should be considered. The cumulative lifetime cancer risks estimated from inhalation exposure exceeded the acceptable risk level of 10⁻6 for all age groups across all four seasons. Therefore, it is crucial to implement effective control measures to mitigate potential health risks associated with exposure to NAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thu Thi Hoai Mai
- Department of Environmental Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon State, 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Hekap Kim
- School of Natural Resources and Environmental Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon State, 24341, Republic of Korea.
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Choi NR, Kim YP, Lee JY, Kim E, Kim S, Shin HJ. Impact of ozonation on the formation of particulate nitrosodi-methylamine (NDMA) in atmosphere. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 349:140794. [PMID: 38008293 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.140794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 11/28/2023]
Abstract
The contribution of ozonation to the formation of particulate nitrosodi-methylamine (NDMA) in the aqueous aerosol phase was investigated using measurement data from 2018 in Seoul, Republic of Korea and a box model. The correlation between the NDMA concentration and aerosol liquid water content and box model results showed that aqueous aerosol phase reactions, including nitrosation and ozonation, might contribute to the formation of NDMA. The concentration of NDMA and the ratio of O3/dimethylamine exhibited a negative correlation, suggesting that the contribution of ozonation to NDMA formation may not be significant. Furthermore, when the daily concentration of NDMA exceeded 10 ng/m3, the pH was 3.96 ± 0.48, indicating that the impact of ozonation on NDMA concentration might not be significant. To quantitatively investigate the contribution of ozonation, the ozonation mechanism that forms NDMA was included in the box model developed in our previous study. The model results showed that the ozonation contributed to the ambient concentration of NDMA (7.9 ± 3.8% (winter); 1.9 ± 3.0% (spring); 10.0 ± 0.77% (summer); 3.6 ± 7.3% (autumn)). It is estimated that the relatively higher O3/NOx ratio in summer (1.63 ± 0.69; 0.64 ± 0.52 (winter); 1.14 ± 0.92 (spring); 0.52 ± 0.54 (autumn)) could enhance ozonation and that relatively lower pH in summer (2.2 ± 0.4; 5.3 ± 1.2 (winter); 3.9 ± 1.2 (spring); 3.9 ± 0.7 (autumn)) could hinder nitrosation compared to that in other seasons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Rae Choi
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 24341, South Korea.
| | - Yong Pyo Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 03760, South Korea
| | - Ji Yi Lee
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 03760, South Korea
| | - Eunhye Kim
- Department of Environmental and Safety Engineering, Ajou University, Suwon, 16499, South Korea
| | - Soontae Kim
- Department of Environmental and Safety Engineering, Ajou University, Suwon, 16499, South Korea
| | - Hye Jung Shin
- Department of Air Quality Research, Climate and Air Quality Research Division, National Institute of Environmental Research of Korea, Incheon, 22689, South Korea
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Lin S, Wang H, Cai L, Liao L, Su Y, Cai X, Shen M. Characteristics and health risk assessment of volatile N-nitrosamines in the plasma of adults in Guangdong Province, China. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2023; 227:115189. [PMID: 36854220 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2022.115189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
N-nitrosamines are strong carcinogens that are widely present in the environment. This study developed a method, and analyzed the concentrations of volatile N-nitrosamines (VNAs) in the plasma of adults in Guangdong Province, China. Finally, the health risks to adults in Guangdong Province, China, with dietary exposure to VNAs were assessed. Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) in electron impact (EI) ionization source mode was used to quantitatively analyze VNAs, and to perform accurate mass determination. The lower limit of detection (LOD) of nine nitrosamines are ranged from 0.01 to 2.14 ng/mL. The recovery rate ranged from 83 % to 116 %, and the relative standard deviation (RSD) was < 10 %. The method developed is simple, rapid, and provides good reproducibility and high sensitivity. N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA), N-nitrosomethylethylamine (NMEA), N-nitrosodinbutylamine (NDBA), N-nitrosopiperidine (NPIP), N-nitrosopyrrolidine (NPYR), N-nitrosomorpholine (NMOR) and N-nitrosodiphenylamine (NDPhA) were detected in 92 adult plasma samples. NDMA and NMEA were detected in 56.5 % and 44.6 % of the samples, followed by NPIP (34.8 %). NDMA had the highest median concentration (43.7 ng/mL) in the total samples. There were gender-related differences found in the concentrations of NDBA and NDPhA. The exposure risk assessment results showed that the two highest daily dietary intakes of VNAs were N-nitrosodi-n-propylamine (NDPA) and NDMA, and aquatic products and pickled vegetables contributed the most total nitrosamine intake. The lifetime cancer risk of adults ranged from 2.88 × 10-10 to 7.46 × 10-5, and the risk associated with NDMA, NDPA, N-nitrosodiethylamine (NDEA), NMEA and NPIP are important and should attract more attention. This study aimed to explore the exposure levels of VNAs in the plasma of adults in Guangdong Province, China, and to assess the health risks of dietary intake of VNAs, which provides a basis of the effect of VNAs exposure on human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simin Lin
- Department of Hygiene Inspection & Quarantine Science, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Hetao Wang
- Department of Hygiene Inspection & Quarantine Science, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Lishan Cai
- Department of Hygiene Inspection & Quarantine Science, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Lili Liao
- Department of Hygiene Inspection & Quarantine Science, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Yintong Su
- Department of Hygiene Inspection & Quarantine Science, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Xiaohua Cai
- Department of Hygiene Inspection & Quarantine Science, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Mei Shen
- Department of Hygiene Inspection & Quarantine Science, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China.
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Aquilina NJ, Havel CM, Harrison RM, Ho KF, Benowitz NL, Jacob Iii P. Determination of 4-(Methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-Pyridyl)-1-Butanone (NNK) arising from tobacco smoke in airborne particulate matter. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2022; 158:106992. [PMID: 34991253 PMCID: PMC9056076 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2021.106992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The most important tobacco-specific nitrosamine found in cigarette smoke and formed in ageing smoke after cigarettes are extinguished is 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK). It is formed from nitrosation of nicotine, under particular conditions both in indoor and outdoor environments. NNK has been classified as a potent lung carcinogen which is expected to be found primarily in the particle-phase and to be stable in particulate matter. In this study tests have been carried out to show that a bisulfate-treated filter is more efficient than an untreated filter to collect both nicotine and NNK, and that the latter is stable in outdoor particulate matter. To characterize NNK in the outdoor environment, airborne samples were collected from 11 cities in USA, UK, Hong Kong and Malta with characteristics varying from low to high population densities and from urban to suburban to rural, and with desert characteristics and distinct climates. It has been shown that airborne particle + gas phase nicotine and particle-phase NNK behave in a linearly correlated manner. A seasonal analysis was carried out on a subset of data available from five sites in California, where the load of NNK in PM10 is driven by long range transport of the air masses passing over densely populated cities. In the winter season, the load of NNK in PM is higher than in summer in a statistically significant manner. The contamination of PM with NNK shows variability, but is observed at all sites. This paper highlights the potential risk of chronic exposure to NNK in particulate matter by the inhalation pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noel J Aquilina
- Department of Chemistry, University of Malta, Msida MSD 2080, Malta; Program in Clinical Pharmacology, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, United States.
| | - Christopher M Havel
- Program in Clinical Pharmacology, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, United States
| | - Roy M Harrison
- Division of Environmental Health and Risk Management, School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Kin-Fai Ho
- The Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Neal L Benowitz
- Program in Clinical Pharmacology, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, United States
| | - Peyton Jacob Iii
- Program in Clinical Pharmacology, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, United States
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Choi NR, Lee JY, Ahn YG, Kim YP. Determination of atmospheric amines at Seoul, South Korea via gas chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 258:127367. [PMID: 32947676 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Due to their important roles in salt-producing acid-base reactions, new particle formation (NPF), and as precursors in secondary organic aerosol (SOA) producing reactions, the atmospheric concentrations of particulate volatile amines (dimethylamine (DMA), ethylamine, diethylamine (DEA), propylamine, and butylamine) at Seoul were analyzed and evaluated. To quantify the presence of volatile amines in particulate matter with aerodynamic diameters less than or equal to a nominal 2.5 μm (PM2.5), an efficient and rapid analytical method based on in-matrix ethyl chloroformate (ECF) derivatization followed by headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) was developed and validated using gas chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS) in the multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode. The annual mean concentration of the total 5 target amines was 5.56±2.76 ng/m3 and the seasonal difference was small. The concentrations of particulate amines measured in this study were lower than those observed in Zongludak, Turkey, Nanjing, China, and Jeju, Korea but slightly higher than that reported in Kobe, Japan. The concentrations of the nitrosamines (nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) and nitrosodiethylamine (NDEA)), and of the nitramines (dimethylnitramine (DMN) and diethylnitramine (DEN)) measured along with those of the target amines were used in a simple linear regression analysis. It indicates the contribution of DMA to the formation of NDMA in all seasons (except the fall) and DEA to the formation of NDEA in the summer, while DMA and DEA did not significantly contribute to the formation of nitramines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Rae Choi
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 03760, South Korea
| | - Ji Yi Lee
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 03760, South Korea
| | - Yun Gyong Ahn
- Western Seoul Center, Korea Basic Science Institute, Seoul, 03759, South Korea.
| | - Yong Pyo Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 03760, South Korea.
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Bian Y, Zhang Y, Zhou Y, Li GH, Feng XS. Progress in the pretreatment and analysis of N-nitrosamines: an update since 2010. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2020; 61:3626-3660. [PMID: 32776791 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2020.1803790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
As highly toxic substances, N-nitrosamines (NAs) have been proved to cause carcinogenesis and mutagenesis in humans. Therefore, to carefully monitor safety and preserve human health, the development of rapid, accurate, and high-sensitivity determination methods of NAs is of substantial importance. This review provides a current-status comprehensive summary of the pretreatment and determination methods of NAs in various samples since 2010. Common pretreatment methods that have been used to extract and purify targets include solid-phase extraction, liquid-liquid extraction and various microextraction methods, such as solid-phase microextraction and liquid-phase microextraction, among others. Determination methods include liquid chromatography, gas chromatography, supercritical fluid chromatography and electrochemical methods, among others. In addition, we discuss and compare the advantages and disadvantages of various pretreatment and analytical methods and examine the prospects in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Bian
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Zhou
- Department of Pharmacy, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Guo-Hui Li
- Department of Pharmacy, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xue-Song Feng
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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Lai CH, Huang HB, Chang YC, Su TY, Wang YC, Wang GC, Chen JE, Tang CS, Wu TN, Liou SH. Exposure to fine particulate matter causes oxidative and methylated DNA damage in young adults: A longitudinal study. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 598:289-296. [PMID: 28445826 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.04.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2017] [Revised: 03/24/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
An increased understanding is needed of the physiological effects and plausible biological mechanisms that link PM2.5 (particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter below 2.5μm) exposure to mortality and morbidities such as atherosclerosis and respiratory disease. PM2.5 causes carcinogenic health effects. Biomonitoring in humans has suggested that 8-oxo-7, 8-dihydro-2-deoxyguanosine (8-oxodG) and N7-methylguanine (N7-MeG) are correlated with oxidative and methylated DNA damage. Thus, it is meaningful to explore the mechanisms of mutagenesis and carcinogenesis associated with oxidative and methylated DNA damage by simultaneously measuring these two markers. We recruited 72 participants from 2 areas (residential and commercial as well as residential and industrial) in the greater Taipei metropolitan area at baseline. Personal samplers were used to collect 24-hour PM2.5-integrated samples. All participants completed an interview, and blood and urine samples were collected the next morning. All collection procedures were repeated twice after a two-month follow-up period. Urinary 8-oxodG and N7-MeG were assayed as biomarkers of oxidative and methylated DNA damage, respectively. Plasma superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase-1 (GPX-1) were measured as biomarkers of antioxidants. Urinary 1-hydroxypyrene (1-OHP) was used as a biomarker of exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). The mean PM2.5 level was 37.3μg/m3 at baseline. PM2.5 concentrations were higher during winter than during spring and summer. After adjusting for confounds through a generalized estimating equation (GEE) analysis, N7-MeG was significantly increased by 8.1% (β=0.034, 95% CIs=0.001-0.068) per 10μg/m3 increment in PM2.5. 8-oxodG levels were positively correlated with N7-MeG according to both cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses, and 1-OHP was significantly associated with increasing 8-oxodG and N7-MeG concentrations. Exposure to PM2.5 increases methylated DNA damage. The mean level of urinary N7-MeG was 1000-fold higher than that of 8-oxodG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Huang Lai
- School of Public Health, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Han-Bin Huang
- School of Public Health, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yue-Cune Chang
- Department of Mathematics, Tamkang University, New Taipei City, Taiwan.
| | - Ting-Yao Su
- School of Public Health, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Chuan Wang
- Division of Occupational Medicine, Department of Family and Community Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Gia-Chi Wang
- Division of Occupational Medicine, Department of Family and Community Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Jia-En Chen
- School of Public Health, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Sheng Tang
- Department of Public Health, College of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Trong-Neng Wu
- Vice Superintendent Office, Headquarter, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan.
| | - Saou-Hsing Liou
- Division of Environmental Health and Occupational Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli County, Taiwan.
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Hong Y, Kim KH, Sang BI, Kim H. Simple quantification method for N-nitrosamines in atmospheric particulates based on facile pretreatment and GC-MS/MS. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2017; 226:324-334. [PMID: 28412030 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Revised: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 04/08/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Nine N-nitrosamines (i.e., N-nitrosomethylamine, N-nitrosodiethylamine (NDEA), N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA), N-nitrosodi-n-propylamine (NDPA), N-nitrosomorpholine (NMor), N-nitrosopyrrolidine (NPyr), N-nitrosopiperidine (NPip), N-nitorosodi-n-butylamine (NDBA), and N-nitrosodiphenylamine (NDPhA) in atmospheric PM2.5 collected in the fall season from an roadside site and a residential in Seoul, Korea have been analyzed using a newly developed method consisting of simple direct liquid extraction assisted by ultrasonication and subsequent quantification using a gas chromatography-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (GC-TQMS). Excellent recovery values (92-100%) and method detection limits for the target compounds atmospheric PM samples could be achieved even without an evaporation step for sample concentration. The concentration of total N-nitrosamines in PM2.5 was ranged from 0.3 to 9.4 ng m-3 in this study; NDMA, NDEA, NDBA, NPyr, and NMor in PM2.5 were found to be the most frequently encountered compounds at the sampling sites. Since no industrial plant is located in Seoul, vehicle exhausts were considered major cause of the formation of nitrosamines in this study. The mechanisms how these compounds are formed and detected in the atmosphere are explained from the viewpoint of secondary organic aerosol. Considering the concentrations of N-nitrosamines and their associated potential health risks, a systematic monitoring of nitrosamines present in both ambient air and PM2.5 including seasonal and diurnal variations of selected sites (including potential precursor sources) should be carried out in the future. The proposed sample pretreatment method along with the analytical method will definitely help us perform the monitoring study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youngmin Hong
- Technical Research Center, Dong-il Shimadzu Co., Seoul 08506, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Hwan Kim
- Technical Research Center, Dong-il Shimadzu Co., Seoul 08506, Republic of Korea
| | - Byoung-In Sang
- Dept. of Chemical Engineering & Bioengineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunook Kim
- Dept. of Environmental Engineering, The University of Seoul, Seoul 02504, Republic of Korea.
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Hodgson JA, Seyler TH, Wang L. Long-Term Stability of Volatile Nitrosamines in Human Urine. J Anal Toxicol 2016; 40:414-8. [PMID: 27274026 DOI: 10.1093/jat/bkw038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Volatile nitrosamines (VNAs) are established teratogens and carcinogens in animals and classified as probable (group 2A) and possible (group 2B) carcinogens in humans by the IARC. High levels of VNAs have been detected in tobacco products and in both mainstream and sidestream smoke. VNA exposure may lead to lipid peroxidation and oxidative stress (e.g., inflammation), chronic diseases (e.g., diabetes) and neurodegenerative diseases (e.g., Alzheimer's disease). To conduct epidemiological studies on the effects of VNA exposure, short-term and long-term stabilities of VNAs in the urine matrix are needed. In this report, the stability of six VNAs (N-nitrosodimethylamine, N-nitrosomethylethylamine, N-nitrosodiethylamine, N-nitrosopiperidine, N-nitrosopyrrolidine and N-nitrosomorpholine) in human urine is analyzed for the first time using in vitro blank urine pools fortified with a standard mixture of all six VNAs. Over a 24-day period, analytes were monitored in samples stored at ∼20°C (collection temperature), 4-10°C (transit temperature) and -20 and -70°C (long-term storage temperatures). All six analytes were stable for 24 days at all temperatures (n = 15). The analytes were then analyzed over a longer time period at -70°C; all analytes were stable for up to 1 year (n = 62). A subset of 44 samples was prepared as a single batch and stored at -20°C, the temperature at which prepared samples are stored. These prepared samples were run in duplicate weekly over 10 weeks, and all six analytes were stable over the entire period (n = 22).
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Affiliation(s)
- James A Hodgson
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE), Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - Tiffany H Seyler
- Tobacco and Volatiles Branch, Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Lanqing Wang
- Tobacco and Volatiles Branch, Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
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Hodgson JA, Seyler TH, McGahee E, Arnstein S, Wang L. A New Automated Method and Sample Data Flow for Analysis of Volatile Nitrosamines in Human Urine. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 7:165-178. [PMID: 26949569 PMCID: PMC4770837 DOI: 10.4236/ajac.2016.72014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Volatile nitrosamines (VNAs) are a group of compounds classified as probable (group 2A) and possible (group 2B) carcinogens in humans. Along with certain foods and contaminated drinking water, VNAs are detected at high levels in tobacco products and in both mainstream and sidestream smoke. Our laboratory monitors six urinary VNAs-N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA), N-nitrosomethylethylamine (NMEA), N-nitrosodiethylamine (NDEA), N-nitrosopiperidine (NPIP), N-nitrosopyrrolidine (NPYR), and N-nitrosomorpholine (NMOR)-using isotope dilution GC-MS/MS (QQQ) for large population studies such as the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). In this paper, we report for the first time a new automated sample preparation method to more efficiently quantitate these VNAs. Automation is done using Hamilton STAR™ and Caliper Staccato™ workstations. This new automated method reduces sample preparation time from 4 hours to 2.5 hours while maintaining precision (inter-run CV < 10%) and accuracy (85% - 111%). More importantly this method increases sample throughput while maintaining a low limit of detection (<10 pg/mL) for all analytes. A streamlined sample data flow was created in parallel to the automated method, in which samples can be tracked from receiving to final LIMs output with minimal human intervention, further minimizing human error in the sample preparation process. This new automated method and the sample data flow are currently applied in bio-monitoring of VNAs in the US non-institutionalized population NHANES 2013-2014 cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- James A Hodgson
- Tobacco and Volatiles Branch, Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, USA ; Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE), Oak Ridge, USA
| | - Tiffany H Seyler
- Tobacco and Volatiles Branch, Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, USA
| | - Ernest McGahee
- Tobacco and Volatiles Branch, Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, USA
| | - Stephen Arnstein
- Tobacco and Volatiles Branch, Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, USA
| | - Lanqing Wang
- Tobacco and Volatiles Branch, Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, USA
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Akyüz M, Ata Ş, Dinç E. A chemometric optimization of method for determination of nitrosamines in gastric juices by GC-MS. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2015; 117:26-36. [PMID: 26342445 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2015.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Revised: 08/14/2015] [Accepted: 08/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A chemometrically optimized isolation procedure combined with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry detection technique has been proposed for quantitative determination of trace levels of nitrosamines in gastric juice samples of patients with the gastrointestinal tract problems. The extraction conditions of each nitrosamine were optimized using regression modelling based on central composite design. The extraction conditions for all nitrosamines were selected to be 10.7 min for extraction time, 4.2 for pH and 23 for 2-propanol percentage in extraction solution. The obtained recoveries of nitrosamines ranged from 94.0 (NDMA) to 99.3 (NDPheA) %, and the precision of this method, as indicated by the relative standard deviations was within the range of 0.7 (NDPheA) and 2.6 (NDMA) %. The detection limits obtained from calculations by using GC-MS results based on S/N=3 were found within the range from 0.3 to 1.1 pg/mL. Total nitrosamine concentrations were found at the highest concentration up to 2431.12 pg/mL in cancer patients, whereas they were found at the lowest concentration down to 12.18 pg/mL in gastritis patients. The classification results of the gastric juice samples in different patient groups were very satisfactory, allowing 100% of patients to be correctly grouped. A new mathematical model has been developed allowing for the classification of gastric juices with a 93.1% success rate based on just the ratio of MNPIZ to DNPIZ. The ratio of MNPIZ to DNPIZ might be considered as a biomarker for the classification of gastric juices of patients and might act as an indicator of increased risk for stomach cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet Akyüz
- Bülent Ecevit University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Analytical Chemistry, 67600 Zonguldak, Turkey.
| | - Şevket Ata
- Bülent Ecevit University, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Department of Chemistry, 67100 Zonguldak, Turkey
| | - Erdal Dinç
- Ankara University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Analytical Chemistry, 06100 Ankara, Turkey
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12
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Inami K, Yasui H, Tsugumi H, Ishikawa S, Mochizuki M. Oxidation of N-Alkyl-N-(3-carboxypropyl)nitrosamines by Iron Porphyrin and Oxidant Forms Alkylating Mutagens. Genes Environ 2013. [DOI: 10.3123/jemsge.2013.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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