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Yao YN, Wang Y, Zhang H, Gao Y, Zhang T, Kannan K. A review of sources, pathways, and toxic effects of human exposure to benzophenone ultraviolet light filters. ECO-ENVIRONMENT & HEALTH (ONLINE) 2024; 3:30-44. [PMID: 38162868 PMCID: PMC10757257 DOI: 10.1016/j.eehl.2023.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Benzophenone ultraviolet light filters (BPs) are high-production-volume chemicals extensively used in personal care products, leading to widespread human exposure. Given their estrogenic properties, the potential health risks associated with exposure to BPs have become a public health concern. This review aims to summarize sources and pathways of exposure to BPs and associated health risks. Dermal exposure, primarily through the use of sunscreens, constitutes a major pathway for BP exposure. At a recommended application rate, dermal exposure of BP-3 via the application of sunscreens may reach or exceed the suggested reference dose. Other exposure pathways to BPs, such as drinking water, seafood, and packaged foods, contribute minimal to the overall dose. Inhalation is a minor pathway of exposure; however, its contribution cannot be ignored. Human exposure to BPs is an order of magnitude higher in North America than in Asia and Europe. Studies conducted on laboratory animals and cells have consistently demonstrated the toxic effects of BP exposure. BPs are estrogenic and elicit reproductive and developmental toxicities. Furthermore, neurotoxicity, hepatotoxicity, nephrotoxicity, and carcinogenicity have been reported from chronic BP exposure. In addition to animal and cell studies, epidemiological investigations have identified associations between BPs and couples' fecundity and other reproductive disorders, as well as adverse birth outcomes. Further studies are urgently needed to understand the risks posed by BPs on human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Nan Yao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - You Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Hengling Zhang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Yanxia Gao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Kurunthachalam Kannan
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York, NY 12237, USA
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2
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Pesticide content analysis of red and yellow watermelon juices through a solid phase microextraction using a green copper-based metal-organic framework synthesized in water followed by a liquid phase microextraction procedure. ANAL SCI 2023; 39:357-368. [PMID: 36562955 DOI: 10.1007/s44211-022-00249-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
For the first time, this survey demonstrates the use of MIL-53 (Cu) in an analytical method for the detection and determination of some pesticides through their extraction and preconcentration from red and yellow watermelon juices. The other predominance of the research is using a green metal-organic framework that is based on copper and synthesized in deionized water. After conducting the synthesis process, Fourier transform infrared spectrophotometry, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and nitrogen adsorption/desorption analyses were carried out. In the analytical approach, the samples were accompanied by the sorbent addition and vortexed to facilitate the sorption of the analytes onto the sorbent and then centrifuged to be settled down. Then, the analyte-loaded sorbent particles were treated with mL-volume of acetonitrile and subjected to vortexing and centrifugation. Eventually, the eluate was mixed with μL-level of carbon tetrachloride and instantly injected into deionized water. The resulting milky solution was centrifuged and consequently, the sedimentation of the organic phase occurred at the bottom of the conical glass test tube. An aliquot of it was injected into a gas chromatograph equipped with flame ionization detector. Low limits of detection (0.85-1.24 μg L-1) and quantification (2.80-4.10 μg L-1), high enrichment factors (275-330), and reasonable extraction recoveries (55-66%) were the main achievements of the presented method. It is worthwhile to be confessed that chlorpyrifos was detected in red watermelon juice at a concentration of 27 ± 2 μg L-1.
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Karsauliya K, Bhateria M, Sonker AK, Yahavi C, Gautam SS, Karsauliya S, Singh SP. Detection of bisphenols in Indian surface water, tap water, and packaged drinking water using dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction: exposure assessment for health risk. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:17776-17790. [PMID: 36201081 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-23293-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The prevalence of bisphenols (BPs) has been well documented in the aquatic environment of many countries, but such studies from India are quite limited. The present work aimed to determine the occurrence of BPs in surface water (n = 96), tap water (n = 172), and packaged drinking water (n = 42) and estimate their exposure to humans. For this, a simple, sensitive, cost-effective, and green analytical chemistry method based on dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME) was employed. Bisphenol A (BPA) was found as the most prevalent bisphenol (mean concentration range = 980-6470 ng/L) in all the water samples, with a % detection frequency of 17-39%. Bisphenol S (BPS) and bisphenol Z (BPZ) were also detected in all types of water samples. The mean estimated daily intake (EDI) for total BPs (tap water and packaged drinking water) was found to be 474.37 ng/kg b.w./day in adults and 665.65 ng/kg b.w./day in children, respectively. This indicated that the total exposure to all the detected BPs obtained for adults and children was lower than the temporary tolerable daily intake (t-TDI) recommended by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) (4 μg/kg b.w./day), thereby posing no substantial risks to humans from consuming water from the tap and/or packaged drinking water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kajal Karsauliya
- Toxicokinetics Laboratory/Analytical Chemistry Laboratory, Regulatory Toxicology Group, CSIR - Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Lucknow, 226001, India
| | - Manisha Bhateria
- Toxicokinetics Laboratory/Analytical Chemistry Laboratory, Regulatory Toxicology Group, CSIR - Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Lucknow, 226001, India
| | - Ashish Kumar Sonker
- Toxicokinetics Laboratory/Analytical Chemistry Laboratory, Regulatory Toxicology Group, CSIR - Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Lucknow, 226001, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - Chandrasekharan Yahavi
- Toxicokinetics Laboratory/Analytical Chemistry Laboratory, Regulatory Toxicology Group, CSIR - Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Lucknow, 226001, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - Shashyendra Singh Gautam
- Toxicokinetics Laboratory/Analytical Chemistry Laboratory, Regulatory Toxicology Group, CSIR - Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Lucknow, 226001, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
- Biocon - Bristol-Myers Squibb Research Centre, Syngene International Ltd., Bangalore, India
| | | | - Sheelendra Pratap Singh
- Toxicokinetics Laboratory/Analytical Chemistry Laboratory, Regulatory Toxicology Group, CSIR - Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Lucknow, 226001, India.
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India.
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Li Y, He M, Chen B, Hu B. A Schiff base networks coated stir bar for sorptive extraction of pyrethroid pesticide residues in tobacco. J Chromatogr A 2023; 1689:463759. [PMID: 36599193 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2022.463759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 12/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Schiff base networks (SNWs) were introduced as a new stir bar coating, and a method of SNWs- coated stir bar sorptive extraction (SBSE) coupled to high performance liquid chromatography-ultraviolet detector (HPLC-UV) was developed for determination of pyrethroid pesticide residues in tobacco. The prepared amorphous SNWs polymer from melamine and 3,5-dihydroxybenzaldehyde riches in triazine rings, hydroxyl groups and amino groups, and the SNWs/polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) stir bar prepared by sol-gel method can extract weakly polar pyrethroid pesticides through hydrophobic, π-π and hydrogen bonding. The SNWs/PDMS stir bar exhibited high extraction efficiency toward pyrethroid pesticides (70-76%) and good mechanical stability with reused time more than 50 times. Under the optimal experimental conditions, the limits of detection were 0.20 - 0.66 µg/L with relative standard deviation varying in the range of 2.3-8.2%, which meets the requirements of trace analysis of pesticide residues in the tobacco industry. The method was applied to the determination of six pyrethroid pesticides in cigarette samples, and the recovery for the spiked samples ranged from 82 to 117%, showing a great applicability for the analysis of pesticide residues in real samples with a complex sample matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Li
- Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, P. R. China
| | - Man He
- Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, P. R. China
| | - Beibei Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, P. R. China.
| | - Bin Hu
- Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, P. R. China
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Analytical application of MIL-53 (Al) for the extraction of pesticides from fruit juices following their preconcentration through dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction. TALANTA OPEN 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talo.2022.100121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Valverde-Som L, Reguera C, Herrero A, Sarabia L, Ortiz M. Determination of polymer additive residues that migrate from coffee capsules by means of stir bar sorptive extraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and PARAFAC decomposition. Food Packag Shelf Life 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fpsl.2021.100664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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7
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Manousi N, Kabir A, Zachariadis GA. Recent advances in the extraction of triazine herbicides from water samples. J Sep Sci 2021; 45:113-133. [PMID: 34047458 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202100313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Pesticides are excessively used in agriculture to improve the quality of crops by eliminating the negative effects of pests. Among the different groups of pesticides, triazine pesticides are a group of compounds that contain a substituted C3 H3 N3 heterocyclic ring, and they are widely used. Triazine pesticides can be dangerous for humans as well as for the aquatic environment because of their high toxicity and endocrine disrupting effect. However, the concentration of these chemical compounds in water samples is low. Moreover, other compounds that may exist in the water samples can interfere with the determination of triazine pesticides. As a result, it is important to develop sample preparation methods that provide preconcentration of the target analyte and sufficient clean-up of the samples. Recently, a wide variety of novel microextraction and miniaturized extraction techniques (e.g., solid-phase microextraction and liquid-phase microextraction, stir bar sorptive extraction, fabric phase sorptive extraction, dispersive solid-phase extraction, and magnetic solid-phase extraction) have been developed. In this review, we aim to discuss the recent advances regarding the extraction of triazine pesticides from environmental water samples. Emphasis will be given to novel sample preparation methods and novel sorbents developed for sorbent-based extraction techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Manousi
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Abuzar Kabir
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - George A Zachariadis
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
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8
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Tian P, Zhang B, Lv L, Xie L, Chen H, He B. An electrochemical aptasensor-based Co xP-decorated porous carbon microspheres and AuNRs labelled methylene blue as signal labels for the sensitive detection of PCB77. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2020; 12:4579-4587. [PMID: 33001070 DOI: 10.1039/d0ay01462a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In this work, a simple, specific and ultra-sensitive electrochemical aptasensor was successfully developed based on a novel signal reduction strategy for the detection of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB77). This aptasensor was prepared by the electrodeposition of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) on an Au electrode (AuE) modified with cobalt phosphide (CoxP, a mixture of CoP and Co2P) decorated porous carbon microspheres. In this study, the thiolated single-complementary DNA (cDNA) was immobilized on the surface of the modified electrode via the Au-S bond. Subsequently, the gold nanorod@methylene blue connection aptamer (AuNRs@MB-Apt) signal labels were immobilized onto the modified electrode through the principle of complementary base pairing. Further, the aptamer preferentially binds to PCB77, decreasing the amount of AuNR@MB-Apt. The DPV current response was related to the PCB77 concentration. Under the optimized experimental conditions, a low detection limit of 5.9 × 10-2 ng L-1 and a wide linear range of 1 × 10-11 mg mL-1 to 1 × 10-4 mg mL-1 (S/N = 3) for PCB77 were achieved. Moreover, the proposed aptasensor offered high selectivity, stability and reproducibility, indicating the broad potential application in environmental monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panpan Tian
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Lianhua Road 100#, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan Province, People's Republic of China
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Mollahosseini A, Alamshahi M, Rastegari M. Determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in non-alcoholic beer by mechanical stir bar sorptive extraction-gas chromatography. JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2020; 57:3792-3800. [PMID: 32904048 PMCID: PMC7447716 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-020-04411-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Afsaneh Mollahosseini
- Research Laboratory of Spectroscopy and Micro and Nano Extraction, Department of Chemistry, Iran University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 16846/11367, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mona Alamshahi
- Research Laboratory of Spectroscopy and Micro and Nano Extraction, Department of Chemistry, Iran University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 16846/11367, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Rastegari
- Environmental Research Laboratory, School of Civil Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran
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Skaggs CS, Alluhayb AH, Logue BA. Comparison of the extraction efficiency of ice concentration linked with extractive stirrer, stir bar sorptive extraction, and solid-phase microextraction for pesticides from drinking water. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1622:461102. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.461102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Wang H, Liu ZH, Tang Z, Zhang J, Yin H, Dang Z, Wu PX, Liu Y. Bisphenol analogues in Chinese bottled water: Quantification and potential risk analysis. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 713:136583. [PMID: 31955091 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.136583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Revised: 01/05/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Polycarbonate (PC) and polyethylene terephthalate (PET) as the package materials have been widely used for Chinese bottled water, from which estrogenic bisphenol analogues might migrate into bottled water. Therefore, there is a strong need to investigate the occurrence and potential risk of such estrogenic bisphenol analogues in Chinese bottled waters. In this study, a GC-MS method was first established and validated for determination of trace-level ten kinds of bisphenol analogues, including bisphenol A (BPA), bisphenol B (BPB), bisphenol C (BPC), bisphenol E (BPE), bisphenol F (BPF), bisphenol P (BPP), bisphenol S (BPS), bisphenol Z (BPZ), bisphenol AP (BPAP), and bisphenol AF (BPAF). BPA was detected in all eleven brands of PET bottled waters with concentrations of 12.4-44.9 ng/L. Some bisphenol analogues were detected in PET bottled waters, and the average concentrations of BPA, BPE, and BPAF in PET bottled waters were found to be 20.8, 1.8, and 2.2 ng/L, respectively. The other eight bisphenol analogues were not detected in PET bottled waters. On the other hand, BPA was detected with high concentrations of 111.8 to 6452.8 ng/L in ten brands of PC bottled water. The average concentrations of BPA, BPS, BPAP, and BPAF were determined to be 1394.3, 1.9, 1.4 and 1.0 ng/L, respectively, while the other seven bisphenol analogues were not detected. High BPA concentration detected in PC bottled waters would remarkably increase human BPA daily intake through daily consumption of such bottled waters. Meanwhile, high estrogen equivalence (EEQ) in PC bottled waters of China is mainly due to the presence of BPA, which may imply adverse effect on human. Therefore, further investigation should be dedicated to assess PC bottled water-associated BPA risks in a more holistic manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Wang
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, China
| | - Ze-Hua Liu
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, China; Key Lab Pollution Control & Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Cluster, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, China; Guangdong Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Solid Waste Treatment and Recycling, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, China; Guangdong Provincial Engineering and Technology Research Center for Environment Risk Prevention and Emergency Disposal, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, China.
| | - Zhao Tang
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, China
| | - Hua Yin
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhi Dang
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, China
| | - Ping-Xiao Wu
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, China
| | - Yu Liu
- Advanced Environmental Biotechnology Center, Nanyang Environment and Water Research Institute, Nanyang Technological University, CleanTech one, 637141, Singapore; School of Civil and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 639798, Singapore
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Mollahosseini A, Rastegari M, Hatefi N. Electrospun Polyacrylonitrile as a New Coating for Mechanical Stir Bar Sorptive Extraction of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons from Water Samples. Chromatographia 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-020-03874-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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13
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Zheng S, He M, Chen B, Hu B. Porous aromatic framework coated stir bar sorptive extraction coupled with high performance liquid chromatography for the analysis of triazine herbicides in maize samples. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1614:460728. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.460728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Revised: 11/17/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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14
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Ku PC, Liu TY, Lee SH, Kung TA, Wang WH. An environmentally friendly strategy for determining organic ultraviolet filters in seawater using liquid-phase microextraction with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:9818-9825. [PMID: 31925700 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-07599-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Benzophenone-3, benzophenone-8, and 4-methylbenzylidene camphor are used in sunscreens because they can protect the skin from UV radiation. The widespread use of organic UV filters may mean that they directly or indirectly enter seawater during recreational activities or through sewage discharge. In this study, a simple and efficient method using 1-octanol:isooctane (2:8, v/v) as an extraction solvent and liquid chromatography-electrospray tandem mass spectrometry was developed to measure trace levels of organic UV filters in seawater samples. This proposed method proved to be a highly sensitive, low-cost, and green analytical tool that requires minimal sample preparation. The method was validated and it exhibited favorable performance as well as acceptable accuracy (67 to 115%), precision (2.1 to 7.3%), coefficients of determination (0.9952 < R2 < 0.9987), sensitivity (limits of quantification [3.3 to 5.7 ng L-1]), and an acceptable matrix effect (87 to 99%). This methodology was successfully applied to analyze seawater taken from Kenting National Park located in the Hengchun Peninsula of southern Taiwan. Benzophenone-3 was detected at all sampling sites and at a higher concentration than the other organic UV filters. The highest concentration of benzophenone-3 was 514.6 ng L-1 in a sample collected from Baisha Beach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping-Chang Ku
- Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources, National Sun Yat-Sen University, 70 Lien-hai Road, Kaohsiung, 80424, Taiwan
| | - Ting-Yu Liu
- Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources, National Sun Yat-Sen University, 70 Lien-hai Road, Kaohsiung, 80424, Taiwan
| | - Shu Hui Lee
- Center of General Education, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, No. 415, Jiangong Road, Kaohsiung, 80778, Taiwan
| | - Te-An Kung
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Hsien Wang
- Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources, National Sun Yat-Sen University, 70 Lien-hai Road, Kaohsiung, 80424, Taiwan.
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16
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Luo Q, Liu ZH, Yin H, Dang Z, Wu PX, Zhu NW, Lin Z, Liu Y. Migration and potential risk of trace phthalates in bottled water: A global situation. WATER RESEARCH 2018; 147:362-372. [PMID: 30326398 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2018.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Revised: 08/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Increasing attention has been dedicated to trace phthalates in bottled water due to the serious concerns on public health, while there is still a lack of systematic analysis and assessment of current global situation. Through analyzing five representative phthalates in bottled water over 20 countries, this work clearly revealed the phthalates-associated potential risks in both human daily intake and estrogenic effect. In the risk assessment, the kinetic models were also developed to describe and predict phthalates migration. In more than three hundred brands of bottled waters from twenty one countries, the detection frequency of the five targeted phthalates was found to be in the order of dibutyl phthalate (DBP, 67.6%), di-2-(ethyl hexyl) phthalate (DEHP, 61.7%), diethyl phthalate (DEP, 47.1%), benzyl butyl phthalate (BBP, 36.9%), and dimethyl phthalate (DMP, 30.1%). Among the countries studied relating concentrations of DEHP in bottled waters, the top five countries ranked in the order of high to low were Thailand, Croatia, Czech Republic, Saudi Arabia and China with an average level of 61.1, 8.8, 6.3, 6.2 and 6.1 μg/L, respectively. The average levels of BBP, DBP, DMP and DEP in bottled water from Pakistan were high, in which DEP and DMP were ranked 1st among all countries with the average levels of 22.4 and 50.2 μg/L, while BBP and DBP were ranked 2nd and 3rd with the average levels of 7.5 and 17.8 μg/L, respectively. The human daily intake-based risk assessment revealed that phthalates in bottled waters studied would not pose a serious concern on public health. However, the adverse estrogenic effects of phthalates in bottled water from some countries appeared to be significant. This study just shed light on global situation of phthalates in bottled water, and more efforts should be needed to systematically examine the phthalates-related safety of bottled water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Luo
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China
| | - Ze-Hua Liu
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China; Key Lab Pollution Control & Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Cluster, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China; Guangdong Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Solid Waste Treatment and Recycling, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China; Guangdong Provincial Engineering and Technology Research Center for Environment Risk Prevention and Emergency Disposal, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China.
| | - Hua Yin
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhi Dang
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China
| | - Ping-Xiao Wu
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China
| | - Neng-Wu Zhu
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhang Lin
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China; Guangdong Engineering and Technology Research Center for Environmental Nanomaterials, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China
| | - Yu Liu
- Advanced Environmental Biotechnology Center, Nanyang Environment and Water Research Institute, Nanyang Technological University, CleanTech One, 637141, Singapore; School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 639798, Singapore
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Aneck-Hahn NH, Van Zijl MC, Swart P, Truebody B, Genthe B, Charmier J, Jager CD. Estrogenic activity, selected plasticizers and potential health risks associated with bottled water in South Africa. JOURNAL OF WATER AND HEALTH 2018; 16:253-262. [PMID: 29676761 DOI: 10.2166/wh.2018.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Potential endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) are present in bottled water from various countries. In South Africa (SA), increased bottled water consumption and concomitant increases in plastic packaging create important consequences for public health. This study aimed to screen SA bottled water for estrogenic activity, selected target chemicals and assessing potential health risks. Ten bottled water brands were exposed to 20 °C and 40 °C over 10 days. Estrogenic activity was assessed using the recombinant yeast estrogen screen (YES) and the T47D-KBluc reporter gene assay. Solid phase extracts of samples were analyzed for bis(2-ethylhexyl) adipate (DEHA), selected phthalates, bisphenol-A (BPA), 4-nonylphenol (4-NP), 17β-estradiol (E2), estrone (E1), and ethynylestradiol (EE2) using gas chromatography-mass spectrophotometry. Using a scenario-based health risk assessment, human health risks associated with bottled water consumption were evaluated. Estrogenic activity was detected at 20 °C (n = 2) and at 40 °C (n = 8). Estradiol equivalent (EEq) values ranged from 0.001 to 0.003 ng/L. BPA concentrations ranged from 0.9 ng/L to 10.06 ng/L. Although EEqs and BPA concentrations were higher in bottled water stored at 40 °C compared to 20 °C, samples posed an acceptable risk for a lifetime of exposure. Irrespective of temperature, bottled water from SA contained chemicals with acceptable health risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie H Aneck-Hahn
- Environmental Chemical Pollution and Health Research Unit, School of Health Systems and Public Health, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X323, Arcadia 0007, South Africa E-mail: ; Environmental Chemical Pollution and Health Research Unit, Department of Urology, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X323, Arcadia 0007, South Africa
| | - Magdalena C Van Zijl
- Environmental Chemical Pollution and Health Research Unit, School of Health Systems and Public Health, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X323, Arcadia 0007, South Africa E-mail: ; Environmental Chemical Pollution and Health Research Unit, Department of Urology, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X323, Arcadia 0007, South Africa
| | - Pieter Swart
- Central Analytical Facility, Department of Biochemistry, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa
| | - Barry Truebody
- Central Analytical Facility, Department of Biochemistry, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa
| | - Bettina Genthe
- Council for Scientific and Industrial Research: Natural Resources and the Environment, P.O. Box 320, Stellenbosch 7599, South Africa
| | - Jessica Charmier
- Council for Scientific and Industrial Research: Natural Resources and the Environment, P.O. Box 320, Stellenbosch 7599, South Africa
| | - Christiaan De Jager
- Environmental Chemical Pollution and Health Research Unit, School of Health Systems and Public Health, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X323, Arcadia 0007, South Africa E-mail:
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18
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Le Coadou L, Le Ménach K, Labadie P, Dévier MH, Pardon P, Augagneur S, Budzinski H. Quality survey of natural mineral water and spring water sold in France: Monitoring of hormones, pharmaceuticals, pesticides, perfluoroalkyl substances, phthalates, and alkylphenols at the ultra-trace level. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 603-604:651-662. [PMID: 28343692 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.11.174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2016] [Revised: 11/24/2016] [Accepted: 11/24/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the present study, one of the most complete ever performed in France, was to carry out an extensive survey on the potential presence of a large amount of emerging contaminants in 40 French bottled waters, including parent compounds and metabolites. The studied samples represented 70% of the French bottled water market in volume. Six classes of compounds were investigated, most of them being unregulated in bottled waters: pesticides and their transformation products (118), pharmaceutical substances (172), hormones (11), alkylphenols (APs) (8), phthalates (11) and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) (10). One of the objectives of this work was to achieve low and reliable limits of quantification (LOQs) (87% of the LOQs were below 10ng/L) using advanced analytical technologies and reliable sample preparation methodologies, including stringent quality controls. Among the 14,000 analyses performed, 99.7% of the results were below the LOQs. None of the hormones, pharmaceutical substances and phthalates were quantified. Nineteen compounds out of the 330 investigated were quantified in 11 samples. Eleven were pesticides including 7 metabolites, 6 were PFAS and 2 were APs. As regards pesticides, their sum was at least twice lower than the quality standards applicable for bottled waters in France. The presence of a majority of pesticide metabolites suggested a former use in the recharge areas of the exploited aquifers. The quantification of a few unregulated emerging compounds at the nano-trace level, such as PFAS, raised the issue of their potential sources, including long-range atmospheric transport and deposition. This study confirmed that the groundwater aquifers exploited for bottling were well-preserved from chemicals, as compared to less geologically protected groundwaters, and also underlined the need to pursue the protection policies implemented in recharge areas in order to limit the anthropogenic pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurine Le Coadou
- Université de Bordeaux, EPOC, UMR 5805 LPTC, 351, Cours de la Libération, 33405 Talence, France
| | - Karyn Le Ménach
- Université de Bordeaux, EPOC, UMR 5805 LPTC, 351, Cours de la Libération, 33405 Talence, France
| | - Pierre Labadie
- CNRS, EPOC, UMR 5805 LPTC, 351, Cours de la Libération, 33405 Talence, France
| | - Marie-Hélène Dévier
- Université de Bordeaux, EPOC, UMR 5805 LPTC, 351, Cours de la Libération, 33405 Talence, France
| | - Patrick Pardon
- Université de Bordeaux, EPOC, UMR 5805 LPTC, 351, Cours de la Libération, 33405 Talence, France
| | - Sylvie Augagneur
- Université de Bordeaux, EPOC, UMR 5805 LPTC, 351, Cours de la Libération, 33405 Talence, France
| | - Hélène Budzinski
- CNRS, EPOC, UMR 5805 LPTC, 351, Cours de la Libération, 33405 Talence, France.
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19
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Polydimethylsiloxane/MIL-100(Fe) coated stir bar sorptive extraction-high performance liquid chromatography for the determination of triazines in environmental water samples. Talanta 2017; 175:158-167. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2017.05.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2017] [Revised: 05/06/2017] [Accepted: 05/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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20
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One-Step Synthesis of Zirconia and Magnetite Nanocomposite Immobilized Chitosan for Micro-Solid-Phase Extraction of Organophosphorous Pesticides from Juice and Water Samples Prior to Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectroscopy. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-016-0769-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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21
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Development of zirconia nanoparticles-decorated calcium alginate hydrogel fibers for extraction of organophosphorous pesticides from water and juice samples: Facile synthesis and application with elimination of matrix effects. J Chromatogr A 2016; 1473:28-37. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.10.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Revised: 10/16/2016] [Accepted: 10/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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22
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Ahmadkhaniha R, Rastkari N. Development of a carbon nanotube-coated stir bar for determination of organophosphorus pesticides in water. ASIA-PAC J CHEM ENG 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/apj.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Reza Ahmadkhaniha
- Department of Human Ecology, School of Public Health; Tehran University of Medical Sciences; Tehran Iran
| | - Noushin Rastkari
- Center for Air Pollution Research (CAPR), Institute for Environmental Research (IER); Tehran University of Medical Sciences; Tehran Iran
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Haleyur N, Shahsavari E, Mansur AA, Koshlaf E, Morrison PD, Osborn AM, Ball AS. Comparison of rapid solvent extraction systems for the GC-MS/MS characterization of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in aged, contaminated soil. MethodsX 2016; 3:364-70. [PMID: 27200269 PMCID: PMC4864413 DOI: 10.1016/j.mex.2016.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are a major class of organic hydrocarbons with high molecular weight that originate from both natural and anthropogenic sources. Sixteen PAHs are included in the U.S Environmental Protection agency list of priority pollutants due to their mutagenic, carcinogenic, toxic and teratogenic properties. In this study, the development and optimization of a simplified and rapid solvent extraction for the characterisation of 16 USEPA priority poly aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in aged contaminated soils was established with subsequent analysis by GC–MS/MS. Five different extraction solvent systems: dichloromethane: acetone, chloroform: methanol, dichloromethane, acetone: hexane and hexane were assessed in terms of their ability to extract PAHs from aged PAH-contaminated soils. Highest PAH concentrations were extracted using acetone: hexane and chloroform: methanol. Given the greater toxicity associated with chloroform: methanol, acetone: hexane appears the best choice of solvent extraction system. This protocol enables efficient extraction of PAHs from aged weathered soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nagalakshmi Haleyur
- Centre for Environmental Sustainability and Remediation, School of Science, RMIT University, Bundoora, Melbourne, VIC 3083, Australia
| | - Esmaeil Shahsavari
- Centre for Environmental Sustainability and Remediation, School of Science, RMIT University, Bundoora, Melbourne, VIC 3083, Australia
| | - Abdulatif A Mansur
- Centre for Environmental Sustainability and Remediation, School of Science, RMIT University, Bundoora, Melbourne, VIC 3083, Australia; Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Azawia University, Libya
| | - Eman Koshlaf
- Centre for Environmental Sustainability and Remediation, School of Science, RMIT University, Bundoora, Melbourne, VIC 3083, Australia
| | - Paul D Morrison
- Centre for Environmental Sustainability and Remediation, School of Science, RMIT University, Bundoora, Melbourne, VIC 3083, Australia
| | - A Mark Osborn
- Centre for Environmental Sustainability and Remediation, School of Science, RMIT University, Bundoora, Melbourne, VIC 3083, Australia
| | - Andrew S Ball
- Centre for Environmental Sustainability and Remediation, School of Science, RMIT University, Bundoora, Melbourne, VIC 3083, Australia
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24
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Lei Y, He M, Chen B, Hu B. Polyaniline/cyclodextrin composite coated stir bar sorptive extraction combined with high performance liquid chromatography-ultraviolet detection for the analysis of trace polychlorinated biphenyls in environmental waters. Talanta 2016; 150:310-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2015.12.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2015] [Revised: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 12/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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25
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Manoli E, Voutsa D. Food Containers and Packaging Materials as Possible Source of Hazardous Chemicals to Food. THE HANDBOOK OF ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/698_2016_121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
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26
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Lin S, Gan N, Zhang J, Qiao L, Chen Y, Cao Y. Aptamer-functionalized stir bar sorptive extraction coupled with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry for selective enrichment and determination of polychlorinated biphenyls in fish samples. Talanta 2015; 149:266-274. [PMID: 26717840 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2015.11.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2015] [Revised: 11/17/2015] [Accepted: 11/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, a novel aptamer-functionalized stir bar sorptive extraction (SBSE) was developed for selective enrichment of the low abundance polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) from fish samples. This approach was based on the immobilization of aptamer which could recognize 2,3',5,5'-tetrachlorobiphenyl (PCB72) and 2',3',4',5,5'-pentachlorobiphenyl (PCB106) on one kind of metal-organic frameworks (Zn4O(BDC)3, MOF-5). MOF-5 as a substrate was prepared by potential-controlled cathodic electrodeposition on stainless steel. This aptamer-functionalized stir bar sorptive extraction (Apt-MOF SBSE) fiber could be facile synthesized in one-step. PCB72 and PCB106 were employed as target analytes for selective extraction by the developed method. The adsorbed targets could be desorbed easily in pH 3.0 100mM glycine-HCl buffers and then extracted by the methylene chloride. Afterwards, the detection was carried out with gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The Apt-MOF SBSE pretreatment coupled with GC-MS exhibited high selectivity, good binding capacity, stability and reproducibility for the detection of PCBs. It provided a linear range of 0.02-250ngmL(-1) with a good coefficient of determination (R(2)=0.9991-0.9996) and the detection limit was 0.003-0.004ngmL(-1). More importantly, the method was successfully utilized for the determination of PCBs in fish samples with good enrichment factor (1930-2304). Therefore, this new SBSE coating opens up the possibility of selective enrichment of a given target PCBs from complex fish samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saichai Lin
- The State Key Laboratory Base of Novel Functional Materials and Preparation Science, Faculty of Material Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Ning Gan
- The State Key Laboratory Base of Novel Functional Materials and Preparation Science, Faculty of Material Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China.
| | - Jiabin Zhang
- The State Key Laboratory Base of Novel Functional Materials and Preparation Science, Faculty of Material Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Li Qiao
- Faculty of Marine Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Yinji Chen
- Deptartment of Food Science and Engineering/Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety, Nanjing University of Finance & Economics, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuting Cao
- The State Key Laboratory Base of Novel Functional Materials and Preparation Science, Faculty of Material Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
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27
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Huang Z, Lee HK. Micro-solid-phase extraction of organochlorine pesticides using porous metal-organic framework MIL-101 as sorbent. J Chromatogr A 2015; 1401:9-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.04.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2015] [Revised: 04/26/2015] [Accepted: 04/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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28
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Real M, Molina-Molina JM, Jiménez-Díaz I, Arrebola JP, Sáenz JM, Fernández MF, Olea N. Screening of hormone-like activities in bottled waters available in Southern Spain using receptor-specific bioassays. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2015; 74:125-35. [PMID: 25454229 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2014.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2014] [Revised: 10/07/2014] [Accepted: 10/07/2014] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Bottled water consumption is a putative source of human exposure to endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs). Research has been conducted on the presence of chemicals with estrogen-like activity in bottled waters and on their estrogenicity, but few data are available on the presence of hormonal activities associated with other nuclear receptors (NRs). The aim of this study was to determine the presence of endocrine activities dependent on the activation of human estrogen receptor alpha (hERa) and/or androgen receptor (hAR) in water in glass or plastic bottles sold to consumers in Southern Spain. Hormone-like activities were evaluated in 29 bottled waters using receptor-specific bioassays based on reporter gene expression in PALM cells [(anti-)androgenicity] and cell proliferation assessment in MCF-7 cells [(anti-)estrogenicity] after optimized solid phase extraction (SPE). All of the water samples analyzed showed hormonal activity. This was estrogenic in 79.3% and anti-estrogenic in 37.9% of samples and was androgenic in 27.5% and anti-androgenic in 41.3%, with mean concentrations per liter of 0.113pM 17β-estradiol (E2) equivalent units (E2Eq), 11.01pM anti-estrogen (ICI 182780) equivalent units (ICI 182780Eq), 0.33pM methyltrienolone (R1881) equivalent units (R1881Eq), and 0.18nM procymidone equivalent units (ProcEq). Bottled water consumption contributes to EDC exposure. Hormone-like activities observed in waters from both plastic and glass bottles suggest that plastic packaging is not the sole source of contamination and that the source of the water and bottling process may play a role, among other factors. Further research is warranted on the cumulative effects of long-term exposure to low doses of EDCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Macarena Real
- Laboratory of Medical Investigations, San Cecilio University Hospital, University of Granada, Granada, E-18071, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, Granada, E-18012, Spain
| | - José-Manuel Molina-Molina
- Laboratory of Medical Investigations, San Cecilio University Hospital, University of Granada, Granada, E-18071, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, Granada, E-18012, Spain; CIBER en Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Granada, E-18071, Spain.
| | - Inmaculada Jiménez-Díaz
- Laboratory of Medical Investigations, San Cecilio University Hospital, University of Granada, Granada, E-18071, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, Granada, E-18012, Spain
| | - Juan Pedro Arrebola
- Laboratory of Medical Investigations, San Cecilio University Hospital, University of Granada, Granada, E-18071, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, Granada, E-18012, Spain
| | - José-María Sáenz
- Laboratory of Medical Investigations, San Cecilio University Hospital, University of Granada, Granada, E-18071, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, Granada, E-18012, Spain
| | - Mariana F Fernández
- Laboratory of Medical Investigations, San Cecilio University Hospital, University of Granada, Granada, E-18071, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, Granada, E-18012, Spain; CIBER en Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Granada, E-18071, Spain
| | - Nicolás Olea
- Laboratory of Medical Investigations, San Cecilio University Hospital, University of Granada, Granada, E-18071, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, Granada, E-18012, Spain; CIBER en Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Granada, E-18071, Spain
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