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Kouvara K, Kosmopoulou A, Fakiris E, Christodoulou D, Filippides A, Katsanevakis S, Ioakeimidis C, Geraga M, Xirotagarou P, Galgani F, Papatheodorou G. Assessing marine litter in a highly polluted area in the Mediterranean: A multi-perspective approach in the Saronikos Gulf, Greece. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2024; 203:116497. [PMID: 38796930 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2024.116497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 05/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Marine litter poses a significant environmental challenge in the Saronikos Gulf, Greece. Employing an integrated approach, data from both beach and underwater sites were analyzed. The average litter density on beaches was 2.61 items m-2, with plastic being the most common material, notably small polystyrene fragments and cigarette butts. The western part of the Gulf exhibited higher litter density, mainly due to surface circulation patterns. Most beaches fell short of meeting Good Environmental Status criteria for marine litter. Higher litter densities were observed in autumn. Benthic litter density decreased with depth, being 23 times higher in shallower waters, with plastic being the predominant type. This extensive study offers crucial insights into the pollution status and litter distribution in the Saronikos Gulf, contributing significantly to the global understanding of marine litter distribution on coastal ecosystems. Such information is crucial for raising awareness, informing policy decisions, and driving environmental actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Kouvara
- Laboratory of Marine Geology and Physical Oceanography (Oceanus-Lab), Department of Geology, University of Patras, 26504, Greece.
| | - A Kosmopoulou
- A.C. Laskaridis Charitable Foundation, Zalokosta 4, Athens 10671, Greece
| | - E Fakiris
- Laboratory of Marine Geology and Physical Oceanography (Oceanus-Lab), Department of Geology, University of Patras, 26504, Greece
| | - D Christodoulou
- Laboratory of Marine Geology and Physical Oceanography (Oceanus-Lab), Department of Geology, University of Patras, 26504, Greece
| | - A Filippides
- OZON, Non-Governmental Organization, Corinth 20100, Greece
| | - S Katsanevakis
- Department of Marine Sciences, University of the Aegean, 81100, Greece
| | - C Ioakeimidis
- UN Environment Programme/Mediterranean Action Plan (UNEP/MAP), Vas. Konstantinou 48, Athens 11635, Greece
| | - M Geraga
- Laboratory of Marine Geology and Physical Oceanography (Oceanus-Lab), Department of Geology, University of Patras, 26504, Greece
| | - P Xirotagarou
- A.C. Laskaridis Charitable Foundation, Zalokosta 4, Athens 10671, Greece
| | - F Galgani
- Ifremer Centre Mediterranée, Laboratoire LER/PAC, immeuble Agostini, ZI Furiani, Bastia, Corse 20600, France
| | - G Papatheodorou
- Laboratory of Marine Geology and Physical Oceanography (Oceanus-Lab), Department of Geology, University of Patras, 26504, Greece
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Marassi R, Pinheiro M, Caetano M, Raimundo J, Oliveira R, Martins I, Coimbra J, Castro LFC, Neuparth T, Santos MM. Deep-sea mining: using hyperbaric conditions to study the impact of sediment plumes in the subtidal clam Spisula solida. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:105675-105684. [PMID: 37715912 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-29560-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/18/2023]
Abstract
With the growing interest to exploit mineral resources in the deep-sea, there is the need to establish guidelines and frameworks to support hazard and risk assessment schemes. The present study used a subtidal species of filter-feeding bivalve, the clam Spisula solida, as a proxy to better understand the impacts of sediment plumes in marine organisms under hyperbaric conditions. Four concentrations of suspended sediments (0 g/L, 1 g/L, 2 g/L, and 4 g/L) were used in a mixture with different grain sizes at 4 Bar for 96 h. Functional (filtration rate-FR) and biochemical endpoints (catalase-CAT, glutathione s-transferase-GST, and lipid peroxidation-LPO) were analyzed in the gonads, digestive gland, and gills of S. solida after a 96-h exposure at 4 Bar (the natural limit of the species vertical distribution). The FR showed a decreasing trend with the increasing sediment concentrations (significant effects at 2 and 4 g/L). Additionally, significant changes were observed for some of the tested oxidative stress biomarkers, which were concentration and tissue-dependent, i.e., CAT activity was significantly elevated in gills (1 g/L treatment), and GST was decreased in digestive gland (1 g/L treatment). Overall, the results show that suspended sediments, at 2 and 4 g/L, have negative functional impacts in the bivalve S. solida providing additional insights to improve hazard assessment of deep-sea mining. These findings represent a step forward to ensure the mitigation of the potential negative effects of deep-sea resource exploitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rithielli Marassi
- CIMAR/CIIMAR-Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, Avenida General Norton de Matos, S/N, 4450-208, Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Marlene Pinheiro
- CIMAR/CIIMAR-Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, Avenida General Norton de Matos, S/N, 4450-208, Matosinhos, Portugal
- FCUP-Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua Do Campo Alegre S/N, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal
| | - Miguel Caetano
- CIMAR/CIIMAR-Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, Avenida General Norton de Matos, S/N, 4450-208, Matosinhos, Portugal
- IPMA-Portuguese Institute for Sea and Atmosphere, Rua Alfredo Magalhães Ramalho 6, 1495-165, Algés, Portugal
| | - Joana Raimundo
- CIMAR/CIIMAR-Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, Avenida General Norton de Matos, S/N, 4450-208, Matosinhos, Portugal
- IPMA-Portuguese Institute for Sea and Atmosphere, Rua Alfredo Magalhães Ramalho 6, 1495-165, Algés, Portugal
| | - Rui Oliveira
- IPMA-Portuguese Institute for Sea and Atmosphere, Rua Alfredo Magalhães Ramalho 6, 1495-165, Algés, Portugal
| | - Irene Martins
- CIMAR/CIIMAR-Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, Avenida General Norton de Matos, S/N, 4450-208, Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - João Coimbra
- CIMAR/CIIMAR-Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, Avenida General Norton de Matos, S/N, 4450-208, Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Luis Filipe Costa Castro
- CIMAR/CIIMAR-Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, Avenida General Norton de Matos, S/N, 4450-208, Matosinhos, Portugal
- FCUP-Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua Do Campo Alegre S/N, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal
| | - Teresa Neuparth
- CIMAR/CIIMAR-Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, Avenida General Norton de Matos, S/N, 4450-208, Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Miguel Machado Santos
- CIMAR/CIIMAR-Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, Avenida General Norton de Matos, S/N, 4450-208, Matosinhos, Portugal.
- FCUP-Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua Do Campo Alegre S/N, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal.
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Wang Y, Hong H, Qian L, Wang Q, Li J, Huang Q, Jiang Y, Lu H, Liu J, Dong Y, Li J, Yan C. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons at subcritical levels as novel indicators of microbial adaptation in a pre-industrial river delta. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 295:133858. [PMID: 35124082 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.133858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Marine sediment is considered a vast sink for organic pollutants including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). However, little is known about the relationship between subcritical PAH allocation and benthic microbial patterns. Thus, we carried out a field investigation at the abandoned Yellow River Delta (AYRD) to deepen the understanding of PAHs' horizontal distribution and ecological roles on the continental shelf. The PAH level in the AYRD is relatively low and distance-independent, indicating it resulted from long-term, chronic, anthropogenic input. The combined application of diagnostic molecular ratios reported inconsistent PAH sources, which might be due to the low PAH concentrations and the complexity of contributing sources. Positive Matrix Factorization provided a more robust source classification and identified three main PAH sources-coal combustion and vehicle emissions, petrogenic process, and fossil fuels. The benthic microbiome did not show a significant response to PAHs in terms of microbial assemblage or alpha-diversity. However, Operational Taxonomic Units in some specific phyla, like Thaumarchaeota, Proteobacteria, Acidobacteria, and Chytridiomycota, correlated with the PAH source indicators, supporting the notion that PAH source indicators can act as a novel environmental indicator for microbial adaption. What's more, Microbial Ecological Networks show more connection at sites identified as biomass combustion by both Fluoranthene/(Fluoranthene + Pyrene) and Indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene/(Indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene + Benzo(ghi)perylene) compared to the ones identified as biomass combustion by Fluoranthene/(Fluoranthene + Pyrene) and petroleum combustion by Indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene/(Indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene + Benzo(ghi)perylene). Herein, we demonstrate that the PAHs' source indicator can serve as a novel indicator of the interactions between microorganisms, and thus, should be applied to the sustainable management effort in the offshore area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yazhi Wang
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, Fujian, China; Academy of Environmental Planning and Design, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210000, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Hualong Hong
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, Fujian, China.
| | - Lu Qian
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, Fujian, China.
| | - Qiang Wang
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, Fujian, China; State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems, College of Pastoral Agricultural Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730020, China.
| | - Junwei Li
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, Fujian, China; Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Ecology of Rare and Endangered Species and Environmental Protection, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, 541004, Guangxi, China.
| | - Qi Huang
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, Fujian, China.
| | - Yongcan Jiang
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, Fujian, China.
| | - Haoliang Lu
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, Fujian, China.
| | - Jingchun Liu
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, Fujian, China.
| | - Yunwei Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, Fujian, China; The Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Fisheries College, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China.
| | - Jian Li
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, Fujian, China; School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Chongling Yan
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, Fujian, China; State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, Fujian, China.
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A Conflict between Traditional Flood Measures and Maintaining River Ecosystems? A Case Study Based upon the River Lærdal, Norway. WATER 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/w13141884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Floods are among the most damaging of natural disasters, and flood events are expected to increase in magnitude and frequency with the effects of climate change and changes in land use. As a consequence, much focus has been placed on the engineering of structural flood mitigation measures in rivers. Traditional flood protection measures, such as levees and dredging of the river channel, threaten floodplains and river ecosystems, but during the last decade, sustainable reconciliation of freshwater ecosystems has increased. However, we still find many areas where these traditional measures are proposed, and it is challenging to find tools for evaluation of different measures and quantification of the possible impacts. In this paper, we focus on the river Lærdal in Norway to (i) present the dilemma between traditional flood measures and maintaining river ecosystems and (ii) quantify the efficiency and impact of different solutions based on 2D hydraulic models, remote sensing data, economics, and landscape metrics. Our results show that flood measures may be in serious conflict with environmental protection and legislation to preserve biodiversity and key nature types.
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Hatzianestis I, Parinos C, Bouloubassi I, Gogou A. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in surface sediments of the Aegean Sea (eastern Mediterranean Sea). MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2020; 153:111030. [PMID: 32275572 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2020.111030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Revised: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we provide baseline data on the composition, major sources and mechanisms driving the distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) mixtures in surficial sediments collected from 43 offshore and open/deep sea locations across the north, central and south Aegean Sea. The determined total concentrations of the considered PAH compounds were generally low, comparable to those reported in relatively non-polluted coastal and open/deep Mediterranean marine sites. Their molecular profile and diagnostic indices reveal mixed contributions from both pyrolytic and petrogenic sources across the study area. Organic carbon exerts an important control on the transport and ultimate accumulation of PAHs, however, the presented results highlight a significant variability in sedimentary PAHs concentrations and compositional patterns within the studied Aegean Sea sub-regions. This could be likely attributed to a combination of distinct hydrological and biogeochemical characteristics, surface and near bottom water mass circulation patterns and the relative importance of PAH sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Hatzianestis
- Institute of Oceanography, Hellenic Centre for Marine Research (H.C.M.R.), 46.7 Km Athens-Sounio av., Mavro Lithari, 19013 Anavyssos, Attiki, Greece.
| | - C Parinos
- Institute of Oceanography, Hellenic Centre for Marine Research (H.C.M.R.), 46.7 Km Athens-Sounio av., Mavro Lithari, 19013 Anavyssos, Attiki, Greece
| | - I Bouloubassi
- Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat: Expérimentation et Approches Numériques (LOCEAN/IPSL), Université Pierre et Marie Curie-CNRS-IRD-MNHN, UMR 7159, 4 Place Jussieu, 75252, Paris CEDEX 05, France
| | - A Gogou
- Institute of Oceanography, Hellenic Centre for Marine Research (H.C.M.R.), 46.7 Km Athens-Sounio av., Mavro Lithari, 19013 Anavyssos, Attiki, Greece
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Xie J, Zhao Y, Wang Q, Wu H, Teng J, Yang D, Cao R, Chen L, Li F, Ji C, Cong M, Zhao J. An integrative biomarker approach to assess the environmental stress in the north coast of Shandong Peninsula using native oysters, Crassostrea gigas. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2016; 112:318-326. [PMID: 27491364 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2016.07.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2016] [Revised: 07/26/2016] [Accepted: 07/29/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
An integrative biomarker approach was employed to evaluate the environmental quality of the north coast of Shandong Peninsula along the southern Bohai Sea of China, where pollution is an imminent threat due to rapid urbanization and industrialization. A battery of biomarkers and the metal bioaccumulation in tissues of native oyster Crassostrea gigas were measured under field conditions. Integrative biomarker index (IBR) and metal body burden were calculated to differentiate the pollution status of seven sampling sites. According to our results, Xinzhuang (XZ) site was the most severely contaminated, with the highest IBR value of 3.58, while the lowest IBR value (0.04) was obtained at Penglai (PL). Such an integrated biomarker approach was proved as a useful method for environmental quality assessment in the study area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Xie
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Zone Environmental Processes, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research (YIC), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Coastal Zone Environmental Processes, YICCAS, Yantai 264003, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Yun Zhao
- College of animal science and technology, China agricultural university, Beijing 100083, PR China
| | - Qing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Zone Environmental Processes, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research (YIC), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Coastal Zone Environmental Processes, YICCAS, Yantai 264003, PR China
| | - Huifeng Wu
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Zone Environmental Processes, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research (YIC), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Coastal Zone Environmental Processes, YICCAS, Yantai 264003, PR China
| | - Jia Teng
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Zone Environmental Processes, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research (YIC), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Coastal Zone Environmental Processes, YICCAS, Yantai 264003, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Dinglong Yang
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Zone Environmental Processes, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research (YIC), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Coastal Zone Environmental Processes, YICCAS, Yantai 264003, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Ruiwen Cao
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Zone Environmental Processes, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research (YIC), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Coastal Zone Environmental Processes, YICCAS, Yantai 264003, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Lizhu Chen
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Zone Environmental Processes, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research (YIC), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Coastal Zone Environmental Processes, YICCAS, Yantai 264003, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Fei Li
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Zone Environmental Processes, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research (YIC), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Coastal Zone Environmental Processes, YICCAS, Yantai 264003, PR China
| | - Chenglong Ji
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Zone Environmental Processes, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research (YIC), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Coastal Zone Environmental Processes, YICCAS, Yantai 264003, PR China
| | - Ming Cong
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Zone Environmental Processes, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research (YIC), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Coastal Zone Environmental Processes, YICCAS, Yantai 264003, PR China
| | - Jianmin Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Zone Environmental Processes, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research (YIC), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Coastal Zone Environmental Processes, YICCAS, Yantai 264003, PR China.
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Moschino V, Del Negro P, De Vittor C, Da Ros L. Biomonitoring of a polluted coastal area (Bay of Muggia, Northern Adriatic Sea): A five-year study using transplanted mussels. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2016; 128:1-10. [PMID: 26874197 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2016.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2015] [Revised: 01/29/2016] [Accepted: 02/04/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The subcellular effects of pollution were evaluated using two lysosomal biomarkers in mussels, Mytilus galloprovincialis, deployed periodically over a period of 5 years in a harbour area in the Bay of Muggia (Gulf of Trieste, North Adriatic Sea) that is strongly influenced by anthropogenic activities. Mussels were collected from a clean marine farm and analysed (sample T0). A sub-sample was transplanted to the harbour site (sample M) and analysed after about 12 weeks. An additional sub-sample was relocated within the farm as a control and was also tested at the end of the 12-week period (sample T1). The transplantation procedures were repeated twice yearly for 5 consecutive years, starting in 2009. Two well-established lysosomal biomarkers, i.e. lysosomal membrane stability and lipofuscin accumulation, were evaluated in hepatopancreas cells. The body condition index and mortality rate were also assessed. Moreover, various pollutants were determined in both mussel flesh, for a better comprehension of the biological response, and sediments, for a general characterization of the study area. As a whole, the applied biomarkers were found to be appropriate for determining the responses of mussels to environmental pollutant loads over time. Variations in lysosomal membrane stability and lipofuscin content were mostly related to total PAHs and metals respectively. Our results confirm the usefulness of active biomonitoring in evaluating pollution trends in marine coastal areas and in particular the value of lysosomal biomarkers as a rapid screening tool for highlighting pollutant effects at least at organism level.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Paola Del Negro
- OGS (Istituto Nazionale di Oceanografia e Geofisica Sperimentale), Oceanography Section, Trieste, Italy
| | - Cinzia De Vittor
- OGS (Istituto Nazionale di Oceanografia e Geofisica Sperimentale), Oceanography Section, Trieste, Italy
| | - Luisa Da Ros
- Institute of Marine Sciences, ISMAR-CNR, Venezia, Italy; Institute for the Dynamics of Environmental Processes, IDPA-CNR, Padova, Italy
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