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Gueta I, Ross J, Sheinberg R, Keidar R, Livne A, Berkovitch M, Berlin M, Lubetzky R, Mandel D, Marom R, Ovental A, Hazan A, Betser M, Moskovich M, Efriem S, Kohn E, Britzi M. Association between prenatal phthalate exposure and ano-genital indices among offsprings in an Israeli cohort. Heliyon 2024; 10:e33633. [PMID: 39040426 PMCID: PMC11261066 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e33633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2023] [Revised: 05/24/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Background In-utero phthalate exposure was shown to be associated with shortened anogenital distance (AGD) in male newborns, but findings among female are inconsistent. While phthalate exposure among pregnant women in Israel is widespread, no study has examined the association with offspring AGD. The objective of the current study was to investigate the association between maternal phthalates urinary concentration and offspring AGD at time of delivery among a birth cohort in Israel. Methods We measured spot urinary concentration of monobutyl phthalate (MBP), monobenzyl phthalate (MBzP), mono-2-ethyl-5-carboxypentyl phthalate (MECPP), mono-2-ethyl-5-hydroxyhexylphthalate (MEHHP), mono-2-ethyl-5-oxohexyl phthalate (MEOHP) among women presenting to the delivery room at Shamir Medical Center in Israel. Birthweight, length and AGD were measured in all newborns using a standardized protocol. Each AGD measurement was adjusted to weight (ano-genital index). Confounders included socio-demographic characteristics, comorbidities and obstetrical history. Univariate and multivariate analyses assessed the associations between phthalates, confounders and AGD. Results Overall, 193 mother and infant were analyzed. All newborns were born at term and had normal Apgar scores. Mean maternal age was 32 ± 4.7 years old. Mean birth weight and pregnancy week were 3183 ± 498 g and 39 ± 1.3, respectively. Median (IQR) urinary phthalate concentration adjusted to creatinine (ug/g) were 3.96 (2.2-6.6), 1.22 (0.7-2), 10.84 (7-20.4), 6.36 (3.3-11.2) and 0.64 (0.4-1.1) for MBP, MBzP, MECPP, MEHHP and MEOHP, respectively. Univariate comparison showed a significant association between higher than median MBzP concentration, higher Ano-Fourchetal index (AFI: 4.4 vs. 4.1, p = 0.037) and Ano-clitoral index (ACI: 11.5 vs. 10.4, p = 0.032) in infants. Total urinary phthalates concentration ≥26.25 μg/g was significantly associated with smaller penile width index (3.5 vs. 3.7, p = 0.022), higher ACI (11.6 vs. 10.3, p = 0.013) and a trend towards significance for higher AFI (4.3 vs. 4.1, p = 0.055). Following multivariate linear regression only PWI remained significantly associated with total phthalate urinary concentration. Conclusions Maternal urinary phthalates concentration at delivery were not associated with female AGD, but total urinary phthalate concentration were inversely associated with penile width.
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Affiliation(s)
- Itai Gueta
- The Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Tel-Aviv Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Internal Medicine F, Tel-Aviv Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Jessica Ross
- Pediatrics Division, Shamir (Assaf Harofeh) Medical Center, Zerifin, Affiliated to the Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Revital Sheinberg
- Pediatrics Division, Shamir (Assaf Harofeh) Medical Center, Zerifin, Affiliated to the Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Rimona Keidar
- Pediatrics Division, Shamir (Assaf Harofeh) Medical Center, Zerifin, Affiliated to the Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Ayelet Livne
- Pediatrics Division, Shamir (Assaf Harofeh) Medical Center, Zerifin, Affiliated to the Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Matitiahu Berkovitch
- Pediatrics Division, Shamir (Assaf Harofeh) Medical Center, Zerifin, Affiliated to the Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- The Andy Lebach Chair of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology Unit, Shamir (Assaf Harofeh) Medical Center, Zerifin, Affiliated to the Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Maya Berlin
- Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology Unit, Shamir (Assaf Harofeh) Medical Center, Zerifin, Affiliated to the Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Ronit Lubetzky
- Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Departments of Neonatology and Pediatrics, Dana Dwek Children's Hospital, Tel-Aviv Medical Center, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Dror Mandel
- Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Departments of Neonatology and Pediatrics, Dana Dwek Children's Hospital, Tel-Aviv Medical Center, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Ronella Marom
- Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Departments of Neonatology and Pediatrics, Dana Dwek Children's Hospital, Tel-Aviv Medical Center, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Amit Ovental
- Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Departments of Neonatology and Pediatrics, Dana Dwek Children's Hospital, Tel-Aviv Medical Center, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Ariela Hazan
- Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology Unit, Shamir (Assaf Harofeh) Medical Center, Zerifin, Affiliated to the Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Moshe Betser
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Division, Shamir (Assaf Harofeh) Medical Center, Zerifin, Affiliated to the Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Miki Moskovich
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Division, Shamir (Assaf Harofeh) Medical Center, Zerifin, Affiliated to the Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Solomon Efriem
- Kimron Veterinary Institute, National Residue Control Laboratory, Beit Dagan, Israel
| | - Elkana Kohn
- Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology Unit, Shamir (Assaf Harofeh) Medical Center, Zerifin, Affiliated to the Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Malka Britzi
- Kimron Veterinary Institute, National Residue Control Laboratory, Beit Dagan, Israel
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Dang T, Sehgal N, Barr DB, Panuwet P, Liang D, Smarr M, Naksen W, Fiedler N, Promkam N, Prapamontol T, Suttiwan P, Sittiwang S, Eick SM. Association of prenatal chlorpyrifos exposure with sexually dimorphic differences in anogenital distance among Thai farmworker children. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 248:118325. [PMID: 38286251 PMCID: PMC11023773 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2024.118325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 01/31/2024]
Abstract
Organophosphate (OP) insecticides are some of the most abundantly used insecticides, and prenatal exposures have been linked to adverse maternal and child health outcomes. Anogenital distance (AGD) has emerged as an early marker of androgen activity, and later reproductive outcomes, that is sensitive to alteration by environmental chemicals. Here, we examined associations between prenatal exposure to chlorpyrifos, an OP insecticide, with AGD. Pregnant farmworkers were enrolled in the Study of Asian Women and their Offspring's Development and Environmental Exposures (SAWASDEE; N = 104) between 2017 and 2019 in Northern Thailand. Concentrations of 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol (TCPy), a specific metabolite of chlorpyrifos, were measured in composited urine samples obtained from each trimester of pregnancy. AGD was measured at 12 months of age. Sex-specific adjusted linear regression models were used to examine associations between average and trimester-specific TCPy levels and AGD. In adjusted models for females and males, increasing TCPy was consistently associated with a modest, non-significant reduction in AGD. Across both strata of sex, associations were greatest in magnitude for trimester 3 (females: β = -2.17, 95 % confidence interval (CI) = -4.99, 0.66; males: β = -3.02, 95 % CI = -6.39, 0.35). In the SAWASDEE study, prenatal chlorpyrifos exposure was not strongly associated with AGD at 12 months of age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Dang
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Neha Sehgal
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Dana Boyd Barr
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Parinya Panuwet
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Donghai Liang
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Melissa Smarr
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Warangkana Naksen
- Chiang Mai University, Faculty of Public Health, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Nancy Fiedler
- Rutgers University, Environmental and Occupational Health Science Institute, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Nattawadee Promkam
- Chiang Mai University, Research Institute for Health Sciences, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Tippawan Prapamontol
- Chiang Mai University, Research Institute for Health Sciences, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | | | | | - Stephanie M Eick
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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Nagaoka LT, Jorge BC, Stein J, Manoel BDM, Valente LC, de Toledo LL, de Castro TLA, Kassuya CAL, Cardoso CAL, Arena AC. Maternal-fetal safety evaluation of an aqueous extract of Casearia sylvestris leaves in rats. Birth Defects Res 2023; 115:1899-1911. [PMID: 37800320 DOI: 10.1002/bdr2.2257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study evaluated the maternal, embryotoxic, and teratogenic effects of the aqueous extract of Casearia sylvestris (AECS), a species listed in the Unique Health System of Brazil, and widely used for treating several conditions, such as diarrhea, wounds, pain, and ulcers. METHODS Pregnant rats were daily treated orally with 0, 175, 350, or 700 mg/kg/body weight of AECS, from gestational day (GD) 6 to 15 (organogenesis period). On GD 20, the pregnant rats were euthanized, and the litters submitted to an assessment of fetal development. RESULTS No clinical signs of toxicity were observed in the dams during the treatment. In the embryo-fetal development study, a significant increase in the basal zone height of the placenta was observed in the intermediate dose group. Furthermore, there was a significant increase in the relative anogenital distance measurement of female fetuses in the lowest and intermediate dose groups. Although no visceral abnormalities were observed in the treated-fetuses, skeletal anomalies evidenced by changes in the ossification of the sternum and the presence of supernumerary ribs were found in the intermediate and high dose groups. CONCLUSION In conclusion, the treatment with AECS during organogenesis at this dose level had detrimental effects on the normal development of fetuses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Livia Trippe Nagaoka
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biosciences of Botucatu, Universidade Estadual Paulista - UNESP, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Bárbara Campos Jorge
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biosciences of Botucatu, Universidade Estadual Paulista - UNESP, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Júlia Stein
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biosciences of Botucatu, Universidade Estadual Paulista - UNESP, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Beatriz de Matos Manoel
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biosciences of Botucatu, Universidade Estadual Paulista - UNESP, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Leticia Cardoso Valente
- College of Health Science, Federal University of Grande Dourados, Dourados, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
| | - Laura Leonel de Toledo
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biosciences of Botucatu, Universidade Estadual Paulista - UNESP, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Thiago Luis Aguayo de Castro
- Center of Studies in Natural Resources, State University of Mato Grosso do Sul (UEMS), Dourados, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
| | | | - Claudia Andrea Lima Cardoso
- Center of Studies in Natural Resources, State University of Mato Grosso do Sul (UEMS), Dourados, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
| | - Arielle Cristina Arena
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biosciences of Botucatu, Universidade Estadual Paulista - UNESP, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
- Toxicological Information and Assistance Center (CIATOX), Institute of Biosciences of Botucatu, Univ. Estadual Paulista - Botucatu (UNESP), Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
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Connors LT, Zhu HL, Gill M, Walsh E, Singh RD, Easson S, Ahmed SB, Habibi HR, Cole WC, Thompson JA. Prenatal exposure to a low dose of BPS causes sex-dependent alterations to vascular endothelial function in adult offspring. FRONTIERS IN TOXICOLOGY 2022; 4:933572. [PMID: 36310694 PMCID: PMC9606655 DOI: 10.3389/ftox.2022.933572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Bisphenol S (BPS) is among the most commonly used substitutes for Bisphenol A (BPA), an endocrine disrupting chemical used as a plasticizer in the manufacture of polycarbonate plastics and epoxy resins. Bisphenols interfere with estrogen receptor (ER) signaling, which modulates vascular function through stimulation of nitric oxide (NO) production via endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS). BPS can cross into the placenta and accumulates in the fetal compartment to a greater extent than BPA, potentially interfering with key developmental events. Little is known regarding the developmental impact of exposure to BPA substitutes, particularly with respect to the vasculature. Objective: To determine if prenatal BPS exposure influences vascular health in adulthood. Methods: At the time of mating, female C57BL/6 dams were administered BPS (250 nM) or vehicle control in the drinking water, and exposure continued during lactation. At 12-week of age, mesenteric arteries were excised from male and female offspring and assessed for responses to an endothelium-dependent (acetylcholine, ACh) and endothelium-independent (sodium nitroprusside, SNP) vasodilator. Endothelium-dependent dilation was measured in the presence or absence of L-NAME, an eNOS inhibitor. To further explore the role of NO and ER signaling, wire myography was used to assess ACh responses in aortic rings after acute exposure to BPS in the presence or absence of L-NAME or an ER antagonist. Results: Increased ACh dilation and increased sensitivity to Phe were observed in microvessels from BPS-exposed females, while no changes were observed in male offspring. Differences in ACh-induced dilation between control or BPS-exposed females were eliminated with L-NAME. Increased dilatory responses to ACh after acute BPS exposure were observed in aortic rings from female mice only, and differences were eliminated with inhibition of eNOS or inhibition of ER. Conclusion: Prenatal BPS exposure leads to persistent changes in endothelium-dependent vascular function in a sex-specific manner that appears to be modulated by interaction of BPS with ER signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liam T. Connors
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada,Libin Cardiovascular Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada,Alberta Children’s Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Hai-Lei Zhu
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada,Libin Cardiovascular Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Manvir Gill
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Emma Walsh
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada,Libin Cardiovascular Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Radha D. Singh
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada,Libin Cardiovascular Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada,Alberta Children’s Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada,Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Sarah Easson
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada,Libin Cardiovascular Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada,Alberta Children’s Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Sofia B. Ahmed
- Libin Cardiovascular Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada,Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Hamid R. Habibi
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - William C. Cole
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada,Libin Cardiovascular Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada,Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Jennifer A. Thompson
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada,Libin Cardiovascular Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada,Alberta Children’s Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada,Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada,*Correspondence: Jennifer A. Thompson,
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Kloboves ME, Pacyga DC, Gardiner JC, Flaws JA, Schantz SL, Strakovsky RS. Associations of maternal anthropometrics with newborn anogenital distance and the 2:4 digit ratio. Hum Reprod 2022; 37:2154-2166. [PMID: 35802047 PMCID: PMC9801973 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/deac143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
STUDY QUESTION Are maternal anthropometrics associated with anogenital distance (AGD) and 2:4 digit ratio (2:4D) in newborns? SUMMARY ANSWER Select maternal anthropometrics indicative of obesity or increased adiposity are associated with elongated AGD in daughters. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY Excessive maternal weight or adiposity before or in early pregnancy may impact child reproductive, and other hormonally mediated, development. AGD and 2:4D are proposed markers of in utero reproductive development. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION This study includes 450 mother/newborn dyads participating in the Illinois Kids Development Study (I-KIDS), a prospective pregnancy cohort from Champaign-Urbana, IL, USA. Participants included in the current study enrolled between 2013 and 2018. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS Most mothers in this study were college-educated (82%) and non-Hispanic White (80%), and 55% were under- or normal weight before pregnancy. Pregnant women aged 18-40 years reported pre-pregnancy weight and height to calculate pre-pregnancy BMI. At 8-15 weeks gestation, we measured waist and hip circumference, and evaluated weight, % body fat, visceral fat level, % muscle and BMI using bioelectrical impedance analysis. Within 24 h of birth, we measured newborn 2nd and 4th left/right digits to calculate the 2:4D. In daughters, we measured AGDAF (anus to fourchette) and AGDAC (anus to clitoris). In sons, we measured AGDAS (anus to scrotum) and AGDAP (anus to base of the penis). MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE Select maternal anthropometrics were positively associated with AGD in newborn daughters, but not sons. For example, AGDAC was 0.73 mm (95% CI: 0.15, 1.32) longer for every interquartile range (IQR) increase in pre-pregnancy BMI and 0.88 mm (95% CI: 0.18, 1.58) longer for every IQR increase in hip circumference, whereas AGDAF was 0.51 mm (95% CI: 0.03, 1.00) and 0.56 mm (95% CI: 0.03, 1.09) longer for every IQR increase in hip and waist circumference, respectively. Quartile analyses generally supported linear associations, but additional strong associations emerged in Q4 (versus Q1) of maternal % body fat and visceral fat levels with AGDAC. In quartile analyses, we observed only a few modest associations of maternal anthropometrics with 2:4D, which differed by hand (left versus right) and newborn sex. Although there is always the possibility of spurious findings, the associations for both measures of female AGD were consistent across multiple maternal anthropometric measures, which strengthens our conclusions. LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION Our study sample was racially and ethnically homogenous, educated and relatively healthy, so our study may not be generalizable to other populations. Additionally, we may not have been powered to identify some sex-specific associations, especially for 2:4D. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS Increased maternal weight and adiposity before and in early pregnancy may lengthen the female AGD, which warrants further investigation. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTEREST(S) This publication was made possible by the National Institute for Environmental Health Sciences (NIH/NIEHS) grants ES024795 and ES022848, the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development grant R03HD100775, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency grant RD83543401 and National Institute of Health Office of the Director grant OD023272. Its contents are solely the responsibility of the grantee and do not necessarily represent the official views of the US EPA or NIH. Furthermore, the US EPA does not endorse the purchase of any commercial products or services mentioned in the publication. This project was also supported by the USDA National Institute of Food and Agriculture and Michigan AgBioResearch. The authors declare no competing interests. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER N/A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria E Kloboves
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA,Institute for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA,Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Diana C Pacyga
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA,Institute for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Joseph C Gardiner
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Jodi A Flaws
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, Urbana-Champaign, IL, USA
| | - Susan L Schantz
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, Urbana-Champaign, IL, USA,Beckman Institute, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, IL, USA
| | - Rita S Strakovsky
- Correspondence address. Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, 236C Trout Building, 469 Wilson Road, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA. E-mail:
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Numsriskulrat N, Srilanchakon K, Pronprechatham C, Pornkunwilai S, Supornsilchai V. Sex-specific ranges and ratios for anogenital distance among Thai full-term newborns. BMC Pediatr 2022; 22:258. [PMID: 35538518 PMCID: PMC9088031 DOI: 10.1186/s12887-022-03325-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Anogenital distance (AGD) is a marker of prenatal androgen exposure and a tool for assessment of differences of sex development. Data for AGD in newborns have been published, but these findings may not be applicable to Thai newborns. Aim To provide the sex-specific ranges for AGD in Thai full-term newborns. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted in term newborns in Thailand, during 2016–2018. AGD was measured from anus to anterior base of penis (AGDAP) and to perineoscrotal junction (AGDAS) in males and from anus to clitoris (AGDAC) and to posterior fourchette (AGDAF) in females. AGD ratio is defined as AGDAS divided by AGDAP in males and AGDAF divided by AGDAC in females. Results A total of 364 newborns were studied (male 51.4%). The mean AGDAS, AGDAP and AGD ratio in males were 25.20 ± 4.80, 52.60 ± 6.90 and 0.48 ± 0.08 mm, respectively. The mean AGDAF, AGDAC, and AGD ratio in females were 16.50 ± 3.90, 42.60 ± 6.20 and 0.39 ± 0.08 mm, respectively. There were significant differences between AGDAS and AGDAF, AGDAP and AGDAC, and AGD ratio between males and females (p < 0.001). The AGDAS, AGDAP, AGDAF, AGDAC were correlated with birth weight and length, but AGD ratio showed no correlation. Conclusion The sex-specific ranges for AGD in Thai full-term newborns were determined. AGD ratio is a useful marker of prenatal androgen exposure since it differs between sexes, but constant between races and did not vary by body size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nattakarn Numsriskulrat
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.
| | - Khomsak Srilanchakon
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | | | | | - Vichit Supornsilchai
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
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Sakali AK, Bargiota A, Fatouros IG, Jamurtas A, Macut D, Mastorakos G, Papagianni M. Effects on Puberty of Nutrition-Mediated Endocrine Disruptors Employed in Agriculture. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13114184. [PMID: 34836437 PMCID: PMC8622967 DOI: 10.3390/nu13114184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Pesticide residues are largely found in daily consumed food because of their extensive use in farming and their long half-life, which prolongs their presence in the environment. Many of these pesticides act as endocrine-disrupting chemicals after pre- or postnatal exposure, significantly affecting, among other things, the time of puberty onset, progression, and completion. In humans, precocious or delayed puberty, and early or delayed sexual maturation, may entail several negative long-term health implications. In this review, we summarize the current evidence on the impact of endocrine-disrupting pesticides upon the timing of the landmarks of female and male puberty in both animals (vaginal opening, first estrus, and balanopreputial separation) and humans (thelarche, menarche, gonadarche). Moreover, we explore the possible mechanisms of action of the reviewed endocrine-disrupting pesticides on the human reproductive system. Access to safe, healthy, and nutritious food is fundamental for the maintenance of health and wellbeing. Eliminating the presence of hazardous chemicals in largely consumed food products may increase their nutritional value and be proven beneficial for overall health. Consequently, understanding the effects of human exposure to hazardous endocrine-disrupting pesticides, and legislating against their circulation, are of major importance for the protection of health in vulnerable populations, such as children and adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia Konstantina Sakali
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, 41110 Larissa, Greece; (A.K.S.); (A.B.)
| | - Alexandra Bargiota
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, 41110 Larissa, Greece; (A.K.S.); (A.B.)
| | - Ioannis G. Fatouros
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, University of Thessaly, 42100 Trikala, Greece; (I.G.F.); (A.J.)
| | - Athanasios Jamurtas
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, University of Thessaly, 42100 Trikala, Greece; (I.G.F.); (A.J.)
| | - Djuro Macut
- Clinic of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Clinical Center of Serbia, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia;
| | - George Mastorakos
- Unit of Endocrinology, Diabetes Mellitus and Metabolism, Aretaieion University Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11528 Athens, Greece;
| | - Maria Papagianni
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, University of Thessaly, 42132 Trikala, Greece
- Unit of Endocrinology, 3rd Department of Pediatrics, Hippokration Hospital of Thessaloniki, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54642 Thessaloniki, Greece
- Correspondence:
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Molecular and Cytogenetic Analysis of Romanian Patients with Differences in Sex Development. Diagnostics (Basel) 2021; 11:diagnostics11112107. [PMID: 34829455 PMCID: PMC8620580 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics11112107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Differences in sex development (DSD) are often correlated with a genetic etiology. This study aimed to assess the etiology of DSD patients following a protocol of genetic testing. Materials and methods. This study prospectively investigated a total of 267 patients with DSD who presented to Clinical Emergency Hospital for Children Cluj-Napoca between January 2012 and December 2019. Each patient was clinically, biochemically, and morphologically evaluated. As a first intervention, the genetic test included karyotype + SRY testing. A high value of 17-hydroxyprogesterone was found in 39 patients, in whom strip assay analysis of the CYP21A2 gene was subsequently performed. A total of 35 patients were evaluated by chromosomal microarray technique, and 22 patients were evaluated by the NGS of a gene panel. Results. The karyotype analysis established the diagnosis in 15% of the patients, most of whom presented with sex chromosome abnormalities. Genetic testing of CYP21A2 established a confirmation of the diagnosis in 44% of patients tested. SNP array analysis was particularly useful in patients with syndromic DSD; 20% of patients tested presented with pathogenic CNVs or uniparental disomy. Gene panel sequencing established the diagnosis in 11 of the 22 tested patients (50%), and the androgen receptor gene was most often involved in these patients. The genes that presented as pathogenic or likely pathogenic variants or variants of uncertain significance were RSPO1, FGFR1, WT1, CHD7, AR, NIPBL, AMHR2, AR, EMX2, CYP17A1, NR0B1, GNRHR, GATA4, and ATM genes. Conclusion. An evaluation following a genetic testing protocol that included karyotype and SRY gene testing, CYP21A2 analysis, chromosomal analysis by microarray, and high-throughput sequencing were useful in establishing the diagnosis, with a spectrum of diagnostic yield depending on the technique (between 15 and 50%). Additionally, new genetic variants not previously described in DSD were observed.
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9
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Leite Leão D, Vasconcelos Sampaio W, da Cunha Sousa P, Oskam IC, Rodrigues Dos Santos R, Souza Domingues SF. The use of anogenital distance as a non-invasive predictor of seminal quality in captive squirrel monkey (Saimiri collinsi Osgood 1961). J Med Primatol 2021; 50:299-305. [PMID: 34476816 DOI: 10.1111/jmp.12541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anogenital distance is considered a non-invasive measure to assess the development and functionality of sexual organs in different animal species. Hence, this measurement could potentially be used during the selection of non-human primates for reproductive biotechnology programs. The aim of this study was to assess the correlation between anogenital distance and reproductive parameters in captive Saimiri collinsi. METHODS Eight mature S. collinsi males were evaluated. Body weight, reproductive hormone levels, testicular volume, and seminal parameters were determined, and their relationship with anogenital distance measurements was assessed. RESULTS Anogenital distance was correlated with seminal volume, sperm motility, vigor, and plasma membrane integrity, but not with body weight, reproductive hormones, and testicular volume. CONCLUSION The determination of anogenital distance is a non-invasive method to predict seminal quality. This procedure has the advantage of providing andrologic information without a negative impact on animal welfare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danuza Leite Leão
- Laboratory of Wild Animal Biotechnology and Medicine, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Brazil
| | - Wlaisa Vasconcelos Sampaio
- Laboratory of Wild Animal Biotechnology and Medicine, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Brazil.,Postgraduate Program in Animal Health and Production in the Amazon, Federal Rural University of the Amazon, Belém, Brazil.,Federal Rural University of the Amazon, Parauapebas, Brazil
| | - Patrícia da Cunha Sousa
- Laboratory of Wild Animal Biotechnology and Medicine, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Brazil
| | - Irma Caroline Oskam
- The Livestock Production Research Centre, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Sheyla Farhayldes Souza Domingues
- Laboratory of Wild Animal Biotechnology and Medicine, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Brazil.,Postgraduate Program in Animal Health and Production in the Amazon, Federal Rural University of the Amazon, Belém, Brazil
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10
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Alkhzouz C, Bucerzan S, Miclaus M, Mirea AM, Miclea D. 46,XX DSD: Developmental, Clinical and Genetic Aspects. Diagnostics (Basel) 2021; 11:1379. [PMID: 34441313 PMCID: PMC8392837 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics11081379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Differences in sex development (DSD) in patients with 46,XX karyotype occur by foetal or postnatal exposure to an increased amount of androgens. These disorders are usually diagnosed at birth, in newborns with abnormal genitalia, or later, due to postnatal virilization, usually at puberty. Proper diagnosis and therapy are mostly based on the knowledge of normal development and molecular etiopathogenesis of the gonadal and adrenal structures. This review aims to describe the most relevant data that are correlated with the normal and abnormal development of adrenal and gonadal structures in direct correlation with their utility in clinical practice, mainly in patients with 46,XX karyotype. We described the prenatal development of structures together with the main molecules and pathways that are involved in sex development. The second part of the review described the physical, imaging, hormonal and genetic evaluation in a patient with a disorder of sex development, insisting more on patients with 46,XX karyotype. Further, 95% of the etiology in 46,XX patients with disorders of sex development is due to congenital adrenal hyperplasia, by enzyme deficiencies that are involved in the hormonal synthesis pathway. The other cases are explained by genetic abnormalities that are involved in the development of the genital system. The phenotypic variability is very important in 46,XX disorders of sex development and the knowledge of each sign, even the most discreet, which could reveal such disorders, mainly in the neonatal period, could influence the evolution, prognosis and life quality long term.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camelia Alkhzouz
- Mother and Child Department, “Iuliu Hatieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (C.A.); (S.B.)
- Genetic Department, Clinical Emergency Hospital for Children Cluj-Napoca, 400370 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (M.M.); (A.-M.M.)
| | - Simona Bucerzan
- Mother and Child Department, “Iuliu Hatieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (C.A.); (S.B.)
- Genetic Department, Clinical Emergency Hospital for Children Cluj-Napoca, 400370 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (M.M.); (A.-M.M.)
| | - Maria Miclaus
- Genetic Department, Clinical Emergency Hospital for Children Cluj-Napoca, 400370 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (M.M.); (A.-M.M.)
| | - Andreea-Manuela Mirea
- Genetic Department, Clinical Emergency Hospital for Children Cluj-Napoca, 400370 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (M.M.); (A.-M.M.)
| | - Diana Miclea
- Mother and Child Department, “Iuliu Hatieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (C.A.); (S.B.)
- Molecular Science Department, “Iuliu Hatieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
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11
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Dural O, Kurbanova T, Yasa C, Ugurlucan FG, Selvi E, Ozdemir PK, Akhan SE. Idiopathic primary ovarian insufficiency is associated with anogenital distance, a marker for prenatal environment. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2021; 258:304-308. [PMID: 33498004 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejogrb.2021.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Revised: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In a significant number of women diagnosed with primary ovarian insufficiency (POI), the underlying cause cannot be found. On the other hand, the ovarian reserve set prenatally has been shown to be affected by intrauterine nutrition, environmental and hormonal factors. We aimed to evaluate the relationship between anogenital distance (AGD), which is considered as a biomarker for prenatal hormonal environment, and idiopathic POI in adolescents and young women. STUDY DESIGN This case control study was conducted between September 2018 and December 2019. The study group consisted of patients between the ages of 15-30, who developed POI following menarche without any identified genetic or iatrogenic cause. Controls were patients of the same age range who were having regular menstrual periods and were not diagnosed with polycystic ovary syndrome or endometriosis. Patients were excluded from the study if they were pregnant, had vaginal delivery or genital surgery. Distance between the anterior clitoral surface and the upper verge of the anus (AGDAC), and between the posterior fourchette and the upper verge of the anus (AGDAF) were measured in all subjects. RESULTS In total, 37 POI patients and 44 controls were included in the study. Two groups were similar for demographic parameters such as age and body mass index (BMI). Shorter AGDAC and AGDAF measurements were found to be associated with idiopathic POI. CONCLUSION Our results provide the first evidence of a strong association between shorter AGD measurements and the presence of idiopathic POI suggesting that prenatal environment may have role in the development of POI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ozlem Dural
- Istanbul University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fatih, 34390, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Turkane Kurbanova
- Istanbul University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fatih, 34390, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Cenk Yasa
- Istanbul University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fatih, 34390, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Funda Gungor Ugurlucan
- Istanbul University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fatih, 34390, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Esra Selvi
- Istanbul University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fatih, 34390, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Pelin Kundakci Ozdemir
- Istanbul University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fatih, 34390, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Suleyman Engin Akhan
- Istanbul University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fatih, 34390, Istanbul, Turkey
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12
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Walley SN, Krumm EA, Yasrebi A, Wiersielis KR, O'Leary S, Tillery T, Roepke TA. Maternal organophosphate flame-retardant exposure alters offspring feeding, locomotor and exploratory behaviors in a sexually-dimorphic manner in mice. J Appl Toxicol 2020; 41:442-457. [PMID: 33280148 DOI: 10.1002/jat.4056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Increased usage of organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) has led to detectable levels in pregnant women and neonates, which is associated with negative neurological outcomes. Therefore, we investigated if maternal OPFR exposure altered adult offspring feeding, locomotor, and anxiety-like behaviors on a low-fat (LFD) or high-fat diet (HFD). Wild-type C57Bl/6J dams were orally dosed with vehicle (sesame oil) or an OPFR mixture (1 mg/kg combination each of tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl)phosphate, triphenyl phosphate and tricresyl phosphate) from gestation day 7 to postnatal day 14. After weaning, pups were fed either a LFD or HFD until 19 weeks of age. Locomotor and anxiety-like behaviors were evaluated with the open field test, elevated plus maze, and metabolic cages. Feeding behaviors and meal patterns were analyzed by a Biological Data Acquisition System. Anogenital distance was reduced in OPFR-exposed male pups, but no effect was detected on adult body weight. We observed interactions of OPFR exposure and HFD consumption on locomotor and anxiety-like behavior in males, suggesting an anxiogenic effect while reducing overall nighttime activity. We also observed an interaction of OPFR exposure and HFD on weekly food intake and feeding behaviors. OPFR-exposed males consumed more total HFD than oil-exposed males during the 72-hour trial. However, when arcuate gene expression was analyzed, OPFR exposure induced Agrp expression in females, which would suggest greater orexigenic tone. Collectively, the implications of our study are that the behavioral effects of OPFR exposure are modulated by adult HFD consumption, which may influence the metabolic and neurological consequences of maternal OPFR exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina N Walley
- Department of Animal Sciences, School of Environmental & Biological Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey.,Joint Graduate Program in Toxicology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey
| | - Elizabeth A Krumm
- Department of Animal Sciences, School of Environmental & Biological Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey.,Graduate Program in Endocrinology and Animal Biosciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey
| | - Ali Yasrebi
- Department of Animal Sciences, School of Environmental & Biological Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey.,Graduate Program in Endocrinology and Animal Biosciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey
| | - Kimberly R Wiersielis
- Department of Animal Sciences, School of Environmental & Biological Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey.,Joint Graduate Program in Toxicology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey
| | - Sarah O'Leary
- Department of Animal Sciences, School of Environmental & Biological Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey
| | - Taylor Tillery
- Department of Animal Sciences, School of Environmental & Biological Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey
| | - Troy A Roepke
- Department of Animal Sciences, School of Environmental & Biological Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey.,Joint Graduate Program in Toxicology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey.,Graduate Program in Endocrinology and Animal Biosciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey
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13
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García-Peñarrubia P, Ruiz-Alcaraz AJ, Martínez-Esparza M, Marín P, Machado-Linde F. Hypothetical roadmap towards endometriosis: prenatal endocrine-disrupting chemical pollutant exposure, anogenital distance, gut-genital microbiota and subclinical infections. Hum Reprod Update 2020; 26:214-246. [PMID: 32108227 DOI: 10.1093/humupd/dmz044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Revised: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Endometriosis is a gynaecological hormone-dependent disorder that is defined by histological lesions generated by the growth of endometrial-like tissue out of the uterus cavity, most commonly engrafted within the peritoneal cavity, although these lesions can also be located in distant organs. Endometriosis affects ~10% of women of reproductive age, frequently producing severe and, sometimes, incapacitating symptoms, including chronic pelvic pain, dysmenorrhea and dyspareunia, among others. Furthermore, endometriosis causes infertility in ~30% of affected women. Despite intense research on the mechanisms involved in the initial development and later progression of endometriosis, many questions remain unanswered and its aetiology remains unknown. Recent studies have demonstrated the critical role played by the relationship between the microbiome and mucosal immunology in preventing sexually transmitted diseases (HIV), infertility and several gynaecologic diseases. OBJECTIVE AND RATIONALE In this review, we sought to respond to the main research question related to the aetiology of endometriosis. We provide a model pointing out several risk factors that could explain the development of endometriosis. The hypothesis arises from bringing together current findings from large distinct areas, linking high prenatal exposure to environmental endocrine-disrupting chemicals with a short anogenital distance, female genital tract contamination with the faecal microbiota and the active role of genital subclinical microbial infections in the development and clinical progression of endometriosis. SEARCH METHODS We performed a search of the scientific literature published until 2019 in the PubMed database. The search strategy included the following keywords in various combinations: endometriosis, anogenital distance, chemical pollutants, endocrine-disrupting chemicals, prenatal exposure to endocrine-disrupting chemicals, the microbiome of the female reproductive tract, microbiota and genital tract, bacterial vaginosis, endometritis, oestrogens and microbiota and microbiota-immune system interactions. OUTCOMES On searching the corresponding bibliography, we found frequent associations between environmental endocrine-disrupting chemicals and endometriosis risk. Likewise, recent evidence and hypotheses have suggested the active role of genital subclinical microbial infections in the development and clinical progression of endometriosis. Hence, we can envisage a direct relationship between higher prenatal exposure to oestrogens or estrogenic endocrine-disrupting compounds (phthalates, bisphenols, organochlorine pesticides and others) and a shorter anogenital distance, which could favour frequent postnatal episodes of faecal microbiota contamination of the vulva and vagina, producing cervicovaginal microbiota dysbiosis. This relationship would disrupt local antimicrobial defences, subverting the homeostasis state and inducing a subclinical inflammatory response that could evolve into a sustained immune dysregulation, closing the vicious cycle responsible for the development of endometriosis. WIDER IMPLICATIONS Determining the aetiology of endometriosis is a challenging issue. Posing a new hypothesis on this subject provides the initial tool necessary to design future experimental, clinical and epidemiological research that could allow for a better understanding of the origin of this disease. Furthermore, advances in the understanding of its aetiology would allow the identification of new therapeutics and preventive actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pilar García-Peñarrubia
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Biología Molecular (B) e Inmunología. Facultad de Medicina, IMIB and Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", Universidad de Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Antonio J Ruiz-Alcaraz
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Biología Molecular (B) e Inmunología. Facultad de Medicina, IMIB and Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", Universidad de Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - María Martínez-Esparza
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Biología Molecular (B) e Inmunología. Facultad de Medicina, IMIB and Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", Universidad de Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Pilar Marín
- Servicio de Ginecología y Obstetricia, Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca, IMIB, Murcia, Spain
| | - Francisco Machado-Linde
- Servicio de Ginecología y Obstetricia, Hospital Clínico Universitario Reina Sofía, CARM, Murcia, Spain
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14
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Kotowska U, Kapelewska J, Sawczuk R. Occurrence, removal, and environmental risk of phthalates in wastewaters, landfill leachates, and groundwater in Poland. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 267:115643. [PMID: 33254702 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Phthalates or phthalic acid esters (PAEs) are chemical compounds whose use is exceptionally widespread in everyday materials but, at the same time, have been proven to have harmful effects on living organisms. Effluents from municipal wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) and leachates from municipal solid waste (MSW) landfills are important sources of phthalates with respect to naturally occurring waters. The main aim of this research was determination, mass loads, removal rates and ecological risk assessment of eight phthalates in municipal wastewaters, landfill leachates and groundwater from Polish WWTPs and MSW landfills. Solid-phase microextraction and gas chromatography with mass spectrometry were used for the extraction and determination of analytes. Summed up concentrations of eight phthalates ranged from below LOD to 596 μg/L in influent wastewater with the highest concentration found for bis-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) (143 μg/L). The average degree of phthalate removal varies depending on the capacity of a given treatment plant with larger treatment plants coping better than smaller ones. The highest treatment efficiency for all tested treatment plants, over 90%, was reported for dimethyl phthalate (DMP) and diethyl phthalate (DEP). Overall concentrations of phthalates in leachates ranged from below LOD to 303 μg/L while the highest maximum concentration was registered for DEHP (249 μg/L). Overall concentrations of phthalic acid esters in groundwater from upstream monitoring wells ranged from below LOD to 1.8 μg/L and from LOD to 27.9 μg/L in samples from wells downstream of MSW landfills. The obtained data shows that diisobutyl phthalate (DIBP), dibutyl phthalate (DBP), DEHP, and diisononyl phthalate (DINP) pose a high risk for all trophic levels being considered in effluent wastewaters. In the case of groundwater high environmental risk was recorded for DBP and DEHP for all tested trophic levels. Phthalates, in concentrations that pose a high environmental risk, are present in Polish municipal after-treatment wastewater as well as in groundwater under municipal solid waste landfills.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urszula Kotowska
- Department of Analytical and Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Bialystok, Ciołkowskiego 1K Street, 15-245, Bialystok, Poland.
| | - Justyna Kapelewska
- Department of Analytical and Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Bialystok, Ciołkowskiego 1K Street, 15-245, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Róża Sawczuk
- Department of Analytical and Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Bialystok, Ciołkowskiego 1K Street, 15-245, Bialystok, Poland
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15
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Moreno‐Mendoza D, Casamonti E, Riera‐Escamilla A, Pietroforte S, Corona G, Ruiz‐Castañe E, Krausz C. Short anogenital distance is associated with testicular germ cell tumour development. Andrology 2020; 8:1770-1778. [DOI: 10.1111/andr.12863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Moreno‐Mendoza
- Andrology Department Fundació Puigvert Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Sant Pau (IIB‐Sant Pau) Departament de Medicina Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona Barcelona Spain
| | - Elena Casamonti
- Department of Biomedical, Experimental and Clinical Sciences "Mario Serio" University of Florence Florence Italy
| | - Antoni Riera‐Escamilla
- Andrology Department Fundació Puigvert Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Sant Pau (IIB‐Sant Pau) Departament de Medicina Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona Barcelona Spain
- Molecular Biology Laboratory Fundació Puigvert Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau) Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona Barcelona Spain
| | - Sara Pietroforte
- Department of Biomedical, Experimental and Clinical Sciences "Mario Serio" University of Florence Florence Italy
- Molecular Biology Laboratory Fundació Puigvert Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau) Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona Barcelona Spain
| | - Giovanni Corona
- Endocrinology Unit Medical Department Azienda Usl Bologna Maggiore‐Bellaria Hospital Bologna Italy
| | - Eduardo Ruiz‐Castañe
- Andrology Department Fundació Puigvert Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Sant Pau (IIB‐Sant Pau) Departament de Medicina Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona Barcelona Spain
| | - Csilla Krausz
- Andrology Department Fundació Puigvert Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Sant Pau (IIB‐Sant Pau) Departament de Medicina Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona Barcelona Spain
- Department of Biomedical, Experimental and Clinical Sciences "Mario Serio" University of Florence Florence Italy
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16
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Zhou Y, Zhang D, Sun D, Cui S. Zearalenone affects reproductive functions of male offspring via transgenerational cytotoxicity on spermatogonia in mouse. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2020; 234:108766. [PMID: 32339757 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2020.108766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Revised: 03/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have demonstrated that Zearalenone (ZEA) affects not only maternal reproductive function but also that of the offspring. However, the transgenerational toxic effects of ZEA on the spermatogonia of male F1 mice are not clear. The present study was thus designed to determine whether the fertility of male F1 mice was affected following exposure of F0 pregnant mice to ZEA. In present study, 32 pregnant female mice were divided into 4 groups and exposed to ZEA of 0, 2.5 and 5.0 mg/kg, respectively, and the testis development and reproductive performance of 96 male F1 mice were analyzed. The results demonstrated that the F0 pregnant mice treated with ZEA resulted in increased anogenital distances in the newborn male F1 mice. Moreover, ZEA caused abnormal vacuole structures and loose connections in the testes of male F1 offspring, compared with the controls. Further ultramicrostructural analysis showed that the mitochondria appeared to be vacuolated with ablated membranes and cristae, and this was accompanied by the presence of large lipid droplets in the spermatogonia. Further, the semen quality and sperm counts declined significantly, and increased malformation rates and decreased testosterone levels were observed in the male F1 offspring from experimental groups. Our results reveal the toxic effects of ZEA on F0 pregnant mice is transgenerational, and affects the fertility of male F1 mice by damaging the spermatogonial cells. This offers a new viewpoint of ZEA-induced reproductive toxicity in male animals and provides a new potential direction for the treatment and prevention of ZEA-induced cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yewen Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Di Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China; Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Dehao Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China.
| | - Sheng Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China; Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.
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17
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Prieto-Sánchez MT, Hernández-Peñalver AI, Sánchez-Ferrer ML, Mendiola J, Torres-Cantero AM. Anogenital distance and anti-Müllerian hormone combined improves the diagnosis of polycystic ovary syndrome. HUM FERTIL 2020; 25:274-282. [PMID: 32713212 DOI: 10.1080/14647273.2020.1795574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to assess the accuracy of the combination of anogenital distance (AGD) and anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) in the diagnosis of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). The study included women diagnosed with PCOS and a control group who attended the Clinical University Hospital 'Virgen de la Arrixaca' in Murcia (Spain). Serum concentrations of AMH were measured and two AGD measurements were obtained: (i) from the anterior clitoral surface to the upper verge of the anus (AGDAC); and (ii) from the posterior fourchette to the upper verge of the anus (AGDAF). Data were assessed by receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curves. Women with PCOS (n = 126) had significantly larger AGDAC (80.5 ± 11.3 versus 76.0 ± 10.4 mm; p < 0.001) and higher AMH (7.2 ± 4.7 versus 3.1 ± 2.2; p < 0.001) compared to control women (n = 159). Women with serum AMH above 3.8 ng/mL (clinical cut-off used in PCOS) were 9.1 times more likely to have PCOS (95% CI: 5.1-16.2). The area under the ROC curve of combined model of AMH and AGDAC was 0.87 (95% CI: 0.83-0.91). The combined model for predicting PCOS based on AMH and AGDAC has better diagnostic accuracy than that of AMH or AGDAC alone. This model could be useful for clinicians and improve diagnosis and clinical management of these women.
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Affiliation(s)
- María T Prieto-Sánchez
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, "Virgen de la Arrixaca" University Clinical Hospital, Murcia, Spain.,Institute for Biomedical Research of Murcia, IMIB-Arrixaca, Murcia, Spain
| | - Ana I Hernández-Peñalver
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, "Virgen de la Arrixaca" University Clinical Hospital, Murcia, Spain
| | - María L Sánchez-Ferrer
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, "Virgen de la Arrixaca" University Clinical Hospital, Murcia, Spain.,Institute for Biomedical Research of Murcia, IMIB-Arrixaca, Murcia, Spain
| | - Jaime Mendiola
- Institute for Biomedical Research of Murcia, IMIB-Arrixaca, Murcia, Spain.,Division of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Murcia School of Medicine, Murcia, Spain.,Biomedical Research Centre Network for Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | - Alberto M Torres-Cantero
- Institute for Biomedical Research of Murcia, IMIB-Arrixaca, Murcia, Spain.,Division of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Murcia School of Medicine, Murcia, Spain.,Biomedical Research Centre Network for Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain.,Department of Preventive Medicine, "Virgen de la Arrixaca" University Clinical Hospital, Murcia, Spain
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Ercin S, Ertas S, Dundar O, Oktem O, Yakin K. Anogenital distance in newborn infants conceived by assisted reproduction and natural conception. Reprod Biomed Online 2020; 41:474-482. [PMID: 32576490 DOI: 10.1016/j.rbmo.2020.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Revised: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
RESEARCH QUESTION Does anogenital distance (AGD) differ in newborn infants conceived through assisted reproduction technology (ART) compared with those conceived naturally? DESIGN This case-control study looked at anthropometric and anogenital measurements in 247 male and 200 female newborns born after ART (n = 121) or natural conception (n = 326), within 24 h of birth. Anogenital measurements included distance from the centre of the anus to the anterior clitoris (AGDAC) and to the posterior fourchette (AGDAF) in female infants, and from the centre of the anus to the posterior base of the scrotum (AGDAS) and to the anterior base of the penis (AGDAP) in male infants. RESULTS ART mothers were older, more likely to be nulliparous and delivered by Caesarean section at an earlier gestational week. AGDAS of male infants was approximately twice the AGDAF of female infants (17.6 ± 5.0 versus 9.1 ± 3.6 mm). AGDAF in female infants conceived by ART compared with those conceived naturally was not significantly different (8.8 ± 3.6 versus 9.3 ± 3.6 mm; P = 0.404). AGDAC were also comparable for both groups (27.4 ± 6.3 versus 27.7 ± 7.1 mm; P = 0.770). In male infants, no significant difference was seen between ART and natural conception groups in terms of AGDAS (17.4 ± 4.6 versus 17.7 ± 5.2 mm, P = 0.742) and AGDAP (37.5 ± 6.6 versus 38.0 ± 6.7 mm, P = 0.589). When adjusted for gestational age, weight, length and head circumference, mode of conception was not associated with differences in any of the anogenital measurements. CONCLUSIONS AGD measurements in infants conceived by ART are no different from those of infants conceived naturally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Secil Ercin
- American Hospital, Women's Health Center Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Sinem Ertas
- American Hospital, Women's Health Center Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Oznur Dundar
- American Hospital, Women's Health Center Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ozgur Oktem
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Koc University School of Medicine Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Kayhan Yakin
- American Hospital, Women's Health Center Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Koc University School of Medicine Istanbul, Turkey.
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Sex- and age-dependent effects of maternal organophosphate flame-retardant exposure on neonatal hypothalamic and hepatic gene expression. Reprod Toxicol 2020; 94:65-74. [PMID: 32360330 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2020.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
After the phase-out of polybrominated diphenyl ethers, their replacement compounds, organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) became ubiquitous in home and work environments. OPFRs, which may act as endocrine disruptors, are detectable in human urine, breast milk, and blood samples collected from pregnant women. However, the effects of perinatal OPFR exposure on offspring homeostasis and gene expression remain largely underexplored. To address this knowledge gap, virgin female mice were mated and dosed with either a sesame oil vehicle or an OPFR mixture (tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl)phosphate, tricresyl phosphate, and triphenyl phosphate, 1 mg/kg each) from gestational day (GD) 7 to postnatal day (PND) 14. Hypothalamic and hepatic tissues were collected from one female and one male pup per litter on PND 0 and PND 14. Expression of genes involved in energy homeostasis, reproduction, glucose metabolism, and xenobiotic metabolism were analyzed using quantitative real-time PCR. In the mediobasal hypothalamus, OPFR increased Pdyn, Tac2, Esr1, and Pparg in PND 14 females. In the liver, OPFR increased Pparg and suppressed Insr, G6pc, and Fasn in PND 14 males and increased Esr1, Foxo1, Dgat2, Fasn, and Cyb2b10 in PND 14 females. We also observed striking sex differences in gene expression that were dependent on the age of the pup. Collectively, these data suggest that maternal OPFR exposure alters hypothalamic and hepatic development by influencing neonatal gene expression in a sex-dependent manner. The long-lasting consequences of these changes in expression may disrupt puberty, hormone sensitivity, and metabolism of glucose, fatty acids, and triglycerides in the maturing juvenile.
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20
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Huang X, Xu X, Dai Y, Cheng Z, Zheng X, Huo X. Association of prenatal exposure to PAHs with anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) levels and birth outcomes of newborns. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 723:138009. [PMID: 32213412 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Revised: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are chemicals that cause serious concerns because of their carcinogenicity and endocrine disrupting ability. OBJECTIVE In the current study, we studied how urinary PAH metabolites are related with the dose-effects of hormone levels and birth outcomes. METHOD 163 pregnant women without health problems and 163 newborns were enrolled in hospitals in Guiyu (e-waste-exposed area) and Haojiang (reference area) from May 2016 to May 2017. Urine samples were collected to measure hydroxylated PAH (OH-PAH) metabolite levels. Umbilical cord blood was used for measurement of hormone levels. Anthropometric parameters of newborns, such as anogenital distance (AGD), were also measured. RESULTS Eight of ten urinary PAH metabolites in the exposed group were significantly higher than in the reference group. Levels of umbilical cord serum estradiol (E2) and testosterone (T) in the exposed group were significantly lower than those in the reference group. Birth weight was positively correlated with 2-OHFlu (2-hydroxyfluorene). Head circumference was negatively correlated with 9-OHFlu, 3-OHPhe (3-hydroxyphenanthrene), 9-OHPhe, and ƩOHFlu (sum of 2-OHFlu and 9-OHFlu). Serum E2 and T levels were negatively correlated with most OH-PAHs. In addition, we found that serum anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) level was positively correlated with AGD, and serum E2 level was negatively correlated with neonatal head circumference. CONCLUSIONS PAH exposure in pregnant women may adversely affect the birth outcomes of newborns, especially AGD; and AMH may be involved in the process. Establishing a baseline for the relationship between PAH exposure and health is important to protect the health of mothers and children living in electronic waste (e-waste) recycling areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofan Huang
- Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Developmental Toxicology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunopathology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, Guangdong, China; Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Developmental Toxicology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, Guangdong, China
| | - Xijin Xu
- Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Developmental Toxicology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunopathology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, Guangdong, China; Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, Guangdong, China
| | - Yifeng Dai
- Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Developmental Toxicology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunopathology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, Guangdong, China; Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen 9713 GZ, the Netherlands
| | - Zhiheng Cheng
- Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Developmental Toxicology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunopathology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, Guangdong, China; Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen 9713 GZ, the Netherlands
| | - Xiangbin Zheng
- Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Developmental Toxicology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, Guangdong, China
| | - Xia Huo
- Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Developmental Toxicology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, Guangdong, China.
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Ullah A, Pirzada M, Jahan S, Ullah H, Razak S, Rauf N, Khan MJ, Mahboob SZ. Prenatal BPA and its analogs BPB, BPF, and BPS exposure and reproductive axis function in the male offspring of Sprague Dawley rats. Hum Exp Toxicol 2020; 38:1344-1365. [PMID: 31514588 DOI: 10.1177/0960327119862335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Research in the past has indicated associated long-term and low levels of exposure of bisphenol A (BPA) in early life and neuroendocrine disorders, such as obesity, precocious puberty, diabetes, and hypertension. BPA and its analogs bisphenol B (BPB), bisphenol F (BPF), and bisphenol S (BPS) have been reported to have similar or even more toxic effect as compared to BPA. Exposure of rats to BPA and its analogs BPB, BPF, and BPS resulted in decreased sperm production, testosterone secretion, and histological changes in the reproductive tissues of male rats. In the present study, BPA, BPB, BPF, and BPS were administered in drinking water at concentrations of (5, 25, and 50 μg/L) from pregnancy day (PD) 1 to PD 21. Body weight (BW), hormonal concentrations, antioxidant enzymes, and histological changes were determined in the reproductive tissues. BPA and its analogs prenatal exposure to female rats induced significant statistical difference in the antioxidant enzymes, plasma testosterone, and estrogen concentrations in the male offspring when compared with the control. Histological parameters of both testis and epididymis revealed prominent changes in the reproductive tissues. The present study suggests that BPA and its analogs BPB, BPF, and BPS different concentrations led to marked alterations in the development of the male reproductive system.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Ullah
- Reproductive Physiology Laboratory, Department of Animal Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - M Pirzada
- Reproductive Physiology Laboratory, Department of Animal Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - S Jahan
- Reproductive Physiology Laboratory, Department of Animal Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - H Ullah
- Reproductive Physiology Laboratory, Department of Animal Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - S Razak
- Reproductive Physiology Laboratory, Department of Animal Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - N Rauf
- Reproductive Physiology Laboratory, Department of Animal Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - M J Khan
- Reproductive Physiology Laboratory, Department of Animal Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - S Z Mahboob
- Reproductive Physiology Laboratory, Department of Animal Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
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Mattiske D, Behringer RR, Overbeek PA, Pask AJ. A novel long non-coding RNA, Leat1, causes reduced anogenital distance and fertility in female mice. Differentiation 2019; 112:1-6. [PMID: 31830612 DOI: 10.1016/j.diff.2019.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Revised: 09/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Defective anorectal and urogenital malformations are some of the most severe congenital anomalies encountered in children. Only a few molecular cues have been identified in early formation of the female urogenital system. Here we describe a novel long non-coding RNA molecule known as Leat1 (long non-coding RNA, EphrinB2 associated transcript 1). This lncRNA is syntenic with EfnB2 (which encodes EphrinB2) and expressed during embryonic development of the genital tubercle. While lncRNAs have varied functions, many are known to regulate their neighbouring genes. Eph/Ephrin bidirectional signaling molecules mediate many patterning pathways in early embryonic development, including cloacal septation and urethral development. Here we investigate the role of Leat1 and its possible regulation of EphrinB2 during development of the female reproductive tract. We show that a loss of Leat1 leads to reduced EfnB2 expression in the developing female genital tubercle, reduced anogenital distance and decreased fertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deidre Mattiske
- School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Richard R Behringer
- Department of Genetics, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Paul A Overbeek
- Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine. Houston, TX, USA
| | - Andrew J Pask
- School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Toprak T, Tokat E. Does anogenital distance change with age? Andrologia 2019; 51:e13431. [DOI: 10.1111/and.13431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2019] [Revised: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Tuncay Toprak
- Department of Urology Fatih Sultan Mehmet Training and Research Hospital Istanbul Turkey
| | - Eda Tokat
- Department of Urology Hakkari State Hospital Hakkari Turkey
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Toprak T, Şahin A, Akgul K, Kutluhan MA, Ramazanoglu MA, Yilmaz M, Sahan A, Verit A. The relationship between anogenital distance and lifelong premature ejaculation. Andrology 2019; 8:353-357. [PMID: 31536679 DOI: 10.1111/andr.12709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Revised: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 09/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many diseases have been associated with anogenital distance, as an indicator of intrauterine androgen exposure. OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to investigate the association between lifelong premature ejaculation and anogenital distance. MATERIALS AND METHODS The study included 140 participants: 70 with lifelong premature ejaculation (group 1) and 70 without any ejaculatory complaints (group 2). Premature Ejaculation Diagnostic Tool and stopwatch intravaginal ejaculatory latency time were recorded from all participants in order to evaluate ejaculatory function. Two variants of anogenital distance were measured: anogenital distance (from anus to the posterior base of the scrotum) from anus to the posterior base of the scrotum and anogenital distance (from anus to the cephalad insertion of the penis) to the cephalad insertion of the penis. We compared differences between groups and correlations between anogenital distance variants and patients' characteristics. RESULTS The groups were similar in terms of age, BMI, and total testosterone levels. The mean anogenital distance (from anus to the posterior base of the scrotum) scores were 59.45 ± 10.76 vs. 55.02 ± 10.13 (p = 0.01), and anogenital distance (from anus to the cephalad insertion of the penis) scores were 128.37 ± 22.2 vs. 126.78 ± 16.21 (p = 0.63) in groups 1 and 2, respectively. Significant correlation was observed between anogenital distance (from anus to the posterior base of the scrotum) and Premature Ejaculation Diagnostic Tool scores (r = 0.199, p = 0.019) and intravaginal ejaculatory latency time (r = -0.185, p = 0.028). There were no statistically significant differences between anogenital distance (from anus to the posterior base of the scrotum) scores and total testosterone levels and between anogenital distance (from anus to the cephalad insertion of the penis) and Premature Ejaculation Diagnostic Tool scores or intravaginal ejaculatory latency time. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that longer anogenital distance is associated with higher possibility of lifelong premature ejaculation. However, further studies are needed to confirm our results.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Toprak
- Department of Urology, Fatih Sultan Mehmet Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - A Şahin
- Department of Urology, Fatih Sultan Mehmet Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - K Akgul
- Department of Urology, Fatih Sultan Mehmet Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - M A Kutluhan
- Department of Urology, Fatih Sultan Mehmet Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | | | - M Yilmaz
- Urology, Ankara City Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - A Sahan
- Department of Urology, Dr. Lütfi Kırdar Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - A Verit
- Department of Urology, Fatih Sultan Mehmet Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
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Zarean M, Keikha M, Feizi A, Kazemitabaee M, Kelishadi R. The role of exposure to phthalates in variations of anogenital distance: A systematic review and meta-analysis. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 247:172-179. [PMID: 30677661 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Revised: 12/29/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Environmental chemicals such as phthalate esters may have adverse effects on anogenital distance (AGD), but the evidence in both genders has not been reviewed systematically. The objective of the present study is to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis of studies that analyzed the relationship between exposure to phthalates and AGD. English papers published up to March 2018 were searched in PubMed, Scopus, Clarivate-Web of Science, and Google scholar. We applied fixed-effects models to calculate pooled beta coefficient [β]. In the case of heterogeneity, random-effects models were used. Using the comprehensive search strategies, 313 papers were identified and after screening, 10 of them were included in this study. In primary analyses, we found that exposure to phthalates was not associated with short AGD (β = -0.11; 95% CI, -0.27, 0.06; I2 = 0%). However, results of subgroup analyses indicated that in boys, the sum of di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (∑DEHP) metabolites had significant association with the risk of shortened anopenile distance (AGDAP) (β = -0.915, 95% CI: 1.629, -0.2) and anoscrotal distance (AGDAS) (β = -0.857, 95% CI: 1.455, -0.26). In addition, urinary monobutyl phthalate (MBP), monoethyl phthalate (MEP), and monoisobutyl phthalate (MiBP) were associated with short AGDAP. We also observed significant association between monobenzylphthalate (MBzP) and anofourchette distance (AGDAF) in girls. Our study provided findings on significant association of exposure to ∑DEHP metabolites, MBP, MEP, and MiBP with shortened AGDAP in boys. The mechanisms of phthalates effect on AGD may involve receptors and enzymes involved in steroidgenesis, negative influence on Leydig cells, cell proliferation, gonocyte cell numbers, and testosterone production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Zarean
- Pediatrics Department, Child Growth and Development Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non-Communicable Disease, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran; Environmental Health Department, Environment Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non-Communicable Disease, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mojtaba Keikha
- Center for Health Related Social and Behavioral Sciences Research, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran
| | - Awat Feizi
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Health, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | | | - Roya Kelishadi
- Pediatrics Department, Child Growth and Development Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non-Communicable Disease, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
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Aluminum disrupts the prenatal development of the male and female gerbil prostate (Meriones unguiculatus). Exp Mol Pathol 2019; 107:32-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2019.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Revised: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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Priskorn L, Bang AK, Nordkap L, Krause M, Mendiola J, Jensen TK, Juul A, Skakkebaek NE, Swan SH, Jørgensen N. Anogenital distance is associated with semen quality but not reproductive hormones in 1106 young men from the general population. Hum Reprod 2019; 34:12-24. [PMID: 30452659 PMCID: PMC6295959 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/dey326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Revised: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
STUDY QUESTION Is anogenital distance (AGD) associated with semen quality and reproductive hormones in men from the general population? SUMMARY ANSWER Short AGD measured from the anus to the base of scrotum (AGDAS) was associated with reduced sperm counts and morphology but not with sperm motility or reproductive hormones. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY AGD is longer in males than in females. In rodents, AGD is a well-established and sensitive marker of disruption during the masculinization programming window in utero and it has been suggested to be so in humans as well. Therefore, the average AGD would be expected to be shorter in men with poor semen quality, which some studies have confirmed while others have not. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION This cross-sectional population-based study was of 1106 men included between 2012 and 2016. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS Men from the general Danish population (median age 19 years), unselected with regard to fertility status and semen quality, delivered a semen sample, had a blood sample drawn, which was analyzed for concentrations of reproductive hormones, and answered a comprehensive questionnaire. They also had a physical examination performed including determination of AGD measured as the distance between anus and scrotum (AGDAS) and penis (AGDAP). Odds ratios (OR) and 95% CI were estimated for a man having abnormal semen parameters according to the World Health Organization's reference values or a low/high concentration of reproductive hormones (defined as the lowest or highest 10%) depending on AGD. AGD was categorized in four strata: ≤10th percentile, 10th-30th percentile, 30th-50th percentile and >50th percentile. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE Men with the 10% shortest AGDAS had a more than doubled risk (OR: 2.19, 95% CI: 1.40-3.42) of being in the subfertile range for either sperm concentration (<15 million/mL) or sperm morphology (<4%) compared to men with AGDAS above the median (reference). Men in the 10th-30th percentile also had an increased OR of 1.48 (95% CI: 1.06-2.08) but not men in the 30th-50th percentile (OR: 1.14, 95% CI: 0.81-1.62). AGDAP was only weakly related to semen quality. AGD was not associated with testicular volume or any of the reproductive hormones. LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION Limitations include the potential non-differential misclassification of reproductive outcomes based on a single semen and blood sample and some between-examiner differences in AGD measurements which introduces noise and may result in an underestimation of observed associations. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS Our study of men from the general population confirmed associations between AGD and semen quality, supporting the hypothesis that AGD in humans could be a marker of fetal testicular development. This suggests that the low semen quality in Danish men may partly be explained by prenatal factors. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTEREST(S) The study has received financial support from the ReproUnion (L.P.); the Research fund of Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital (N.J.); Grants R01ES016863-04 and R01ES016863-02S4; National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS) and National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences grant (P30ES023515) (S.S.); the European Union (Contract numbers BMH4-CT96-0314, QLK4-CT-1999-01422, QLK4-CT-2002-00603, FP7/2007-2013, DEER Grant agreement no. 212844); the Danish Ministry of Health; the Danish Environmental Protection Agency; A.P. Møller and wife Chastine McKinney Møllers foundation; and Svend Andersens Foundation. None of the funders had any role in the study design, collection, analysis or interpretation of data, writing of the paper or publication decisions. The authors have nothing to declare. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER N/A.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Priskorn
- Department of Growth and Reproduction, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- International Center for Research and Research Training in Endocrine Disruption of Male Reproduction and Child Health (EDMaRC), Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - A K Bang
- Department of Growth and Reproduction, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- International Center for Research and Research Training in Endocrine Disruption of Male Reproduction and Child Health (EDMaRC), Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - L Nordkap
- Department of Growth and Reproduction, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- International Center for Research and Research Training in Endocrine Disruption of Male Reproduction and Child Health (EDMaRC), Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - M Krause
- Department of Growth and Reproduction, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- International Center for Research and Research Training in Endocrine Disruption of Male Reproduction and Child Health (EDMaRC), Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - J Mendiola
- Division of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of Murcia School of Medicine and Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (IMIB-Arrixaca), Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
| | - T K Jensen
- Department of Growth and Reproduction, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- International Center for Research and Research Training in Endocrine Disruption of Male Reproduction and Child Health (EDMaRC), Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - A Juul
- Department of Growth and Reproduction, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- International Center for Research and Research Training in Endocrine Disruption of Male Reproduction and Child Health (EDMaRC), Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - N E Skakkebaek
- Department of Growth and Reproduction, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- International Center for Research and Research Training in Endocrine Disruption of Male Reproduction and Child Health (EDMaRC), Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - S H Swan
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - N Jørgensen
- Department of Growth and Reproduction, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- International Center for Research and Research Training in Endocrine Disruption of Male Reproduction and Child Health (EDMaRC), Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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The Role of Environmental Disruptor Chemicals in the Development of Non Communicable Disease. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1121:21-31. [PMID: 31392649 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-10616-4_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The increasing prevalence of non communicable diseases (NCDs) poses main challenges to global public health. Various environmental exposures to different chemicals and pollutants might interact with genetic and epigenetic mechanisms resulting in the development of NCDs. Among these environmental exposures, endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) consist of a group of compounds with potential adverse health effects and the interference with the endocrine system. They are mostly used in food constituents, packaging industries and pesticides. Growing number of in vitro, in vivo, and epidemiological studies documented the link of EDC exposure with obesity, diabetes, and metabolic syndrome, which are the underlying factors for development of NCDs. Prevention of exposure to EDCs and reduction of their production should be underscored in strategies for primordial prevention of NCDs.
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Radke EG, Braun JM, Meeker JD, Cooper GS. Phthalate exposure and male reproductive outcomes: A systematic review of the human epidemiological evidence. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2018; 121:764-793. [PMID: 30336412 PMCID: PMC10825890 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2018.07.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 245] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Revised: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We performed a systematic review of the epidemiology literature to identify the male reproductive effects associated with phthalate exposure. DATA SOURCES AND STUDY ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA Six phthalates were included in the review: di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), diisononyl phthalate (DINP), dibutyl phthalate (DBP), diisobutyl phthalate (DIBP), butyl benzyl phthalate (BBP), and diethyl phthalate (DEP). The initial literature search (of PubMed, Web of Science, and Toxline) included all studies of male reproductive effects in humans, and outcomes were selected for full systematic review based on data availability. STUDY EVALUATION AND SYNTHESIS METHODS For each outcome, studies were evaluated using criteria defined a priori for risk of bias and sensitivity by two reviewers using a domain-based approach. Evidence was synthesized by outcome and phthalate and strength of evidence was summarized using a structured framework. RESULTS The primary outcomes reviewed here are (number of included/excluded studies in parentheses): anogenital distance (6/1), semen parameters (15/9), time to pregnancy (3/5), testosterone (13/8), timing of pubertal development (5/15), and hypospadias/cryptorchidism (4/10). Looking at the overall hazard, there was robust evidence of an association between DEHP and DBP exposure and male reproductive outcomes; this was based primarily on studies of anogenital distance, semen parameters, and testosterone for DEHP and semen parameters and time to pregnancy for DBP. There was moderate evidence of an association between DINP and BBP exposure and male reproductive outcomes based on testosterone and semen parameters for DINP and semen parameters and time to pregnancy for BBP. DIBP and DEP were considered to have slight evidence of an association. For DIBP, the less conclusive evidence was attributed to a more limited literature base (i.e., fewer studies) and lower exposure levels in the population, decreasing the ability to observe an effect. For DEP, the findings were consistent with experimental animal data that suggest DEP does not haves as strong an anti-androgenic effect as other phthalates. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS OF KEY FINDINGS Overall, despite some inconsistencies across phthalates in the specific outcomes associated with exposure, these results support that phthalate exposure at levels seen in human populations may have male reproductive effects, particularly DEHP and DBP. The relative strength of the evidence reflects differing levels of toxicity as well as differences in the range of exposures studied and the number of available studies. The views expressed are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the views or policies of the U.S. EPA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth G Radke
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, National Center for Environmental Assessment, United States.
| | - Joseph M Braun
- Brown University, School of Public Health, United States
| | - John D Meeker
- University of Michigan, School of Public Health, United States
| | - Glinda S Cooper
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, National Center for Environmental Assessment, United States; The Innocence Project, United States
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Arbuckle TE, Agarwal A, MacPherson SH, Fraser WD, Sathyanarayana S, Ramsay T, Dodds L, Muckle G, Fisher M, Foster W, Walker M, Monnier P. Prenatal exposure to phthalates and phenols and infant endocrine-sensitive outcomes: The MIREC study. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2018; 120:572-583. [PMID: 30195175 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2018.08.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Revised: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anogenital distance (AGD) and the second to fourth finger (2D:4D) digit ratio may be early markers of in utero androgen exposure for the infant. Phthalates and phenols have been identified as endocrine disrupting chemicals. OBJECTIVES To study the association between prenatal exposure to phthalates, bisphenol A (BPA) and triclosan (TCS) and AGD and the 2D:4D digit ratios. METHODS Single spot urine samples were collected in the first trimester from the MIREC Study and analyzed for phthalates and phenols. Anogenital distance (n = 394) at birth and 2D:4D digit ratios (n = 420) at 6 months were measured in male and female infants. Associations between maternal concentrations of phenols and phthalate metabolites and these outcomes were estimated using multiple linear regression models. RESULTS In females, the anoclitoris distance (ACD) was negatively associated with mono-benzyl phthalate (MBzP) (β = -1.24; 95% CI -1.91, -0.57) and positively associated with mono-ethyl phthalate (MEP) (β = 0.65; 95% CI 0.12, 1.18) (masculinizing). In males, anopenile distance (APD) was positively associated with mono-n-butyl phthalate (MnBP) (β = 1.17; 95% CI 0.02, 2.32) and the molar sum of low molecular weight phthalates (ΣLMW). Female 2D:4D of the right hand was positively associated with MnBP and negatively with total BPA (masculinizing). CONCLUSIONS Significant associations were only observed for the long AGD metrics. Positive associations were observed between MnBP or LMW phthalates and APD in males. In females, prenatal MEP was associated with a masculinizing effect on ACD, while MBzP was associated with a feminizing effect. No significant associations were observed between prenatal phenols and AGD. Given the paucity of research on digit ratios and prenatal chemical exposures, it is difficult to say whether this metric will be a useful marker of prenatal androgen or anti-androgen exposure. Given the large number of associations examined, the statistical associations observed may have been due to Type 1 error. The inconsistencies in results between studies suggest that this issue is yet to be resolved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tye E Arbuckle
- Population Studies Division, Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Healthy Environments and Consumer Safety Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada.
| | - Amisha Agarwal
- Population Studies Division, Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Healthy Environments and Consumer Safety Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada; Clinical Research Unit, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Susan H MacPherson
- Population Studies Division, Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Healthy Environments and Consumer Safety Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - William D Fraser
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Sheela Sathyanarayana
- University of Washington, Department of Pediatrics, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Tim Ramsay
- Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Linda Dodds
- Perinatal Epidemiology Research Unit, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Gina Muckle
- School of Psychology, Laval University, Quebec CHU Research Center, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Mandy Fisher
- Population Studies Division, Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Healthy Environments and Consumer Safety Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Warren Foster
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, School of Biomedical Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Mark Walker
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Newborn Care, The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Patricia Monnier
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
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Huang YF, Wang PW, Huang LW, Lin MH, Yang W, Chen HC, Yu KP, Chen ML. Interactive effects of nonylphenol and bisphenol A exposure with oxidative stress on fetal reproductive indices. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2018; 167:567-574. [PMID: 30165327 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2018.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Revised: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Nonylphenol (NP) and/or bisphenol A (BPA) may have reproductive effects. Although the mechanisms of action remain unclear, steroid hormones biosynthesis, hypothalamus pituitary adrenal axis activity, oxidative stress, and crosstalk interaction of NP and BPA mixture and its pathways may play a contributory role. This cross-sectional study examined whether the interactive effects of NP/BPA and oxidative stress biomarkers played a role in reproductive indices (penis length and anogenital distance (AGD)) in 244 mother-fetus pairs. Four biomarkers of oxidative stress, (8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), 8-nitroguanine (8-NO2Gua), 8-iso-prostaglandin F2α (8-isoPF2α), and 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal-mercapturic acid (HNE-MA)) were simultaneously analyzed using the high-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry method. No significant associations were found between reproductive indices and NP/BPA or oxidative stress biomarkers. Maternal exposure to a mixture of NP and BPA may enhance 8-OHdG. Interactive effects were found in the high 8-isoPF2α group, and prenatal NP exposure was inversely associated with penis length (β = -3.68 mm; p = 0.01). Similar results were noted among boys who were born to mothers in the high 8-isoPF2α group, in which BPA was inversely associated with penis length (β = -4.43 mm; p = 0.005). Our findings suggest important implications for prenatal exposure to oxidative stress, as evidenced by the 8-isoPF2α level. Thus, NP and BPA may interact to shape fetal reproductive tract development, particularly in boys. The interactive effects of NP/BPA, oxidative stress, and reproductive indices should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Fang Huang
- Department of Safety, Health and Environmental Engineering, National United University, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Wei Wang
- Institute of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, National Yang Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Pediatrics, Taipei City Hospital, Heping Fuyou Branch, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Li-Wei Huang
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Taipei City Hospital, Heping Fuyou Branch, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Meng-Han Lin
- Institute of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, National Yang Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Winnie Yang
- Division of Pediatrics, Taipei City Hospital, Yangming Branch, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Chang Chen
- Institute of Food Safety and Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Pin Yu
- Institute of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, National Yang Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Mei-Lien Chen
- Institute of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, National Yang Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Sánchez-Ferrer ML, Prieto-Sánchez MT, Moya-Jiménez LC, Adoamnei E, Mendiola J, Torres-Cantero AM. Comparability between adult female anogenital distance and perineal measurements standardized by POP-Q system (GH and PB). Neurourol Urodyn 2018; 37:2847-2853. [DOI: 10.1002/nau.23798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- María L. Sánchez-Ferrer
- Departmentof Obstetrics and Gynecology; “Virgen de la Arrixaca” University Clinical Hospital and Institute for Biomedical Research of Murcia; El Palmar Murcia Spain
| | - María T. Prieto-Sánchez
- Departmentof Obstetrics and Gynecology; “Virgen de la Arrixaca” University Clinical Hospital and Institute for Biomedical Research of Murcia; El Palmar Murcia Spain
| | - Luis C. Moya-Jiménez
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology; University General Hospital Santa Lucía; Cartagena Murcia Spain
| | - Evdochia Adoamnei
- Division of Preventive Medicine and Public Health; Department of Public Health Sciences; University of Murcia School of Medicine; Espinardo Murcia Spain
- Institute for Biomedical Research of Murcia; El Palmar Murcia Spain
| | - Jaime Mendiola
- Division of Preventive Medicine and Public Health; Department of Public Health Sciences; University of Murcia School of Medicine; Espinardo Murcia Spain
- Institute for Biomedical Research of Murcia; El Palmar Murcia Spain
| | - Alberto M. Torres-Cantero
- Division of Preventive Medicine and Public Health; Department of Public Health Sciences; University of Murcia School of Medicine; Espinardo Murcia Spain
- Institute for Biomedical Research of Murcia; El Palmar Murcia Spain
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Priskorn L, Petersen JH, Jørgensen N, Kyhl HB, Andersen MS, Main KM, Andersson AM, Skakkebaek NE, Jensen TK. Anogenital distance as a phenotypic signature through infancy. Pediatr Res 2018; 83:573-579. [PMID: 29155806 DOI: 10.1038/pr.2017.287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 09/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BackgroundAnogenital distance (AGD) has been suggested to represent a phenotypic signature reflecting in utero androgen action. However, it is not known whether an individual's AGD at birth correlates to the AGD later in life. We investigate correlations of AGD between 3 and 18 months of age and assess reproducibility of measurements.MethodsWe measured AGD from anus to scrotum (AGDas) and to penis (AGDap) in 407 boys, and to posterior fourchette (AGDaf) and clitoris (AGDac) in 282 girls. Each measure was repeated three times at 3 and 18 months of age, and some children were, furthermore, examined by two different examiners. We assessed age-related changes and reproducibility of measurements.ResultsAGD increased between the two examinations and correlated within the child. A large proportion of the observed variation in AGD was due to true differences between the children (AGDas: 62%, AGDap: 40%, AGDaf: 30%, AGDac: 21%), and measurement error due to between- and within-examiner variation was low.ConclusionsOur study showed that measures of AGD within a child correlated during infancy, especially in boys and particularly for AGD measured as the distance between anus and scrotum. A planned cohort follow-up through childhood and puberty will reveal whether AGD represents a phenotypic signature throughout life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lærke Priskorn
- Department of Growth and Reproduction and EDMaRC, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jørgen H Petersen
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Niels Jørgensen
- Department of Growth and Reproduction and EDMaRC, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Henriette B Kyhl
- The Odense Child Cohort, Department of Paediatrics, Hans Christian Andersen's Children's Hospital, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | | | - Katharina M Main
- Department of Growth and Reproduction and EDMaRC, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anna-Maria Andersson
- Department of Growth and Reproduction and EDMaRC, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Niels E Skakkebaek
- Department of Growth and Reproduction and EDMaRC, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Tina K Jensen
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
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López-Espín JJ, Pérez-Palazón C, Maldonado-Cárceles AB, Román-Arias JD, Mendiola J, Torres-Cantero AM. Anogenital distance and variability in semen parameters. Syst Biol Reprod Med 2017; 64:71-79. [PMID: 29172721 DOI: 10.1080/19396368.2017.1401682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to analyze whether the anogenital distance (AGD) was associated with variability in semen parameters. Semen parameters analyzed following the WHO guidelines and sperm DNA fragmentation were evaluated in 160 semen samples obtained over a period of a year from 16 healthy male volunteers. Two types of AGD measurements from the anus to the rear base of the scrotum (AGDAS) and to the cephalic insertion of the penis (AGDAP) were taken in each individual. The association between AGDs and semen parameters were studied using three statistical tools: a) general coefficient of variation (CV) and intra-individual coefficient of variation (CVi), b) general linear models for repeated measures, and c) mixed model fixed effects panel data. Men with shortened AGDAP have significantly greater intra-individual variability in sperm concentration, total sperm count, and normal sperm morphology. Conversely, greater total sperm motility was observed in men with long AGDAS. Shortened AGDAS was associated with less intra-individual variability of total sperm motility (progressive and non-progressive). AGD measurements were associated with the variability in semen parameters. AGD may be useful to determine intra-individual variability in semen parameters. ABBREVIATIONS AGD: anogenital distance; AGDAP: anogenital distance from the anus to the cephalic insertion of the penis; AGDAS: anogenital distance from the anus to the rear base of the scrotum; AIC: Akaike information criteria; BMI: body mass index; CV: general coefficient of variation; CVi: intra-individual coefficient of variation; GLM: generalized linear model; PR+NP: total sperm motility.
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Affiliation(s)
- José J López-Espín
- a Center of Operations Research , Miguel Hernandez University, Elche Campus , Elche , Spain
| | - Consuelo Pérez-Palazón
- b Gynaecological Center of Reproduction and Genetics , Murcia , Spain.,c Division of Preventive Medicine and Public Health , University of Murcia School of Medicine , IMIB-Arrixaca, Espinardo ( Murcia ), Spain
| | - Ana B Maldonado-Cárceles
- c Division of Preventive Medicine and Public Health , University of Murcia School of Medicine , IMIB-Arrixaca, Espinardo ( Murcia ), Spain.,d Department of Preventive Medicine , Reina Sofia University General Hospital , Murcia , Spain
| | | | - Jaime Mendiola
- c Division of Preventive Medicine and Public Health , University of Murcia School of Medicine , IMIB-Arrixaca, Espinardo ( Murcia ), Spain.,e CIBER of Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP) , ISCIII, Madrid , Spain
| | - Alberto M Torres-Cantero
- c Division of Preventive Medicine and Public Health , University of Murcia School of Medicine , IMIB-Arrixaca, Espinardo ( Murcia ), Spain.,d Department of Preventive Medicine , Reina Sofia University General Hospital , Murcia , Spain.,e CIBER of Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP) , ISCIII, Madrid , Spain.,f Regional Campus of Excellence Mare Nostrum , University of Murcia , Murcia , Spain
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Wainstock T, Shoham-Vardi I, Sheiner E, Walfisch A. Fertility and anogenital distance in women. Reprod Toxicol 2017; 73:345-349. [PMID: 28743560 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2017.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Revised: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human and animal studies have found an association between prenatal androgen exposure and the anogenital distance (AGD). The aims of this study were to study the association between female AGD, reproductive health and background characteristics. METHODS This was a cross sectional study, in which AGD were measured in 300 pregnant women who were recruited early during the first stage of labor. Demographic and health characteristics were collected and studied in association with AGD measurements. RESULTS AGD presented with normal distribution (mean 40.3mm±10.7) and was positively associated with maternal age (beta=0.032, 95%CI 0.007-0.05, p=0.01) and negatively associated with infertility treatments (beta=-1.06, 95%CI -1.99 to -0.12, p=0.03). AGD was not associated with parity, ethnicity, height and other characteristics. CONCLUSIONS Adult females AGD is associated with age and fertility problems. Adult female AGD, used as a marker of early life exposure to EDCs, is possibly associated with reproductive characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamar Wainstock
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, POB 653, Beer-Sheva, Israel.
| | - Ilana Shoham-Vardi
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, POB 653, Beer-Sheva, Israel.
| | - Eyal Sheiner
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Soroka University Medical Center, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel.
| | - Asnat Walfisch
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Soroka University Medical Center, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel.
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Özgüner G, Öztürk K, Bilkay C, Dursun A, Sulak O, Koyuncu E. Appearance of external genital organs and types of hymen in Turkish female foetal cadavers. J OBSTET GYNAECOL 2016; 37:215-222. [PMID: 27866459 DOI: 10.1080/01443615.2016.1233945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The present study's purpose was to determine the size and morphometric development of the female external genital organs on foetal cadavers. Dimensions of labia majora, labia minora and clitoris, bilabial diameter, vertical and horizontal diameters of hymenal opening, distance between the external urethral orifice and hymenal opening, distance between the clitoris and external urethral orifice and anogenital distance were measured. The hymenal types were determined. Mean values of parameters according to gestational weeks, months and trimesters were calculated. Imperforate hymen were determined in the first trimester. Twenty-eight foetuses with annular hymen, 25 foetuses with imperforate hymen, and 1 foetus with septated hymen were determined in the second trimester. Twenty-four foetuses with annular hymen, 3 foetuses with imperforate hymen, 1 foetus with fimbriated hymen, and 1 foetus with hymenal tag were determined in the third trimester. All foetuses in the full term were determined with annular hymen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gülnur Özgüner
- a Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine , Süleyman Demirel University , Isparta , Turkey
| | - Kenan Öztürk
- a Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine , Süleyman Demirel University , Isparta , Turkey
| | - Cemil Bilkay
- a Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine , Süleyman Demirel University , Isparta , Turkey
| | - Ahmet Dursun
- a Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine , Süleyman Demirel University , Isparta , Turkey
| | - Osman Sulak
- a Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine , Süleyman Demirel University , Isparta , Turkey
| | - Esra Koyuncu
- a Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine , Süleyman Demirel University , Isparta , Turkey
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Lind DV, Main KM, Kyhl HB, Kristensen DM, Toppari J, Andersen HR, Andersen MS, Skakkebæk NE, Jensen TK. Maternal use of mild analgesics during pregnancy associated with reduced anogenital distance in sons: a cohort study of 1027 mother–child pairs. Hum Reprod 2016; 32:223-231. [DOI: 10.1093/humrep/dew285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2016] [Revised: 09/16/2016] [Accepted: 10/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
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Liu R, Xu X, Zhang Y, Zheng X, Kim SS, Dietrich KN, Ho SM, Reponen T, Chen A, Huo X. Thyroid Hormone Status in Umbilical Cord Serum Is Positively Associated with Male Anogenital Distance. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2016; 101:3378-85. [PMID: 27383112 PMCID: PMC5010576 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2015-3872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2015] [Accepted: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT In human adults and adolescents, thyroid function affects sex hormones and male reproductive functions. Little is known about the thyroid function effects on the gonadal development in human infants. OBJECTIVE The aim was to examine the association between thyroid hormones (THs) and sexually dimorphic genital development or fetal growth. DESIGN This is a birth cohort study. PARTICIPANTS A total of 616 mothers and newborns were analyzed from two local hospitals. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES TSH, free T3 (FT3), and free T4 (FT4) levels in cord blood serum, anogenital distance (AGD), birth weight, birth length, birth body mass index, and head circumference in neonates. RESULTS Longer AGD in male newborns was observed with higher cord serum FT3 (β, 1.36 mm [95% confidence interval (CI), 0.58-2.13] for 1 pmol/L FT3), FT4 (β, 0.12 mm [95% CI, 0.00-0.25] for 1 pmol/L FT4), and TSH (β, 3.14 mm [95% CI, 0.65-5.63] for a 10-fold TSH increase), and with a lower FT4/FT3 ratio (β, -0.11 mm [95% CI, -0.20 to -0.02] for doubling FT4/FT3 ratio). The relationships between TSH, birth weight, and birth length were different by secondhand smoke exposure. Secondhand smoke exposure had an effect modification, with interaction P value .039 and .010, respectively. Secondhand smoke exposure also had an effect modification on the relation between FT4 and head circumference with interaction P value .020. CONCLUSIONS In the absence of overt thyroid dysfunction, THs are positively associated with AGD in male newborns. TH effects on body size and head circumference may be modified by maternal secondhand smoke exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongju Liu
- Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Developmental Toxicology (R.L., X.X., Y.Z., X.Z., X.H.), and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunopathology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, Guangdong, China; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (R.L.), The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, Guangdong, China; Department of Cell Biology and Genetics (X.X.), Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, Guangdong, China; Department of Environmental Health (S.S.K., K.N.D., S.-M.H., T.R., A.C.), College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45267; and School of Environment (X.H.), Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Xijin Xu
- Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Developmental Toxicology (R.L., X.X., Y.Z., X.Z., X.H.), and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunopathology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, Guangdong, China; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (R.L.), The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, Guangdong, China; Department of Cell Biology and Genetics (X.X.), Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, Guangdong, China; Department of Environmental Health (S.S.K., K.N.D., S.-M.H., T.R., A.C.), College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45267; and School of Environment (X.H.), Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Yuling Zhang
- Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Developmental Toxicology (R.L., X.X., Y.Z., X.Z., X.H.), and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunopathology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, Guangdong, China; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (R.L.), The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, Guangdong, China; Department of Cell Biology and Genetics (X.X.), Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, Guangdong, China; Department of Environmental Health (S.S.K., K.N.D., S.-M.H., T.R., A.C.), College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45267; and School of Environment (X.H.), Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Xiangbin Zheng
- Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Developmental Toxicology (R.L., X.X., Y.Z., X.Z., X.H.), and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunopathology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, Guangdong, China; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (R.L.), The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, Guangdong, China; Department of Cell Biology and Genetics (X.X.), Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, Guangdong, China; Department of Environmental Health (S.S.K., K.N.D., S.-M.H., T.R., A.C.), College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45267; and School of Environment (X.H.), Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Stephani S Kim
- Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Developmental Toxicology (R.L., X.X., Y.Z., X.Z., X.H.), and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunopathology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, Guangdong, China; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (R.L.), The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, Guangdong, China; Department of Cell Biology and Genetics (X.X.), Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, Guangdong, China; Department of Environmental Health (S.S.K., K.N.D., S.-M.H., T.R., A.C.), College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45267; and School of Environment (X.H.), Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Kim N Dietrich
- Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Developmental Toxicology (R.L., X.X., Y.Z., X.Z., X.H.), and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunopathology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, Guangdong, China; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (R.L.), The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, Guangdong, China; Department of Cell Biology and Genetics (X.X.), Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, Guangdong, China; Department of Environmental Health (S.S.K., K.N.D., S.-M.H., T.R., A.C.), College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45267; and School of Environment (X.H.), Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Shuk-Mei Ho
- Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Developmental Toxicology (R.L., X.X., Y.Z., X.Z., X.H.), and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunopathology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, Guangdong, China; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (R.L.), The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, Guangdong, China; Department of Cell Biology and Genetics (X.X.), Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, Guangdong, China; Department of Environmental Health (S.S.K., K.N.D., S.-M.H., T.R., A.C.), College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45267; and School of Environment (X.H.), Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Tiina Reponen
- Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Developmental Toxicology (R.L., X.X., Y.Z., X.Z., X.H.), and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunopathology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, Guangdong, China; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (R.L.), The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, Guangdong, China; Department of Cell Biology and Genetics (X.X.), Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, Guangdong, China; Department of Environmental Health (S.S.K., K.N.D., S.-M.H., T.R., A.C.), College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45267; and School of Environment (X.H.), Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Aimin Chen
- Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Developmental Toxicology (R.L., X.X., Y.Z., X.Z., X.H.), and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunopathology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, Guangdong, China; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (R.L.), The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, Guangdong, China; Department of Cell Biology and Genetics (X.X.), Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, Guangdong, China; Department of Environmental Health (S.S.K., K.N.D., S.-M.H., T.R., A.C.), College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45267; and School of Environment (X.H.), Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Xia Huo
- Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Developmental Toxicology (R.L., X.X., Y.Z., X.Z., X.H.), and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunopathology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, Guangdong, China; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (R.L.), The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, Guangdong, China; Department of Cell Biology and Genetics (X.X.), Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, Guangdong, China; Department of Environmental Health (S.S.K., K.N.D., S.-M.H., T.R., A.C.), College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45267; and School of Environment (X.H.), Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
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Thankamony A, Pasterski V, Ong KK, Acerini CL, Hughes IA. Anogenital distance as a marker of androgen exposure in humans. Andrology 2016; 4:616-25. [PMID: 26846869 PMCID: PMC6225986 DOI: 10.1111/andr.12156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2015] [Revised: 12/06/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Abnormal foetal testis development has been proposed to underlie common disorders of the male reproductive system such as cryptorchidism, hypospadias, reduced semen quality and testicular germ cell tumour, which are regarded as components of a 'testicular dysgenesis syndrome'. The increasing trends and geographical variation in their incidence have been suggested to result from in utero exposure to environmental chemicals acting as endocrine disruptors. In rodents, the anogenital distance (AGD), measured from the anus to the base of genital tubercle, is a sensitive biomarker of androgen exposure during a critical embryonic window of testis development. In humans, several epidemiological studies have shown alterations in AGD associated with prenatal exposure to several chemicals with potential endocrine disrupting activity. However, the link between AGD and androgen exposure in humans is not well-defined. This review focuses on the current evidence for such a relationship. As in rodents, a clear gender difference is detected during foetal development of the AGD in humans which is maintained thereafter. Reduced AGD in association with clinically relevant outcomes of potential environmental exposures, such as cryptorchidism or hypospadias, is in keeping with AGD as a marker of foetal testicular function. Furthermore, AGD may reflect variations in prenatal androgen exposure in healthy children as shorter AGD at birth is associated with reduced masculine play behaviour in preschool boys. Several studies provide evidence linking shorter AGD with lower fertility, semen quality and testosterone levels in selected groups of adults attending andrology clinics. Overall, the observational data in humans are consistent with experimental studies in animals and support the use of AGD as a biomarker of foetal androgen exposure. Future studies evaluating AGD in relation to reproductive hormones in both infants and adults, and to gene polymorphisms, will help to further delineate the effect of prenatal and postnatal androgen exposures on AGD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajay Thankamony
- Department of Paediatrics, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Vickie Pasterski
- Department of Paediatrics, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
- Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3RQ, UK
| | - Ken K Ong
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Carlo L Acerini
- Department of Paediatrics, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Ieuan A Hughes
- Department of Paediatrics, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
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Mendiola J, Oñate-Celdrán J, Samper-Mateo P, Arense-Gonzalo JJ, Torres-Roca M, Sánchez-Rodríguez C, García-Escudero D, Fontana-Compiano LO, Eisenberg ML, Swan SH, Torres-Cantero AM. Comparability and reproducibility of adult male anogenital distance measurements for two different methods. Andrology 2016; 4:626-31. [DOI: 10.1111/andr.12202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Revised: 03/20/2016] [Accepted: 03/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. Mendiola
- Division of Preventive Medicine and Public Health; Department of Health and Social Sciences; University of Murcia School of Medicine; Murcia (Murcia) Spain
| | - J. Oñate-Celdrán
- Department of Urology; ‘Reina Sofia’ University General Hospital; Murcia (Murcia) Spain
| | - P. Samper-Mateo
- Department of Urology; ‘Reina Sofia’ University General Hospital; Murcia (Murcia) Spain
| | - J. J. Arense-Gonzalo
- Division of Preventive Medicine and Public Health; Department of Health and Social Sciences; University of Murcia School of Medicine; Murcia (Murcia) Spain
| | - M. Torres-Roca
- Department of Urology; ‘Reina Sofia’ University General Hospital; Murcia (Murcia) Spain
| | - C. Sánchez-Rodríguez
- Department of Urology; ‘Reina Sofia’ University General Hospital; Murcia (Murcia) Spain
| | - D. García-Escudero
- Department of Urology; ‘Reina Sofia’ University General Hospital; Murcia (Murcia) Spain
| | | | - M. L. Eisenberg
- Department of Urology and Obstetrics/Gynecology; Stanford University School of Medicine; Stanford CA USA
| | - S. H. Swan
- Department of Preventive Medicine; Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai; New York NY USA
| | - A. M. Torres-Cantero
- Division of Preventive Medicine and Public Health; Department of Health and Social Sciences; University of Murcia School of Medicine; Murcia (Murcia) Spain
- Department of Preventive Medicine; ‘Reina Sofia’ University General Hospital; Murcia (Murcia) Spain
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41
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Liu C, Xu X, Zhang Y, Li W, Huo X. Associations between maternal phenolic exposure and cord sex hormones in male newborns. Hum Reprod 2016; 31:648-56. [PMID: 26724800 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/dev327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2015] [Accepted: 12/03/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
STUDY QUESTION Are maternal urinary phenol concentrations associated with cord steroid hormone levels and anogenital distance (AGD) in male newborns? SUMMARY ANSWER High maternal urinary Bisphenol A (BPA) levels are associated with decreases in cord testosterone levels and the ratio of testosterone to estradiol in male newborns, but there was no significant association with AGD. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY Early life exposure to phenolic endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs) is known to disrupt hormonal activities and affect reproductive development in males. However, studies on the health effects of prenatal human exposure are scarce. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION This was a cross-sectional study to investigate the association between maternal phenolic exposure and cord sex steroid hormones and AGD in male newborns. We recruited 100 mother-infant pairs from each of two hospitals, one in a polluted town (Guiyu) and the other in a cleaner town (Haojiang), from September 2010 to September 2011. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS One hundred and seventy eight maternal urine samples and 137 cord blood samples were available for quantification, thus 137 complete records entered into the final analysis. Of them, 77 pairs were from Guiyu, and 60 were from Haojiang. The chemical concentrations were determined by solid phase extraction and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (SPE-GC-MS), and cord sex hormones were detected by radioimmunoassay (RIA). Neonatal anthropometric parameters including AGD were measured. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE Log2-transformed maternal urinary BPA concentration was negatively correlated with testosterone level and the ratio of testosterone to estradiol (T/E2) in male fetal cord blood after adjustment for potential confounders in linear regression models (βadjusted = -31.09 (95% CI, -53.07 to -9.11) and βadjusted = -0.08 (95% CI, -0.13 to -0.01), respectively). Moreover, compared with the lowest quartile group of BPA level, the highest group showed a significant decrease in testosterone level and T/E2 (βadjusted = -179.84 (95% CI, -333.45 to -26.24) and βadjusted = -0.37 (95% CI, -0.81 to 0.07), respectively). No significant associations between AGD or anogenital index (AGI, [AGI = AGD/birthweight (mm/kg)]) and phenolic EDCs or cord hormone levels were found. LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION Results in the present study should be interpreted with caution because of its cross-sectional nature, small sample size and sampling time. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS Testosterone plays an important role in sex differentiation and normal development of the fetus and newborn, and the balance between testosterone and estradiol is thought an important mediator of prostate disease. Therefore, our findings may have important implications for human reproductive health. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTERESTS This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (21377077) and Guangdong University Project for International Cooperation and Innovation Platform (2013gjhz0007). The authors declare they have no actual or potential competing financial interests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunhua Liu
- Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Developmental Toxicology, and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunopathology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China
| | - Xijin Xu
- Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Developmental Toxicology, and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunopathology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China
| | - Yuling Zhang
- Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Developmental Toxicology, and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunopathology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China
| | - Weiqiu Li
- Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Developmental Toxicology, and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunopathology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China
| | - Xia Huo
- Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Developmental Toxicology, and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunopathology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China
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Abstract
Introduction Endocrine disruptors or environmental agents, disrupt the endocrine system, leading to various adverse effects in humans and animals. Although the phenomenon has been noted historically in the cases of diethylstilbestrol (DES) and dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), the term “endocrine disruptor” is relatively new. Endocrine disruptors can have a variety of hormonal activities such as estrogenicity or anti-androgenicity. The focus of this review concerns on the induction of hypospadias by exogenous estrogenic endocrine disruptors. This has been a particular clinical concern secondary to reported increased incidence of hypospadias. Herein, the recent literature is reviewed as to whether endocrine disruptors cause hypospadias. Methods A literature search was performed for studies involving both humans and animals. Studies within the past 5 years were reviewed and categorized into basic science, clinical science, epidemiologic, or review studies. Results Forty-three scientific articles were identified. Relevant sentinel articles were also reviewed. Additional pertinent studies were extracted from the reference of the articles that obtained from initial search results. Each article was reviewed and results presented. Overall, there were no studies which definitely stated that endocrine disruptors caused hypospadias. However, there were multiple studies which implicated endocrine disruptors as one component of a multifactorial model for hypospadias. Conclusions Endocrine disruption may be one of the many critical steps in aberrant development that manifests as hypospadias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sisir Botta
- Department of Urology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Gerald R Cunha
- Department of Urology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Laurence S Baskin
- Department of Urology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
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Mendiola J, Melgarejo M, Moñino-García M, Cutillas-Tolín A, Noguera-Velasco JA, Torres-Cantero AM. Is anogenital distance associated with semen quality in male partners of subfertile couples? Andrology 2015; 3:672-6. [DOI: 10.1111/andr.12059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2015] [Revised: 05/03/2015] [Accepted: 05/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. Mendiola
- Division of Preventive Medicine and Public Health; Department of Health and Social Sciences; University of Murcia School of Medicine; IMIB-Arrixaca.; Espinardo (Murcia) Spain
| | - M. Melgarejo
- Division of Preventive Medicine and Public Health; Department of Health and Social Sciences; University of Murcia School of Medicine; IMIB-Arrixaca.; Espinardo (Murcia) Spain
- Department of Laboratory Medicine; “Virgen de la Arrixaca” University Hospital; El Palmar (Murcia) Spain
| | - M. Moñino-García
- Division of Preventive Medicine and Public Health; Department of Health and Social Sciences; University of Murcia School of Medicine; IMIB-Arrixaca.; Espinardo (Murcia) Spain
| | - A. Cutillas-Tolín
- Division of Preventive Medicine and Public Health; Department of Health and Social Sciences; University of Murcia School of Medicine; IMIB-Arrixaca.; Espinardo (Murcia) Spain
| | - J. A. Noguera-Velasco
- Department of Laboratory Medicine; “Virgen de la Arrixaca” University Hospital; El Palmar (Murcia) Spain
| | - A. M. Torres-Cantero
- Division of Preventive Medicine and Public Health; Department of Health and Social Sciences; University of Murcia School of Medicine; IMIB-Arrixaca.; Espinardo (Murcia) Spain
- Department of Preventive Medicine; “Reina Sofia” University General Hospital; Murcia (Murcia) Spain
- Regional Campus of International Excellence ‘Campus Mare Nostrum’; University of Murcia; Murcia (Murcia) Spain
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44
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Parra MD, Mendiola J, Jørgensen N, Swan SH, Torres-Cantero AM. Anogenital distance and reproductive parameters in young men. Andrologia 2015; 48:3-10. [DOI: 10.1111/and.12403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- M. D. Parra
- Department of Health and Social Sciences; Division of Preventive Medicine and Public Health; University of Murcia School of Medicine; Murcia Spain
| | - J. Mendiola
- Department of Health and Social Sciences; Division of Preventive Medicine and Public Health; University of Murcia School of Medicine; Murcia Spain
| | - N. Jørgensen
- University Department of Growth and Reproduction; University of Copenhagen; Rigshospitalet; Copenhagen Denmark
| | - S. H. Swan
- Department of Preventive Medicine; Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai; New York New York USA
| | - A. M. Torres-Cantero
- Department of Health and Social Sciences; Division of Preventive Medicine and Public Health; University of Murcia School of Medicine; Murcia Spain
- Department of Preventive Medicine; Reina Sofía University General Hospital; Murcia Spain
- Regional Campus of International Excellence ‘Campus Mare Nostrum’; University of Murcia; Murcia Spain
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