1
|
Li X, Cai Y, Chen J, Lu J, Chovelon JM, Zhou Q, Ji Y. Aqueous photolysis of naproxen exposed to UV and natural sunlight: Formation of excited triplet and photosensitizing product. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 474:134841. [PMID: 38852251 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.134841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Revised: 04/27/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
Photochemical transformation is an important attenuation process for the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug naproxen (NPX) in both engineered and natural waters. Herein, we investigated the photolysis of NPX in aqueous solution exposed to both ultraviolet (UV, 254 nm) and natural sunlight irradiation. Results show that N2 purging significantly promoted NPX photolysis under UV irradiation, suggesting the formation of excited triplet state (3NPX*) as a critical transient. This inference was supported by benzophenone photosensitization and transient absorption spectra. Sunlight quantum yield of NPX was only one fourteenth of that under UV irradiation, suggesting the wavelength-dependence of NPX photochemistry. 3NPX* formed upon irradiation of NPX underwent photodecarboxylation leading to the formation of 2-(1-hydroxyethyl)-6-methoxynaphthalene (2HE6MN), 2-(1-hydroperoxyethyl)-6-methoxynaphthalene (2HPE6MN), and 2-acetyl-6-methoxynaphthalene (2A6MN). Notably, the conjugation and spin-orbit coupling effects of carbonyl make 2A6MN a potent triplet sensitizer, therefore promoting the photodegradation of the parent NPX. In hospital wastewater, the photolysis of NPX was influenced because the photoproduct 2A6MN and wastewater components could competitively absorb photons. Bioluminescence inhibition assay demonstrated that photoproducts of NPX exhibited higher toxicity than the parent compound. Results of this study provide new insights into the photochemical behaviors of NPX during UV treatment and in sunlit surface waters.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoci Li
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yan Cai
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Jing Chen
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Junhe Lu
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Jean-Marc Chovelon
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, IRCELYON, F-69626 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Quansuo Zhou
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yuefei Ji
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Mohmmad A, Mosavian MTH, Moosavi F. Pharmaceutically active compounds removal from aqueous solutions by MIL-101(Cr)-NH 2: A molecular dynamics study. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2024; 278:116333. [PMID: 38701652 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2024.116333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Revised: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
Discharging pharmaceutically active drugs into water and wastewater has become a significant environmental threat. Traditional methods are unable to effectively remove these compounds from wastewater, so it is necessary to search for more effective methods. This study investigates the potential of MIL-101(Cr)-NH2 as a preferable and more effective adsorbent for the adsorption and removal of pharmaceutically active compounds from aqueous solutions. By utilizing its large porosity, high specific surface area, and high stability, the structural and transport properties of three pharmaceutically active compounds naproxen (NAP), diclofenac (DIC) and sulfamethoxazole (SMX)) studied using molecular dynamics simulation. The results indicate that the MIL-101(Cr)-NH2 adsorbent is suitable for removing drug molecules from aqueous solutions, with maximum adsorption capacities of 697.75 mg/g for naproxen, 704.99 mg/g for diclofenac, and 725.51 mg/g for sulfamethoxazole.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Mohmmad
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran.
| | - M T Hamed Mosavian
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran.
| | - F Moosavi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Li D, Ma XY, Zhang S, Wang YK, Han Y, Chen R, Wang XC, Ngo HH. Aquatic photolysis of high-risk chemicals of emerging concern from secondary effluent mediated by sunlight irradiation for ecological safety and the enhanced methods. WATER RESEARCH 2023; 238:120002. [PMID: 37148692 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2023.120002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Natural sunlight can reduce the chemicals of emerging concern (CECs) and biological effects from the discharged domestic wastewater. But the aquatic photolysis and biotoxic variations of specific CECs detected in secondary effluent (SE) were not clear. In this study, 29 CECs were detected in the SE, and 13 medium- and high-risk CECs were identified as target chemicals based on their ecological risk assessment. To comprehensively explore the photolysis properties of the identified target chemicals, the direct and self-sensitized photodegradation of the target chemicals, even the indirect photodegradation in the mixture, were investigated and compared with these photodegradation in the SE. Of the 13 target chemicals, only five chemicals (including dichlorvos (DDVP), mefenamic acid (MEF), diphenhydramine hydrochloride (DPH), chlorpyrifos (CPF), and imidacloprid (IMI)) underwent direct and self-sensitized photodegradation processes. The removal of DDVP, MEF, and DPH was attributed to self-sensitized photodegradation, which was mainly mediated by •OH; CPF and IMI primarily relied on direct photodegradation. Synergistic and/or antagonistic actions that occurred in the mixture improved/decreased the rate constants of five photodegradable target chemicals. Meanwhile, the biotoxicities (acute toxicity and genotoxicity) of the target chemicals (including individual chemicals and the mixture) were significantly reduced, which can explain the reduction of biotoxicities from SE. For the two refractory high-risk chemicals, atrazine (ATZ) and carbendazim (MBC), algae-derived intracellular dissolved organic matter (IOM) on ATZ, and IOM and extracellular dissolved organic matter (EOM) on MBC had slightly promotion for their photodegradation; while peroxysulfate, and peroxymonosulfate served as sensitizers were activated by natural sunlight and effectively improved their photodegradation rate, and then reduced their biotoxicities. These findings will promote the development of CECs treatment technologies based on sunlight irradiation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Danyang Li
- Key Lab of Environmental Engineering (Shaanxi province), School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, No.13 Yanta Road, Xi'an 710055, PR China
| | - Xiaoyan Y Ma
- Key Lab of Environmental Engineering (Shaanxi province), School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, No.13 Yanta Road, Xi'an 710055, PR China; International Science & Technology Cooperation Center for Urban Alternative Water Resources Development, Key Laboratory of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology (Ministry of Education), Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, No.13 Yanta Road, Xi'an 710055, PR China.
| | - Shiying Zhang
- Key Lab of Environmental Engineering (Shaanxi province), School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, No.13 Yanta Road, Xi'an 710055, PR China
| | - Yongkun K Wang
- School of Environment and Tourism, West Anhui University, Lùan 237000, PR China
| | - Yingnan Han
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, PR China
| | - Rong Chen
- Key Lab of Environmental Engineering (Shaanxi province), School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, No.13 Yanta Road, Xi'an 710055, PR China; International Science & Technology Cooperation Center for Urban Alternative Water Resources Development, Key Laboratory of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology (Ministry of Education), Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, No.13 Yanta Road, Xi'an 710055, PR China
| | - Xiaochang C Wang
- Key Lab of Environmental Engineering (Shaanxi province), School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, No.13 Yanta Road, Xi'an 710055, PR China; International Science & Technology Cooperation Center for Urban Alternative Water Resources Development, Key Laboratory of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology (Ministry of Education), Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, No.13 Yanta Road, Xi'an 710055, PR China
| | - Huu Hao Ngo
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology, University of Technology Sydney, Broadway, NSW 2007, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Kawabata K, Miyoshi A, Nishi H. Cocrystallization with nicotinamide promotes naproxen photodegradation in the solid-state. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpap.2023.100172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
|
5
|
Wang T, Faria Albanese JA, de Vos WM, de Grooth J. Continuous pH regulation for PES@CoFe2O4 based catalytic UF membranes: Preventing adsorption for optimal degradation. Sep Purif Technol 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2023.123663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/09/2023]
|
6
|
Mehrabanpour N, Nezamzadeh-Ejhieh A, Ghattavi S. Cefotaxime degradation by the coupled binary CdS-PbS: characterization and the photocatalytic process kinetics. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:33725-33736. [PMID: 36495433 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-24613-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Increased water pollution due to discharging industrial/urban/hospital wastewater has been adopted to introduce/develop novel removal techniques/catalyst/adsorbent. The hexagonal (wurtzite) CdS and the cubic PbS nanoparticles (NPs) were synthesized, coupled, and supported onto clinoptilolite NPs (CNP). Then, the sample was characterized by X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), and a scanning electron microscope equipped with an energy dispersive X-ray analyzer (SEM-EDX) techniques. The average crystallite size for CdS NPs, PbS NPs, CNP, and CdS-PbS/CNP samples was obtained at about 24, 36, 27, and 14 nm using the Scherrer formula value of nanometer, by the W-H formula, 31, 17, 39, and 51, respectively. Only a detectable slope can be observed from the DRS spectra for CdS NPs at 591 nm corresponding to an Eg value of 2.1 eV. PbS NPs have a broad abruption peak that begins from the visible region and extends to the IR region of the light. A boosted photocatalytic activity of the supported binary catalysts towards cefotaxime (CT) was reached. An apparent first kinetic model was reached with a k-value of 0.021 min-1 corresponding to the t1/2 value of 33 min. A decreased COD trend for the photodegraded CT solutions was reached, and the chemical oxygen demand (COD) results in the Hinshelwood model showed a k-value of 0.016 min-1, corresponding to a t1/2 value of 43 min.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Najme Mehrabanpour
- Department of Chemistry, Shahreza Branch, Islamic Azad University, P. O. Box 311-86145, Shahreza, Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Alireza Nezamzadeh-Ejhieh
- Department of Chemistry, Shahreza Branch, Islamic Azad University, P. O. Box 311-86145, Shahreza, Islamic Republic of Iran.
| | - Shirin Ghattavi
- Department of Chemistry, Firoozabad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Firoozabad, Islamic Republic of Iran
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Elucidating photolysis mechanisms of ketamine by quantum chemical calculations. COMPUT THEOR CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.comptc.2022.113845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
8
|
Wang T, de Vos WM, de Grooth J. CoFe2O4-peroxymonosulfate based catalytic UF and NF polymeric membranes for naproxen removal: The role of residence time. J Memb Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2021.120209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
|
9
|
Chen S, Wang J, Sun Q, Zhou J, He S, Feng H, Mu P. The enhancement of infrared light on degradation of trimethoprim. CATAL COMMUN 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.catcom.2021.106313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
|
10
|
Köse K, Kehribar DY, Uzun L. Molecularly imprinted polymers in toxicology: a literature survey for the last 5 years. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:35437-35471. [PMID: 34024002 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-14510-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The science of toxicology dates back almost to the beginning of human history. Toxic chemicals, which are encountered in different forms, are always among the chemicals that should be investigated in criminal field, environmental application, pharmaceutic, and even industry, where many researches have been carried out studies for years. Almost all of not only drugs but also industrial dyes have toxic side and direct effects. Environmental micropollutants accumulate in the tissues of all living things, especially plants, and show short- or long-term toxic symptoms. Chemicals in forensic science can be known by detecting the effect they cause to the body with the similar mechanism. It is clear that the best tracking tool among analysis methods is molecularly printed polymer-based analytical setups. Different polymeric combinations of molecularly imprinted polymers allow further study on detection or extraction using chromatographic and spectroscopic instruments. In particular, methods used in forensic medicine can detect trace amounts of poison or biological residues on the scene. Molecularly imprinted polymers are still in their infancy and have many variables that need to be developed. In this review, we summarized how molecular imprinted polymers and toxicology intersect and what has been done about molecular imprinted polymers in toxicology by looking at the studies conducted in the last 5 years.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kazım Köse
- Department of Joint Courses, Hitit University, Çorum, Turkey.
| | - Demet Yalçın Kehribar
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Ondokuz Mayis University, Samsun, Turkey
| | - Lokman Uzun
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Ghaly HA, El-Kalliny AS, Gad-Allah TA, El-Sattar NEAA. Photodegradation of Naproxen Using Ag/AgCl–PANI Composite under Solar Light: Transformation Product and Reaction Kinetics. KINETICS AND CATALYSIS 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s0023158421030034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
12
|
Removal of Sulfadiazine by Polyamide Nanofiltration Membranes: Measurement, Modeling, and Mechanisms. MEMBRANES 2021; 11:membranes11020104. [PMID: 33540550 PMCID: PMC7912794 DOI: 10.3390/membranes11020104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
In this study, a complete steric, electrostatic, and dielectric mass transfer model is applied to investigate the separation mechanism of typical antibiotic sulfadiazine by NF90, NF270, VNF-8040 and TMN20H-400 nanofiltration membranes. FTIR and XPS analysis clearly indicate that the membranes we used possess skin layers containing both amine and carboxylic acid groups that can be distributed in an inhomogeneous fashion, leading to a bipolar fixed charge distribution. We compare the theoretical and experimental rejection rate of the sulfadiazine as a function of the pressure difference across the nanopore for the four polyamide membranes of inhomogeneously charged nanopores. It is shown that the rejection rate of sulfadiazine obtained by the solute transport model has similar qualitative results with that of experiments and follows the sequence: RNF90>RVNF2−8040>RNF270>RTMN20H−400. The physical explanation can be attributed to the influence of the inhomogeneous charge distribution on the electric field that arises spontaneously so as to maintain the electroneutrality within the nanopore.
Collapse
|
13
|
Calma ML, Medina PMB. Acute and chronic exposure of the holometabolous life cycle of Aedes aegypti L. to emerging contaminants naproxen and propylparaben. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 266:115275. [PMID: 32771866 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) are a class of emerging contaminants commonly detected in environmental waters worldwide. Although reports about their detection in aquatic environments are increasing, limited studies show their effects on holometabolous insects. In this study, acute and chronic exposure to naproxen (0.02, 41, 82, 164, 382, 656, and 1312 mg L-1) and propylparaben (0.02, 25, 50, 100, 250, 500, and 1000 mg L-1) were evaluated in Aedes aegypti L. Acute exposure to naproxen (≥0.02 mg L-1) and propylparaben (≥0.02 mg L-1) reduced egg eclosion. Propylparaben (≥250 mg L-1) caused significant larval mortality but naproxen did not even at the highest experimental concentration used. LC50 for naproxen and propylparaben in larvae were 1100 mg L-1 and 182.6 mg L-1, respectively. Naproxen (≥0.02 mg L-1) and propylparaben (≥0.02 mg L-1) reduced pupation. Emergence was also reduced by naproxen (≥164 mg L-1) and propylparaben (≥0.02 mg L-1). The fecundity of females was significantly reduced due to chronic exposure to naproxen (≥0.02 mg L-1). There was also a reduction in the fecundity of females due to chronic propylparaben exposure but it was statistically insignificant in the concentrations used. In the F1 generation eggs, only 100 mg L-1 propylparaben reduced eclosion. Eclosion and larval survival were sensitive to acute exposure, particularly to propylparaben. The reduced pupation and emergence indicated a delay in the progression of the life cycle. Chronic exposure also indicated a reduction in fecundity. F1 eggs exhibited tolerance to the negative effect of subsequent exposure. Our findings suggest that propylparaben can affect Ae. aegypti more negatively than naproxen.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mayer L Calma
- Department of Biology, College of Science, University of the Philippines Baguio, Baguio City, 2600, Benguet, Philippines; Graduate Program in Environmental Toxicology, Chulabhorn Graduate Institute, Chulabhorn Royal Academy, Laksi, Bangkok, 10210, Thailand
| | - Paul Mark B Medina
- Biological Models Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of the Philippines Manila, Manila City, 1000, Philippines.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Photoprotective Effects of Selected Amino Acids on Naproxen Photodegradation in Aqueous Media. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2020; 13:ph13060135. [PMID: 32604908 PMCID: PMC7345999 DOI: 10.3390/ph13060135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
It is important to develop a photostabilization strategy to ensure the quality of photosensitive compounds, including pharmaceuticals. This study focused on the protective effects of 20 amino acids on the photodegradation of naproxen (NX), a photosensitive pharmaceutical, to clarify the important nature of a good photostabilizer. Our previous report indicated the photodegradability of NX and the protective effects of some antioxidants on its photodegradation, therefore, this compound was used as a model compound. The degradation of NX in aqueous media during ultraviolet light (UV) irradiation and the protective effects of selected amino acids were monitored through high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), equipped with a reverse-phase column. Addition of cysteine, tryptophan, and tyrosine induced the significant suppression of NX photodegradation after UV irradiation for 3 h (residual amount of NX; 15.35%, 6.82%, and 15.64%, respectively). Evaluation of the antioxidative activity and UV absorption spectrum showed that cysteine suppressed NX degradation through its antioxidative ability, while tryptophan and tyrosine suppressed it through their UV filtering ability. Furthermore, three amino acids at higher concentrations (more than 100 µmol/L) showed more protective effects on NX photodegradation. For 10 mmol/L, residual amounts of NX with cysteine, tryptophan, and tyrosine were 58.51%, 69.34%, and 82.40%, respectively. These results showed the importance of both photoprotective potencies (antioxidative potency and UV filtering potency) and stability to UV irradiation for a good photostabilizer of photosensitive pharmaceuticals.
Collapse
|
15
|
Liu Y, Liu Y, Liu Z, Zhao X, Wei J, Liu H, Si X, Xu Z, Cai Z. Chiral molecularly imprinted polymeric stir bar sorptive extraction for naproxen enantiomer detection in PPCPs. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2020; 392:122251. [PMID: 32109790 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.122251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2019] [Revised: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Chiral micropollutant analysis in pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) is interesting but challenging. We firstly developed a series of chiral molecularly imprinted polymeric (CMIP) stir bar sorptive extraction coatings by combining a chiral template with chiral functional monomers via a click reaction for naproxen enantiomer analysis in PPCPs. Heterochiral selectivity was observed in the molecule recognition of the CMIP coatings, which demonstrated good adsorption capability for the chiral template and its structurally similar chiral compounds. The coatings also exhibited excellent enrichment capability for chiral analytes in an aqueous matrix. The surface morphology and pore structure of the CMIP coatings were characterized. The molecular interactions between the chiral template and chiral functional monomer were investigated through UV-vis spectroscopy and theoretical calculations to prove the effective interactions existing in the heterochiral MIPs. The CMIP coatings were used to enrich naproxen enantiomers in chiral drug and environmental water samples, and satisfactory recoveries (83.98 %-118.88 %) with a relative standard deviation of 3.49 %-13.08 % were achieved. The heterochiral imprinted coating-based method provided a sensitive, selective, and effective enrichment strategy for chiral micropollutant analysis in PPCPs. This technique is critical for chiral molecule recognition and enantiomer analysis in complex samples.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yujian Liu
- Faculty of Science, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, PR China
| | - Yuanchen Liu
- Faculty of Science, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, 999077, PR China
| | - Zhimin Liu
- Faculty of Science, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, PR China.
| | - Xingchen Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, 999077, PR China
| | - Juntong Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, 999077, PR China
| | - Hongcheng Liu
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Science, Kunming, 650223, PR China
| | - Xiaoxi Si
- R&D Center of China Tobacco Yunnan Industrial Co. Ltd., Kunming, 650231, PR China
| | - Zhigang Xu
- Faculty of Science, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, PR China.
| | - Zongwei Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, 999077, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Wojcieszyńska D, Guzik U. Naproxen in the environment: its occurrence, toxicity to nontarget organisms and biodegradation. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 104:1849-1857. [PMID: 31925484 PMCID: PMC7007908 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-019-10343-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
This article summarizes the current knowledge about the presence of naproxen in the environment, its toxicity to nontarget organisms and the microbial degradation of this drug. Currently, naproxen has been detected in all types of water, including drinking water and groundwater. The concentrations that have been observed ranged from ng/L to μg/L. These concentrations, although low, may have a negative effect of long-term exposure on nontarget organisms, especially when naproxen is mixed with other drugs. The biological decomposition of naproxen is performed by fungi, algae and bacteria, but the only well-described pathway for its complete degradation is the degradation of naproxen by Bacillus thuringiensis B1(2015b). The key intermediates that appear during the degradation of naproxen by this strain are O-desmethylnaproxen and salicylate. This latter is then cleaved by 1,2-salicylate dioxygenase or is hydroxylated to gentisate or catechol. These intermediates can be cleaved by the appropriate dioxygenases, and the resulting products are incorporated into the central metabolism. KEY POINTS: •High consumption of naproxen is reflected in its presence in the environment. •Prolonged exposure of nontargeted organisms to naproxen can cause adverse effects. •Naproxen biodegradation occurs mainly through desmethylnaproxen as a key intermediate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Danuta Wojcieszyńska
- Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Natural Science, University of Silesia in Katowice, Jagiellońska 28, 40-032, Katowice, Poland.
| | - Urszula Guzik
- Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Natural Science, University of Silesia in Katowice, Jagiellońska 28, 40-032, Katowice, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Li H, Duan L, Wang H, Chen Y, Wang F, Zhang S. Photolysis of sulfadiazine under UV radiation: Effects of the initial sulfadiazine concentration, pH, NO3− and Cd2+. Chem Phys Lett 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2019.136949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
|
18
|
Xu L, Ma X, Niu J, Chen J, Zhou C. Removal of trace naproxen from aqueous solution using a laboratory-scale reactive flow-through membrane electrode. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2019; 379:120692. [PMID: 31255850 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.05.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Revised: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 05/26/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The kinetics and mechanisms of naproxen (NPX) degradation with the concentration of 20-200 μg/L were investigated by using reactive flow-through membrane anode. The electrochemical degradation of NPX followed pseudo-first-order reaction kinetics. The kinetic rate constant (k) of 0.649 min-1 and energy consumption (EEO) of 0.744 Wh/L were found under optimal conditions with the initial NPX concentration of 50 μg/L. Higher current density benefited •OH production and NPX degradation. Faster rotational speed of pump and lower pH were in favor of electrochemical degradation of NPX, in which k and EEO were 3.9 and 0.27 times when rotational speed was increased from 100 to 600 rpm, and 4.9 and 0.21 times when pH was decreased from 11.0 to 3.0, respectively. The degradation efficiency and energy consumption were both maintained at a narrow range when the initial concentration of NPX was changed from 20 to 200 μg/L, and even under the addition of humic acid (1.0-10.0 mg/L). The major degradation pathways of NPX were demethylation and decarboxylation, followed with the further ring cleavage reactions. The flow-through membrane electrode is proved to be effective for the elimination of trace NPX from aqueous solution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Xu
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Engineering, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan 523808, China
| | - Xiao Ma
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Engineering, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan 523808, China
| | - Junfeng Niu
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Engineering, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan 523808, China.
| | - Jie Chen
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Engineering, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan 523808, China
| | - Chengzhi Zhou
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Engineering, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan 523808, China
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
KAWABATA K, MIZUTA Y, ISHIHARA K, TAKATO A, OSHIMA S, AKIMOTO S, INAGAKI M, NISHI H. Structure Determination of Naproxen Photoproducts in the Tablet Generated by the UV Irradiation. CHROMATOGRAPHY 2019. [DOI: 10.15583/jpchrom.2019.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Shiori AKIMOTO
- Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Protective Effect of Selected Antioxidants on Naproxen Photodegradation in Aqueous Media. Antioxidants (Basel) 2019; 8:antiox8100424. [PMID: 31547495 PMCID: PMC6826686 DOI: 10.3390/antiox8100424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Revised: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A photostabilization strategy is an important aspect of quality assurance for photosensitive compounds. This study focused on the photoprotective effects of selected antioxidants including the effect of L-ascorbic acid (AA) on naproxen (NX) photodegradation in aqueous media. NX degradation during ultraviolet light (UV) irradiation and the protective effects of selected antioxidants were monitored by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The addition of AA induced the suppression of NX photodegradation, although the protective effect disappeared after AA was degraded completely. The results of the evaluations on the photoprotective effects on NX photodegradation and antioxidative activities of AA and other antioxidants showed that the protective effects of antioxidants are dependent on reducing power and photostability under UV irradiation. In this experiment, quercetin (QU) is the most effective antioxidant on account of the residual rate of QU after UV irradiation and the antioxidative activity in the potential antioxidant (PAO) test was significantly higher compared to other antioxidants following the higher protective effect on NX photodegradation.
Collapse
|
21
|
Śliwka-Kaszyńska M, Jakimska-Nagórska A, Wasik A, Kot-Wasik A. Phototransformation of three selected pharmaceuticals, naproxen, 17α-Ethinylestradiol and tetracycline in water: Identification of photoproducts and transformation pathways. Microchem J 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2019.05.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
|
22
|
Yuan X, Li S, Hu J, Yu M, Li Y, Wang Z. Experiments and numerical simulation on the degradation processes of carbamazepine and triclosan in surface water: A case study for the Shahe Stream, South China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 655:1125-1138. [PMID: 30577106 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.11.290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Revised: 11/04/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
We examined the occurrence and fate of pharmaceuticals and personal care products in surface water by combining laboratory experiments with numerical simulations. The degradation processes of two typical PPCPs (triclosan and carbamazepine) collected from the Shahe Stream were studied. Hydrolysis, biodegradation, and photolysis were the three major routes of triclosan (TCS) and carbamazepine (CBZ) degradation. A central composite design method was used to investigate the effects of related natural parameters (including pH, dissolved oxygen, salinity, temperature, light intensity, and humic acid) on the TCS and CBZ degradation processes in the laboratory. Our results showed that the main degradation pathway of CBZ and TCS was direct photolysis during the daytime and that the maximal biodegradation rates of CBZ and TCS occurred at 22 °C when the optimum temperature function was used. Based on our experimental results, the observed degradation of CBZ and TCS followed pseudo-first-order kinetics, and the degradation kinetic equations under the influence of multiple natural parameters were established with estimated average degradation rate constants of 1.2452E-7 s-1 and 3.1260E-5 s-1 for CBZ and TCS, respectively. The degradation rate constants were incorporated into a one-dimensional, simply integrated hydrodynamic and water quality model. The proposed numerical model was applied to depict the transportation and transformation of CBZ and TCS in surface water and was validated by observational data from the Shahe Stream. The results showed that our model reproduced the observed patterns of CBZ and TCS concentrations reasonably, with slight overestimations compared to the observed data; the relative errors between the simulated and the observed concentrations were 5.85%-6.82% for CBZ and -156.85%--7.18% for TCS. According to our simulation, the spatial distribution of TCS in surface water was determined by biochemical degradation processes that were most affected by temperature under natural conditions; in contrast, the distribution of CBZ was largely controlled by diffusion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Yuan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Shiyu Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China.
| | - Jiatang Hu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China.
| | - Mianzi Yu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Yuying Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Ziyun Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Zhang X, Liu Z, Kong Q, Liu G, Lv W, Li F, Lin X. Aquatic photodegradation of clofibric acid under simulated sunlight irradiation: kinetics and mechanism analysis. RSC Adv 2018; 8:27796-27804. [PMID: 35542726 PMCID: PMC9083450 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra03140a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Clofibric acid is one of the most frequently detected pharmaceuticals in various aquatic environments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiangdan Zhang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering
- Guangdong University of Technology
- Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center
- Guangzhou 510006
- China
| | - Zongchao Liu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering
- Guangdong University of Technology
- Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center
- Guangzhou 510006
- China
| | - Qingqing Kong
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering
- Sun Yat-Sen University
- Guangzhou 510275
- China
| | - Guoguang Liu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering
- Guangdong University of Technology
- Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center
- Guangzhou 510006
- China
| | - Wenying Lv
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering
- Guangdong University of Technology
- Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center
- Guangzhou 510006
- China
| | - Fuhua Li
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering
- Guangdong University of Technology
- Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center
- Guangzhou 510006
- China
| | - Xiaoxuan Lin
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering
- Guangdong University of Technology
- Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center
- Guangzhou 510006
- China
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Li J, Ma LY, Li LS, Xu L. Photodegradation kinetics, transformation, and toxicity prediction of ketoprofen, carprofen, and diclofenac acid in aqueous solutions. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2017; 36:3232-3239. [PMID: 28718961 DOI: 10.1002/etc.3915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Revised: 06/20/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Photodegradation of 3 commonly used nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, ketoprofen, carprofen, and diclofenac acid, was conducted under ultraviolet (UV) irradiation. The kinetic results showed that the 3 pharmaceuticals obeyed the first-order reaction with decreasing rate constants of 1.54 × 10-4 , 5.91 × 10-5 , and 7.78 × 10-6 s-1 for carprofen, ketoprofen, and diclofenac acid, respectively. Moreover, the main transformation products were identified by ion-pair liquid-liquid extraction combined with injection port derivatization-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and high-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole-time of flight mass spectrometric analysis. There were 8, 3, and 6 transformation products identified for ketoprofen, carprofen, and diclofenac acid, respectively. Decarboxylation, dechlorination, oxidation, demethylation, esterification, and cyclization were proposed to be associated with the transformation of the 3 pharmaceuticals. Toxicity prediction of the transformation products was conducted on the EPI Suite software based on ECOSAR model, and the results indicate that some of the transformation products were more toxic than the parent compounds. The present study provides the foundation to understand the transformation behavior of the studied pharmaceuticals under UV irradiation. Environ Toxicol Chem 2017;36:3232-3239. © 2017 SETAC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jian Li
- Tongji School of Pharmacy, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Yichang Central People's Hospital, Yichang, China
| | - Li-Yun Ma
- Tongji School of Pharmacy, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Lu-Shuang Li
- Tongji School of Pharmacy, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Li Xu
- Tongji School of Pharmacy, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Baalbaki A, Ayoub GM, Al-Hindi M, Ghauch A. The fate of selected pharmaceuticals in solar stills: Transfer, thermal degradation or photolysis? THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 574:583-593. [PMID: 27648535 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.09.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2016] [Revised: 09/09/2016] [Accepted: 09/10/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The increase in demand for, and disposal of, pharmaceuticals, positively correlated with the growing human population, has led to the emergence of contaminants with high environmental and health impacts. Several developing countries that endure problems related to water sufficiency and/or quality resort to the use solar stills as an affordable water treatment method. This research is aimed at investigating the fate of five chemically distinct pharmaceuticals that might pervade solar stills; ibuprofen (IBU), diclofenac (DCF), carbamazepine (CBZ), ampicillin (AMP) and naproxen (NPX). The experiments were conducted under three conditions. The first condition studied the combined effect of temperature and light in simulated field-test-scale solar stills. The effect of temperature as a sole variable was investigated in the second while the third condition studied the effect of light only via concentrated solar power (CSP). Results show that distillates from solar stills did not contain the parent compounds for four out of the five pharmaceuticals. IBU was the only pharmaceutical that showed a transfer via vapor into the distillate with the highest recorded transfer percentage of 2.1% at 50°C when subjected to temperature alone and 0.6% under the combined effect of temperature and light. In the case of NPX and DCF, the parent compounds did not undergo transfer into the distillate phase; however their degradation by-products did. In addition, the results also showed that in the case of NPX, IBU and CBZ both high temperatures and sunlight combined were required to attain noticeable degradation. CSP accelerated the degradation of DCF, NPX and IBU with a three-minutes-degradation percentage of 44%, 13% and 2% respectively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abbas Baalbaki
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, American University of Beirut, P.O. Box 11-0236 2020, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - George M Ayoub
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, American University of Beirut, P.O. Box 11-0236 2020, Beirut, Lebanon.
| | - Mahmoud Al-Hindi
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, American University of Beirut, P.O. Box 11-0236 2020, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Antoine Ghauch
- Department of Chemistry, American University of Beirut, P.O. Box 11-0236 2020, Beirut, Lebanon
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Zhang Y, Peng F, Zhou Y. Structure, characterization, and dynamic performance of a wet air oxidation catalyst Cu–Fe–La/γ-Al2O3. Chin J Chem Eng 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cjche.2016.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
27
|
Ma J, Lv W, Chen P, Lu Y, Wang F, Li F, Yao K, Liu G. Photodegradation of gemfibrozil in aqueous solution under UV irradiation: kinetics, mechanism, toxicity, and degradation pathways. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 23:14294-306. [PMID: 27055889 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-6451-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Accepted: 03/08/2016] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The lipid regulator gemfibrozil (GEM) has been reported to be persistent in conventional wastewater treatment plants. This study investigated the photolytic behavior, toxicity of intermediate products, and degradation pathways of GEM in aqueous solutions under UV irradiation. The results demonstrated that the photodegradation of GEM followed pseudo-first-order kinetics, and the pseudo-first-order rate constant was decreased markedly with increasing initial concentrations of GEM and initial pH. The photodegradation of GEM included direct photolysis via (3)GEM(*) and self-sensitization via ROS, where the contribution rates of degradation were 0.52, 90.05, and 8.38 % for ·OH, (1)O2, and (3)GEM(*), respectively. Singlet oxygen ((1)O2) was evidenced by the molecular probe compound, furfuryl alcohol (FFA), and was identified as the primary reactive species in the photolytic process. The steady-state concentrations of (1)O2 increased from (0.324 ± 0.014) × 10(-12) to (1.021 ± 0.040) × 10(-12) mol L(-1), as the initial concentrations of GEM were increased from 5 to 20 mg L(-1). The second-order rate constant for the reaction of GEM with (1)O2 was calculated to be 2.55 × 10(6) M(-1) s(-1). The primary transformation products were identified using HPLC-MS/MS, and possible photodegradation pathways were proposed by hydroxylation, aldehydes reactions, as well as the cleavage of ether side chains. The toxicity of phototransformation product evaluation revealed that photolysis potentially provides a critical pathway for GEM toxicity reduction in potable water and wastewater treatment facilities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jingshuai Ma
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangdong University of Technology, No. 100 Waihuan Xi Road, Panyu District, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenying Lv
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangdong University of Technology, No. 100 Waihuan Xi Road, Panyu District, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China.
| | - Ping Chen
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangdong University of Technology, No. 100 Waihuan Xi Road, Panyu District, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Yida Lu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangdong University of Technology, No. 100 Waihuan Xi Road, Panyu District, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Fengliang Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangdong University of Technology, No. 100 Waihuan Xi Road, Panyu District, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Fuhua Li
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangdong University of Technology, No. 100 Waihuan Xi Road, Panyu District, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Kun Yao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangdong University of Technology, No. 100 Waihuan Xi Road, Panyu District, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Guoguang Liu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangdong University of Technology, No. 100 Waihuan Xi Road, Panyu District, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|