1
|
M J AW, G T, S AM, S M, A NA, A B, V R, A S SH. A comparative study on targeted gene expression in zebrafish and its gill cell line exposed to chlorpyrifos. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2024; 60:397-410. [PMID: 38589735 DOI: 10.1007/s11626-024-00892-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
Chlorpyrifos (CPF) is an organophosphorus-based insecticide, which is known to pose a serious risk to aquatic animals. However, the mechanisms of CPF toxicity in animals still remain unclear. The present investigation aimed to compare the potential effects of CPF in zebrafish (Danio rerio) and its gill cell line (DrG cells). Based on the in vivo study, the LC50 was calculated as 18.03 µg/L and the chronic toxic effect of CPF was studied by exposing the fish to 1/10th (1.8 µg/L) and 1/5th (3.6 µg/L) of the LC50 value. Morphological changes were observed in fish and DrG cells which were exposed to sublethal concentrations of CPF. The results of MTT and NR assays showed significant decline in the survival of cells exposed to CPF at 96 h. The production of reactive oxygen species in DrG cells and expression levels of antioxidant markers, inflammatory response genes (cox2a and cox2b), cyp1a, proapoptotic genes (bax), antiapoptotic gene (bcl2), apoptotic genes (cas3 and p53), and neuroprotective gene (ache) were determined in vivo using zebrafish and in vitro using DrG cells after exposure to CPF. Significant changes were found in the ROS production (DrG cells) and in the expression of inflammatory, proapoptotic, and apoptotic genes. This study showed that DrG cells are potential alternative tools to replace the use of whole fish for toxicological studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Wazith M J
- Aquatic Animal Health Laboratory, PG and Research Department of Zoology, C. Abdul Hakeem College, Melvisharam, Tamil Nadu, 632509, India
| | - Taju G
- Aquatic Animal Health Laboratory, PG and Research Department of Zoology, C. Abdul Hakeem College, Melvisharam, Tamil Nadu, 632509, India.
| | - Abdul Majeed S
- Aquatic Animal Health Laboratory, PG and Research Department of Zoology, C. Abdul Hakeem College, Melvisharam, Tamil Nadu, 632509, India
| | - Mithra S
- Aquatic Animal Health Laboratory, PG and Research Department of Zoology, C. Abdul Hakeem College, Melvisharam, Tamil Nadu, 632509, India
| | - Nafeez Ahmed A
- Aquatic Animal Health Laboratory, PG and Research Department of Zoology, C. Abdul Hakeem College, Melvisharam, Tamil Nadu, 632509, India
| | - Badhusha A
- Aquatic Animal Health Laboratory, PG and Research Department of Zoology, C. Abdul Hakeem College, Melvisharam, Tamil Nadu, 632509, India
| | - Rajkumar V
- Aquatic Animal Health Laboratory, PG and Research Department of Zoology, C. Abdul Hakeem College, Melvisharam, Tamil Nadu, 632509, India
| | - Sahul Hameed A S
- Aquatic Animal Health Laboratory, PG and Research Department of Zoology, C. Abdul Hakeem College, Melvisharam, Tamil Nadu, 632509, India.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
de Almada Vilhena AO, Lima KMM, de Azevedo LFC, Rissino JD, de Souza ACP, Nagamachi CY, Pieczarka JC. The synthetic dye malachite green found in food induces cytotoxicity and genotoxicity in four different mammalian cell lines from distinct tissuesw. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2023; 12:693-701. [PMID: 37663817 PMCID: PMC10470350 DOI: 10.1093/toxres/tfad059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Malachite green (MG) is a synthetic dye that uses ranges from its application as a tissue dye to that as an antiparasitic in aquaculture. Several studies have reported the presence of this compound in food dyes and in the meat of fish raised in captivity for human consumption, suggesting risks both for the end user and for as those who handle these products because of MG toxic properties described in the literature. Here we evaluated the cytotoxic and genotoxic profiles of MG in four different cell lines (ACP02, L929, MNP01, and MRC-5). Two of these cell lines are stomach cells (normal and cancer lineages) and the potential ingestion of MG makes this a relevant cell type. Cells were treated with MG at concentrations ranging from 0.1 μM to 100 μM, and tested by MTT assay, a differential apoptosis/necrosis assay (EB/OA), the micronucleus test (MN), and the comet assay. MG exhibits dose-dependent cytotoxicity toward all of the tested cell types; higher concentrations of MG cause cell necrosis, while lower concentrations induce apoptosis. MG has a genotoxic profile increasing the rates of micronuclei, nucleoplasmic bridges, nuclear buds, and DNA fragmentation; L929 and MRC-5 showed more sensibility than ACP02 and MNP01.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andryo O de Almada Vilhena
- Centro de Estudos Avançados da Biodiversidade, Laboratório de Cultura de Células, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará/Parque de Ciência e Tecnologia do Guamá, Avenida Perimetral da Ciência Km 01 – Guamá, Belém CEP 66075-750, PA, Brazil
- Instituto Tocantinense Presidente Antônio Carlos (ITPAC/Afya), Abaetetuba, PA, Brazil
| | - Karina M M Lima
- Centro de Estudos Avançados da Biodiversidade, Laboratório de Cultura de Células, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará/Parque de Ciência e Tecnologia do Guamá, Avenida Perimetral da Ciência Km 01 – Guamá, Belém CEP 66075-750, PA, Brazil
- Campus Tomé Açu, Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia, Tomé Açu, PA, Brazil
| | - Luana F C de Azevedo
- Centro de Estudos Avançados da Biodiversidade, Laboratório de Cultura de Células, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará/Parque de Ciência e Tecnologia do Guamá, Avenida Perimetral da Ciência Km 01 – Guamá, Belém CEP 66075-750, PA, Brazil
| | - Jorge D Rissino
- Centro de Estudos Avançados da Biodiversidade, Laboratório de Cultura de Células, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará/Parque de Ciência e Tecnologia do Guamá, Avenida Perimetral da Ciência Km 01 – Guamá, Belém CEP 66075-750, PA, Brazil
| | - Augusto C P de Souza
- Centro de Estudos Avançados da Biodiversidade, Laboratório de Cultura de Células, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará/Parque de Ciência e Tecnologia do Guamá, Avenida Perimetral da Ciência Km 01 – Guamá, Belém CEP 66075-750, PA, Brazil
- Laboratório de Estudos da Ictiofauna da Amazônia, Campus Abaetetuba, Instituto Federal do Pará, Abaetetuba, PA, Brazil
| | - Cleusa Y Nagamachi
- Centro de Estudos Avançados da Biodiversidade, Laboratório de Cultura de Células, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará/Parque de Ciência e Tecnologia do Guamá, Avenida Perimetral da Ciência Km 01 – Guamá, Belém CEP 66075-750, PA, Brazil
| | - Julio C Pieczarka
- Centro de Estudos Avançados da Biodiversidade, Laboratório de Cultura de Células, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará/Parque de Ciência e Tecnologia do Guamá, Avenida Perimetral da Ciência Km 01 – Guamá, Belém CEP 66075-750, PA, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Poopal RK, Ashwini R, Ramesh M, Li B, Ren Z. Triphenylmethane dye (C 52H 54N 4O 12) is potentially a hazardous substance in edible freshwater fish at trace level: toxicity, hematology, biochemistry, antioxidants, and molecular docking evaluation study. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:28759-28779. [PMID: 36401692 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-24206-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Malachite green (C52H54N4O12) is a synthetic dye that is used in textile industries as a colorant and in aquaculture sectors to contain microbial damage. Aquatic contamination of malachite green (MG) has been reported globally. Fish is the highest trophic organism among aquatic inhabitants, highly sensitive to waterborne contaminants (metals, coloring agents, etc.). Toxicity of waterborne chemicals on nontarget organisms can be determined by assessing biomarkers. Assessing blood parameters and tissue antioxidants (enzymatic and nonenzymatic) is useful to evaluate MG toxicity. To initiate the MG toxicity data for freshwater fish (Cyprinus carpio), the median lethal toxicity was primarily evaluated. Then, hematological, blood biochemical (glucose, protein, and cholesterol) and tissue biochemical (amino acids, lipids), and vital tissue (gills, liver, and kidney) antioxidant capacity (CAT, LPO, GST, GR, POxy, vitamin C, and GSH) of C. carpio were analyzed under acute (LC50-96 h) and sublethal (Treatment I-1/10th and Treatment II-1/5th LC50-96 h) exposure periods (28 days). Molecular docking for MG with hemoglobin was also obtained. Biomarkers examined were affected in the MG-treated groups with respect to the control group. Significant changes (p < 0.05) were observed in hematology (Hb, RBCs, and WBCs), glucose, proteins, lipids and tissue CAT, LPO, and GST activities under acute MG exposure. In sublethal treatment groups, biomarkers studied were significant (p < 0.05) throughout the study period. The potential for MG binding to hemoglobin was tested in this study. MG is potentially a multiorgan toxicant. Literally a chemical that is harmful to the aquatic environment if safety is concerned.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rama-Krishnan Poopal
- Institute of Environment and Ecology, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250358, China
- Unit of Toxicology, Department of Zoology, School of Life Sciences, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, 641046, TamilNadu, India
| | - Rajan Ashwini
- Unit of Toxicology, Department of Zoology, School of Life Sciences, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, 641046, TamilNadu, India
| | - Mathan Ramesh
- Unit of Toxicology, Department of Zoology, School of Life Sciences, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, 641046, TamilNadu, India
| | - Bin Li
- Institute of Environment and Ecology, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250358, China
| | - Zongming Ren
- Institute of Environment and Ecology, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250358, China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Mujthaba Aatif A, Selva Kumar R, Joseph S, Vetriarasu V, Abdul Majeed S, Ashok Kumar S. Pyridinecarbohydrazide-based fluorescent chemosensor for In3+ ions and its applications in water samples, live cells, and zebrafish imaging. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2022.114257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
|
5
|
Sinha R, Jindal R. Oxidative Stress and Toxico-Pathic Branchial Lesions in Cyprinus carpio Exposed to Malachite Green. BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2022; 108:571-578. [PMID: 34853901 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-021-03415-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Gill is the frontier tissue to come in direct contact with aquatic toxicants. Malachite green (MG) commercial textile dye was assessed for its impact on the gill cytoarchitecture. Cyprinus carpio were exposed to 0.087 and 0.146 mg/L of MG for 60 days. The tissue was processed, and HE stained slides revealed histo-pathic lesions such as lamellar curling, edema, necrosis, telangiectasia, aneurysm, and vacuolization. Scanning electron microscopy reported aberrations in lamellae and microridges of the epithelium. At the cellular level, transmission electron microscopy exhibited nuclear alterations in form of pyknosis and mitochondrial swelling followed by cristolysis. Pillar cells displayed cytoplasmic vacuolization and leukocyte infiltration, and goblet cell containing varied shaped and density mucous globules. The biochemical analysis supported the ultrastructural alterations and showed a negative impact of MG on the antioxidative enzymes (CAT, SOD, GSH), while levels of MDA were found to be significantly elevated. Thereby, concluding MG induced branchial toxicity in the fish.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Reshma Sinha
- Aquatic Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India
- School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Management Sciences, Solan, H.P., 173-229, India
| | - Rajinder Jindal
- Aquatic Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Cheng CM, Patel AK, Singhania RR, Tsai CH, Chen SY, Chen CW, Dong CD. Heterologous expression of bacterial CotA-laccase, characterization and its application for biodegradation of malachite green. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2021; 340:125708. [PMID: 34391187 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2021.125708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Malachite green (MG) is used as fungicide/parasiticide in aquaculture, its persistence is detrimental as it exhibits carcinogenic effects to aquatic organisms. Bacterial laccase evaluated as the best enzyme at extreme condition for aquatic MG removal. Study aims to increase laccase concentration, CotA-laccase from Bacillus subtilis was cloned and overexpressed in Escherichia coli. Optimal catalysis for purified CotA-laccase were at pH 5.0, 60 °C, and 1 mM of (2,2-azino-di-[3-ethylbenzothiazoline-sulphonate-(6)]) with Km and Kcat 0.087 mM and 37.64 S-1 respectively. MG biodegradation by CotA-laccase in clam and tilapia pond wastewaters and cytotoxic effect of biodegraded products in grouper fin-1 cells were determined. MG degradation by CotA-laccase was equally efficient, exhibiting upto 90-94% decolorization at freshwater and saline conditions and treated solution was non-toxic to GF-1 cells. Thus, recombinant-CotA-laccase could be an environmentally-friendly enzyme for aquaculture to remove MG, thereby effective to reduce its accumulation in aquatic organisms and ensuring safe aquaculture products.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chiu-Min Cheng
- Department and Graduate Institute of Aquaculture, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Taiwan
| | - Anil Kumar Patel
- Department of Marine Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Taiwan
| | - Reeta Rani Singhania
- Department of Marine Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Hsian Tsai
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Taiwan
| | - Shen-Yi Chen
- Department of Safety, Health, and Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Taiwan
| | - Chiu-Wen Chen
- Department of Marine Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Taiwan
| | - Cheng Di Dong
- Department of Marine Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Taiwan.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Protective Effect of Emblica officinalis in Cyprinus carpio against Hepatotoxicity Induced by Malachite Green: Ultrastructural and Molecular Analysis. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/app11083507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Malachite green (MG) dye, besides coloring is used as an effective aquaculture therapeutic. The present study assesses the mitigating ability of Emblica officinalis (EO) fruit extract against the dye induced chronic (60 days) cyto-toxicity in Cyprinus carpio. For this, four experimental groups were maintained: group I—control, group II—MG, group III—EO (positive control), group IV—MG + EO. The study was made at three tiers: detailing structural anomalies using a light microscope and transmission electron microscope (TEM), biochemical estimation of antioxidant enzymes, and lipid peroxidation and molecular analysis of expression patterns of HSP70, and CYP1A genes. MG intoxication resulted in necrosis, cytoplasmic vacuolation, glycogen depletion, abundant macrophages, loss of cell integrity and prominent nuclear alterations. Significant (p < 0.05) inhibition in the activities of catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione-S-transferase (GST) and reduced glutathione (GSH), along with an elevation in malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, occurred after 60 days of MG exposure. CYP1A and HSP70 genes presented a significant change in their expression in MG treated fish. Whereas oral supplementation with EO significantly restored the histo-architecture, normalized the altered enzymatic activity, reduced the oxidative stress level and regulated the expression of HSP70 and CYP1A genes. Thus, it can be concluded that EO acted as an effective ameliorant against malachite green induced cyto-toxicity in Cyprinus carpio.
Collapse
|
8
|
Kooravand M, Asadpour S, Haddadi H, Farhadian S. An insight into the interaction between malachite green oxalate with human serum albumin: Molecular dynamic simulation and spectroscopic approaches. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 407:124878. [PMID: 33360194 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.124878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Cationic triarylmethane dyes such as malachite green are aromatic xenobiotic compounds causing environmental pollution. The affinity between hazardous materials and biomolecules makes it important to understand the properties of such compounds. Accordingly, in this study, the possible molecular interaction between this pollutant and the human serum albumin (HSA) was investigated using a combination of molecular docking, molecular dynamic simulation and multi-spectroscopic approaches. The docking results illustrated that malachite green oxalate (MGO) could bind to some of the HSA amino acids with the estimated free energy = -32.93 kJ/mol. Further, the results of the dynamic simulation revealed that MGO had a steady interaction with the protein though increasing flexibility and decreasing the HSA compactness. These results were, therefore, in agreement with those obtained by spectroscopic techniques. The MGO concentration of 0.0005 mM could quench the HSA's intrinsic fluorescence by %16.88. The protein structural changes also revealed that the binding interaction of MGO-HSA was accompanied by an increase in the α-helix and a decrease in the β-sheet of the protein. Overall, this study indicated the suitable molecular modeling interaction of MGO and HSA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Masoumeh Kooravand
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Shahrekord University, P. O. Box 115, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Saeid Asadpour
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Shahrekord University, P. O. Box 115, Shahrekord, Iran.
| | - Hedayat Haddadi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Shahrekord University, P. O. Box 115, Shahrekord, Iran.
| | - Sadegh Farhadian
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Shahrekord University, P. O. Box.115, Shahrekord, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Kwan PP, Banerjee S, Shariff M, Yusoff FM. Residual quantification and oxidative stress induced by malachite green after subacute and sublethal exposure in red tilapia. Vet World 2019; 12:1416-1421. [PMID: 31749575 PMCID: PMC6813600 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2019.1416-1421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim: Malachite green (MG) is an effective antiparasitic and antifungal chemical for treatment of fish. However, MG is reported to be a potential carcinogen. Yet, it is widely used in aquaculture despite its prohibition for use in food-producing animals by the EU and USFDA. The present study quantified MG residues and evaluated the oxidative stress in red tilapia when exposed to subacute and sublethal concentrations of MG. Materials and Methods: Red tilapia exposed to subacute (0.105 mg/L for 20 days) and sublethal (0.053 mg/L for 60 days) concentrations were evaluated for total plasma protein, total immunoglobulin, nitroblue tetrazolium activity, malondialdehyde, reduced glutathione (GSH), and catalase (CAT) activity levels. The residues of MG and leuco-MG (LMG) were also quantified in the fish muscles using liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. Results: Fish exposed to subacute concentration showed higher CAT on day 10 in the liver and days 5 and 15 in the spleen, whereas in fish exposed to the sublethal concentration, higher levels of GSH were observed on day 1 in the kidney and day 50 in the spleen. Fish muscle was able to accumulate the sum of MG and LMG of 108.04 µg/kg for subacute (day 20) and 82.68 µg/kg for sublethal (day 60). Conclusion: This study showed that red tilapia was able to adapt to the stress caused by exposure to MG at sublethal concentration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Penz Penz Kwan
- Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Sanjoy Banerjee
- Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Mohamed Shariff
- Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Malaysia.,Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Fatimah Md Yusoff
- Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Malaysia.,Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Malaysia
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Sivakumar S, Raja Swaminathan T, Kumar R, Kalaimani N. The Development and Characterization of a Cell Culture System from Indian Mud Crabs Scylla serrata. JOURNAL OF AQUATIC ANIMAL HEALTH 2019; 31:244-258. [PMID: 31441117 DOI: 10.1002/aah.10073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Commercially available culture media and supplements were tested for their potential to produce primary cell cultures from tissues of Indian mud crabs Scylla serrata. Eight commercially available culture media from Sigma-Aldrich (Leibovitz's L-15, Medium 199, Grace's Insect Medium, Minimal Essential Medium, Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium, TC-100 Insect Medium, IPL-41 Insect Medium, and Roswell Park Memorial Institute) were examined. Three different supplements (amino acid and sugar [AS], crab muscle extract [CME], and natural seawater [NSW]) were also examined. The hemocyte culture appeared to grow well for a maximum period of 21 d in 2 × L-15 medium supplemented with AS and 15% fetal bovine serum (FBS). Partial amplification and sequencing of the cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) gene confirmed that the primary hemocytes originated from Indian mud crabs. The effects of four metals on hemocyte viability were evaluated using the MTT assay. Of the four metals examined (arsenic, lead, cobalt, and nickel), cobalt and nickel were more toxic to the crab cells than the other metals. Both acridine orange/ethidium bromide and Hoechst staining showed the presence of apoptosis and necrosis in metal-treated groups, which suggests that metals in an aquatic environment induce death of the Indian mud crab's hemocytes. The hemocyte primary cell culture was also used to study the cytotoxicity effect of bacterial extracellular products from Vibrio harveyi and white spot syndrome virus. This study demonstrates that hemocyte primary cell culture can be used as a tool to study viral and bacterial pathogenesis and to assess the cytotoxicity of pollutants present in aquatic environments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Selvaraj Sivakumar
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research, Central Institute of Brackishwater Aquaculture, Aquatic Animal Health and Environment Division, #75, Santhome High Road, Raja Annamalai Puram, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 600028, India
| | - T Raja Swaminathan
- Indian Council of Agricultureal Research, National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources, Peninsular and Marine Fish Genetic Resources Centre, Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute Campus, Post Box 1603, Ernakulam North P.O., Kochi, Kerala, 682018, India
| | - Raj Kumar
- Indian Council of Agricultureal Research, National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources, Peninsular and Marine Fish Genetic Resources Centre, Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute Campus, Post Box 1603, Ernakulam North P.O., Kochi, Kerala, 682018, India
| | - Natarajan Kalaimani
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research, Central Institute of Brackishwater Aquaculture, Aquatic Animal Health and Environment Division, #75, Santhome High Road, Raja Annamalai Puram, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 600028, India
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Žegura B, Filipič M. The application of the Comet assay in fish cell lines. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2019; 842:72-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2019.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Revised: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
|
12
|
Biradar SP, Tamboli AS, Khandare RV, Pawar PK. Chebulinic acid and Boeravinone B act as anti-aging and anti-apoptosis phyto-molecules during oxidative stress. Mitochondrion 2019; 46:236-246. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2018.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Revised: 05/24/2018] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
13
|
Jindal R, Sinha R. Malachite Green Induced Ultrastructural Corneal Lesions in Cyprinus carpio and Its Amelioration Using Emblica officinalis. BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2019; 102:377-384. [PMID: 30673810 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-019-02549-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 01/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Malachite green, a multi-purpose dye induces cyto-toxicity upon its entry and bioaccumulation in tissues. A semi-static chronic (60 days) bioassay was conducted by exposing Cyprinus carpio to sublethal concentration of the dye and Emblica officinalis in four experimental groups viz control, malachite green, E. officinalis, and malachite green + E. officinalis. Effect of dye on the cornea was investigated considering ultra-structural alterations owing to its direct contact to the pollutant in the aquatic medium. SEM studies on corneal epithelium revealed broken continuity of pavement cells, shrunk microplicae, increased intra-microplicae distance, globularization and epithelial uplifting, thereby affecting the integrity of corneal surface and tear film adherence. Whereas dietary supplementation with the plant extract served to restore cytoarchitecture with appearance of large number of regenerating cells. Both lesions and restoration were found to be duration dependent. Thus, E. officinalis can be considered as an effective ameliorant against malachite green induced toxicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rajinder Jindal
- Department of Zoology, Panjab University, 160 014, Chandigarh, India.
| | - Reshma Sinha
- Department of Zoology, Panjab University, 160 014, Chandigarh, India
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Cheng D, Cao K, Wang T, Zhang X, Feng M, Liu H. Evaluation of the oxidative stress in liver of crucian carp (Carassius auratus) exposed to 3,4,4'-tri-CDE, 2-MeO-3',4,4'-tri-CDE, and 2-HO-3',4,4'-tri-CDE. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:5164-5175. [PMID: 30604365 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-3938-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Polychlorinated diphenyl ethers (PCDEs) are a class of potential persistent organic contaminants, which have been widely detected in aquatic environment. In the present study, the effects of 3,4,4'-tri-CDE and its two possible metabolites (2-MeO-3',4,4'-tri-CDE and 2-HO-3',4,4'-tri-CDE) on oxidative stress biomarkers in liver of Carassius auratus were evaluated. The fish were treated with these three compounds at different doses (0.1, 1, and 10 μg/L) via semi-static water exposure. The liver samples were individually taken at 3, 7, and 21 days for analysis of oxidative stress indicators, including superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), reduced glutathione (GSH), and malondialdehyde (MDA). Compare to the control group, the hepatic antioxidant enzyme activity and GSH contents showed significant decreases (p < 0.05) at high-dose treatment (10 μg/L) and prolonged exposure time (21 days) in most of the toxicant-treated groups, indicating the occurrence of oxidative stress in fish liver. However, no consistent trend of the variations of antioxidant parameters was observed at low doses (0.1 and 1 μg/L). Meanwhile, the lipid peroxidation was significantly induced with extending exposure time and increasing dose. In addition, the toxicity order of three compounds was discussed using the integrated biomarker response (IBR) index. Notably, 2-HO-3',4,4'-tri-CDE was indicated to cause the most severe hepatic oxidative stress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Danru Cheng
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, Anhui, China
| | - Kan Cao
- Environmental Monitoring Department of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang, 330077, Jiangxi, China
| | - Tantan Wang
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, Anhui, China
| | - Xuesheng Zhang
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, Anhui, China.
| | - Mingbao Feng
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Hui Liu
- College of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, 314001, Zhejiang, China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
|