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Gholipour A, Fragoso R, Galvão A, Duarte E. Evaluating drained water quality in a pilot worm-sludge treatment reed bed planted with Arundo donnas in the Mediterranean climate. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 928:172587. [PMID: 38642766 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.172587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Revised: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/22/2024]
Abstract
This study evaluated the impact of incorporating earthworms (Eisenia fetida) on the drained water quality from a sludge treatment reed bed. The experiment encompassed four setups of treatment beds in two replicates: planted with Arundo donax and addition of earthworms, planted without earthworms, unplanted with earthworms, and treatment bed without plants nor earthworms as control. The units were fed every two weeks with mixed sewage sludge, a blend of primary and secondary sludge over 24 cycles. The mixed sewage sludge had mean dry and volatile solid contents of 24.71 g.DS.L-1 (± 13.67) and 19.14 g.VS.L-1 (± 10.29) resulting a sludge loading rate of 43.59 kg.DS.m-2.year-1 (± 14.49). The inclusion of earthworms in the planted unit reduced release masses of total suspended solids, chemical oxygen demand, nitrate and phosphorous by 43, 45, 75 and 45 % compared to the planted unit. Plant biomass production increased by 43 % with the earthworm presence. The removal efficiency of the units improved after a ramp-up phase (after six months feeding) of which the concentration of TSS, COD and Escherichia coli met limits for water reuse while nitrogen components and phosphorous surpassed the limits. The planted unit with earthworms removed 99 and 99 % of TSS and COD, respectively. Overall, water loss namely through evapotranspiration and earthworm hydration need, positively correlated with pollutant concentration, and earthworm-planted unit had 46 % higher water loss compared to control unit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Gholipour
- LEAF - Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food, School of Agriculture (ISA), University of Lisbon, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisbon, Portugal.
| | - Rita Fragoso
- LEAF - Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food, Associated Laboratory TERRA, School of Agriculture (ISA), University of Lisbon, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisbon, Portugal.
| | - Ana Galvão
- CERIS, Instituto Superior Técnico (IST), University of Lisbon, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal.
| | - Elizabeth Duarte
- LEAF - Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food, School of Agriculture (ISA), University of Lisbon, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisbon, Portugal.
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Y. Saapi SS, Andrianisa HA, Zorom M, Mounirou LA, Kouassi HAA, Ahossouhe MS. New developments on vermifiltration as a bio-ecological wastewater treatment technology: Mechanism, application, performance, modelling, optimization, and sustainability. Heliyon 2024; 10:e25795. [PMID: 38375316 PMCID: PMC10875448 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e25795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024] Open
Abstract
The review discusses the advancements in vermifiltration research over the last decade, focusing on pollution removal mechanisms, system performance, the fate of filter components, and by-products. Vermifiltration has demonstrated remarkable capabilities, particularly in treating highly contaminated wastewater with Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) levels exceeding 92,000 mg/L and Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD5) levels over 25,000 mg/L, achieving removal rates of approximately 89% and 91%, respectively. Importantly, vermifiltration maintains its effectiveness even with fluctuating organic loads at the inlet, thanks to optimization of parameters like Hydraulic Loading Rate, biodegradable organic strength, earthworm density and active layer depth. Clogging issues can be minimized through parameters optimization. The review also highlights vermifiltrations' potential in co-treating the organic fraction of municipal solid waste while significantly reducing heavy metal concentrations, including Cd, Ni, Pb, Cu, Cr, and Zn, during the treatment process. Earthworms play a pivotal role in the removal of various components, with impressive removal percentages, such as 75% for Total Organic Carbon (TOC), 86% for Total COD, 87% for BOD5, 59% for ammonia nitrogen, and 99.9% for coliforms. Furthermore, vermifiltration-treated effluents can be readily utilized in agriculture, with the added benefit of producing vermicompost, a nutrient-rich biofertilizer. The technology contributes to environmental sustainability, as it helps reduce greenhouse gas emissions (GHG), thanks to earthworm activity creating an aerobic environment, minimizing GHG production compared to other wastewater treatment methods. In terms of pollutant degradation modeling, the Stover-Kincannon model outperforms the first-order and Grau second-order models, with higher regression coefficients (R2 = 0.9961 for COD and R2 = 0.9353 for TN). Overall, vermifiltration emerges as an effective and sustainable wastewater treatment solution, capable of handling challenging wastewater sources, while also producing valuable by-products and minimizing environmental impacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sidesse S. Y. Saapi
- Laboratoire Eaux, Hydro-Systèmes et Agriculture (LEHSA), Institut International d’Ingénierie de l’Eau et de l’Environnement (2iE), Rue de la Science, P.O. Box 594, Ouagadougou, 01, Burkina Faso
| | - Harinaivo A. Andrianisa
- Laboratoire Eaux, Hydro-Systèmes et Agriculture (LEHSA), Institut International d’Ingénierie de l’Eau et de l’Environnement (2iE), Rue de la Science, P.O. Box 594, Ouagadougou, 01, Burkina Faso
| | - Malicki Zorom
- Laboratoire Eaux, Hydro-Systèmes et Agriculture (LEHSA), Institut International d’Ingénierie de l’Eau et de l’Environnement (2iE), Rue de la Science, P.O. Box 594, Ouagadougou, 01, Burkina Faso
| | - Lawani A. Mounirou
- Laboratoire Eaux, Hydro-Systèmes et Agriculture (LEHSA), Institut International d’Ingénierie de l’Eau et de l’Environnement (2iE), Rue de la Science, P.O. Box 594, Ouagadougou, 01, Burkina Faso
| | - Hemez Ange Aurélien Kouassi
- Laboratoire Eaux, Hydro-Systèmes et Agriculture (LEHSA), Institut International d’Ingénierie de l’Eau et de l’Environnement (2iE), Rue de la Science, P.O. Box 594, Ouagadougou, 01, Burkina Faso
| | - Mahugnon Samuel Ahossouhe
- Laboratoire Eaux, Hydro-Systèmes et Agriculture (LEHSA), Institut International d’Ingénierie de l’Eau et de l’Environnement (2iE), Rue de la Science, P.O. Box 594, Ouagadougou, 01, Burkina Faso
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Gholipour A, Fragoso R, Galvão A, Duarte E. Water balance analysis in a novel pilot-scale of the Worm-sludge treatment reed bed (W-STRB) planted with Arundo donax. WATER RESEARCH 2024; 250:121066. [PMID: 38150856 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2023.121066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023]
Abstract
A one-year study of sludge treatment reed bed assisted with earthworms (W-STRB) was conducted in a temperate climate. The effects of using Eisenia fetid and Arundo donax on W-STRB water balance (WB) and dewatering efficiency (DE) were investigated. Four different bed configurations were tested: worm-planted (WP), planted (P), worm-control (W), and control (C), duplicated resulting in a total of eight units. The beds received a total of 24 cycles of mixed sewage sludge twice per month (average loading rate: 43.59 kg.DS. m-2.year-1). It was found seasonal variation played a significant role in WB and DE. During the dry season, the thickness of the residual sludge (RS) layer was less than 1 cm, with a dry solid (DS) content of over 80%, in contrast, the wet season indicated an increase in RS thickness to nearly 30 cm (DS < 15 % for all units). The WP unit exhibited the lowest RS accumulation, 22% less than the P, W, and C units. The subsurface layer had a 5% lower volatile solids (VS) content compared to the surface layers. After 132 days of a final resting, WP unit had the highest RS volume reduction of 65 % (DS = 71 % and VS = 53 %) and a RS thickness of 6 cm indicating a 10 % higher stabilization compared to P unit. The population of earthworms was 30% higher in the WP unit compared to the W unit. As the subsurface DS exceeded 20 % during the dry season, the population increased. The WP unit showed a 43% higher above-ground plant biomass compared to the P unit. In WB analysis, evapotranspiration (ET) was 46% higher in the WP unit (average daily ET = 5.44 mm in the dry season). The main process of water loss was through drainage and Awhile water content in RS layer was 57 % during feeding period. The water percolation rate of all units decreased by 99%, particularly during the wet season, reaching less than 0.1 m.day-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Gholipour
- LEAF - Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food, Instituto Superior de Agronomia (ISA), University of Lisbon, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017, Lisbon, Portugal.
| | - Rita Fragoso
- LEAF - Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food, Associated Laboratory TERRA, Instituto Superior de Agronomia (ISA), University of Lisbon, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Ana Galvão
- CERIS, Instituto Superior Técnico (IST), University of Lisbon, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Elizabeth Duarte
- LEAF - Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture, and Food, Instituto Superior de Agronomia (ISA), University of Lisbon, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017, Lisbon, Portugal
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Gupta N, Parsai T, Kulkarni HV. A review on the fate of micro and nano plastics (MNPs) and their implication in regulating nutrient cycling in constructed wetland systems. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2024; 350:119559. [PMID: 38016236 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.119559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
This review discusses the micro-nano plastics (MNPs) and their interaction with physical, chemical and biological processes in a constructed wetland (CW) system that is typically used as a nature-based tertiary wastewater treatment for municipal as well as industrial applications. Individual components of the CW system such as substrate, microorganisms and plants were considered to assess how MNPs influence the CW processes. One of the main functions of a CW system is removal of nutrients like nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) and here we highlight the pathways through which the MNPs influence CW's efficacy of nutrient removal. The presence of morphologically (size and shape) and chemically different MNPs influence the growth rate of microorganisms important in N and P cycling, invertebrates, decomposers, and the plants which affect the overall efficiency of a CW treatment system. Certain plant species take up the MNPs, and some toxicity has been observed. This review focuses on two significant aspects: (1) the presence of MNPs in a significant concentration affects the efficiency of N and P removal, and (2) the removal of MNPs. Because MNPs reduce the enzyme activities in abundance and overproduction of ROS oxidizes the enzyme active sites, resulting in the depletion of proteins, ultimately inhibiting nitrogen and phosphorus removal within the substrate layer. The review found that the majority of the studies used sand-activated carbon (SAC), granular-activated carbon (GAC), rice straw, granular limestone, and calcium carbonate, as a substrate for CW treatment systems. Common plant species used in the CW include Phragmites, Arabidopsis thaliana, Lepidium sativum, Thalia dealbata, and Canna indica, which were also found to be dominant in the uptake of the MNPs in the CWs. The MNPs were found to affect earthworms such as Eisenia fetida, Caenorhabditis elegans, and, Enchytraeus crypticus, whereas Metaphire vulgaris were found unaffected. Though various mechanisms take place during the removal process, adsorption and uptake mechanism effectively emphasize the removal of MNPs and nitrogen and phosphorus in CW. The MNPs characteristics (type, size, and concentration) play a crucial role in the removal efficiency of nano-plastics (NPs) and micro-plastics (MPs). The enhanced removal efficiency of NPs compared to MPs can be attributed to their smaller size, resulting in a faster reaction rate. However, NPs dose variation showed fluctuating removal efficiency, whereas MPs dose increment reduces removal efficiency. MP and NPs dose variation also affected toxicity to plants and earthworms as observed from data. Understanding the fate and removal of microplastics in wetland systems will help determine the reuse potential of wastewater and restrict the release of microplastics. This study provides information on various aspects and highlights future gaps and needs for MNP fate study in CW systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikita Gupta
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Mandi, Kamand, Himachal Pradesh, 175005, India.
| | - Tanushree Parsai
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, 600036, India.
| | - Harshad Vijay Kulkarni
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Mandi, Kamand, Himachal Pradesh, 175005, India.
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Wang S, Jiang J, Zhao Q, Wei L, Wang K. Investigation of electrochemical properties, leachate purification, organic matter characteristics, and microbial diversity in a sludge treatment wetland- microbial fuel cell. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 862:160799. [PMID: 36493836 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.160799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Sludge treatment wetland-microbial fuel cell (STW-MFC) is a unique sludge treatment process that produces bioelectricity, but its technology is still in its infancy. This study investigated the electrochemical properties, organic matter characteristics, leachate purification, and microbial community structure of STW-MFCs as affected by electrode location. When electrodes were placed in the filler layer, the STW-MFC system presented a higher power generation capacity (maximum output power density: 0.498 W/m3; peak cell voltage: 0.879 V) and organic matter degradation efficiency. The hydrophilic fraction was the main dissolved organic carbon fraction in sludge extracellular biological organic matter (EBOM) and leachate dissolved organic matter (DOM). Aromatics were mainly concentrated in the hydrophobic acid fraction. The UV-254 content of sludge EBOM decreased mainly in the hydrophilic and transphilic acid fractions. The excitation-emission matrix analysis showed that tryptophan-like protein was more easily eliminated than tyrosine-like protein. In addition, there was a strong correlation between voltage and NH4+ removal efficiency; a negative correlation between total chemical oxygen demand (TCOD), total nitrogen (TN), and total phosphorus (TP) removal efficiency, and a negative correlation between pH and TN, TP, and NH4+ removal efficiencies. High-throughput sequencing showed that the system was most abundant in Thermomonas, Geothrix and Geobacter when the electrodes were placed in the filled layer, while the levels of genes for membrane transport, carbohydrate metabolism and energy metabolism functions were higher than in other systems. This work will support STW- MFC widespread implementation by illuminating the underlying mechanics of different anode positions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shutian Wang
- School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Junqiu Jiang
- School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China; Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Ecosystem (HPKLPEE), School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China.
| | - Qingliang Zhao
- School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China; State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resources and Environments (SKLUWRE), School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China.
| | - Liangliang Wei
- School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China; State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resources and Environments (SKLUWRE), School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Kun Wang
- School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China; State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resources and Environments (SKLUWRE), School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
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Nsiah-Gyambibi R, Acheampong E, Von-Kiti E, Larbi Ayisi C. Performance evaluation of developed macrophyte-assisted vermifiltration system designed with varied macrophytes and earthworm species for domestic wastewater treatment. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0281953. [PMID: 36857364 PMCID: PMC9977024 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0281953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Development of sustainable technology to treat domestic wastewater with added advantages of cost reduction and improved handling efficiency is crucial in developing countries. This is because, domestic wastewater from households are stored in septic tanks and are poorly treated prior discharge. This study developed a macrophyte-assisted vermifiltration (MAV) system to treat domestic wastewater. The MAV system is an integrated approach of macrophytes and earthworms in a vermifiltration and complex physicochemical mechanism processes. The use of different macrophyte and earthworm species was hypothesized by the study to affect and vary the treatment performance of the developed MAV. The study therefore aimed to evaluate the treatment performance of the developed MAV when three varied macrophyte species (Eichhornia crassopes, Pistia stratiotes and Spirodela sp.) and two varied earthworm species (Eisenia fetida and Eudrilus eugeniae) were used to design the treatment system. Treated effluents were collected every 48hours within two weeks for physico-chemical, pathogen and helminth analysis. The contaminants (Ntot, NH3, NO3-N and Ptot) in the wastewater were high (>50 mgL-1, >5 mgL-1, >1 mgL-1 and >20 mgL-1 respectively). Results revealed that the developed MAV systems were effective in the removal of solids (>60%), nutrients (>60%) and pathogens (>90%). In most cases, there were no significant differences between the selected varied macrophytes and earthworms in the treatment performances. Results therefore demonstrated that the selected macrophytes combined with the earthworm species were suitable when used in the development of the MAV system. Developing the MAV with the selected varied macrophyte and earthworm species did not only contribute to the treatment of the wastewater, but also improved the vermiculture. Eudrilus eugeniae however demonstrated higher biomass gain (5-10% more) compared to Eisenia fetida.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rapheal Nsiah-Gyambibi
- Department of Civil Engineering, Regional Water and Environmental Sanitation Centre, UPO, College of Engineering Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
- Institute of Industrial Research, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Accra, Ghana
- * E-mail: ,
| | - Emmanuel Acheampong
- Institute of Industrial Research, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Accra, Ghana
| | - Elizabeth Von-Kiti
- Institute of Industrial Research, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Accra, Ghana
| | - Christian Larbi Ayisi
- Department of Water Resource and Sustainable Development, School of Sustainable Development, PMB, University of Environment and Sustainable Development, Somanya, Ghana
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Das P, Paul K. A review on integrated vermifiltration as a sustainable treatment method for wastewater. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2023; 328:116974. [PMID: 36516714 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.116974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Revised: 12/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
To overcome the scarcity of fresh water, concerned authorities worldwide are bound to think about remediation and reuse of domestic and industrial effluents. The present review study on integrated vermifiltrationwith hydroponic system explains mechanism followed in system and presently the reutilization and remediation of domestic and industrial effluents. It explains the result of integrated vermifiltration and recognizes factors such as clogging, hydraulic loading rate or rain on bed, salinity, and sunlight affect the efficiency of system. The study also focuses on limitations associated with vermifiltration and also suggestions have been made for enhancing the sustainability and performance of existing practices. After literature review, integrated vermifiltration with hydroponic system considered as a natural and eco-friendly method for treating polluted water. Active zone of vermifilter remove organics, nitrate from nitrogen, total and dissolved phosphorus from wastewater. The vermifiltration and integrated vermifiltration with macrophyte able remove chemical oxygen demand (COD) in the range (53.7%-64.4%) and (75.5%-82.8%) respectively. The integrated system reduces land consumption and wastewater can be reutilized in cultivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pragyan Das
- Department of Civil Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, 769008, India.
| | - KakoliKarar Paul
- Department of Civil Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, 769008, India.
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Namaldi O, Azgin ST. Evaluation of the treatment performance and reuse potential in agriculture of organized industrial zone (OIZ) wastewater through an innovative vermifiltration approach. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2023; 327:116865. [PMID: 36450165 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.116865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Vermifiltration (VF) is a natural and sustainable biofilter that has many advantages, including being energy-free, cost-effective, and allowing ease of application and maintenance. In this study, the effectiveness of a lab-scale VF system was assessed by the removal efficiency of total suspended solids, electrical conductivity, chemical oxygen demand, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, fecal coliform, and heavy metals in organized industrial zones (OIZ) and domestic wastewater (DW) for the first time. Additionally, the reuse suitability of the treated wastewater was determined by comparing different countries' and global irrigational criteria. The lab systems were built with four layers: one worm-bed and three varying filtering materials, and operated at an optimum hydraulic loading rate of 1.8-2 m3/m2/day for 45 days with Eisenia fetida as the earthworm species. The results demonstrated that removal efficiencies of total suspended solids and chemical oxygen demand were found to be 95% and 80% in OIZ wastewater and 90% and 88% in DW, respectively. Total nitrogen and total phosphorus were removed at rates of 69% and 67% in OIZ wastewater, respectively, and 84% and 74% in DW. Besides, the VF system has shown satisfactory removal performance for heavy metals ranging from 51% to 77% in OIZ wastewater that has met Turkish national wastewater discharge limits. Although the final characterization of treated wastewater was suitable, heavy metal and fecal coliform levels have not met many countries' irrigation water quality criteria. To meet global irrigation standards and to enhance the VF performance, further experimental studies should be carried out, including parameters such as bed material type in the reactor, worm type, and different operating conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Onur Namaldi
- Department of Environment Engineering, Erciyes University, 38039, Kayseri, Turkey.
| | - Sukru Taner Azgin
- Department of Environment Engineering, Erciyes University, 38039, Kayseri, Turkey; Energy Conversions Research and Application Center, Erciyes University, 38039, Kayseri, Turkey.
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Dey Chowdhury S, Bhunia P, Surampalli RY. Vermifiltration: Strategies and techniques to enhance the organic and nutrient removal performance from wastewater. WATER ENVIRONMENT RESEARCH : A RESEARCH PUBLICATION OF THE WATER ENVIRONMENT FEDERATION 2022; 94:e10826. [PMID: 36518049 DOI: 10.1002/wer.10826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The vermifiltration (VF) technology has gained significant attention as a green alternative for remediating domestic and industrial wastewater over the last few decades. Of late, the implementation of various modifications to the orthodox VF technology, including tweaks in the design and operation of the vermifilters, has been portrayed in the available literature. However, owing to the scatteredness of the available information, the knowledge regarding the execution of the modified vermifilters is still inadequate. Hence, an effort has been made to comprehensively overview the innovative strategies and techniques adopted to improve the organic and nutrient removal potential of the VFs from wastewater. In addition, future perspectives have been recognized to design more efficient and sustainable VFs. This review explores more of such novel tactics to improve the performance of the VF technology regarding organic and nutrient removal from wastewater. PRACTITIONER POINTS: Innovative strategies and techniques implemented to VF technology were comprehensively overviewed. Design modification and advantages of each innovation were highlighted. The pollutant removal performance of every modification was emphasized. Modified vermifilters were better than the conventional vermifilters in terms of organic and nutrient removal from the wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanket Dey Chowdhury
- Environmental Engineering, School of Infrastructure, Indian Institute of Technology Bhubaneswar, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Puspendu Bhunia
- Environmental Engineering, School of Infrastructure, Indian Institute of Technology Bhubaneswar, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Rao Y Surampalli
- Global Institute for Energy, Environment, and Sustainability, Lenexa, Kansas, USA
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Gholipour A, Fragoso R, Duarte E, Galvão A. Sludge Treatment Reed Bed under different climates: A review using meta-analysis. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 843:156953. [PMID: 35772550 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.156953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Sludge Treatment Reed Beds (STRBs) have been used worldwide over the past few decades. This review aims to overarchingly identify and appraise the currently available knowledge of STRB technology and discern climatic patterns through Meta-Analysis (MA). We systematically searched Google Scholar, Scopus, and Web of Science databases (up to Dec 2021) via a combination of keywords to identify English-language studies published in peer-reviewed journals. Of 142 potential articles, 73 studies met the present review objectives and inclusion criteria. Four STRB classifications including typical STRB, earthworm STRB, Sludge Treatment Electro Wetland (STEW), and earthworm STEW were found since 1990. The data and information on STRBs' configuration, operational parameters in terms of location, type of sewage sludge, study scale, Sludge Loading Rate (SLR), Dry Solid (DS), the proportion of Volatile Solid to DS (VS/DS), and their association with the feeding and resting modes were extracted from the selected articles. The analysis was focused on the interconnections between operational parameters and system efficiency for Temperate type 1 (low intensity of solar radiation), Temperate type 2 (high intensity of solar radiation), and Tropical climates. Based on MA, we found the average SLRs of 50, 70, and 101 Kg.DM.m-2.year-1 for Temperate type 1, Temperate type 2, and Tropical climates respectively, and DS during the feeding of 33 %, 35 %, and 40 %. A qualitative comparison of Arid and Polar climates was also performed given the reduced number of studies available in these climates. The volume of the sludge reduced was 60 % higher and the height of accumulated sludge was annually 2 cm in the earthworm STRBs, and STEWs compared to typical STRBs, which was 6 cm annually in Tropical climates. Correlation analysis, media characterization, list of plant species, and the removal efficiency of STRBs in the residual sludge and leachate are mentioned as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Gholipour
- LEAF - Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food, Instituto Superior de Agronomia (ISA), University of Lisbon, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisbon, Portugal.
| | - Rita Fragoso
- LEAF - Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food, Associated Laboratory TERRA, Instituto Superior de Agronomia (ISA), University of Lisbon, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisbon, Portugal.
| | - Elizabeth Duarte
- LEAF - Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food, Instituto Superior de Agronomia (ISA), University of Lisbon, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisbon, Portugal.
| | - Ana Galvão
- CERIS, Instituto Superior Técnico (IST), University of Lisbon, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal.
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Nie C, Yang J, Sang C, Xia Y, Huang K. Reduction performance of microplastics and their behavior in a vermi-wetland during the recycling of excess sludge: A quantitative assessment for fluorescent polymethyl methacrylate. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 832:155005. [PMID: 35381247 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.155005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Large amounts of microplastics (MPs) that have accumulated in excess sludge may increase the environmental risk for its subsequent treatment. This study aimed to investigate the performance and mechanism of the reduction of MPs in excess sludge in a vermi-wetland. For this, 1 μm, 100 μm, and 500 μm of fluorescent MPs stained with Nile red were added to raw sludge, and their decreased numbers were quantified during the treatment of sludge. The results showed that the removal rates of chemical oxygen demand and total solids from the excess sludge were 63.44%-90.98% and 37.61%-51.56% in the vermi-wetland, respectively. The numbers of 1 μm, 100 μm, and 500 μm MPs could be reduced by 86.62%-95.69%, 95.44%-99.52%, and 100% in the vermi-wetland, respectively. These results indicate that the vermi-wetland is more effective at eliminating MPs. Further insight into the vermi-wetland stratification was obtained, and more than 74.87% of the MPs were intercepted in the vermicompost layer. Moreover, all the particle sizes of MPs were found in the excrement of earthworms. However, only 1 μm MPs were detected in their digestive organs. This study suggests that the interception effect is primarily responsible for elimination of MPs in excess sludge, and the bioturbation of earthworms plays an important role in the mobilization of MPs in vermi-wetlands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cailong Nie
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou 730070, China; School of Environmental Science and Engineering, College of Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Jing Yang
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou 730070, China; Key Laboratory of Yellow River Water Environment in Gansu Province, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Chunlei Sang
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou 730070, China; Key Laboratory of Yellow River Water Environment in Gansu Province, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Yu Xia
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, College of Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Integrated Surface Water-Groundwater Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil and Groundwater Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China.
| | - Kui Huang
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou 730070, China; Key Laboratory of Yellow River Water Environment in Gansu Province, Lanzhou 730070, China.
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12
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Hu S, Chen H, Chen Z. Performance of sludge drying reed beds for the leachate purification: Effects of sludge loading frequencies and plant species. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2021; 194:110452. [PMID: 33188766 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.110452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Sludge drying reed beds (SDRBs), as a natural biological technology, have positive effects on surplus sludge treatment. However, few studies focus on the sludge leachate purification in the SDRBs regarding the wetland plant species and sludge loading rates. In this study, four SDRBs planted with two wetland plant species (Phragmites australis, Typha angustifolia) were investigated for leachate purification under six sludge loading volumes and feeding frequencies (9L/3d, 6L/3d, 4L/d, 3L/d, 2.5L/d, and 2L/d). Results showed that the lowest Escherichia coli content of 630 number/mL was determined in the P. australis SDRBs, with 86.2-92.8% lower than those in the T. angustifolia controls. However, similar removal efficiencies of chemical oxygen demand (COD), total nitrogen (TN), ammonium (NH4+), total phosphorus (TP), and heavy metals were obtained in the SDRBs with both plant species. Moreover, the optimum sludge loading volume and feeding frequency of 3L/d was determined in the P. australis system, with pollutants (COD, TN, NH4+, and TP) mass removal efficiencies in the leachate being over 94.9%. In addition, the principal component analysis indicated that water loss and oxidation-reduction potential had positive influences on pollutant removal in the planted SDRBs. Overall, the best leachate removal efficiency was obtained in the P. australis SDRBs under the sludge loading volume and feeding frequency of 3L/d.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Hu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Resource-oriented Treatment of Industrial Pollutants, School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China; Department of Applied Ecology, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, 16500, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Huilun Chen
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Resource-oriented Treatment of Industrial Pollutants, School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China.
| | - Zhongbing Chen
- Department of Applied Ecology, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, 16500, Prague, Czech Republic.
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13
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Meng D, Wu J, Xu Z, Xu Y, Li H, Jin W, Zhang J. Effect of passive ventilation on the performance of unplanted sludge treatment wetlands: heavy metal removal and microbial community variation. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:31665-31676. [PMID: 32500490 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-09288-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Sludge treatment wetlands (STWs) have been applied worldwide to treat excess sludge; however, the performance of STWs is generally limited by weather partly due to the plants vegetated on the STWs. In this study, ventilation is suggested to assist unvegetated STWs. Solid samples from different depths were analysed. Additionally, the variation of microbial community in STW unit was analysed and the fate of heavy metals in the sludge was determined. Results indicate that the STW unit with suitable parameters has better performance in stabilising and maturing the sludge than planted STW, which may contribute to the variation of the microbial community; additionally, ventilation exerts a positive influence on these bacteria during the variation of microbial community and on heavy metal removal through the substrate and positively impacts the Cd and Pb in reduction state. Furthermore, ventilation decreases the bioavailability of Cr. With ventilation in STWs, Bacillus and Streptomyces play a necessary role in enhancing the possibility of sludge to be used as microbial inoculants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daizong Meng
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
- Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
- Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Jun Wu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
- Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
- Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Zuxin Xu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Yixiao Xu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Huaizheng Li
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China.
- Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China.
- Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai, 200092, China.
| | - Wei Jin
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
- Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
- Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Jin Zhang
- Institute of Groundwater and Earth Sciences, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
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14
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Hu S, Lv Z, Zuo X, Liu H, Vymazal J, Chen Z. Effects of loading rates and plant species on sludge characteristics in earthworm assistant sludge treatment wetlands. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 730:139142. [PMID: 32416508 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Revised: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Sludge treatment wetlands (STWs) are widely used to treat surplus sludge in recent years. However, the effects of plant species and loading rates on sludge characteristics in earthworm assistant STWs remain unclear. In the current study, six STWs planted with two plant species (Phragmites australis, Typha angustifolia) were investigated under four loading rates (60, 80, 90 and 120 kg DS/m2/yr) regarding the influence on sludge characteristics. Furthermore, earthworms were added in three STWs to evaluate their role on sludge stabilization during resting period. Results showed that the best sludge dewatering (dry solids (DS) of 45.0%) and stabilization (volatile solids to total solids (VS/TS) of 40.5%) were determined in the P. australis STWs at the loading rate of 80 kg DS/m2/yr. Furthermore, VS/TS and Escherichia coli contents in earthworm STWs were 5.5-11.2% and 12-39% lower than that in the control without earthworm addition. Meanwhile, earthworm also decreased the nutrient contents in STWs. However, earthworms had insignificant effects on heavy metal contents in STWs. Nevertheless, the bioavailability of Cd and Cr in STWs were decreased by earthworm addition, with an acid-soluble fraction of Cd and Cr reduced by 11.2-18% and 2.5-7.5%, respectively. In conclusion, sludge characteristics can be improved by earthworm addition in P. australis STWs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Hu
- Department of Applied Ecology, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, 16521 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Zuopeng Lv
- The Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Medicinal Plants of Jiangsu Province, Jiangsu Normal University, Shanghai Road 101, 221116 Xuzhou, China
| | - Xingtao Zuo
- College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Hongbo Liu
- School of Environment and Architecture, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, 516 Jungong Road, 200093 Shanghai, China
| | - Jan Vymazal
- Department of Applied Ecology, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, 16521 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Zhongbing Chen
- Department of Applied Ecology, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, 16521 Prague, Czech Republic.
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15
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Singh R, Samal K, Dash RR, Bhunia P. Vermifiltration as a sustainable natural treatment technology for the treatment and reuse of wastewater: A review. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2019; 247:140-151. [PMID: 31247361 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.06.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Revised: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/15/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
With increasing urbanization and industrialization, the scarcity of freshwater is becoming rampant. To counteract this, authorities all over the world are forced to consider the treatment and reuse of the wastewater produced by either industries or domestic units. After an extensive literature survey, vermifiltration coupled with/without macrophyte has been identified as one of the best sustainable, natural and eco-friendly technology for the treatment and reuse of wastewater. Till date, it has been successfully applied for treating domestic wastewater. However, the results from very limited industrial applications are also encouraging and proving its worth for industrial wastewater remediation. The present review on vermifiltration deals with the mechanisms involved and its current status for the remediation and reutilisation of the effluents generated from domestic and industrial premises. The review successfully identifies and explicitly discusses the mechanisms involved in the vermifiltration. The review exhaustively discusses the performance of vermifiltration and identifies the factors contributing to the performance of vermifiltration, which could be of help in designing of the field scale vermifilter based treatment plant. The review identifies the limitations associated with the vermifiltration and suggests possible alternatives, aimed to improve its performance and applicability. The aim of this review is to bring the attention of prospective researchers to study each and every aspect related to the vermifiltration so that it may be adopted as a reliable and dependable technology for the remediation of several industrial effluents meeting the concept of "Zero discharge".
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajneesh Singh
- School of Infrastructure, Indian Institute of Technology Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Kundan Samal
- School of Infrastructure, Indian Institute of Technology Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Rajesh Roshan Dash
- School of Infrastructure, Indian Institute of Technology Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Puspendu Bhunia
- School of Infrastructure, Indian Institute of Technology Bhubaneswar, India.
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16
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Lavrnić S, Cristino S, Zapater-Pereyra M, Vymazal J, Cupido D, Lucchese G, Mancini B, Mancini ML. Effect of earthworms and plants on the efficiency of vertical flow systems treating university wastewater. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:10354-10362. [PMID: 30761495 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-04508-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
One of the possible ways to improve the operation efficiency of constructed wetlands and to prevent their clogging is the application of earthworms. They have already been successfully applied for vermicomposting and for sludge dewatering and treatment. A few studies have already examined the effect of earthworms on the treatment of wastewater by vertical flow constructed wetlands (VFCWs), but none of them have provided a yearlong research result from an open-air system or compared the effect that different seasons in a temperate climate area can have on these invertebrates. The goal of this research was to estimate the effect that earthworms and plants have on VFCW's operation. Four mesocosms (a filter, a filter with earthworms, a VFCW and a VFCW with earthworms) were built and their influent and effluent water quality was monitored for a period of 1 year. They were fed with wastewater coming from a building of the University of Bologna (Italy). The results have shown that the presence of earthworms in this specific system did not reduce the organic matter content of the substrate, but it has positively influenced plants' growth. However, since neither earthworms nor plants had a statistically significant effect on the effluent quality, it can be concluded that the integration of these invertebrates cannot improve wastewater treatment of vertical flow filters or constructed wetlands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stevo Lavrnić
- Campus de Puerto Real, University of Cádiz, Polígono San Pedro s/n, Puerto Real, 11519, Cádiz, Spain.
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Civile, Chimica, Ambientale e dei Materiali, University of Bologna, Via Umberto Terracini 28, 40131, Bologna, Italy.
| | - Sandra Cristino
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biologiche, Geologiche e Ambientali, University of Bologna, Via San Giacomo 12, 40126, Bologna, Italy
| | | | - Jan Vymazal
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamycka 129, 165 21, Praha 6, Czech Republic
| | - Domenico Cupido
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Civile, Chimica, Ambientale e dei Materiali, University of Bologna, Via Umberto Terracini 28, 40131, Bologna, Italy
| | - Giovanni Lucchese
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Civile, Chimica, Ambientale e dei Materiali, University of Bologna, Via Umberto Terracini 28, 40131, Bologna, Italy
| | - Benedetta Mancini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biologiche, Geologiche e Ambientali, University of Bologna, Via San Giacomo 12, 40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - Maurizio L Mancini
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Civile, Chimica, Ambientale e dei Materiali, University of Bologna, Via Umberto Terracini 28, 40131, Bologna, Italy
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17
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Chen Z, Hu S. Heavy metals distribution and their bioavailability in earthworm assistant sludge treatment wetland. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2019; 366:615-623. [PMID: 30579227 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2018.12.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Revised: 11/17/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Sludge treatment wetlands (STWs) have been used for sludge treatment in recent years, however, heavy metals (HMs) are one of the limiting factors for the final sludge application, and the fate of HMs in STWs are still not well studied. Therefore, six STWs with two plant species and earthworm addition were investigated to evaluate their effects on HMs distribution and bioavailability. The results showed that plant uptake of HMs was insignificant with earthworm addition. Earthworm had the highest enrichment for Cd with bioaccumulation factors of 6.9-7.3. Moreover, earthworm had a positive effect to remove HMs in accumulated sludge. Meanwhile, the bioavailability of Cd in accumulated sludge was decreased by earthworm addition, with the acid-soluble fraction decreased from range 16.5-22.7% to range 7.2-10.1%. Furthermore, HMs mass balance in the STWs revealed that HMs were widely distributed in the accumulated sludge, leachate and others, while their (except Cd) accumulation in the plants and earthworm are less than 1%. The Cd toxicity in the accumulated sludge can be reduced by the addition of earthworm with enrichment of 3.6-8.2%. Overall, earthworm addition have positive effects on distribution and bioavailability of HMs in STWs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongbing Chen
- Department of Applied Ecology, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, 16521 Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Shanshan Hu
- Department of Applied Ecology, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, 16521 Prague, Czech Republic
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18
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Rezania S, Park J, Rupani PF, Darajeh N, Xu X, Shahrokhishahraki R. Phytoremediation potential and control of Phragmites australis as a green phytomass: an overview. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:7428-7441. [PMID: 30693445 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-04300-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Phragmites australis (common reed) is one of the most extensively distributed emergent plant species in the world. This plant has been used for phytoremediation of different types of wastewater, soil, and sediments since the 1970s. Published research confirms that P. australis is a great accumulator for different types of nutrients and heavy metals than other aquatic plants. Therefore, a comprehensive review is needed to have a better understanding of the suitability of this plant for removal of different types of nutrients and heavy metals. This review investigates the existing literature on the removal of nutrients and heavy metals from wastewater, soil, and sediment using P. australis. In addition, after phytoremediation, P. australis has the potential to be used for additional benefits such as the production of bioenergy and animal feedstock due to its specific characteristics. Determination of adaptive strategies is vital to reduce the invasive growth of P. australis in the environment and its economic effects. Future research is suggested to better understand the plant's physiology and biochemistry for increasing its pollutant removal efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahabaldin Rezania
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Junboum Park
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Parveen Fatemeh Rupani
- Biofuel Institute, School of Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Negisa Darajeh
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, 8140, New Zealand
| | - Xin Xu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Rahim Shahrokhishahraki
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Hu S, Chen Z, Lv Z, Chen K, Huang L, Zuo X, He J, Chen Y. Purification of leachate from sludge treatment beds by subsurface flow constructed wetlands: effects of plants and hydraulic retention time. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:5769-5781. [PMID: 30612364 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-4006-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Sludge treatment beds (STBs) have been used widely in many countries due to low energy consumption, low operating and maintenance costs, and better environmental compatibility. Penetration, evaporation, and transpiration are the main processes for sludge dewatering in STBs. However, the leachate quality from STBs usually cannot meet discharge limits. Moreover, such leachate has very low COD/N ratio, which makes it difficult to treat. In the present study, two subsurface flow (SSF) constructed wetlands (CWs) were investigated for the treatment of leachate from STBs under three different hydraulic retention time (HRT) (3 days, 4 days, 6 days), aiming for evaluating the effects of plants and HRT on treatment performance, as well as the potential of SSF CWs to treat sludge leachate with low COD/N ration. The results showed that plants play an important role in leachate treatment. The best treatment performance was achieved with HRT of 4 days. In this condition, the mean removal efficiencies of COD (chemical oxygen demand), NH4+-N, TN (total nitrogen), and TP (total phosphorus) in the planted and the unplanted CWs were 61.6% (unplanted - 3.7%), 76.6% (unplanted 43.5%), 70% (unplanted 41%), and 65.6% (unplanted 6%), respectively. Heavy metal concentrations were below the Chinese integrated wastewater discharge standard during the experimental period in the planted CW, and the removal efficiencies in the planted CW system were higher than in the unplanted CW system. In all, planted SSF CWs can be an effective approach in removing leachate from sludge treatment beds. Furthermore, considering to temperature and seasonal variation, the leachate from STBs needs to be further studied in pilot- and full-scale condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Hu
- Department of Applied Ecology, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, 16521, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Zhongbing Chen
- Department of Applied Ecology, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, 16521, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Zuopeng Lv
- The Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Medicinal Plants of Jiangsu Province, Jiangsu Normal University, Shanghai Road 101, Xuzhou, 221116, China
| | - Ke Chen
- College of Resources and Environmental Science, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan, China
| | - Liangliang Huang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Jian'gan Road 12, Guilin, 541004, China
| | - Xingtao Zuo
- College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jiajie He
- College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yi Chen
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400045, People's Republic of China.
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20
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Performance of Earthworm-Enhanced Horizontal Sub-Surface Flow Filter and Constructed Wetland. WATER 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/w10101309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In this study, the performance of the horizontal sub-surface flow filter (HSSFF) and constructed wetland (HSSFCW) experimental units enhanced with earthworms was investigated for the treatment of construction camp sewage wastewater. All the experimental units (filter and constructed wetland) were filled with the same filler except Eisenia foetida earthworms and Lolium perenne Linn plants. The performance of the earthworm-enhanced filter (EEF) and the earthworm-enhanced constructed wetland (EECW) was compared to that of the blank filter (BF) units. The results revealed that the removal efficiencies for chemical oxygen demand (COD), ammonium-nitrogen (NH4+-N), total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) in EEF were higher than the BF unit. In order to optimize the operating conditions, the experiments were conducted in three different water levels. The results revealed that the removal efficiencies of EEF for these pollutants are the highest in experimental conditions no. 2 (water level ~30 cm; HRT ~3 days; hydraulic load ~4.05 cm/day; and Inflow discharge ~0.27 L/h). Compared to the EEF and BF units, the EECW has higher removal efficiency for COD and TN and has more stable performance than the filters. This work will aid the design and improvement of filters and CWs for treatment of effluent wastewater from construction camps. The selection of appropriate hydraulic parameters and experimental conditions could be very beneficial in achieving the goal of implantation of low impact development (LID).
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Samal K, Dash RR, Bhunia P. Effect of hydraulic loading rate and pollutants degradation kinetics in two stage hybrid macrophyte assisted vermifiltration system. Biochem Eng J 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2018.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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22
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