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Cubillos VM, Salas-Yanquin LP, Mardones-Toledo DA, Ramírez-Kuschel EF, Paredes-Molina FJ, Büchner-Miranda JA, Chaparro OR. Location also matters: The oxidative response of the intertidal purple mussel Perumytilus purpuratus during tidal cycle. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 199:106562. [PMID: 38870558 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2024.106562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Revised: 05/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
For sessile intertidal organisms, periods of low tide impose both cellular and physiological challenges that can determine bathymetric distribution. To understand how intertidal location influences the cellular response of the bivalve Perumytilus purpuratus during the tidal cycle (immersion-emersion-immersion), specimens from the upper intertidal (UI) and lower intertidal (LI) of bathymetric distribution were sampled every 2 h over a 10-h period during a summer tidal cycle. Parallelly, organisms from the UI and LI were reciprocally transplanted and sampled throughout the same tidal cycle. Levels of oxidative damage (lipid peroxidation and protein carbonyls) as well as total antioxidant capacity and total carotenoids were evaluated as cellular responses to variations in environmental conditions throughout the tidal cycle. The results indicate that both the location in the intertidal zone (UI/LI), the level of aerial exposure, and the interaction of both factors are determinants of oxidative levels and total antioxidant capacity of P. purpuratus. Although oxidative damage levels are triggered during the low tide period (aerial exposure), it is the UI specimens that induce higher levels of lipid peroxidation compared to those from the LI, which is consistent with the elevated levels of total antioxidant capacity. On the other hand, organisms from the LI transplanted to the UI increase the levels of lipid peroxidation but not the levels of protein carbonyls, a situation that is also reflected in higher levels of antioxidant response and total carotenoids than those from the UI transplanted to the LI. The bathymetric distribution of P. purpuratus in the intertidal zone implies differentiated responses between organisms of the lower and upper limits, influenced by their life history. A high phenotypic plasticity allows this mussel to adjust its metabolism to respond to abrupt changes in the surrounding environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- V M Cubillos
- Instituto de Ciencias Marinas y Limnológicas, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile.
| | - L P Salas-Yanquin
- Instituto de Ciencias Marinas y Limnológicas, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - D A Mardones-Toledo
- Instituto de Ciencias Marinas y Limnológicas, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - E F Ramírez-Kuschel
- Instituto de Ciencias Marinas y Limnológicas, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - F J Paredes-Molina
- Instituto de Ciencias Marinas y Limnológicas, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - J A Büchner-Miranda
- Instituto de Ciencias Marinas y Limnológicas, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - O R Chaparro
- Instituto de Ciencias Marinas y Limnológicas, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
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2
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Mendela TS, Isaac SR, Enzor LA. Impacts of elevated temperature, decreased salinity and microfibers on the bioenergetics and oxidative stress in eastern oyster, Crassostrea virginica. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2024; 274:111002. [PMID: 38909831 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2024.111002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Revised: 06/18/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024]
Abstract
Projected increases in temperature and decreases in salinity associated with global climate change will likely have detrimental impacts on eastern oyster, Crassostrea virginica, as these variables can influence physiological processes in these keystone species. We set out to determine how the interactive effects of temperature (20 °C or 27 °C) and/or salinity (27‰ or 17‰) impacted the energetic reserves, aerobic and anaerobic metabolism, and changes to oxidative stress or total antioxidant potential as a consequence of an altered environment over a 21-day exposure. Gill and adductor muscle were used to quantify changes in total glycogen and lipid content, Electron Transport System and Citrate Synthase activities, Malate Dehydrogenase activity, Protein Carbonyl formation, lipid peroxidation, and total antioxidant potential. A second exposure was performed to determine if these environmental factors influenced the ingestion of microfibers, which are now one of the leading forms of marine debris. Elevated temperature and the combination of elevated temperature and decreased salinity led to an overall decline in oyster mass, which was exacerbated by the presence of microfibers. Changes in metabolism and oxidative stress were largely influenced by time, but exposure to elevated temperature, decreased salinity, the combination of these stressors or exposure to microfibers had small impacts on oyster physiology and survival. Overall these studies demonstrate that oyster are fairly resilient to changes in salinity in short-term exposures, and elevations in temperature or temperature combined with salinity result in changes to the oyster energetic response, which can be further impacted by the presence of microfibers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler S Mendela
- Department of Biology, University of Hartford, West Hartford, CT, United States of America
| | - Sean R Isaac
- Department of Biology, University of Hartford, West Hartford, CT, United States of America
| | - Laura A Enzor
- Department of Biology, University of Hartford, West Hartford, CT, United States of America.
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3
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Saldaña-Serrano M, Bastolla CLV, Mattos JJ, de Lima D, Piazza CE, Righetti BPH, Martiol R, Dias VHV, Ferreira CP, Nogueira DJ, de Miranda Gomes CHA, Taniguchi S, Bícego MC, Bainy ACD. Biochemical responses in Pacific oysters Magallana gigas (Thunberg, 1793): Tools to evaluate the environmental quality of aquaculture areas. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2024; 201:116244. [PMID: 38489909 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2024.116244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
The discharge of sanitary sewage into the bays of the Florianópolis Metropolitan Area (Southern Brazil), has led to the contamination of oyster farms. Consequently, linear alkylbenzenes (LABs) were quantified in the sediment, and the biochemical responses in gills and digestive gland of oysters from six farms were assessed. Our findings revealed elevated levels of LABs in the sediment of the Imaruim and Serraria farms. Additionally, alterations were observed in the antioxidant enzymes: catalase, glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase in both oyster tissue from the Serraria, Santo Antonio de Lisboa and Sambaqui farms. Furthermore, correlation analyses indicated strong and moderate associations between biochemical responses, organic contaminants, and certain physicochemical parameters. Consequently, our results demonstrated the activation of the antioxidant system in oysters, representing a protective response to the presence of sanitary sewage and other contaminants. Therefore, we propose the utilization of biochemical biomarkers for monitoring the environmental quality of farms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Saldaña-Serrano
- Laboratory of Biomarkers of Aquatic Contamination and Immunochemistry-LABCAI, Federal University of Santa Catarina, UFSC, Florianópolis, SC 88034-257, Brazil
| | - Camila Lisarb Velasquez Bastolla
- Laboratory of Biomarkers of Aquatic Contamination and Immunochemistry-LABCAI, Federal University of Santa Catarina, UFSC, Florianópolis, SC 88034-257, Brazil
| | - Jacó Joaquim Mattos
- Aquaculture Pathology Research Center-NEPAQ, Federal University of Santa Catarina, UFSC, Florianópolis, SC 88034-257, Brazil
| | - Daína de Lima
- Laboratory of Biomarkers of Aquatic Contamination and Immunochemistry-LABCAI, Federal University of Santa Catarina, UFSC, Florianópolis, SC 88034-257, Brazil
| | - Clei Endrigo Piazza
- Laboratory of Biomarkers of Aquatic Contamination and Immunochemistry-LABCAI, Federal University of Santa Catarina, UFSC, Florianópolis, SC 88034-257, Brazil
| | - Bárbara Pacheco Harrison Righetti
- Laboratory of Biomarkers of Aquatic Contamination and Immunochemistry-LABCAI, Federal University of Santa Catarina, UFSC, Florianópolis, SC 88034-257, Brazil
| | - Renata Martiol
- Laboratory of Biomarkers of Aquatic Contamination and Immunochemistry-LABCAI, Federal University of Santa Catarina, UFSC, Florianópolis, SC 88034-257, Brazil
| | - Vera Helena Vidal Dias
- Laboratory of Biomarkers of Aquatic Contamination and Immunochemistry-LABCAI, Federal University of Santa Catarina, UFSC, Florianópolis, SC 88034-257, Brazil
| | - Clarissa Pellegrini Ferreira
- Department of Fisheries Engineering and Biological Sciences, University of Santa Catarina State, UDESC, Laguna, SC 88.790-000, Brazil
| | - Diego José Nogueira
- Laboratory of Biomarkers of Aquatic Contamination and Immunochemistry-LABCAI, Federal University of Santa Catarina, UFSC, Florianópolis, SC 88034-257, Brazil
| | - Carlos Henrique Araujo de Miranda Gomes
- Laboratory of Marine Mollusks-LMM, Department of Aquaculture, Center of Agricultural Science, Federal University of Santa Catarina, UFSC, Florianópolis, SC 88040900, Brazil
| | - Satie Taniguchi
- Laboratory of Marine Organic Chemistry - LABQOM, Oceanographic Institute, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-120, Brazil
| | - Marcia Caruso Bícego
- Laboratory of Marine Organic Chemistry - LABQOM, Oceanographic Institute, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-120, Brazil
| | - Afonso Celso Dias Bainy
- Laboratory of Biomarkers of Aquatic Contamination and Immunochemistry-LABCAI, Federal University of Santa Catarina, UFSC, Florianópolis, SC 88034-257, Brazil.
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4
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Venter L, Alfaro AC, Ragg NLC, Delorme NJ, Ericson JA. The effect of simulated marine heatwaves on green-lipped mussels, Perna canaliculus: A near-natural experimental approach. J Therm Biol 2023; 117:103702. [PMID: 37729747 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2023.103702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Revised: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
Marine heatwaves (MHW) are projected for the foreseeable future, affecting aquaculture species, such as the New Zealand green-lipped mussel (Perna canaliculus). Thermal stress alters mussel physiology highlighting the adaptive capacity that allows survival in the face of heatwaves. Within this study, adult mussels were subjected to three different seawater temperature regimes: 1) low (sustained 18 °C), 2) medium MHW (18-24 °C, using a +1 °C per week ramp) and 3) high MHW (18-24 °C, using a +2 °C per week ramp). Sampling was performed over 11 weeks to establish the effects of temperature on P. canaliculus survival, condition, specific immune response parameters, and the haemolymph metabolome. A transient 25.5-26.5 °C exposure resulted in 61 % mortality, with surviving animals showing a metabolic adjustment within aerobic energy production, enabling the activation of molecular defence mechanisms. Utilisation of immune functions were seen within the cytology results where temperature stress affected the percentage of superoxide-positive haemocytes and haemocyte counts. From the metabolomics results an increase in antioxidant metabolites were seen in the high MHW survivors, possibly to counteract molecular damage. In the high MHW exposure group, mussels utilised anaerobic metabolism in conjunction with aerobic metabolism to produce energy, to uphold biological functions and survival. The effect of exposure time was mainly seen on very long-, and long chain fatty acids, with increases observed at weeks seven and eight. These changes were likely due to the membrane storage functions of fatty acids, with decreases at week eleven attributed to energy metabolism functions. This study supports the use of integrated analytical tools to investigate the response of marine organisms to heatwaves. Indeed, specific metabolic pathways and cellular markers are now highlighted for future investigations aimed at targeted measures. This research contributes to a larger program aimed to identify resilient mussel traits and support aquaculture management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonie Venter
- Aquaculture Biotechnology Research Group, School of Science, Auckland University of Technology, Private Bag 92006, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Andrea C Alfaro
- Aquaculture Biotechnology Research Group, School of Science, Auckland University of Technology, Private Bag 92006, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand.
| | - Norman L C Ragg
- Cawthron Institute, Private Bag 2, Nelson, 7042, New Zealand
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5
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Hubert J, van der Burg AD, Witbaard R, Slabbekoorn H. Separate and combined effects of boat noise and a live crab predator on mussel valve gape behavior. Behav Ecol 2023; 34:495-505. [PMID: 37192919 PMCID: PMC10183211 DOI: 10.1093/beheco/arad012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Noisy human activities at sea are changing the acoustic environment, which has been shown to affect marine mammals and fishes. Invertebrates, such as bivalves, have so far received limited attention despite their important role in the marine ecosystem. Several studies have examined the impact of sound on anti-predator behavior using simulated predators, but studies using live predators are scarce. In the current study, we examined the separate and combined effects of boat sound playback and predator cues of shore crabs (Carcinus maenas) on the behavior of mussels (Mytilus spp.). We examined the behavior of the mussels using a valve gape monitor and scored the behavior from the crabs in one of two types of predator test conditions from video footage to control for effects from potential, sound-induced variation in crab behavior. We found that mussels closed their valve gape during boat noise and with a crab in their tank, but also that the stimulus combination did not add up to an even smaller valve gape. The sound treatment did not affect the stimulus crabs, but the behavior of the crabs did affect the valve gape of the mussels. Future research is needed to examine whether these results stand in situ and whether valve closure due to sound has fitness consequences for mussels. The effects on the well-being of individual mussels from anthropogenic noise may be relevant for population dynamics in the context of pressure from other stressors, their role as an ecosystem engineer, and in the context of aquaculture.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Rob Witbaard
- NIOZ Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, Dept. Estuarine and Delta Systems, Yerseke, The Netherlands
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6
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Santos D, Leite C, Pinto J, Soares AMVM, Pereira E, Freitas R. How will different scenarios of rising seawater temperature alter the response of marine species to lithium? THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 856:158728. [PMID: 36108826 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.158728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Marine ecosystems are suffering from the gradual rise in temperature due to climate change. Warming scenarios and the intensification of extreme climate events, such as marine heatwaves (MHWs), have been negatively affecting marine organisms. In addition, they are also threatened by anthropogenic pollution. Lithium (Li) is an emerging pollutant that has become a major concern due to its increasing use in a variety of applications. Understanding its influence on marine environments in combination with warming scenarios is crucial, as very little is known about its impact on marine organisms, especially when also considering the increasingly concerning impacts of climate change. With this in mind, this research aimed to assess how different scenarios of increasing temperature may affect the response of Mytilus galloprovincialis to Li. Mussels bioaccumulation levels, as well as physiological and biochemical biomarkers were analyzed after 28 days of exposure to Li under different temperature scenarios (control - 17 °C; warming - 21 °C and marine heatwave - MHW). The results indicate that mussels accumulated Li, independently of the temperature scenario. The respiration rate was higher in contaminated mussels than in the non-contaminated ones, with no differences among temperature scenarios. Furthermore, the metabolic rate decreased in non-contaminated mussels exposed to 21 °C and MHW, while mussels exposed to the combination of Li and MHW presented the highest metabolic rate. The mussels exposed to MHW and Li evidenced the highest cellular damage but Li was not neurotoxic in M. galloprovincialis. This study highlighted that MHW + Li was the most stressful condition, inducing clear negative effects in this species that can impair the growth and reproduction of an entire population. In general, the presented results highlight the importance of future studies in which it is necessary to combine the effects of pollutants and climate change scenarios, namely extreme weather events such as MHWs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Santos
- Departamento de Biologia & CESAM, Universidade de Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Carla Leite
- Departamento de Biologia & CESAM, Universidade de Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - João Pinto
- Departamento de Química & REQUIMTE, Universidade de Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Amadeu M V M Soares
- Departamento de Biologia & CESAM, Universidade de Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Eduarda Pereira
- Departamento de Química & REQUIMTE, Universidade de Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Rosa Freitas
- Departamento de Biologia & CESAM, Universidade de Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
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7
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Tu Z, Tang L, Yang H, Zhang X, Jiang C, Shen H. Effect of low-frequency noise on the survival rate and immunity of infected Vibrio parahaemolyticus sea slug (Onchidium reevesii). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 126:227-236. [PMID: 35643354 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2022.05.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Revised: 05/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Anthropogenic noise in the marine environment has become a global environmental pollutant that affects the behavior, physiology and immunity of marine animals. However, the resistance of marine animals to pathogens while under the influence of noise is a topic that has received little attention. To assess the immune defense response of sea slugs against pathogens when exposed to low frequency noise, we performed 120 h exposure experiments on sea slugs after a Vibrio parahaemolyticus application in low frequency noise at 500 Hz and 1000 Hz. We found that after the infection with V. parahaemolyticus, the survival rate of the sea slugs decreased, the apoptosis rate and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production of hemocytes increased significantly (P < 0.05), the proliferation of hemocytes accelerated, the activities of enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), alkaline phosphatase (AKP), alanine transaminase (ALT) and lysozyme (LZM) in the hepatopancreas increased significantly, and the expression of TNF signaling pathway-related genes (TNF-α, FADD, Caspase 8, Caspase 3) and Hsp70 genes were generally upregulated. In addition, exposure of sea slug after infected with V. parahaemolyticus to low frequency noise resulted in a significant increase in both antioxidant and immune parameters, which were positively correlated with frequency. The results showed that noise frequency and exposure time had an interactive effect on the above indicators. In summary, low-frequency noise exposure increases the risk of pathogenic infections in sea slugs and exacerbates the negative effects on the antioxidant capacity and immune metabolism of the organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihan Tu
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China; International Research Center for Marine Biosciences, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China; Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center for Cultivating Elite Breeds and Green-culture of Aquaculture Animals, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Liusiqiao Tang
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China; International Research Center for Marine Biosciences, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China; Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center for Cultivating Elite Breeds and Green-culture of Aquaculture Animals, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Hang Yang
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China; International Research Center for Marine Biosciences, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China; Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center for Cultivating Elite Breeds and Green-culture of Aquaculture Animals, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Xiaoming Zhang
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China; International Research Center for Marine Biosciences, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China; Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center for Cultivating Elite Breeds and Green-culture of Aquaculture Animals, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Chao Jiang
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China; International Research Center for Marine Biosciences, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China; Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center for Cultivating Elite Breeds and Green-culture of Aquaculture Animals, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Heding Shen
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China; International Research Center for Marine Biosciences, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China; Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center for Cultivating Elite Breeds and Green-culture of Aquaculture Animals, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China.
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8
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De Marchi L, Vieira LR, Intorre L, Meucci V, Battaglia F, Pretti C, Soares AMVM, Freitas R. Will extreme weather events influence the toxic impacts of caffeine in coastal systems? Comparison between two widely used bioindicator species. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 297:134069. [PMID: 35218782 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.134069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In the recent years, marine heatwaves (MHWs) have caused devastating impacts on marine life. The understanding of the combined effects of these extreme events and anthropogenic pollution is a vital challenge. In particular, the combined effect of MHWs on the toxicity of pharmaceuticals to aquatic life remains unclear. To contribute to these issues, the main goal of the present investigation was to evaluate how MHWs may increase caffeine (CAF) toxicity on the clam Ruditapes philippinarum and the mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis. Bioaccumulation levels and changes on oxidative stress, metabolic capacity and neurotoxic status related biomarkers were investigated. The obtained results revealed the absence of CAF accumulation in both species. However, the used contaminant generated in both bivalve species alteration on neurotransmission, detoxification mechanisms induction as well as cellular damage. The increase of antioxidant defence mechanisms was complemented by an increase of metabolic activity and decrease of energy reserves. The obtained results seemed magnified under a simulated MHWs, suggesting to a climate-induced toxicant sensitivities' response. On this perspective, understanding of how toxicological mechanisms interact with climate-induced stressors will provide a solid platform to improve effect assessments for both humans and wildlife.
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Affiliation(s)
- L De Marchi
- Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - L R Vieira
- Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - L Intorre
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, San Piero a Grado, PI, 56122, Italy
| | - V Meucci
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, San Piero a Grado, PI, 56122, Italy
| | - F Battaglia
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, San Piero a Grado, PI, 56122, Italy
| | - C Pretti
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, San Piero a Grado, PI, 56122, Italy
| | - A M V M Soares
- Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - R Freitas
- Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal.
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9
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Crane RL, Denny MW. Bivalves maintain repair when faced with chronically repeated mechanical stress. J Exp Biol 2022; 225:275548. [PMID: 35638557 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.243813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Even though mollusks' capacity to repair shell damage is usually studied in response to a single event, their shells have to defend them against predatory and environmental threats throughout their potentially multi-decadal life. We measured whether and how mollusks respond to chronic mechanical stress. Once a week for 7 months, we compressed whole live California mussels (Mytilus californianus) for 15 cycles at ∼55% of their predicted one-time breaking force, a treatment known to cause fatigue damage in shells. We found mussels repaired their shells. Shells of experimentally stressed mussels were just as strong at the end of the experiment as those of control mussels that had not been experimentally loaded, and they were more heavily patched internally. Additionally, stressed shells differed in morphology; they were heavier and thicker at the end of the experiment than control shells but they had increased less in width, resulting in a flatter, less domed shape. Finally, the chronic mechanical stress and repair came at a cost, with stressed mussels having higher mortality and less soft tissue than the control group. Although associated with significant cost, mussels' ability to maintain repair in response to ongoing mechanical stress may be vital to their survival in harsh and predator-filled environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- R L Crane
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - M W Denny
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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10
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Moyen NE, Somero GN, Denny MW. Effects of heat acclimation on cardiac function in the intertidal mussel Mytilus californianus: can laboratory-based indices predict survival in the field? J Exp Biol 2022; 225:275332. [PMID: 35388895 PMCID: PMC9163446 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.243050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Thermal performance curves are commonly used to investigate the effects of heat acclimation on thermal tolerance and physiological performance. However, recent work indicates that the metrics of these curves heavily depend on experimental design and may be poor predictors of animal survival during heat events in the field. In intertidal mussels, cardiac thermal performance (CTP) tests have been widely used as indicators of animals' acclimation or acclimatization state, providing two indices of thermal responses: critical temperature (Tcrit; the temperature above which heart rate abruptly declines) and flatline temperature (Tflat; the temperature where heart rate ceases). Despite the wide use of CTP tests, it remains largely unknown how Tcrit and Tflat change within a single individual after heat acclimation, and whether changes in these indices can predict altered survival in the field. Here, we addressed these issues by evaluating changes in CTP indices in the same individuals before and after heat acclimation. For control mussels, merely reaching Tcrit was not lethal, whereas remaining at Tcrit for ≥10 min was lethal. Heat acclimation significantly increased Tcrit only in mussels with an initially low Tcrit (<35°C), but improved their survival time above Tcrit by 20 min on average. Tflat increased by ∼1.6°C with heat acclimation, but it is unlikely that increased Tflat improves survival in the field. In summary, Tcrit and Tflat per se may fall short of providing quantitative indices of thermal tolerance in mussels; instead, a combination of Tcrit and tolerance time at temperatures ≥Tcrit better defines changes in thermal tolerance with heat acclimation.
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11
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Lopes J, Coppola F, Russo T, Maselli V, Di Cosmo A, Meucci V, M V M Soares A, Pretti C, Polese G, Freitas R. Behavioral, physiological and biochemical responses and differential gene expression in Mytilus galloprovincialis exposed to 17 alpha-ethinylestradiol and sodium lauryl sulfate. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 426:128058. [PMID: 34971986 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.128058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Mixture of contaminants often determine biological responses of marine species, making difficult the interpretation of toxicological data. The pharmaceutical 17 alpha-ethinylestradiol (EE2) and the surfactant Sodium Lauryl Sulfate (SLS) commonly co-occur in the marine environment. This study evaluated the effects of EE2 (125.0 ng/L) and SLS (4 mg/L), acting individually and combined, in the mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis. Contaminated mussels closed their valves for longer periods than control ones, especially in the presence of both contaminants, with longer closure periods immediately after spiking compared to values obtained one day after spiking. Nevertheless, males and females increased their metabolism when in the presence of both contaminants (males) and SLS (females), and independently on the treatment males and females were able to activate their antioxidant and biotransformation defences. Although enhancing defences mussels still presented cellular damage and loss of redox balance, especially noticed in the presence of EE2 for males and SLS for females. Histopathological damage was found at mussel's gills in single and mixture exposure, and qPCR analysis revealed a clear estrogen receptor expression with no additive effect due to combined stressors. The results obtained highlight the harmful capacity of both contaminants but further research on this matter is needed, namely considering different climate change scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel Lopes
- Departamento de Biologia & CESAM, Universidade de Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Francesca Coppola
- Departamento de Biologia & CESAM, Universidade de Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Tania Russo
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, 80126, Italy
| | - Valeria Maselli
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, 80126, Italy
| | - Anna Di Cosmo
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, 80126, Italy
| | | | - Amadeu M V M Soares
- Departamento de Biologia & CESAM, Universidade de Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Carlo Pretti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Università di Pisa, Italy; Consorzio per il Centro Interuniversitario di Biologia Marina ed Ecologia Applicata "G. Bacci" (CIBM), Livorno, Italy
| | - Gianluca Polese
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, 80126, Italy
| | - Rosa Freitas
- Departamento de Biologia & CESAM, Universidade de Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
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12
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Rios-Fuster B, Alomar C, Capó X, Paniagua González G, Garcinuño Martínez RM, Soliz Rojas DL, Silva M, Fernández Hernando P, Solé M, Freitas R, Deudero S. Assessment of the impact of aquaculture facilities on transplanted mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis): Integrating plasticizers and physiological analyses as a biomonitoring strategy. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 424:127264. [PMID: 34879544 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.127264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The growing plastic production and its continuous use is a significant problem. In addition, aquaculture practices have experienced a considerable growth and plastic is widely used in these activities, hence plasticizers must be considered due to their potential ecotoxicological impacts on species. Mussels placed inside an Integrated Multi-Trophic Aquaculture (IMTA) system and at two control locations were employed to quantify the ingestion of anthropogenic particles and associated chemical plasticizers, such as bisphenol A (BPA) jointly to bisphenol F (BPF) and bisphenol S (BPS), and phthalates represented by diethyl phthalate (DEP), dibutyl phthalate (DBP) and bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP). In addition, some metabolism and oxidative stress related parameters were measured in mussels' whole soft tissue. Anthropogenic particle ingestion of mussels increased over time at the three locations and the following order of abundance of pollutants was observed: BPA> BPF> DEHP> DBP> BPS> DEP. Even though no differences according to location were found for pollutants' occurrence, time trends were evidenced for BPA and DEHP. On the other hand, a location effect was observed for biomarkers with highest values detected in mussels located at the vicinities of the aquaculture facility. In addition, a reduced detoxification activity was observed over time parallel to BPA decrease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Rios-Fuster
- Centro Oceanográfico de Baleares (IEO, CSIC), Muelle de Poniente s/n, 07015 Mallorca, Spain.
| | - Carme Alomar
- Centro Oceanográfico de Baleares (IEO, CSIC), Muelle de Poniente s/n, 07015 Mallorca, Spain
| | - Xavier Capó
- Centro Oceanográfico de Baleares (IEO, CSIC), Muelle de Poniente s/n, 07015 Mallorca, Spain
| | - Gema Paniagua González
- Departamento de Ciencias Analíticas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rosa Maria Garcinuño Martínez
- Departamento de Ciencias Analíticas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia, Madrid, Spain
| | - Dulce Lucy Soliz Rojas
- Departamento de Ciencias Analíticas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia, Madrid, Spain
| | - Monica Silva
- Departamento de Biologia & CESAM, Universidade de Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Pilar Fernández Hernando
- Departamento de Ciencias Analíticas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Rosa Freitas
- Departamento de Biologia & CESAM, Universidade de Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Salud Deudero
- Centro Oceanográfico de Baleares (IEO, CSIC), Muelle de Poniente s/n, 07015 Mallorca, Spain
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13
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Queirós V, Azeiteiro UM, Barata C, Santos JL, Alonso E, Soares AMVM, Freitas R. Effects of the antineoplastic drug cyclophosphamide on the biochemical responses of the mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis under different temperatures. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 288:117735. [PMID: 34271515 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Cyclophosphamide (CP) is an antineoplastic drug widely used in chemotherapy treatments with high consumption rates and that has been detected in the aquatic environment. After being released into the aquatic environment, CP may cause adverse effects on aquatic organisms since antineoplastics are well-known cytotoxic, genotoxic, mutagenic and teratogenic drugs. Moreover, predicted environmental changes, such as the temperature rising, may alter the impacts caused by CP on organisms. Thus, the present study aimed to assess the effects caused by CP chronic exposure in the mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis, under actual and predicted warming scenarios. Organisms were exposed for 28 days to different concentrations of CP (10, 100, 500 and 1000 ng/L) at control (17 ± 1.0 °C) and increased (21 ± 1.0 °C) temperatures. Biochemical responses related to metabolic capacity, energy reserves, oxidative stress and neurotoxicity were assessed. The results showed that the organisms were able to maintain their metabolic capacity under all exposure conditions. However, their antioxidant defense mechanisms were activated mostly at higher CP concentrations being able to prevent cellular damage, even under the warming scenario. Overall, the present findings suggest that temperature rise may not alter the impacts of CP towards M. galloprovincialis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Queirós
- Biology Department & CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Ulisses M Azeiteiro
- Biology Department & CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Carlos Barata
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, IDAEA-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18, 08034, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Juan Luis Santos
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Escuela Politécnica Superior, Universidad de Sevilla, Spain
| | - Esteban Alonso
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Escuela Politécnica Superior, Universidad de Sevilla, Spain
| | - Amadeu M V M Soares
- Biology Department & CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Rosa Freitas
- Biology Department & CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal.
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14
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Sturla Lompré J, Moleiro P, De Marchi L, Soares AMVM, Pretti C, Chielini F, Pereira E, Freitas R. Bioaccumulation and ecotoxicological responses of clams exposed to terbium and carbon nanotubes: Comparison between native (Ruditapes decussatus) and invasive (Ruditapes philippinarum) species. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 784:146914. [PMID: 33901954 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2021] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In the last decades the use of rare earth elements (REEs) increased exponentially, including Terbium (Tb) which has been widely used in newly developed electronic devices. Also, the production and application of nanoparticles has been growing, being Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs) among the most commonly used. Accompanying such development patterns, emissions towards the aquatic environments are highly probable, with scarce information regarding the potential toxicity of these pollutants to inhabiting species, especially considering their mixture. In the present study the effects of Tb and CNTs exposure (acting alone or as a mixture) on native and invasive clams' species (Ruditapes decussatus and Ruditapes philippinarum, respectively) were evaluated, assessing clams' accumulation and metabolic capacities, oxidative status as well neurotoxic impacts. Results obtained after a 28-days exposure period showed that the accumulation of Tb in both species was not affected by the presence of the CNTs and similar Tb concentrations were found in both species. The effects caused by Tb and CNTs, acting alone or as a mixture induced greater alterations in R. philippinarum antioxidant capacity in comparison to native R. decussatus, but no cellular damages were observed in both species. Nevertheless, although metabolic impairment was only observed in clams exposed to Tb, loss of redox balance and neurotoxicity were evidenced by both species regardless the exposure treatment. These findings highlight the potential impacts caused by CNTs and Tb, which may affect clams' normal physiological functioning, impairing their reproduction and growth capacities. The obtained results point out the need for further investigation considering the mixture of pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julieta Sturla Lompré
- Center for the Study of Marine Systems (CESIMAR-CONICET), National Patagonian Center, Bv. Almte Brown 2915, Puerto Madryn, Argentina; Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Pedro Moleiro
- Department de Chemistry, University de Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Lucia De Marchi
- Interuniversity Consortium of Marine Biology of Leghorn "G. Bacci", 57128 Livorno, Italy; Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Via Derna 1, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Amadeu M V M Soares
- Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Carlo Pretti
- Interuniversity Consortium of Marine Biology of Leghorn "G. Bacci", 57128 Livorno, Italy; Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, San Piero a Grado, Pisa 56122, Italy
| | - Federica Chielini
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Udr INSTM Pisa, Pisa 56126, Italy
| | - Eduarda Pereira
- Department de Chemistry and REQUIMTE, University de Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Rosa Freitas
- Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
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15
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Montory JA, Chaparro OR, Salas-Yanquin LP, Büchner-Miranda JA, Pechenik JA, Cubillos VM. Impact of Intertidal Distribution on the Physiological Performance of the Filter-Feeder Bivalve Perumytilus purpuratus (Bivalvia, Mytilidae) from Southern Chile. MALACOLOGIA 2021. [DOI: 10.4002/040.064.0108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Oscar R. Chaparro
- Instituto de Ciencias Marinas y Limnológicas, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Luis P. Salas-Yanquin
- Instituto de Ciencias Marinas y Limnológicas, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | | | - Jan A. Pechenik
- Biology Department, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, U.S.A
| | - Victor M. Cubillos
- Instituto de Ciencias Marinas y Limnológicas, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
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16
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Coppola F, Jiang W, Soares AMVM, Marques PAAP, Polese G, Pereira ME, Jiang Z, Freitas R. How efficient is graphene-based nanocomposite to adsorb Hg from seawater. A laboratory assay to assess the toxicological impacts induced by remediated water towards marine bivalves. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 277:130160. [PMID: 33794434 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.130160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Advanced investigations on the use of graphene based nanomaterials have highlighted the capacity of these materials for wastewater treatment. Research on this topic revealed the efficiency of the nanocomposite synthetized by graphene oxide functionalized with polyethyleneimine (GO-PEI) to adsorb mercury (Hg) from contaminated seawater. However, information on the environmental risks associated with these approaches are still lacking. The focus of this study was to evaluate the effects of Hg in contaminated seawater and seawater remediated by GO-PEI, using the species Ruditapes philippinarum, maintained at two different warming scenarios: control (17 °C) and increased (22 °C) temperatures. The results obtained showed that organisms exposed to non-contaminated and remediated seawaters at control temperature presented similar biological patterns, with no considerable differences expressed in terms of biochemical and histopathological alterations. Moreover, the present findings revealed increased toxicological effects in clams under remediated seawater at 22 °C in comparison to those subjected to the equivalent treatment at 17 °C. These results confirm the capability of GO-PEI to adsorb Hg from water with no noticeable toxic effects, although temperature could alter the responses of mussels to remediated seawater. These materials seem to be a promise eco-friendly approach to remediate wastewater, with low toxicity evidenced by remediated seawater and high regenerative capacity of this nanomaterial, keeping its high removal performance after successive sorption-desorption cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Coppola
- CESAM & Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Portugal
| | - Weiwei Jiang
- Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, China
| | | | - Paula A A P Marques
- TEMA & Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Portugal
| | - Gianluca Polese
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, 80126, Italy
| | | | - Zengjie Jiang
- Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, China.
| | - Rosa Freitas
- CESAM & Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Portugal.
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17
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Andrade M, Rivera-Ingraham G, Soares AMVM, Miranda Rocha RJ, Pereira E, Solé M, Freitas R. How do life-history traits influence the fate of intertidal and subtidal Mytilus galloprovincialis in a changing climate? ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2021; 196:110381. [PMID: 33130173 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.110381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Coastal organisms (i.e. intertidal or upper subtidal species) live in between the terrestrial and aquatic realms, making them particularly vulnerable to climate change. In this context, intertidal organisms may suffer from the predicted sea level rise (increasing their submerged time) while subtidal organisms may suffer from anthropically-induced hypoxia and its consequences. Although there is some knowledge on how coastal organisms adapt to environmental changes, the biochemical and physiological consequences of prolonged submergence periods have not yet been well characterized. Thus, the present study aimed to assess the biochemical alterations experienced by intertidal organisms maintained always under tidal exposure (IT); intertidal organisms maintained submersed (IS); subtidal organisms maintained always submersed (SS); subtidal organisms under tidal exposure (ST). For this, Mytilus galloprovincialis specimens from contiguous intertidal and subtidal populations were exposed to the above mentioned conditions for twenty-eight days. Results indicated that both intertidal and subtidal mussels are adapted to the oxidative stress pressure caused by tidal and submerged conditions tested. Intertidal mussels did not seem to be negatively affected by submergence while ST specimens were energetically challenged by tidal exposure. Both IT and ST mussels consumed glycogen to fuel up mechanisms aiming to maintain redox homeostasis. Overall, both intertidal and subtidal populations were capable of coping with tidal exposure, although the strategies employed differed between them. These findings indicate that although IT mussels may not significantly suffer from the longer-term submergence, hypoxic events occurring in the context of global warming and other anthropogenic impacts may have consequences on both IT and ST populations. Altogether, it is important to highlight that tides may act as a confounding factor in experiments concerning coastal organisms, as it causes additional physiological and biochemical perturbations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madalena Andrade
- Departamento de Biologia & CESAM, Universidade de Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Georgina Rivera-Ingraham
- Laboratorio de Fisiología y Genética Marina (FIGEMA), Departamento de Acuicultura, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar, Universidad Católica del Norte, Coquimbo, Chile
| | - Amadeu M V M Soares
- Departamento de Biologia & CESAM, Universidade de Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | | | - Eduarda Pereira
- Departamento de Química & LAQV-REQUIMTE, Universidade de Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Montserrat Solé
- Instituto de Ciencias del Mar ICM-CSIC, E-08003, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rosa Freitas
- Departamento de Biologia & CESAM, Universidade de Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal.
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18
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Moyen NE, Somero GN, Denny MW. Mussel acclimatization to high, variable temperatures is lost slowly upon transfer to benign conditions. J Exp Biol 2020; 223:jeb222893. [PMID: 32457061 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.222893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Climate change is increasing the temperature variability animals face, and thermal acclimatization allows animals to adjust adaptively to this variability. Although the rate of heat acclimatization has received some study, little is known about how long these adaptive changes remain without continuing exposure to heat stress. This study explored the rate at which field acclimatization states are lost when temperature variability is minimized during constant submersion. California mussels (Mytilus californianus) with different acclimatization states were collected from high- and low-zone sites (∼12 versus ∼5°C daily temperature ranges, respectively) and then kept submerged at 15°C for 8 weeks. Each week, the cardiac thermal performance of mussels was measured as a metric of acclimatization state: critical (Tcrit) and flatline (Tflat) temperatures were recorded. Over 8 weeks of constant submersion, the mean Tcrit of high-zone mussels decreased by 1.07°C from baseline, but low-zone mussels' mean Tcrit was unchanged. High- and low-zone mussels' mean maximum heart rate (HR) and resting HR decreased ∼12 and 35%, respectively. Tflat was unchanged in both groups. These data suggest that Tcrit and HR are more physiologically plastic in response to the narrowing of an animal's daily temperature range than Tflat is, and that an animal's prior acclimatization state (high versus low) influences the acclimatory capacity of Tcrit Approximately 2 months were required for the cardiac thermal performance of the high-zone mussels to reach that of the low-zone mussels, suggesting that acclimatization to high and variable temperatures may persist long enough to enable these animals to cope with intermittent bouts of heat stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole E Moyen
- Hopkins Marine Station, Department of Biology, Stanford University, Pacific Grove, CA 94305, USA
| | - George N Somero
- Hopkins Marine Station, Department of Biology, Stanford University, Pacific Grove, CA 94305, USA
| | - Mark W Denny
- Hopkins Marine Station, Department of Biology, Stanford University, Pacific Grove, CA 94305, USA
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19
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Costa S, Coppola F, Pretti C, Intorre L, Meucci V, Soares AMVM, Solé M, Freitas R. Biochemical and physiological responses of two clam species to Triclosan combined with climate change scenario. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 724:138143. [PMID: 32408439 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Revised: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Ocean acidification and warming are among the man-induced factors that most likely impact aquatic wildlife worldwide. Besides effects caused by temperature rise and lowered pH conditions, chemicals of current use can also adversely affect aquatic organisms. Both climate change and emerging pollutants, including toxic impacts in marine invertebrates, have been investigated in recent years. However, less information is available on the combined effects of these physical and chemical stressors that, in nature, occur simultaneously. Thus, this study contrasts the effects caused by the antimicrobial agent and plastic additive, Triclosan (TCS) in the related clams Ruditapes philippinarum (invasive) and Ruditapes decussatus (native) and evaluates if the impacts are influenced by combined temperature and pH modifications. Organisms were acclimated for 30 days at two conditions (control: 17 °C; pH 8.1 and climate change scenario: 21 °C, pH 7.7) in the absence of the drug (experimental period I) followed by a 7 days exposure under the same water physical parameters but either in absence (unexposed) or presence of TCS at 1 μg/L (experimental period II). Biochemical responses covering metabolic, oxidative defences and damage-related biomarkers were contrasted in clams at the end of experimental period II. The overall picture showed a well-marked antioxidant activation and higher TCS bioaccumulation of the drug under the forecasted climate scenario despite a reduction on respiration rate and unaltered metabolism in the exposed clams. Since clams are highly consumed shellfish, the consequences for higher tissue bioaccumulation of anthropogenic chemicals to final consumers should be alerted not only at present conditions but more significantly under predicted climatic conditions for humans but also for other components of the marine trophic chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvana Costa
- Departamento de Biologia & CESAM, Universidade de Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Francesca Coppola
- Departamento de Biologia & CESAM, Universidade de Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Carlo Pretti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Università di Pisa, Italy; Consorzio per il Centro Interuniversitario di Biologia Marina ed Ecologia Applicata "G. Bacci" (CIBM), Livorno, Italy
| | - Luigi Intorre
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Università di Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Amadeu M V M Soares
- Departamento de Biologia & CESAM, Universidade de Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Montserrat Solé
- Instituto de Ciencias del Mar ICM-CSIC, E-08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rosa Freitas
- Departamento de Biologia & CESAM, Universidade de Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
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20
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Coppola F, Tavares DS, Henriques B, Monteiro R, Trindade T, Figueira E, Soares AMVM, Pereira E, Freitas R. Can water remediated by manganese spinel ferrite nanoparticles be safe for marine bivalves? THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 723:137798. [PMID: 32392676 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2020] [Revised: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In the last few years the use of nanoparticles (NPs) such as the manganese spinel ferrite (MnFe2O4) has been increasing, with a vast variety of applications including water remediation from pollutants as metal(oid)s. Although an increasing number of studies already demonstrated the potential toxicity of NPs towards aquatic systems and inhabiting organisms, there is still scarce information on the potential hazard of the remediated water using NPs. The present study aimed to evaluate the ecotoxicological safety of Pb contaminated seawater remediated with MnFe2O4, NPs, assessing the toxicity induced in mussels Mytilus galloprovincialis exposed to contaminated seawater and to water that was remediated using MnFe2O4, NPs. The results obtained demonstrated that seawater contaminated with Pb, NPs or the mixture of both (Pb + NPs) induced higher toxicity in mussels compared to organisms exposed to Pb, NPs and Pb + NPs after the remediation process. In particular, higher metabolic depression, oxidative stress and neurotoxicity were observed in mussels exposed to contaminated seawater in comparison to mussels exposed to remediated seawater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Coppola
- Departamento de Biologia & CESAM, Universidade de Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Daniela S Tavares
- Departamento de Química & CESAM, Universidade de Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; Departamento de Química & CICECO, Universidade de Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Bruno Henriques
- Departamento de Química & CESAM, Universidade de Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; Departamento de Química & LAQV-REQUIMTE, Universidade de Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Rui Monteiro
- Departamento de Química & CESAM, Universidade de Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; Departamento de Química & LAQV-REQUIMTE, Universidade de Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; CIIMAR, Universidade do Porto, 4050-123 Porto, Portugal
| | - Tito Trindade
- Departamento de Química & CICECO, Universidade de Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Etelvina Figueira
- Departamento de Biologia & CESAM, Universidade de Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Amadeu M V M Soares
- Departamento de Biologia & CESAM, Universidade de Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Eduarda Pereira
- Departamento de Química & CESAM, Universidade de Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; Departamento de Química & LAQV-REQUIMTE, Universidade de Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Rosa Freitas
- Departamento de Biologia & CESAM, Universidade de Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
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21
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Lin Z, Fan X, Huang J, Chen R, Tan QG. Intertidal mussels do not stop metal bioaccumulation even when out of water: Cadmium toxicokinetics in Xenostrobus atratus under influences of simulated tidal exposure. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 261:114192. [PMID: 32220749 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2020] [Revised: 02/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Intertidal bivalves are periodically exposed in air. It is tempting to speculate that the organisms would temporarily escape from contaminants when they are out of water and thus have lower risks. In this study, we tested this speculation by investigating cadmium (Cd) toxicokinetics in an intertidal mussel, Xenostrobus atratus, under the effects of tidal exposure using simulated tidal regimes. The uptake rate constant (ku) of Cd ranged from 0.045 L g-1 d-1 to 0.109 L g-1 d-1, whereas the elimination rate constant (ke) of Cd ranged from 0.029 d-1 to 0.091 d-1. Cd bioaccumulation was slightly higher in the continuously immersed mussels than the alternately immersed mussels, but much lower than what would be expected if assuming bioaccumulation being proportional to immersion duration. Cd uptake was observed even when mussels were exposed in air, due to uptake of Cd dissolved in mantle cavity fluid and internalization of Cd adsorbed on mussel tissues. Overall, tidal height showed limited effects on Cd bioaccumulation, consistent with the trend of Cd concentrations found in X. atratus collected from different tidal heights. The mantle cavity uptake mechanism is expected to be applicable to other contaminants and bivalves, and should have important implications in risk assessments for intertidal environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Lin
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Coastal Ecology and Environmental Studies, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361102, China
| | - Xingting Fan
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Coastal Ecology and Environmental Studies, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361102, China
| | - Junlin Huang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Coastal Ecology and Environmental Studies, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361102, China
| | - Rong Chen
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Coastal Ecology and Environmental Studies, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361102, China; Center for Marine Environmental Chemistry and Toxicology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361102, China
| | - Qiao-Guo Tan
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Coastal Ecology and Environmental Studies, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361102, China; Center for Marine Environmental Chemistry and Toxicology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361102, China.
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22
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Moyen NE, Bump PA, Somero GN, Denny MW. Establishing typical values for hemocyte mortality in individual California mussels, Mytilus californianus. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 100:70-79. [PMID: 32135339 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2020.02.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2019] [Revised: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Hemocytes are immune cells in the hemolymph of invertebrates that play multiple roles in response to stressors; hemocyte mortality can thus serve as an indicator of overall animal health. However, previous research has often analyzed hemolymph samples pooled from several individuals, which precludes tracking individual responses to stressors over time. The ability to track individuals is important, however, because large inter-individual variation in response to stressors can confound the interpretation of pooled samples. Here, we describe protocols for analysis of inter- and intra-individual variability in hemocyte mortality across repeated hemolymph samples of California mussels, Mytilus californianus, free from typical abiotic stressors. To assess individual variability in hemocyte mortality with serial sampling, we created four groups of 15 mussels each that were repeatedly sampled four times: at baseline (time zero) and three subsequent times separated by either 24, 48, 72, or 168 h. Hemocyte mortality was assessed by fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) of cells stained with propidium iodide. Our study demonstrates that hemolymph can be repeatedly sampled from individual mussels without mortality; however, there is substantial inter- and intra-individual variability in hemocyte mortality through time that is partially dependent on the sampling interval. Across repeated samples, individual mussels' hemocyte mortality had, on average, a range of ~6% and a standard deviation of ~3%, which was minimized with sampling periods ≥72 h apart. Due to this intra-individual variability, obtaining ≥2 samples from a specimen will more accurately establish an individual's baseline. Pooled-sample means were similar to individual-sample means; however, pooled samples masked the individual variation in each group. Overall, these data lay the foundation for future work exploring individual mussels' temporal responses to various stressors on a cellular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole E Moyen
- Hopkins Marine Station, Department of Biology, Stanford University, United States.
| | - Paul A Bump
- Hopkins Marine Station, Department of Biology, Stanford University, United States
| | - George N Somero
- Hopkins Marine Station, Department of Biology, Stanford University, United States
| | - Mark W Denny
- Hopkins Marine Station, Department of Biology, Stanford University, United States
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23
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Andrade M, De Marchi L, Pretti C, Chiellini F, Morelli A, Figueira E, Rocha RJM, Soares AMVM, Freitas R. The impacts of warming on the toxicity of carbon nanotubes in mussels. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2019; 145:11-21. [PMID: 30771907 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2019.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2018] [Revised: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
With the increased production and research on nanoparticles, the presence of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) in aquatic systems is very likely to increase. Although it has been shown that CNTs may cause toxicity in marine organisms, to our knowledge, the possible impacts under global temperature increase is still unknown. For this reason, biochemical and physiological impacts induced in Mytilus galloprovincialis due to the presence of functionalized multi-walled CNTs (f-MWCNTs) and increased temperature were investigated in the present study. The mussels exposed to increased temperature alone presented higher metabolic capacity and expenditure of glycogen as an energy resource to fuel up defense mechanisms and thus preventing oxidative damage. Contrarily, organisms exposed to f-MWCNTs alone seemed not stressed enough to demonstrate differences in the metabolism capacity. Furthermore, f-MWCNTs seemed not able to significantly activate their antioxidant and biotransformation enzymes, which in turn may led to oxidative damage in the cells especially when organisms were exposed to a warmer temperature. In fact, at higher temperature, the antioxidant response of organisms exposed to f-MWCNTs was not effective and oxidative damage levels were observed. Nevertheless, no additive or synergetic effects were observed when mussels were exposed to both stressors simultaneously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madalena Andrade
- Department of Biology & Center for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Lucia De Marchi
- Department of Biology & Center for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Carlo Pretti
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, San Piero a Grado, Pisa, 56122, Italy; Consortium for the Interuniversity Center of Marine Biology and Applied Ecology, Livorno, Italy
| | - Federica Chiellini
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Udr INSTM Pisa, Pisa, 56126, Italy
| | - Andrea Morelli
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Udr INSTM Pisa, Pisa, 56126, Italy
| | - Etelvina Figueira
- Department of Biology & Center for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Rui J M Rocha
- Department of Biology & Center for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Amadeu M V M Soares
- Department of Biology & Center for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Rosa Freitas
- Department of Biology & Center for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal.
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24
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Andrade M, De Marchi L, Soares AMVM, Rocha RJM, Figueira E, Freitas R. Are the effects induced by increased temperature enhanced in Mytilus galloprovincialis submitted to air exposure? THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 647:431-440. [PMID: 30086495 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.07.293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Revised: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Intertidal mussel species are frequently exposed to changes of environmental parameters related to tidal regimes that include a multitude of stressors that they must avoid or tolerate by developing adaptive strategies. In particular, besides air exposure during low tides, intertidal mussels are also subjected to warming and, consequently, to higher risk of desiccation. However, scarce information is available regarding the responses of mussels to tidal regimes, particularly in the presence of other stressors such as increased temperature. Investigating the impacts of such combination of conditions will allow to understand the possible impacts that both factors interaction may generate to these intertidal organisms. To this end, the present study evaluated the impacts of different temperatures (18 °C and 21 °C) on Mytilus galloprovincialis when continuously submersed or exposed to a tidal regime for 14 days. Results showed that in mussels exposed to increased temperature under submersion conditions, the stress induced was enough to activate mussels' antioxidant defenses (namely glutathione peroxidase, GPx), preventing oxidative damage (lipid peroxidation, LPO; protein carbonylation, PC). In mussels exposed to tides at control temperature, metabolic capacity increased (electron transport system activity, ETS), and GPx was induced, despite resulting in increased LPO levels. Moreover, the combination of tides and temperature increase led to a significant decrease of lipid (LIP) content, activation of antioxidant defenses (superoxide dismutase, SOD; GPx) and increase of oxidized glutathione (GSSG), despite these mechanisms were not sufficient to prevent increased cellular damage. Therefore, the combination of increased temperature and air exposure induced higher oxidative stress in mussels. These findings indicate that increasing global warming could be more impacting to intertidal organisms compared to organisms continuously submersed. Furthermore, our results indicate that air exposure can act as a confounding factor when assessing the impacts of different stressors in organisms living in coastal systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madalena Andrade
- Department of Biology & Center for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Lucia De Marchi
- Department of Biology & Center for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Amadeu M V M Soares
- Department of Biology & Center for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Rui J M Rocha
- Department of Biology & Center for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Etelvina Figueira
- Department of Biology & Center for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Rosa Freitas
- Department of Biology & Center for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
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25
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Andrade M, De Marchi L, Pretti C, Chiellini F, Morelli A, Soares AMVM, Rocha RJM, Figueira E, Freitas R. Are the impacts of carbon nanotubes enhanced in Mytilus galloprovincialis submitted to air exposure? AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2018; 202:163-172. [PMID: 30048902 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2018.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Revised: 07/07/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Intertidal species are frequently exposed to environmental changes associated with multiple stressors, which they must either avoid or tolerate by developing physiological and biochemical strategies. Some of the natural environmental changes are related with the tidal cycle which forces organisms to tolerate the differences between an aquatic and an aerial environment. Furthermore, in these environments, organisms are also subjected to pollutants from anthropogenic sources. The present study evaluated the impacts in Mytilus galloprovincialis exposed to multi-walled carbon nanotubes (0.01 mg/L MWCNTs) when continuously submersed or exposed to tides (5 h of low tide, 7 h of high tide) for 14 days. Our results demonstrated that mussels were physiologically and biochemically affected by MWCNTs, especially when exposed to tides. In fact, when only exposed to the carbon nanoparticles or only exposed to tides, the stress induced was not enough to activate mussels' antioxidant defenses which resulted in oxidative damage. However, when mussels were exposed to the combination of tides and MWCNTs increased metabolism was observed, associated with a possible higher production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), leading to a significant increase in the activities of antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase, SOD and glutathione peroxide, GPx) and oxidized glutathione content (GSSG), preventing the occurrence of cellular damage, expressed as no lipid peroxidation (LPO) or protein carbonylation (PC). Therefore, organisms seemed to be able to tolerate MWCNTs and air exposure during tidal regime; however, the combination of both stressors induced higher oxidative stress. These findings indicate that the increasing presence of carbon nanoparticles in marine ecosystems can induce higher toxic impacts in intertidal organisms compared to organisms continuously submerged. Also, our results may indicate that air exposure can act as a cofounding factor on the assessment of different stressors in organisms living in coastal systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madalena Andrade
- Department of Biology & Center for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Lucia De Marchi
- Department of Biology & Center for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Carlo Pretti
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, San Piero a Grado, Pisa, 56122, Italy
| | - Federica Chiellini
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Udr INSTM Pisa, Pisa, 56126, Italy
| | - Andrea Morelli
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Udr INSTM Pisa, Pisa, 56126, Italy
| | - Amadeu M V M Soares
- Department of Biology & Center for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Rui J M Rocha
- Department of Biology & Center for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Etelvina Figueira
- Department of Biology & Center for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Rosa Freitas
- Department of Biology & Center for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal.
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