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Rose MT, Zhang P, Rose TJ, Scanlan CA, McGrath G, Van Zwieten L. Herbicide residues in Australian grain cropping soils at sowing and their relevance to crop growth. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 833:155105. [PMID: 35398436 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.155105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2022] [Revised: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Herbicides are used extensively in Australian grain cropping systems. Despite occasional observations of herbicide-induced phytotoxicity, there is little information on the persistence and carryover of multiple herbicide classes in cropping soils and the risk to subsequent crops. Two soil surveys were conducted, in 2015 (n = 40) and 2016 (n = 42), across different Australian grain cropping fields prior to sowing of winter crops, and soil samples analysed for herbicide residues (16 analytes in 2015 and 22 analytes in 2016). Samples in 2015 were taken at two depths (0-10 cm and 10-30 cm), whilst samples in 2016 were taken in topsoil (0-10 cm) only, but from two discrete locations in each field. Our research in both years found at least one herbicide (or herbicide metabolite) residue at all sites, with a median of 6 analytes detected in 2015 and 7 analytes detected in 2016. The most frequently detected residues were glyphosate and its primary breakdown product aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA), in 87 and 100%, respectively, of topsoil (0-10 cm) samples in 2015, and 67 and 93% of samples in 2016. The median concentration of glyphosate in 2015 was 0.12 mg kg-1, while AMPA was 0.41 mg kg-1. In 2016, median concentrations of glyphosate and AMPA were 0.22 mg kg-1 and 0.31 mg kg-1. Residues of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, trifluralin and diflufenican were also detected in >40% of topsoil samples in both seasons, but with median concentrations of <0.05 mg kg-1. A literature review found limited availability of phytotoxicity thresholds for major grain crops exposed to soilborne herbicide residues. A risk assessment using available thresholds suggested that although up to 29% of fields contained trifluralin residues that could constrain cereal crop growth, and 24% of fields contained residues of phenoxy or sulfonylureas that could affect dicotyledonous crops, the majority of these fields when planted with tolerant crops would be unlikely to be affected by herbicide residues. More work is required to ascertain the spatial distribution, bioavailability and phytotoxicity of residues and residue mixtures to enable a more accurate agronomic risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael T Rose
- NSW Department of Primary Industries, Wollongbar, NSW 2477, Australia; Cooperative Research Centre for High Performance Soils, Callaghan, NSW 2380, Australia.
| | - Pei Zhang
- Agriculture Victoria Research (AVR), Macleod, VIC 3085, Australia
| | - Terry J Rose
- Southern Cross University, Lismore, NSW 2480, Australia; Cooperative Research Centre for High Performance Soils, Callaghan, NSW 2380, Australia
| | - Craig A Scanlan
- Department of Primary Industries and Regional Development, Northam, WA 6401, Australia
| | - Gavan McGrath
- Agriculture Discipline, College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, 90 South Street, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia; Biodiversity and Conservation Science, Department of Biodiversity Conservation and Attractions, Kensington, WA 6151, Australia; Cooperative Research Centre for High Performance Soils, Callaghan, NSW 2380, Australia
| | - Lukas Van Zwieten
- NSW Department of Primary Industries, Wollongbar, NSW 2477, Australia; Southern Cross University, Lismore, NSW 2480, Australia; Cooperative Research Centre for High Performance Soils, Callaghan, NSW 2380, Australia
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Zheng JL, Zhu QL, Hu XC, Parsons D, Lawson R, Hogstrand C. Transgenerational effects of zinc in zebrafish following early life stage exposure. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 828:154443. [PMID: 35278549 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.154443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Although toxic effects of zinc (Zn) have been well established in the different developmental stages in fish, long-lasting effects of Zn exposure during embryonic development have not been explored. Exposure to an environmentally relevant Zn concentration of 10 μM (650 μg/L) during the first five days after fertilization did not affect survival, body weight, malformations or overall hatching success of F0 and F1 larvae. Zn exposure did, however, result in delayed hatching in both the F0 and F1 generations and caused significant changes in homeostasis of Zn and selenium (Se) in F0 and F1 fish. This was especially pronounced when F1 embryos from Zn-exposed parents were treated with 30 μM (2000 μg/L) Zn. In the F0 generation, skewed sex ratio towards males and changes in homeostasis of Zn, Se and manganese (Mn) in the brain, gill, liver and gonad of adult fish were also observed. These changes were associated with altered expression of Zn- and Mn-regulatory genes and sex differentiation genes in F0 and F1 fish. The present study suggests that fish may carry memory from embryo-larval Zn exposure into adulthood and further to the next generation. The present study shows that ecotoxicological risk of an exposure to Zn during embryo-larval development may persist long after recovery and may also manifest in the F1 generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Lang Zheng
- National Engineering Research Center of Marine Facilities Aquaculture, College of Marine Science and Technology, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022, PR China; King's College London, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, Department of Nutritional Sciences, Metal Metabolism Group, London, UK
| | - Qing-Ling Zhu
- National Engineering Research Center of Marine Facilities Aquaculture, College of Marine Science and Technology, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022, PR China; King's College London, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, Department of Nutritional Sciences, Metal Metabolism Group, London, UK
| | - Xiu-Chuan Hu
- King's College London, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, Department of Nutritional Sciences, Metal Metabolism Group, London, UK
| | - Douglas Parsons
- King's College London, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, Department of Nutritional Sciences, Metal Metabolism Group, London, UK
| | - Rebecca Lawson
- King's College London, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, Department of Nutritional Sciences, Metal Metabolism Group, London, UK
| | - Christer Hogstrand
- King's College London, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, Department of Nutritional Sciences, Metal Metabolism Group, London, UK.
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Yang F, Gato-Trinidad S, Hossain I. New insights into the pollutant composition of stormwater treating wetlands. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 827:154229. [PMID: 35248643 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.154229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
With intensified climate change and urbanisation, constructed wetland (CW) serves as an alternative to conventional wastewater treatment plants. In Australia, the primary function of CW is to reduce sediments, nutrients from runoffs and attenuate floods. However, water quality analysis after construction is limited, hence, pollutant composition in established CWs and target pollutants in many guidelines remain outdated. To refresh the understanding of pollutants in urban discharges, this study reviewed two CWs in industrialised regions of Victoria, Australia. A total number of 26 pollutants were analysed in the collected water and sediment samples from both CW. The findings highlighted excessive concentrations of Zinc, Aluminium, Iron and Copper in one wetland and less commonly found pollutants like Barium, Titanium and Strontium are also detected. While Arsenic, Zinc, Copper, Nickel and hydrocarbons' accumulations are particularly significant in the other wetland. This study also reviews the pollutants discovered in 136 stormwater wetlands and covers the sources and impacts of various metal pollutants in stormwater runoffs. Overall, it is found that the concentrations of Zinc, Aluminium and Iron are particularly high in the CWs reviewed. This study brings attention to the pollutants profile of established CWs and the impact of heavy metals on the aquatic environment. The findings from this research revealed that the existing design and management guidelines for constructed wetlands in urban catchments are lacking in reduction targets for metal pollutants, thus improvements are essential to safeguard the water quality and performance of CWs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fujia Yang
- School of Engineering, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, VIC 3122, Australia.
| | - Shirley Gato-Trinidad
- School of Engineering, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, VIC 3122, Australia
| | - Iqbal Hossain
- School of Engineering, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, VIC 3122, Australia
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4
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Myers JH, Rose G, Odell E, Zhang P, Bui A, Pettigrove V. Household herbicide use as a source of simazine contamination in urban surface waters. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 299:118868. [PMID: 35063546 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.118868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Contamination of urban surface waters by herbicides is an increasing concern; however, sources of contamination are poorly understood, hindering the development of mitigation and regulatory strategies. Impervious surfaces, such as concrete in driveways and paths are considered an important facilitator for herbicide runoff to urban surface waters following applications by residential homeowners. This study assessed the transferability of a herbicide from concrete pavers treated with an off-the-shelf product, containing simazine as the active herbicide, marketed for residential homeowner application to impervious surfaces. Commercially available pavers were treated according to label directions and the effects of exposure time prior to irrigation, repeated irrigations, and dry time between irrigations on transferability of simazine to runoff were assessed. Simazine transferability was greatest when receiving an initial irrigation 1 h after application, with concentrations in runoff reduced by half when exposure times prior to the first irrigation were >2 days. Concentrations remained stable for repeated irrigations up to 320 days and exposures to outdoor conditions of 180 days prior to a first irrigation. Dry time between irrigations significantly influenced simazine transfer to runoff. Dry periods of 140 days resulted in approximately a 4-times increase in simazine transferability to runoff. These results suggest that herbicides used by homeowners, or any other users, on impervious surfaces are available to contaminate runoff for prolonged time periods following application at concentrations that may pose risks to aquatic life and for reuse of harvested runoff on parks and gardens. Regulators should consider the potential of hard surfaces to act as reservoirs for herbicides when developing policies and labelling products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jackie H Myers
- Aquatic Environmental Stress Research Group, RMIT University, PO Box 71, Bundoora, Victoria, 3083, Australia.
| | - Gavin Rose
- Aquatic Environmental Stress Research Group, RMIT University, PO Box 71, Bundoora, Victoria, 3083, Australia
| | - Erica Odell
- Aquatic Environmental Stress Research Group, RMIT University, PO Box 71, Bundoora, Victoria, 3083, Australia.
| | - Pei Zhang
- Department of Economic Development, Jobs, Transport and Resources, MacLeod, Victoria, 3085, Australia.
| | - AnhDuyen Bui
- Department of Economic Development, Jobs, Transport and Resources, MacLeod, Victoria, 3085, Australia.
| | - Vincent Pettigrove
- Aquatic Environmental Stress Research Group, RMIT University, PO Box 71, Bundoora, Victoria, 3083, Australia.
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Stone S, Koppel D, Binet MT, Simpson SL, Jolley DF. Pulse-Exposure Toxicity of Ammonia and Propoxur to the Tropical Copepod Acartia sinjiensis. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2022; 41:208-218. [PMID: 34888921 DOI: 10.1002/etc.5235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Revised: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Toxicity risk assessments of short-term discharges of contaminated waters to the aquatic environment have shown that receptor organisms can tolerate higher pulse-exposure than continuous-exposure concentrations of some contaminants. However, these observations are influenced by the mode of toxicity of the contaminants present and the concentration-time profile of the exposure. For common metal contaminants, the time-weighted average concentration (TAC) of the exposure has been useful for predicting risk of toxicity to multiple species, including the tropical, euryhaline copepod Acartia sinjiensis. To increase our understanding of the application and limitations of the TAC approach, the present study examined how varied pulse-exposure durations affect the toxicity of fast-acting contaminants, ammonia, and the common pesticide propoxur to this copepod species. Copepod larvae were exposed under continuous-exposure conditions (all life stages from eggs to nauplii to copepodites exposed) and as 6- and 18-h pulse exposures applied during the most sensitive life stage only (24-h-old nauplii) within 78-h tests. Larval development ratio and population size were assessed as test endpoints. Generally, increased exposure duration resulted in increased toxicity. Trends observed for ammonia and propoxur were slightly different for larval development and population size. Larvae tolerated greater concentrations of contaminants in a 6-h pulse (higher 10% effect concentration) than in an 18-h pulse, or a continuous 78-h exposure, whereas toxicity responses converged for the 18- and 78-h exposures. Continuous toxicity thresholds were always protective of pulse exposures, providing a conservative toxicity threshold for all durations of pulse exposures. Although generalizations for predictions of risk based on TACs are frequently effective for common metal contaminants, the TAC approach was not effective for ammonia and propoxur. Environ Toxicol Chem 2022;41:208-218. © 2021 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Stone
- Centre for Environmental Contaminants Research, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation Land and Water, Tharawal Country, Lucas Heights, New South Wales, Australia
- School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Gadigal Country, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Darren Koppel
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Curtin University, Noongar Country, Bentley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Monique T Binet
- Centre for Environmental Contaminants Research, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation Land and Water, Tharawal Country, Lucas Heights, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Stuart L Simpson
- Centre for Environmental Contaminants Research, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation Land and Water, Tharawal Country, Lucas Heights, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Dianne F Jolley
- Centre for Environmental Contaminants Research, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation Land and Water, Tharawal Country, Lucas Heights, New South Wales, Australia
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Zheng JL, Peng LB, Xia LP, Li J, Zhu QL. Effects of continuous and intermittent cadmium exposure on HPGL axis, GH/IGF axis and circadian rhythm signaling and their consequences on reproduction in female zebrafish: Biomarkers independent of exposure regimes. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 282:130879. [PMID: 34087554 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.130879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Typical biomarkers of cadmium (Cd) pollution have well been confirmed in fish from continuous exposure pattern. However, in a natural environment, fish may be exposed to Cd intermittently. In this study, juvenile female zebrafish were exposed for 48 days to 10 μg/L Cd continuously, 20 μg/L for 1 day in every 2 days or 30 μg/L for 1 day in every 3 days. The toxic effects were evaluated using 8 various physiological and biochemical endpoints like specific growth rate (SGR), 17β-estradiol (E2) and vitellogenin (VTG) concentrations in plasma, reproductive parameters (gonadosomatic index (GSI), egg-laying amount, spawning percentage, and hatching and mortality rate of embryos). Transcription of 59 genes related to hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal-liver (HPGL) axis, circadian rhythm signaling and insulin-like growth factor (IGF) system was examined. SGR, spawning percentage, E2 and VTG levels declined in fish exposed to 10 and 20 μg/L Cd but remained relatively stable in fish exposed to 30 μg/L Cd. Exposure to 10, 20 and 30 μg/L Cd significantly reduced GSI, hatching rate and mortality rate. Similarly, mRNA expression of 27 genes were sensitive to both continuous and intermittent Cd exposure. Among these genes, expression levels of 10 genes had more than 5-fold increase or decrease, including mRNA levels of vtg1, vtg2, vtg3, esr1, igf2a, igf2b, igfbp5b, nr1d1, gnrh3 and gnrhr4. The most sensitive molecular biomarker was vtg3 expression with 1500-3100 fold increase in the liver. The present study, for the first time, provides effective candidate biomarkers for Cd, which are independent of exposure regimes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Lang Zheng
- National Engineering Research Center of Marine Facilities Aquaculture, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, 316022, PR China.
| | - Li-Bin Peng
- National Engineering Research Center of Marine Facilities Aquaculture, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, 316022, PR China
| | - Li-Ping Xia
- National Engineering Research Center of Marine Facilities Aquaculture, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, 316022, PR China
| | - Jiji Li
- College of Marine Science and Technology, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, 316022, PR China
| | - Qing-Ling Zhu
- College of Marine Science and Technology, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, 316022, PR China.
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7
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McDonald S, Hassell K, Cresswell T. Effect of short-term dietary exposure on metal assimilation and metallothionein induction in the estuarine fish Pseudogobius sp. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 772:145042. [PMID: 33581533 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2020] [Revised: 01/03/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Metals introduced into the urban aquatic environment through anthropogenic activities have the potential to accumulate in organisms via multiple uptake routes. Understanding the impact different routes have on metal accumulation is important for the continued management of these ecosystems, where current water quality guidelines (WQGs) tend to be derived from aqueous metal exposure tests. In this study, the estuarine fish Pseudogobius sp. was exposed to a mixture of cadmium (Cd) and zinc (Zn) radiotracers dissolved in water or present in experimental food. Metal-spiked food was presented to fish as a single 'pulse-chase' feed or as three consecutive feeds, where the cumulative metal dose provided by both treatments was equal. Fish did not accumulate either metal from water, even after the length of exposure was increased from 12 h to 36 h. Fish did accumulate metals from diet and the assimilation efficiency (AE) was low following a single feed (12% for both Cd and Zn). Following multiple feeds fish displayed a significantly higher AE for zinc only, suggesting that fish are susceptible to retention of dietary Zn over an extended time period albeit at lower daily loadings. The final body burden and efflux rate did not differ between feeding regimes. Tissue accumulation of Cd and Zn indicated metal specific distribution. The gastro-intestinal (GI) tract contained >90% of total Cd body burden, whilst the carcass accounted for the majority (70-88%) of Zn body burden. There was significant induction of the biomarker metallothionein (MT) in the GI tract. These results demonstrate the differences in Cd and Zn metal uptake characteristics in this estuarine fish species, and how feeding frequency and metal loading of food may influence assimilation. This study highlights the importance of considering the inclusion of dietary exposures in WQG frameworks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah McDonald
- The School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville Campus, Parkville 3010, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Kathryn Hassell
- The School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville Campus, Parkville 3010, Victoria, Australia; Aquatic Environmental Stress Research Group (AQUEST), School of Science, RMIT University, GPO Box 2476, Melbourne 3001, Victoria, Australia
| | - Tom Cresswell
- ANSTO, Locked Bag 2001, Kirrawee 2232, New South Wales, Australia
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Sun Y, Cao M, Wan Y, Wang H, Liu J, Pan F, He W, Huang H, He Z. Spatial variation of 2,4-D and MCPA in tap water and groundwater from China and their fate in source, treated, and tap water from Wuhan, Central China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 727:138691. [PMID: 32498189 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2020] [Revised: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/12/2020] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Data on chlorophenoxy herbicides (CPHs) in drinking water from China are scarce. This study was designed to describe the occurrence of CPHs in drinking water in China. In June 2019, drinking water samples including 789 tap water and 95 groundwater samples were collected from 31 provinces in mainland China and Hong Kong. Raw source, treated, and tap water samples (n = 20, 20, and 170, respectively) in Wuhan, Central China were also analyzed. 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 2-methyl-4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid (MCPA) were found in 71.2% and 74.9% of the samples nationwide, respectively. The cumulative concentration of CPHs (ΣCPHs) in tap water in China was up to 125 ng/L (median: 1.38 ng/L), and regional variations were found for ΣCPHs. The highest median ΣCPHs (3.95 ng/L) was found in Northeast China, followed by Central (3.40), South (2.71), East (2.43), Southwest (1.58), North (0.42), and Northwest China (0.30). The median ΣCPHs in groundwater was approximately five times lower than that in tap water. In addition, ΣCPHs were found in all the raw source water samples collected in Wuhan, Central China (median: 6.69 ng/L, range: 2.66-43.1 ng/L). The removal of 2,4-D and MCPA during conventional drinking water treatment was not efficient, removing approximately 0.91% and 17.4%, respectively. In a water plant with advanced treatment, they were efficiently removed. Seasonal variations were found in ΣCPHs in tap water from Wuhan, with the highest found in July (median: 21.2 ng/L), and the lowest in October (1.96 ng/L). The intake of CPHs via water ingestion was estimated as below 5 ng/kg-bw/day, much lower than the reference doses for 2,4-D (5 μg/kg-bw/day) and MCPA (4 μg/kg-bw/day). This is the first study to demonstrate the fate of CPHs during drinking water treatment and seasonal variations of CPHs in water from Wuhan, China. Moreover, this study provides an overview of ΣCPHs in tap water for many areas in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanfeng Sun
- Institute of Environmental Health, Wuhan Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhan, Hubei 430024, PR China
| | - Meiling Cao
- Institute of Environmental Health, Wuhan Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhan, Hubei 430024, PR China
| | - Yanjian Wan
- Institute of Environmental Health, Wuhan Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhan, Hubei 430024, PR China.
| | - Huaiji Wang
- Institute of Environmental Health, Wuhan Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhan, Hubei 430024, PR China
| | - Junling Liu
- Institute of Environmental Health, Wuhan Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhan, Hubei 430024, PR China
| | - Feng Pan
- Institute of Environmental Health, Wuhan Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhan, Hubei 430024, PR China
| | - Wenlei He
- Guizhou Institute of Labor Protection Science and Technology, Guiyang, Guizhou 550081, PR China
| | - He Huang
- Principal's Office, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, PR China
| | - Zhenyu He
- Institute of Environmental Health, Wuhan Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhan, Hubei 430024, PR China.
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McDonald S, Cresswell T, Hassell K. Bioaccumulation kinetics of cadmium and zinc in the freshwater decapod crustacean Paratya australiensis following multiple pulse exposures. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 720:137609. [PMID: 32145633 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Revised: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Stormwater runoff has been identified as a major source of metal contaminants in urban waterways, where during storm events organisms tend to be exposed to short-term pulses, rather than a constant exposure of contaminants. Current water quality guidelines (WQGs) are generally derived using data from continuous exposure toxicity tests, where there is an assumption that chronic exposures provide a meaningful way of assessing the impacts and effects in organisms as a result of these pulsed storm events. In this current study the radioisotopes 109Cd and 65Zn were used to explore uptake, depuration and organ distribution in the decapod crustacean Paratya australiensis, over three short-term (<10 h) exposures. Exposures to radiolabelled cadmium only, zinc only or a mixture of cadmium and zinc were followed by depuration in metal- and isotope-free water for 7 days. Whole-body metal concentrations were determined by live-animal gamma-spectrometry and an anatomical distribution of the radioisotopes was visualised using autoradiography post-mortem. Both metals were significantly accumulated over the pulsed exposure period. In both treatments cadmium and zinc body burden increased at the same rate over the three pulses. Final metal body burden did not markedly differ when shrimp were exposed to metals individually compared to a binary mixture. Over the course of the depuration period, cadmium efflux was minimal, whereas zinc efflux was significant. Autoradiography indicated the presence of both metals in the gills and hepatopancreas throughout the depuration period. These results demonstrate how short-term repeated exposures result in the accumulation of contaminants by shrimp. This study highlights the importance of considering the inclusion of pulsed toxicity tests in frameworks when deriving WQGs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah McDonald
- The School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville Campus, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia.
| | - Tom Cresswell
- ANSTO, Locked Bag 2001, Kirrawee, New South Wales 2232, Australia
| | - Kathryn Hassell
- The School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville Campus, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia; Aquatic Environmental Stress Research Group (AQUEST), School of Science, RMIT University, GPO Box 2476, Melbourne, Victoria 3001, Australia
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10
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Okada E, Allinson M, Barral MP, Clarke B, Allinson G. Glyphosate and aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA) are commonly found in urban streams and wetlands of Melbourne, Australia. WATER RESEARCH 2020; 168:115139. [PMID: 31605832 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2019.115139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Revised: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Glyphosate is the most widely-used pesticide for weed control in agriculture and in urban and residential areas. This is the first study to quantify glyphosate and AMPA levels in surface water in Australia from different land uses. Glyphosate and AMPA was measured in surface water from 10 rural streams, 30 urban stormwater wetlands and 9 urban streams located in and around the city of Melbourne, Australia on five occasions between October 2017 and February 2018. Glyphosate and AMPA were present in most of the urban surface water samples. The frequency of detection of glyphosate was 77% in wetlands and 79% in urban streams, whereas it was only detected in 4% of the rural streams. Similarly, AMPA detection was 91% in wetlands and 97% in urban streams, whereas it was only present in 6% of the rural stream samples. In both urban streams and wetlands, the highest average glyphosate concentrations occurred in November (1.8 ± 2.2 μg L-1). Overall, wetlands and streams associated with urban land use are vulnerable to glyphosate contamination. These results highlight the importance of screening for contaminants in urban stormwater to identify the source of pollutants that may end up in aquatic ecosystems and the risks therefrom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Okada
- Centre for Environmental Sustainability and Remediation, School of Science, RMIT University, GPO Box 2476, Melbourne, Victoria, 3001, Australia; INTA Centro Regional Buenos Aires Sur. Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Balcarce, Route 226 Km 73.5, 7620, Balcarce, Argentina.
| | - Mayumi Allinson
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - María P Barral
- INTA Centro Regional Buenos Aires Sur. Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Balcarce, Route 226 Km 73.5, 7620, Balcarce, Argentina
| | - Bradley Clarke
- School of Chemistry, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Graeme Allinson
- Centre for Environmental Sustainability and Remediation, School of Science, RMIT University, GPO Box 2476, Melbourne, Victoria, 3001, Australia
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Sharma A, Kumar V, Shahzad B, Tanveer M, Sidhu GPS, Handa N, Kohli SK, Yadav P, Bali AS, Parihar RD, Dar OI, Singh K, Jasrotia S, Bakshi P, Ramakrishnan M, Kumar S, Bhardwaj R, Thukral AK. Worldwide pesticide usage and its impacts on ecosystem. SN APPLIED SCIENCES 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s42452-019-1485-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 370] [Impact Index Per Article: 74.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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12
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Chan CY, Chan HS, Wong PK. Integrated photocatalytic-biological treatment of triazine-containing pollutants. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 222:371-380. [PMID: 30711726 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.01.127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Revised: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The degradation of triazine-containing pollutants including simazine, Irgarol® 1051 and Reactive Brilliant Red K-2G (K-2G) by photocatalytic treatment was investigated. The effects of titanium dioxide (TiO2) concentration, initial pH of reaction mixture, irradiation time and ultraviolet (UV) intensity on photocatalytic treatment efficiency were examined. Complete decolorization of K-2G was observed at 60 min photodegradation while only 15 min were required to completely degrade simazine and Irgarol® 1051 under respective optimized conditions. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) and ion chromatography (IC) were employed to identify the photocatalytic degradation intermediates and products. Dealkylated intermediates of simazine, deisopropylatrazine and deethyldeisopropylatrazine, and Irgarol® 1051 were detected by GC/MS in the initial phase of degradation. Complete mineralization could not be achieved for all triazine-containing pollutants even after prolonged (>72 h) UV irradiation due to the presence of a photocatalysis-resistant end product, cyanuric acid (CA). The toxicities of different compounds before and after photocatalytic treatment were also monitored by three bioassays. To further treat the photocatalysis-resistant end product, a CA-degrading bacterium was isolated from polluted marine sediment and further identified as Klebsiella pneumoniae by comparing the substrate utilization pattern (Biolog™ microplate), fatty acid composition and 16S rRNA gene sequencing. K. pneumoniae efficiently utilized CA from 1 to 2000 mg/L as a good nitrogen source and complete mineralization of CA was observed within 24 h of incubation. This study demonstrates that the biodegradability of triazine-containing pollutants was significantly improved by the photocatalytic pre-treatment, and this proposed photocatalytic-biological integrated system can effectively treat various classes of triazine-containing pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cho Yin Chan
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Technological and Higher Education Institute of Hong Kong, Tsing Yi Island, N.T., Hong Kong, China; School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong, China
| | - Ho Shing Chan
- School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong, China
| | - Po Keung Wong
- School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong, China.
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13
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Sievers M, Hale R, Swearer SE, Parris KM. Frog occupancy of polluted wetlands in urban landscapes. CONSERVATION BIOLOGY : THE JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR CONSERVATION BIOLOGY 2019; 33:389-402. [PMID: 30151963 DOI: 10.1111/cobi.13210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Revised: 07/29/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Urban sprawl and the rising popularity of water-sensitive urban design of urban landscapes has led to a global surge in the number of wetlands constructed to collect and treat stormwater runoff in cities. However, contaminants, such as heavy metals and pesticides, in stormwater adversely affect the survival, growth, and reproduction of animals inhabiting these wetlands. A key question is whether wildlife can identify and avoid highly polluted wetlands. We investigated whether pond-breeding frogs are attempting to breed in wetlands that affect the fitness of their offspring across 67 urban wetlands in Melbourne, Australia. Frog species richness and the concentration of contaminants (heavy metals and pesticides) were not significantly related, even in the most polluted wetlands. The proportion of fringing vegetation at a wetland had the greatest positive influence on the number of frog species present and the probability of occurrence of individual species, indicating that frogs inhabited wetlands with abundant vegetation, regardless of their pollution status. These wetlands contained contaminant levels similar to urban wetlands around the world at levels that reduce larval amphibian survival. These results are, thus, likely generalizable to other areas, suggesting that urban managers could inadvertently be creating ecological traps in countless cities. Wetlands are important tools for the management of urban stormwater runoff, but their construction should not facilitate declines in wetland-dependent urban wildlife.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Sievers
- School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
- School of Ecosystem and Forest Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Robin Hale
- School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Stephen E Swearer
- School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Kirsten M Parris
- School of Ecosystem and Forest Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
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14
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Nitti F, Almeida MIG, Morrison R, Cattrall RW, Pettigrove VJ, Coleman RA, Kolev SD. Development of a portable 3D-printed flow-through passive sampling device free of flow pattern effects. Microchem J 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2018.08.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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15
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Sievers M, Hale R, Swearer SE, Parris KM. Contaminant mixtures interact to impair predator-avoidance behaviours and survival in a larval amphibian. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2018; 161:482-488. [PMID: 29913416 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.06.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Revised: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 06/09/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Global declines in amphibian populations are a significant conservation concern, and environmental contamination is likely a contributing driver. Although direct toxicity may be partly responsible, contaminants are often present at sub-lethal concentrations in the wild. Behavioural end-points are becoming an increasingly useful method to estimate the impact of contaminants, particularly if the behavioural responses manifest to affect individual fitness (i.e. survival, growth, or reproduction). In the wild, most animals are affected by multiple stressors, and determining how these interact to affect behaviour is critical for understanding the ecological implications of contaminant exposure. Here, we examined the individual and interactive effect of the heavy metal copper and the insecticide imidacloprid on mortality rates and anti-predator behaviours of spotted marsh frog (Limnodynastes tasmaniensis) tadpoles. This common species frequently occupies and breeds in contaminated stormwater and agricultural wetlands, where copper and imidacloprid are often present. These contaminants may alter behaviour via physiological and neurological pathways, as well as affecting how tadpoles respond to chemical cues. Tadpoles suffered unexpectedly high mortality rates when exposed to imidacloprid concentrations well below published LC50 concentrations. Only unexposed tadpoles significantly avoided predator cues. Copper and imidacloprid reduced swimming speed and distance, and escape responses, while increasing erratic swimming. We observed an interactive effect of imidacloprid and copper on erratic swimming, but in general imidacloprid and copper did not act synergistically. Our results suggest that as contaminants enter waterbodies, tadpoles will suffer considerable direct mortality, reduced foraging capacity, and increased susceptibility to predation. Our results provide the first evidence of imidacloprid affecting amphibian behaviour, and highlight both the adverse effects of copper and imidacloprid, and the importance of exploring the effect of multiple contaminants simultaneously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Sievers
- School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia; School of Ecosystem and Forest Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia.
| | - Robin Hale
- School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Stephen E Swearer
- School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Kirsten M Parris
- School of Ecosystem and Forest Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
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16
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Li L, Zhang Y, Zheng L, Lu S, Yan Z, Ling J. Occurrence, distribution and ecological risk assessment of the herbicide simazine: A case study. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 204:442-449. [PMID: 29677651 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Revised: 04/02/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The occurrence and distributions of simazine, and its environmental behaviors were studied in Taizi River, China. Results showed that concentration of simazine in surface water and suspended solids (SS) were in the range of 35-1150 ng L-1and 0.00-1075 ng g-1 with mean value of 240.26 ng L-1 and 311.68 ng g-1, respectively. A significant correlation between the concentrations of simazine and organic carbon was observed in both surface water and SS (r1 = 0.82, n1 = 15, r2 = 0.68, n2 = 10). and organic carbon in SS was more adsorptive to simazine. Moreover, the concentrations of simazine in groundwater were negatively correlated to the well depths and the distances to the corn fields, and higher concentration of simazine corresponds to younger groundwater. The criterion continuous concentration (CCC) of simazine to Chinese native aquatic species was derived based on the species sensitivity distribution (SSD) to assess the ecological risk. The CCC for simazine was derived to be 4.8 μg L-1. Furthermore, Ecological risk assessment through risk quotient (RQ) showed that simazine presented low risk (RQ < 0.1) in some of sampling sites, while simazine posed medium risk (0.1 < RQ < 1) only on a few sampling sites nearby corn fields. The study contributed a better sight on the presence of simazine in river and its ecological risk to native aquatic species, and provided information for further studies of simazine potential hazards to the aquatic ecosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linlin Li
- College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Yizhang Zhang
- Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China.
| | - Lei Zheng
- National Research Center for Environmental Analysis and Measurement, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Shaoyong Lu
- Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Zhenguang Yan
- Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Junhong Ling
- University of Science & Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
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17
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Mitra S, Sarkar SK, Raja P, Biswas JK, Murugan K. Dissolved trace elements in Hooghly (Ganges) River Estuary, India: Risk assessment and implications for management. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2018; 133:402-414. [PMID: 30041329 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2018.05.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Revised: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/26/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The study presents a spatio-seasonal distribution of 13 trace elements in the surface water (0-5 cm) along the north-south gradient of Hooghly River Estuary, India, and subsequently evaluates the human health risk by adopting USEPA standards. An overall homogeneous spatial distribution of elements was pronounced, whereas an irregular and inconsistent seasonal pattern were recorded for the majority of the elements. The concentration range (μg/l) of the elements and their relative variability were obtained as follows in the decreasing order: Al (55,458-104,955) > Fe (35,676-78,427) > Mn (651.76-975.78) > V (85.15-147.70) > Si (16.0-153.88) > Zn (26.94-105.32) > Cr (21.61-106.02) > Ni (19.64-66.72) > Cu (34.70-65.80) > Pb (26.40-37.48) > Co (11.16-23.01) > As (0.10-8.20) > Cd (1.19-5.53). Although Pb, Ni, Cr, Al, Fe, and Mn exceeded the WHO prescribed threshold limit for drinking water, Metal Pollution Index values (8.02-11.86) superseded the upper threshold limit endorsing adverse impact on biota. The studied elements were justified to have a non-carcinogenic risk as derived from hazard quotient and hazard index values. However, the trace elements As, Cd, Pb, and Cr exceeded the upper limit of cancer risk (10-4), thereby leading to carcinogenic risk concern for both children and adult population groups, where children are more susceptible than the adults. Hence, evaluation of bioavailable fractions of the elements is required for proper management of this stressed fluvial system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumita Mitra
- Department of Marine Science, University of Calcutta, 35 Ballygunge Circular Road, Calcutta 700019, India
| | - Santosh Kumar Sarkar
- Department of Marine Science, University of Calcutta, 35 Ballygunge Circular Road, Calcutta 700019, India.
| | - Pushpanathan Raja
- ICAR-Indian Institute of Soil and Water Conservation (IISWC), Research Centre, Udhagamandalam, Tamil Nadu 643 004, India
| | - Jayanta Kumar Biswas
- Department of Ecological Studies and International Centre for Ecological Engineering, University of Kalyani, Kalyani, Nadia 741235, India
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18
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Sievers M, Parris KM, Swearer SE, Hale R. Stormwater wetlands can function as ecological traps for urban frogs. ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS : A PUBLICATION OF THE ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2018; 28:1106-1115. [PMID: 29495099 DOI: 10.1002/eap.1714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2017] [Revised: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 02/21/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Around cities, natural wetlands are rapidly being destroyed and replaced with wetlands constructed to treat stormwater. Although the intended purpose of these wetlands is to manage urban stormwater, they are inhabited by wildlife that might be exposed to contaminants. These effects will be exacerbated if animals are unable to differentiate between stormwater treatment wetlands of varying quality and some function as "ecological traps" (i.e., habitats that animals prefer despite fitness being lower than in other habitats). To examine if urban stormwater wetlands can be ecological traps for frogs, we tested if survival, metamorphosis-related measures, and predator avoidance behaviors of frogs differed within mesocosms that simulated stormwater wetlands with different contaminant levels, and paired this with a natural oviposition experiment to assess breeding-site preferences. We provide the first empirical evidence that these wetlands can function as ecological traps for frogs. Tadpoles had lower survival and were less responsive to predator olfactory cues when raised in more polluted stormwater wetlands, but also reached metamorphosis earlier and at a larger size. A greater size at metamorphosis was likely a result of increased per capita food availability due to higher mortality combined with eutrophication, although other compensatory effects such as selective-mortality removing smaller individuals from low-quality mesocosms may also explain these results. Breeding adults laid comparable numbers of eggs across wetlands with high and low contaminant levels, indicating no avoidance of the former. Since stormwater treatment wetlands are often the only available aquatic habitat in urban landscapes we need to better understand how they perform as habitats to guide management decisions that mitigate their potential ecological costs. This may include improving wetland quality so that fitness is no longer compromised, preventing colonization by animals, altering the cues animals use when selecting habitats, pretreating contaminated water prior to release, providing off-line wetlands nearby, or simply not constructing stormwater treatment wetlands in sensitive areas. Our study confirms the potential for urban stormwater treatment wetlands to function as ecological traps and highlights the need for greater awareness of their prevalence and impact at landscape scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Sievers
- School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
- School of Ecosystem and Forest Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Kirsten M Parris
- School of Ecosystem and Forest Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Stephen E Swearer
- School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Robin Hale
- School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
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19
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Cui Y, Zhong Q, Hu M, Sheng J, Yang Y, Liang L, Wang X, Yang Y, Zhou M, Huang F. Human biomonitoring of eight trace elements in urine of residents living in rural areas along the Yangtze River, China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:27963-27973. [PMID: 28988285 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-0414-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The rapid economic development and industrialization have made heavy metal contamination a great public concern, especially in China. However, the levels of heavy metals in human body, especially those susceptible to the effect of industrial progression, are rarely explored. In this study, eight elements in 2643 urinary samples of individuals living in rural areas along the Yangtze River were determined through inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (As, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Pb, and Zn) and TAS-990 atomic absorption spectrophotometry (Cd). Two-level regression model was applied to explore the potential factors associated with the level of the eight trace elements. After adjusting for urinary creatinine, the geometric means were 77.5, 10.98, 14.39, 13.00, 0.59, 1.51, 489.62, and 1.80 μg/g for As, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Pb, Zn, and Cd, respectively. The level of eight elements varied among individual and familial characteristics. Compared with domestic and international results, the rural residents living in riverside areas had higher level of As, Cd, Cr, Fe, and Zn. Therefore, industrial progression followed by economic development has resulted in high body burden of heavy metals. Targeted public health policies should be made to improve the local environment and the recognition of potential risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanjie Cui
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, No. 81 Meishan Road, Shushan Districts, Hefei, Anhui, 230032, China
| | - Qi Zhong
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, No. 81 Meishan Road, Shushan Districts, Hefei, Anhui, 230032, China
| | - Mingjun Hu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, No. 81 Meishan Road, Shushan Districts, Hefei, Anhui, 230032, China
| | - Jie Sheng
- Central Laboratory of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, 230032, China
| | - Yuanyuan Yang
- Central Laboratory of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, 230032, China
| | - Ling Liang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, No. 81 Meishan Road, Shushan Districts, Hefei, Anhui, 230032, China
| | - Xiaodong Wang
- Department of Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Tongling County, Tongling, Anhui, 244000, China
| | - Yuwei Yang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, No. 81 Meishan Road, Shushan Districts, Hefei, Anhui, 230032, China
| | - Mengmeng Zhou
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, No. 81 Meishan Road, Shushan Districts, Hefei, Anhui, 230032, China
| | - Fen Huang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, No. 81 Meishan Road, Shushan Districts, Hefei, Anhui, 230032, China.
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