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Chen X, Li X, Fan Y, Hu G, Xie H, Chen X, Ding P, Dang Y, Hu X, Chen Q. Inventorization and ecological risk assessment of tetrabromobisphenol A and hexabromocyclododecane in sediments from Guangdong coastal area of South China Sea. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 938:173527. [PMID: 38802019 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.173527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Revised: 05/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Brominated flame retardants (BFRs) exhibit excellent flame retardant properties and are widely used in various industries. Among the common BFRs, tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) and hexabromocyclododecane (HBCDs) pose substantial ecological and human health risks due to their extensive application and long-range transport. This study established 131 sample collection sites along the coast of the South China Sea (SCS) in Guangdong Province to assess the concentration, distribution, inventory, and ecological risk of TBBPA and HBCDs in surface sediments. The concentrations of TBBPA in SCS sediments ranged from < limit of detection (LOD) to 80 μg/kg dry weight (dw), and those of HBCDs from < LOD to 18 μg/kg dw. The diastereoisomers of HBCDs (α-, β-, and γ-HBCD) in the sediment samples accounted for 36 %, 13 %, and 51 %, respectively. Human activities, particularly those associated with nearby electronic waste disassembly and textile and garment industries, considerably influenced the dispersion of TBBPA and HBCDs. The inventories of TBBPA and HBCDs in Guangdong Province's SCS were estimated to be 3.2 × 105 kg and 7.2 × 104 kg, respectively. The average risk quotient values ranged from <0.01 to 0.016, indicating a low to negligible environmental risk. This study provides deeper insights into the distribution and scientific significance of HBCDs and TBBPA in SCS sediment samples, elucidates the current state of BFR contamination, and offers recommendations for future research on environmental safety and human health in the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxia Chen
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou 510655, PR China; Institute for Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, PR China
| | - Xin Li
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou 510655, PR China
| | - Yuqing Fan
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou 510655, PR China
| | - Guocheng Hu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou 510655, PR China
| | - Hang Xie
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou 510655, PR China
| | - Xiaoyan Chen
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou 510655, PR China
| | - Ping Ding
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou 510655, PR China
| | - Yao Dang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou 510655, PR China
| | - Xiyuan Hu
- China Academy of Transportation Sciences, Ministry of Transport of the People's Republic of China, Beijing 100029, PR China.
| | - Qinghua Chen
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou 510655, PR China.
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Lin C, Li H, Pei Z, Li Y, Yang R, Zhang Q, Jiang G. Hexabromocyclododecanes in soils, plants, and sediments from Svalbard, Arctic: Levels, isomer profiles, chiral signatures, and potential sources. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 472:134512. [PMID: 38733783 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.134512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2024] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024]
Abstract
This study investigated the occurrence, stereoisomeric behavior, and potential sources of hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs) in topsoil and terrestrial vegetation from Svalbard and ocean sediment samples from Kongsfjorden, an open fjord on the west coast of Spitsbergen. The mean levels of total concentrations (Σ3HBCDs) were comparable to those in other remote regions and were lower than those in source regions. Elevated proportions of α-HBCD with an average of 41% in the terrestrial samples and 25% in ocean sediments compared to those in commercial products (10-13% for α-HBCD) were observed, implying isomerization from γ- to α-HBCD in the Arctic environment. In addition, the extensive deviations of enantiomeric fractions (EFs) from the racemic values reflected the effect of biotransformation on HBCD accumulation. Linear correlation analysis, redundancy analysis, and back-trajectory were combined to infer possible HBCD sources, and the results showed the important role of global production and long-range environmental transport (LRET) for the entry of HBCDs into the Arctic at an early stage. To the best of our knowledge, this study represents the first report on the diastereoisomer- and enantiomer-specific profiles of HBCDs in the Arctic terrestrial environment and sheds light on the transport pathways and environmental fate for more effective risk management related to HBCDs in remote regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenlu Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China; College of Resource and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Honghua Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Zhiguo Pei
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Yingming Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Ruiqiang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China; College of Resource and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Qinghua Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China; College of Resource and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Guibin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China; College of Resource and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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Deng J, Liu W, Gao L, Jia T, He Y, Mao T, Hussain J. A Review of Distribution and Profiles of HBCD in Different Environmental Media of China. Molecules 2023; 29:36. [PMID: 38202620 PMCID: PMC10779568 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29010036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) is the most important flame retardant that has been used in Expanded Polystyrene foam and Extruded Polystyrene foam in the past forty years across the world. China was the major producer and user of HBCD, and the total HBCD production was about 0.3 million tons. Although HBCD was completely banned in China in 2021 because of its long-range transport, bioaccumulation and toxicity, there is still a lot of residue in the environment. Therefore, we reviewed multiple studies concerning the distribution of HBCD in diverse environmental matrices, such as in the air, dust, soil, water, sediment, and biota. Results revealed that HBCD levels in different environments in China present geographical variation and were at a high level compared with other countries. In all environmental media, relatively high HBCD concentrations have been found in industrial and urban areas. Industrialization and urbanization are two important factors that influence the concentration and distribution of HBCD in the environment. In terms of isomer, γ-HBCD was the dominant isomer in soil, water, and sediment, while in the biota α-HBCD was the predominant isomer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinglin Deng
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; (J.D.); (L.G.); (T.J.); (Y.H.)
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, China; (T.M.); (J.H.)
| | - Wenbin Liu
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, China; (T.M.); (J.H.)
- Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China
| | - Lirong Gao
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; (J.D.); (L.G.); (T.J.); (Y.H.)
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, China; (T.M.); (J.H.)
- Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China
| | - Tianqi Jia
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; (J.D.); (L.G.); (T.J.); (Y.H.)
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, China; (T.M.); (J.H.)
| | - Yunchen He
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; (J.D.); (L.G.); (T.J.); (Y.H.)
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, China; (T.M.); (J.H.)
| | - Tianao Mao
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, China; (T.M.); (J.H.)
| | - Javid Hussain
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, China; (T.M.); (J.H.)
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Balochistan University of Information Technology, Engineering and Management Sciences, Quetta 87100, Pakistan
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Li L, Li W, Liu Y, Jin X, Yu Y, Lin H. TBBPA and lead co-exposure induces grass carp liver cells apoptosis via ROS/JAK2/STAT3 signaling axis. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2023; 142:109100. [PMID: 37793490 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2023.109100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023]
Abstract
Tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) and lead (Pb) are widely used in industrial field, which poses a serious threat to human and animal health. In particular, a large volume of wastewater containing TBBPA and Pb was discharged into the aquatic environment, causing a seriously negative impact on fish. Currently, whether TBBPA and Pb have a synergistic toxicity on fish remains unclear. In this study, we used the grass carp hepatocytes (L8824 cell line) exposed to either TBBPA or Pb, or both to determine their potential impacts on fish. The results showed that Pb or TBBPA induced oxidative stress and the loss of mitochondrial membrane potential in grass carp hepatocytes. In contrast to the control cells, the levels of JAK2, p-JAK2, STAT3 and p-STAT3 were significantly upregulated after exposure to TBBPA and Pb. Furthermore, the levels of Caspase3, Caspase9 and Bax were all increased while the level of Bcl2 was decreased in hepatocytes exposed to TBBPA or Pb. Results of flow cytometry and AO/EB staining reveled significant increases in the number of apoptotic cells in the TBBPA and Pb group compared to the controls. Notably, cells exposed to both TBBPA and Pb exhibited more severe damage than the single exposure, manifested by a higher number of apoptotic cells in the co-exposure group than the single exposure groups. Nevertheless, N-acetyl-l-cysteine (NAC) treatment could remarkably alleviate oxidative damage and loss of membrane potential in grass carp hepatocytes induced by TBBPA and Pb. Altogether, our study showed that combined exposure of TBBPA and Pb has a synergistic toxicity due to, inducing oxidative stress to activate JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway, resulting in apoptosis of carp hepatocytes. This study shed a new light on the toxicological mechanism of exposure of TBBPA and Pb and provided a potential treatment of toxicity induced by TBBPA and Pb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Li
- Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, PR China
| | - Wan Li
- Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, 150086, PR China
| | - Yufeng Liu
- Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, 150086, PR China
| | - Xin Jin
- Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, PR China
| | - Yanbo Yu
- Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, PR China
| | - Hongjin Lin
- Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, PR China; Key Laboratory of the Provincial Education Department of Heilongjiang for Common Animal Disease Prevention and Treatment, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, PR China.
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Wu T, Li X, Zheng Z, Liu Z, Yang M, Zhang N, Cui J, Zhang B. Hexabromocyclododecanes in surface soil-maize system around Baiyangdian Lake in North China: Distribution, enantiomer-specific accumulation, transport, temporal trend and dietary risk. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 451:131180. [PMID: 36924746 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.131180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 02/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the occurrence of hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs) in soil-maize system around Baiyangdian Lake. The total concentration of ΣHBCDs was in the order of industrial area > residential area > marginal area > Fuhe River estuary in soil. γ-HBCD was predominated in soils, roots and stems, while α-HBCD was the main diastereoisomer in leaves and kernels. Concentration of ΣHBCDs and three diastereoisomer concentrations in soils were significantly reduced and remained low level from 2018 to 2019. Selectivity enrichment of (+)α- and (-)γ-HBCD was found in soils, roots, stems and leaves, whereas only (+)β-HBCD dominated in stems. Most of the total root bioaccumulation factors (ΣRCFs) were less than 1.0, but no significant correlation was showed between translocation factors (TFs) and log Kow. RCFs and TFs of enantiomers suggested (-)β- and (-)γ-HBCD were easily translocated from soil to roots, while (+)α-, (-)β- and (-)γ-HBCD tended to translocate from stems to leaves. Estimated daily intake (EDI) and of ΣHBCDs, diastereoisomers and enantiomers were all lower than the threshold value, while the Calculated margins of exposure (MOE) were well above the threshold value, which demonstrate the safe consumption of Maize around Baiyangdian Lake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Wu
- Pollution Prevention Biotechnology Laboratory of Hebei Province, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang 050018, China.
| | - Xixi Li
- Pollution Prevention Biotechnology Laboratory of Hebei Province, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang 050018, China
| | - Zhiyuan Zheng
- Pollution Prevention Biotechnology Laboratory of Hebei Province, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang 050018, China
| | - Zixin Liu
- School of Sciences, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang 050018, Hebei, China
| | - Mei Yang
- Pollution Prevention Biotechnology Laboratory of Hebei Province, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang 050018, China
| | - Nan Zhang
- Pollution Prevention Biotechnology Laboratory of Hebei Province, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang 050018, China
| | - Jiansheng Cui
- Pollution Prevention Biotechnology Laboratory of Hebei Province, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang 050018, China.
| | - Bingzhu Zhang
- Hebei Chemical & Pharmaceutical College, Shijiazhuang 050026, China
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Pan YF, Liu S, Li HX, Lin L, Hou R, Cheng YY, Xu XR. Expanded polystyrene buoys as an important source of hexabromocyclododecanes for aquatic ecosystem: Evidence from field exposure with different substrates. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 318:120920. [PMID: 36565907 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.120920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 12/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The production and use of hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs) have been strictly limited due to their persistence, toxicity and bioaccumulation. However, the release of HBCDs from related products and wastes would continue for a long time, which may cause many environmental problems. In this study, we investigated the occurrence and distribution of HBCDs and microplastics (MPs) in aquatic organisms inhabiting different substrates. HBCDs were measurable in the seawater, sediment, expanded polystyrene (EPS) substrates and organism samples. Mostly, the concentrations of HBCDs in organisms inhabiting EPS buoys were significantly higher than those of the same species inhabiting other substrates. Meanwhile, the diastereomeric ratio (α/γ) of HBCDs in organisms inhabiting EPS buoys was closer to that in EPS buoys. The fugacity values of HBCDs in EPS buoys were much higher than those in other media, implying that HBCDs can be transferred from EPS buoys to other media. Additionally, MPs derived from EPS buoys would be mistaken as food and ingested by aquatic organisms. The transfer of HBCDs from EPS buoys to aquatic organisms can be achieved by aqueous and dietary exposures. In combination, the contribution of MP ingestion to HBCDs for aquatic organisms should be very limited. These results supported EPS buoys as an important source of HBCDs for the aquatic ecosystem. To effectively control HBCDs pollution, it is necessary to discontinue or reduce the use of EPS buoys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Feng Pan
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Shan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, 511458, China
| | - Heng-Xiang Li
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, 511458, China
| | - Lang Lin
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301, China
| | - Rui Hou
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301, China
| | - Yuan-Yue Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Tropical Oceanography, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301, China
| | - Xiang-Rong Xu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, 511458, China.
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Wang Z, Praetorius A. Integrating a Chemicals Perspective into the Global Plastic Treaty. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LETTERS 2022; 9:1000-1006. [PMID: 36530847 PMCID: PMC9753957 DOI: 10.1021/acs.estlett.2c00763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Driven by the growing concern about plastic pollution, countries have agreed to establish a global plastic treaty addressing the full life cycle of plastics. However, while plastics are complex materials consisting of mixtures of chemicals such as additives, processing aids, and nonintentionally added substances, it is at risk that the chemical aspects of plastics may be overlooked in the forthcoming treaty. This is highly concerning because a large variety of over 10,000 chemical substances may have been used in plastic production, and many of them are known to be hazardous to human health and the environment. In this Global Perspective, we further highlight an additional, generally overlooked, but critical aspect that many chemicals in plastics hamper the technological solutions envisioned to solve some of the major plastic issues: mechanical recycling, waste-to-energy, chemical recycling, biobased plastics, biodegradable plastics, and durable plastics. Building on existing success stories, we outline three concrete recommendations on how the chemical aspects can be integrated into the global plastic treaty to ensure its effectiveness: (1) reducing the complexity of chemicals in plastics, (2) ensuring the transparency of chemicals in plastics, and (3) aligning the right incentives for a systematic transition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhanyun Wang
- Empa
− Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology,
Technology and Society Laboratory, 9014 St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Antonia Praetorius
- Institute
for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1090, GE, Netherlands
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Pan YF, Liu S, Tian F, Chen HG, Xu XR. Tetrabromobisphenol A and hexabromocyclododecanes in sediments from fishing ports along the coast of South China: Occurrence, distribution and ecological risk. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 302:134872. [PMID: 35537630 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.134872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) and hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDDs) have attracted extensive attention due to their strong persistence and toxicity. However, little has been known about their pollution status in fishing ports, which are typical sinks of land-sourced pollutants. In this study, we investigated the occurrence, distribution and ecological risk of TBBPA and HBCDDs in sediments from fishing ports along the coast of South China. The concentrations of TBBPA and ΣHBCDD (sum of α-, β-, and γ-HBCDD) in the fishing-port sediments were in the ranges of 0.02-21.5 ng/g dw and 1.06-14.1 ng/g dw, respectively. γ-HBCDD was the predominant diastereoisomer in most fishing-port sediments. The enantiomeric analysis indicated a preferential enrichment of (-)-enantiomers for α-, β-, and γ-HBCDD. The geographical location of fishing ports is a significant determinant of distribution for TBBPA and HBBCDs. The concentrations of TBBPA and HBCDDs in fishing-port sediments were strongly associated with local population density, but weakly correlated with total organic carbon content of the sediment. The mass inventories of TBBPA and ΣHBCDD were estimated to be 77.0 ng/cm2 and 141 ng/cm2, respectively. The ecological risk assessment demonstrated that TBBPA and HBCDDs in fishing-port sediments exhibited low risks to marine organisms. This study contributes to the understanding pollution situation of fishing ports, and provides a reference for environmental safety assessment and environmental pollution control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Feng Pan
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Shan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, 511458, China.
| | - Fei Tian
- Scientific Observation and Research Field Station of Pearl River Estuary Ecosystem, Guangdong Province, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Science, Guangzhou, 510300, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fishery Ecology and Environment, Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of South China Sea Fishery Resource and Environment, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou, 510300, China
| | - Hai-Gang Chen
- Scientific Observation and Research Field Station of Pearl River Estuary Ecosystem, Guangdong Province, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Science, Guangzhou, 510300, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fishery Ecology and Environment, Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of South China Sea Fishery Resource and Environment, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou, 510300, China
| | - Xiang-Rong Xu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, 511458, China.
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Yang E, Wen B, Zhang Z, Huang H, Zhang S. Diastereomer- and enantiomer-selective accumulation and depuration of 1,2-dibromo-4-(1,2-dibromoethyl) cyclohexanes (DBE-DBCHs) and 1,2,5,6-tetrabromocyclooctanes (TBCOs) in earthworms (Eisenia fetida). THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 826:154145. [PMID: 35227722 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.154145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Due to the regulation of hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD), much attention has been paid to its potential substitutes, 1,2-dibromo-4-(1,2-dibromoethyl) cyclohexane (DBE-DBCH) and 1,2,5,6-tetrabromocyclooctane (TBCO). DBE-DBCH and TBCO contain several diastereomers and enantiomers, which may exhibit different environmental behaviors and biological effects. In this study, the accumulation and depuration of individual DBE-DBCH and TBCO diastereomers by earthworms (Eisenia fetida) from diastereomer-contaminated soils were evaluated. The accumulation and depuration kinetics of DBE-DBCH and TBCO diastereomers followed one-compartment first-order kinetics. The biota soil accumulation factor (BSAF) of β-DBE-DBCH (2.74 goc glip-1) was 1.26 times that of α-DBE-DBCH (2.18 goc glip-1), while the BSAF of β-TBCO (2.15 goc glip-1) was 1.62 times that of α-TBCO (1.3 goc glip-1), showing the diastereomer-specific accumulation of DBE-DBCH and TBCO. DBE-DBCH and TBCO diastereomers appeared to be transformed in earthworm-soil systems; however, no evidence of bioisomerization of the four diastereomers in earthworms was found, and no potential metabolites of debromination and hydroxylation were detected. Furthermore, the selective enrichment of E1-α-DBE-DBCH and E1-β-DBE-DBCH (E1 represents the first enantiomer eluted) occurred in earthworms as the enantiomer fractions (EFs) for α-DBE-DBCH (0.562-0.763) and β-DBE-DBCH (0.516-0.647) were significantly greater than those in the technical products (0.501 for α-DBE-DBCH and 0.497 for β-DBE-DBCH, p < 0.05), especially in the depuration stage. The results demonstrated the diastereomer- and enantiomer-selective accumulation of DBE-DBCH and the diastereomer-selective accumulation of TBCO in the earthworm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Entai Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Bei Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Zhenying Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Honglin Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Shuzhen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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10
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Zhang Q, Yao Y, Wang Y, Zhang Q, Cheng Z, Li Y, Yang X, Wang L, Sun H. Plant accumulation and transformation of brominated and organophosphate flame retardants: A review. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 288:117742. [PMID: 34329057 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Plants can take up and transform brominated flame retardants (BFRs) and organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) from soil, water and the atmosphere, which is of considerable significance to the geochemical cycle of BFRs and OPFRs and their human exposure. However, the current understanding of the plant uptake, translocation, accumulation, and metabolism of BFRs and OPFRs in the environment remains very limited. In this review, recent studies on the accumulation and transformation of BFRs and OPFRs in plants are summarized, the main factors affecting plant accumulation from the aspects of root uptake, foliar uptake, and plant translocation are presented, and the metabolites and metabolic pathways of BFRs and OPFRs in plants are analyzed. It was found that BFRs and OPFRs can be taken up by plants through partitioning to root lipids, as well as through gaseous and particle-bound deposition to the leaves. Their microscopic distribution in roots and leaves is important for understanding their accumulation behaviors. BFRs and OPFRs can be translocated in the xylem and phloem, but the specific transport pathways and mechanisms need to be further studied. BFRs and OPFRs can undergo phase I and phase II metabolism in plants. The identification, quantification and environmental fate of their metabolites will affect the assessment of their ecological and human exposure risks. Based on the issues mentioned above, some key directions worth studying in the future are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China; School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Yiming Yao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China.
| | - Yu Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Qiuyue Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Zhipeng Cheng
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Yongcheng Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Xiaomeng Yang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Lei Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Hongwen Sun
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
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11
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Jeon JW, Kim CS, Kim HJ, Lee CH, Hwang SM, Choi SD. Spatial distribution, source identification, and anthropogenic effects of brominated flame retardants in nationwide soil collected from South Korea. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 272:116026. [PMID: 33218769 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.116026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 10/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Soil samples were collected at 61 sites of the national monitoring network for persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in South Korea. The target compounds were brominated flame retardants (BFRs), including polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), polybrominated biphenyls (PBBs), hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDDs), and tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA). The mean concentrations of Σ27 PBDEs, Σ3 HBCDDs, and TBBPA in soil were 222, 17.2, and 4.4 ng/g, respectively, but PBBs were not detected. Industrial sites had statistically higher BFR concentrations than suburban sites but no significant difference compared with urban sites. The commercial deca-BDE mixtures were the most likely source of PBDE contamination in the soil samples, with the minor influence of commercial penta-BDE and octa-BDE mixtures. The profiles of HBCDDs in most soil samples differed from those in the powder types of technical HBCDD mixtures, indicating that they are affected by the HBCDDs contained in commercial products and the conversion of HBCDD diastereoisomers (γ-HBCDD to α-HBCDD) in the environment. The concentrations of Σ27 PBDEs, Σ3 HBCDDs, and TBBPA were significantly correlated with population density, gross domestic product, and the number of companies (p < 0.01), indicating a direct impact of anthropogenic activities. Significant correlations among BFRs were determined (0.63 < r < 0.74, p < 0.01), suggesting that these pollutants had similar sources. Relatively good correlations (0.44 < r < 0.98, p < 0.01) between BDE-209 and other light BDEs (except for BDE-71, -77, -126, -156, and -205) might result from the degradation of heavy BDEs under anaerobic and natural sunlight conditions. To the best of our knowledge, this study provides the most comprehensive soil monitoring data for various BFRs in South Korea. Furthermore, it is the first report on soil contamination by deca-BDE, HBCDDs, and TBBPA in South Korea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Woo Jeon
- Department of Urban and Environmental Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Chul-Su Kim
- UNIST Environmental Analysis Center, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho-Joong Kim
- Department of Chemical Management, Korea Environment Corporation (K-eco), Incheon, 22689, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Ho Lee
- Department of Chemical Management, Korea Environment Corporation (K-eco), Incheon, 22689, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Man Hwang
- Department of Chemical Management, Korea Environment Corporation (K-eco), Incheon, 22689, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Deuk Choi
- Department of Urban and Environmental Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea; UNIST Environmental Analysis Center, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea.
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12
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Sun Y, Zhu H. Spatial and temporal distributions of hexabromocyclododecanes in surface soils of Jinan, China. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2020; 192:629. [PMID: 32902786 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-020-08587-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Contamination by hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDDs) in the soil environment is an ongoing concern because of their "specific exemption" on the production and use in China. In this study, spatial distribution, temporal trend, and diastereoisomer profiles of HBCDDs were examined in surface soils collected in Jinan, China. Concentrations of ΣHBCDD (sum of α-, β-, and γ-HBCDDs) in soils ranged from 1.70 to 228 ng/g dry weight (dw), with a mean value of 26.1 ng/g dw. Soils collected from e-waste dismantling sites (mean 146 ng/g dw) contained significantly higher concentrations of ΣHBCDD than those of urban (15.5 ng/g dw) and farmland soils (3.86 ng/g dw) (p < 0.01). The temporal trend suggested that ΣHBCDD levels in the industrial area rose significantly between 2014 and 2019 (p < 0.05), with an annual increase of 12%. An increase in ΣHBCDD levels was also observed in urban and farmland soil samples during the study period, although it did not reach a significant level (p > 0.05). All surface soils were dominated by γ-HBCDD (mean 60.7% of total concentrations); however, the proportions of α-isomer increased from 28.7% in urban and rural soils to 43.4% in industrial soils. The calculated risk quotients of HBCDDs present in soils were at least 25-fold lower than the threshold limit value. The mean mass inventory of HBCDDs was approximately 2501 kg in the cultivated land of Jinan City; further studies are needed to discern the uptake of HBCDDs by crops and the fate of these chemicals in agricultural ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulian Sun
- Department of Hepatology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China
| | - Hongkai Zhu
- Department of Pediatrics and Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, 550 First Avenue, New York, NY, 10016, USA.
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13
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Soil Pollution from Micro- and Nanoplastic Debris: A Hidden and Unknown Biohazard. SUSTAINABILITY 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/su12187255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The fate, properties and determination of microplastics (MPs) and nanoplastics (NPs) in soil are poorly known. In fact, most of the 300 million tons of plastics produced each year ends up in the environment and the soil acts as a log-term sink for these plastic debris. Therefore, the aim of this review is to discuss MP and NP pollution in soil as well as highlighting the knowledge gaps that are mainly related to the complexity of the soil ecosystem. The fate of MPs and NPs in soil is strongly determined by physical properties of plastics, whereas negligible effect is exerted by their chemical structures. The degradative processes of plastic, termed ageing, besides generating micro-and nano-size debris, can induce marked changes in their chemical and physical properties with relevant effects on their reactivity. Further, these processes could cause the release of toxic oligomeric and monomeric constituents from plastics, as well as toxic additives, which may enter in the food chain, representing a possible hazard to human health and potentially affecting the fauna and flora in the environment. In relation to their persistence in soil, the list of soil-inhabiting, plastic-eating bacteria, fungi and insect is increasing daily. One of the main ecological functions attributable to MPs is related to their function as vectors for microorganisms through the soil. However, the main ecological effect of NPs (limited to the fraction size < than 50 nm) is their capacity to pass through the membrane of both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Soil biota, particularly earthworms and collembola, can be both MPs and NPs carriers through soil profile. The use of molecular techniques, especially omics approaches, can gain insights into the effects of MPs and NPs on composition and activity of microbial communities inhabiting the soil and into those living on MPs surface and in the gut of the soil plastic-ingesting fauna.
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Jeon JW, Kim CS, Kim L, Lee SE, Kim HJ, Lee CH, Choi SD. Distribution and diastereoisomeric profiles of hexabromocyclododecanes in air, water, soil, and sediment samples in South Korea: Application of an optimized analytical method. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2019; 181:321-329. [PMID: 31202932 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Revised: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the levels and distribution patterns of HBCD diastereoisomers in air, water, soil, and sediment samples in South Korea were investigated after optimizing the UPLC-MS/MS analytical process. Extraction and cleanup efficiencies were tested using several different extraction solvents and adsorbents. Dichloromethane was selected as the base extraction solvent, and multi-layer silica gel (MSG) and MSG-alumina columns were selected for the removal of HBCDs from complex environmental matrices. The concentration of Ʃ3 HBCDs was 22-133 pg/m3, 10-128 ng/g, 0.2-151 ng/L, and 0.5-552 ng/g dw for air, soil, water, and sediment samples, respectively. Relatively higher concentrations of Ʃ3 HBCDs were observed at stations adjacent to industrial facilities (e.g., rubber and plastic, textile, chemical, fabricated metal, and wholesale trade factories) associated with the use of commercial HBCDs. The proportion of γ-HBCD in the soil (48.3-86.2%) and sediment (54.2-78.1%, except for one station) samples was similar to that found in technical and commercial HBCDs. In contrast, α-HBCD (52.3-71.2%) was dominant in all air samples, while the water samples displayed no clear trend in their diastereoisomer profiles. As the first nationwide report on HBCD diastereoisomers in the environment, this study demonstrates that most environmental compartments in South Korea are moderately contaminated with HBCDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Woo Jeon
- School of Urban and Environmental Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Chul-Su Kim
- UNIST Environmental Analysis Center, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Leesun Kim
- School of Urban and Environmental Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea; School of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Eun Lee
- School of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho-Joong Kim
- Department of Chemicals Management, Korea Environment Corporation (K-eco), Incheon, 22689, Republic of Korea; Department of Environmental Engineering, Inha University, Incheon, 22212, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Ho Lee
- Department of Chemicals Management, Korea Environment Corporation (K-eco), Incheon, 22689, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Deuk Choi
- School of Urban and Environmental Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea; UNIST Environmental Analysis Center, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea.
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15
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Lü H, Ma XJ, Huang XJ, Lu S, Huang YH, Mo CH, Cai QY, Wong MH. Distribution, diastereomer-specific accumulation and associated health risks of hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs) in soil-vegetable system of the Pearl River Delta region, South China. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2019; 248:109321. [PMID: 31394478 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.109321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Revised: 06/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The distribution and diastereomeric profiles of hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs, identified as persistent organic pollutants) in soil-vegetable system of open fields remain unknown. In this study, three main HBCD diastereoisomers (α-, β-, and γ-HBCDs) were analyzed in paired soil and vegetable samples from vegetable farms in four cities (Guangzhou, Jiangmen, Huizhou, Foshan) of the Pearl River Delta region, Southern China. The sum concentrations of the three diastereoisomers (∑HBCDs) in soils varied from 0.99 to 18.4 ng/g (dry weight) with a mean of 5.77 ng/g, decreasing in the order of Jiangmen > Guangzhou > Huizhou > Foshan. The distributions of HBCDs in both soil and vegetable were diastereomer-specific, with γ-HBCD being predominant. The ∑HBCDs in vegetables ranged from 0.87 to 32.7 ng/g (dry weight) with a mean of 16.6 ng/g, generally higher than those of the corresponding soils. Thus bioconcentration factors (BCFs, the ratio of contaminant concentration in vegetable to that in soil) of HBCDs were generally greater than 1.0, implying higher accumulation in vegetable. The estimated daily intake (EDI) of ΣHBCDs via consumption of vegetables varied from 0.26 to 9.35 ng/kg bw/day with a mean of 3.60 ng/kg bw/day for adults and from 0.32 to 11.5 ng/kg bw/day with a mean of 4.41 ng/kg bw/day for Children, far lower than the oral reference dose (RfD, 2 × 105 ng/kg bw/day) proposed by US National Research Council. These results suggest that HBCD in the vegetables posed low health risk for the local population. These data are the first report on HBCD occurrence and health risk in soil-vegetable system of open fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huixiong Lü
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Integrate Microbiology Research Center, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Xiao-Jing Ma
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Integrate Microbiology Research Center, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Xue-Jing Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Environment Pollution Control and Remediation Materials, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Shaoyou Lu
- POPs Lab, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Yu-Hong Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Environment Pollution Control and Remediation Materials, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Ce-Hui Mo
- Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Environment Pollution Control and Remediation Materials, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Quan-Ying Cai
- Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Environment Pollution Control and Remediation Materials, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China.
| | - Ming-Hung Wong
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Integrate Microbiology Research Center, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Consortium on Health, Environment, Education and Research (CHEER), Department of Science and Environmental Studies, The Education University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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16
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Gao CJ, Xia LL, Wu CC, Wong CS, Guo Y. The effects of prosperity indices and land use indicators of an urban conurbation on the occurrence of hexabromocyclododecanes and tetrabromobisphenol A in surface soil in South China. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 252:1810-1818. [PMID: 31299510 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.06.128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Revised: 06/30/2019] [Accepted: 06/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) and tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) are legacy brominated flame retardants which are still produced and used in China. In this study, 187 surface soils from the Pearl River Delta (PRD) urban conurbation in China were collected, and the effects of urban conurbation development on the concentrations, distributions and human exposure risk of HBCDs and TBBPA were investigated. The concentration ranges of Σ3HBCD (sum of α-, β-, and γ-HBCD) and TBBPA in soil were below the limit of quantification (<LOQ) to 300 ng g-1 dry weight (dw) and < LOQ to 53.1 ng g-1 dw, respectively. Concentration levels of HBCDs and TBBPA in the PRD were affected both by distributions of land-use type and by the location of the city. Soils from residential areas contained the highest concentrations of Σ3HBCD (median: 1.75 ng g-1 dw) and TBBPA (1.92 ng g-1 dw) among all land-use types. In addition, soils from the central PRD had higher Σ3HBCD and TBBPA levels (0.46 and 0.90 ng g-1 dw) than those from the surrounding areas (0.17 and 0.07 ng g-1 dw). The concentrations of Σ3HBCD and TBBPA were highly correlated with urbanization level, population density, regional GDP and per capita income in all cities studied (p < 0.01), which indicates that the prosperity of the urban conurbation may play an important role in soil contamination of HBCDs and TBBPA in the PRD. Children living in residential areas had the highest estimated daily intakes of Σ3HBCD (7.09 pg kg-1 d-1) and TBBPA (7.76 pg kg-1 d-1), suggesting that people living in residential areas have a relatively higher exposure risk of HBCDs and TBBPA. This is a comprehensive study to report the effects of prosperity indices and land use indicators of an urban conurbation on the occurrence of HBCDs and TBBPA in soil in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chong-Jing Gao
- School of Environment, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Lin-Lin Xia
- School of Environment, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Chen-Chou Wu
- School of Environment, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Charles S Wong
- School of Environment, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; Richardson College for the Environment, University of Winnipeg, Winnipeg MB R3B 2E9, Canada
| | - Ying Guo
- School of Environment, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
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17
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Li H, Hu Y, Sun Y, De Silva AO, Muir DCG, Wang W, Xie J, Xu X, Pei N, Xiong Y, Luo X, Mai B. Bioaccumulation and translocation of tetrabromobisphenol A and hexabromocyclododecanes in mangrove plants from a national nature reserve of Shenzhen City, South China. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2019; 129:239-246. [PMID: 31146158 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2019.05.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Revised: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Brominated flame retardants (BFRs) such as tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) and hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs) are of ecological concern due to their ubiquitous presence and adverse effects. There is a paucity of data on environmental fate of such compounds in mangrove wetlands, which are unique ecosystems in coastal intertidal areas and act as natural sinks for many pollutants. In this study, mangrove plants and sediments were collected from an urban nature reserve in South China to investigate bioaccumulation and translocation of TBBPA and HBCDs. The mean (range) concentrations of TBBPA and ΣHBCD in roots, stems and leaves were 67 (<MDL-999), 174 (0.73-1105) and 20 (0.59-250) pg/g dry weight (dw), and 329 (15.6-2234), 766 (32.9-3255) and 298 (19.9-1520) pg/g dw, respectively. Tissue-specific accumulations were observed, varying with plant species and compounds. HBCD diastereoisomer patterns were similar for all plant species. γ-HBCD was the major diastereoisomer in roots, while α-HBCD dominated in stems and leaves. The predominance of α-HBCD in aboveground tissues may be ascribed to diastereoisomer-specific translocation, isomerization and/or metabolization in mangrove plants. Preferential enrichment of (-)-α-, (-)-β- and (+)-γ-HBCDs was found in all mangrove plant tissues, suggesting the enantioselectivity for HBCDs in mangrove plants. Translocation factors (log TF, root to stem) of HBCD diastereoisomers and log Kow were negatively correlated (p = 0.03), indicating passive translocation of HBCDs, driven by water movement during transpiration. Sediment-root bioaccumulation factors and log TFs (stem to leaf) both showed no obvious correlation with log Kow of HBCD diastereoisomers. These results reflected the complex behavior of HBCDs in mangrove plants, which have not been sufficiently captured in laboratory-based studies of plant contaminant accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huawei Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yongxia Hu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
| | - Yuxin Sun
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China; Institution of South China Sea Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China; Aquatic Contaminants Research Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Burlington L7S 1A1, Canada.
| | - Amila O De Silva
- Aquatic Contaminants Research Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Burlington L7S 1A1, Canada
| | - Derek C G Muir
- Aquatic Contaminants Research Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Burlington L7S 1A1, Canada
| | - Weiwei Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jinli Xie
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiangrong Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China; Institution of South China Sea Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
| | - Nancai Pei
- Research Institute of Tropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Guangzhou 510520, China
| | - Yanmei Xiong
- Research Institute of Tropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Guangzhou 510520, China
| | - Xiaojun Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Bixian Mai
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
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18
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Huang H, Wang D, Wen B, Lv J, Zhang S. Roles of maize cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes in stereo-selective metabolism of hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs) as evidenced by in vitro degradation, biological response and in silico studies. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 656:364-372. [PMID: 30513427 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.11.351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Revised: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 11/24/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In vitro biotransformation of HBCDs by maize cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes, responses of CYPs to HBCDs at protein and transcription levels, and in silico simulation of interactions between CYPs and HBCDs were investigated in order to elucidate the roles of CYPs in the metabolism of HBCDs in maize. The results showed that degradation reactions of HBCDs by maize microsomal CYPs followed the first-order kinetics and were stereo-selective, with the metabolic rates following the order (-)γ- > (+)γ- > (+)α- > (-)α-HBCD. The hydroxylated metabolites OH-HBCDs, OH-PBCDs and OH-TBCDs were detected. (+)/(-)-α-HBCDs significantly decreased maize CYP protein content and inhibited CYP enzyme activity, whereas (+)/(-)-γ-HBCDs had obvious effects on the induction of CYPs. HBCDs selectively mediated the gene expression of maize CYPs, including the isoforms of CYP71C3v2, CYP71C1, CYP81A1, CYP92A1 and CYP97A16. Molecular docking results suggested that HBCDs could bind with these five CYPs, with binding affinity following the order CYP71C3v2 < CYP81A1 < CYP97A16 < CYP92A1 < CYP71C1. The shortest distances between the Br-unsubstituted C atom of HBCD isomers and the iron atom of heme in CYPs were 4.18-11.7 Å, with only the distances for CYP71C3v2 being shorter than 6 Å (4.61-5.38 Å). These results suggested that CYP71C3v2 was an efficient catalyst for degradation of HBCDs. For (+)α- and (-)γ-HBCDs, their binding affinities to CYPs were lower and the distances to the iron atom of heme in CYPs were shorter than their corresponding antipodes, consistent with the in vitro experimental results showing that they had shorter half-lives and were more easily hydroxylated. This study provides solid evidence for the roles of maize CYPs in the metabolism of HBCDs, and gives insight into the molecular mechanisms of the enantio-selective metabolism of HBCDs by plant CYPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Honglin Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P. O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Dan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P. O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Bei Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P. O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Jitao Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P. O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Shuzhen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P. O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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