1
|
Gomes DS, Miranda FR, Fernandes KM, Farder-Gomes CF, Bastos DSS, Bernardes RC, Serrão JE. Acute exposure to fungicide fluazinam induces cell death in the midgut, oxidative stress and alters behavior of the stingless bee Partamona helleri (Hymenoptera: Apidae). ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2024; 282:116677. [PMID: 38971098 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2024.116677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2024] [Revised: 06/26/2024] [Accepted: 06/30/2024] [Indexed: 07/08/2024]
Abstract
Stingless bees (Hymenoptera: Meliponini) are pollinators of both cultivated and wild crop plants in the Neotropical region. However, they are susceptible to pesticide exposure during foraging activities. The fungicide fluazinam is commonly applied in bean and sunflower cultivation during the flowering period, posing a potential risk to the stingless bee Partamona helleri, which serves as a pollinator for these crops. In this study, we investigated the impact of acute oral exposure (24 h) fluazinam on the survival, morphology and cell death signaling pathways in the midgut, oxidative stress and behavior of P. helleri worker bees. Worker bees were exposed for 24 h to fluazinam (field concentrations 0.5, 1.5 and 2.5 mg a.i. mL-1), diluted in 50 % honey aqueous solution. After oral exposure, fluazinam did not harm the survival of worker bees. However, sublethal effects were revealed using the highest concentration of fluazinam (2.5 mg a.i. mL-1), particularly a reduction in food consumption, damage in the midgut epithelium, characterized by degeneration of the brush border, an increase in the number and size of cytoplasm vacuoles, condensation of nuclear chromatin, and an increase in the release of cell fragments into the gut lumen. Bees exposed to fluazinam exhibited an increase in cells undergoing autophagy and apoptosis, indicating cell death in the midgut epithelium. Furthermore, the fungicide induced oxidative stress as evidenced by an increase in total antioxidant and catalase enzyme activities, along with a decrease in glutathione S-transferase activity. And finally, fluazinam altered the walking behavior of bees, which could potentially impede their foraging activities. In conclusion, our findings indicate that fluazinam at field concentrations is not lethal for workers P. helleri. Nevertheless, it has side effects on midgut integrity, oxidative stress and worker bee behavior, pointing to potential risks for this pollinator.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Davy Soares Gomes
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Franciane Rosa Miranda
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Kenner Morais Fernandes
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Cliver Fernandes Farder-Gomes
- Departamento de Ciências Naturais, Matemática e Educação, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Campus Araras, Araras, São Paulo 13.600-970, Brazil
| | - Daniel Silva Sena Bastos
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais 36570-900, Brazil
| | | | - José Eduardo Serrão
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais 36570-900, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Zhu Y, Zhang Y, Zeng D, Chen H, Wang Y, Yang J, Wang H, Xu Z, Sun Y, Tian Y, Shen Y. Designing a size exclusion-based hapten and the development of a quantitative and visual time-resolved fluorescence immunochromatography assay strip for detecting dimethomorph and flumorph in a group-specific manner. Food Chem 2024; 450:139372. [PMID: 38640545 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.139372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 02/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/21/2024]
Abstract
Based on the size and surface properties of dimethomorph and flumorph, we used a computer simulation-assisted size exclusion hapten design strategy to develop group-specific monoclonal antibodies that can simultaneously recognize dimethomorph and flumorph. For this, we performed quantitative and visual semi-quantitative time-resolved fluorescence immunochromatography (TRFICA) to simultaneously detect dimethomorph and flumorph in potatoes and apples. In potato samples, the visual limit of detection (vLOD) for dimethomorph and flumorph was 4 ng/mL and 8 ng/mL, respectively, whereas the quantitative limit of detection (qLOD) for dimethomorph and flumorph was 0.26 and 0.33 ng/mL, respectively. The vLOD of dimethomorph and flumorph in apple samples was 8 ng/mL, whereas the qLOD of dimethomorph and flumorph was 0.17 and 0.38 ng/mL, respectively. The average recovery of potato and apple samples ranged from 77.5% to 121.7%, which indicated that the method can be used to rapidly detect dimethomorph and flumorph in food samples.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuxian Zhu
- College of Food Science, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Yongyi Zhang
- College of Food Science, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Daoping Zeng
- Wens Institute, Wens Foodstuff Groups Co., Ltd., Yunfu 527499, China
| | - Haoyu Chen
- College of Food Science, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Guangzhou Institute for Food Inspection, Guangzhou 510410, China
| | - Jinyi Yang
- College of Food Science, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Hong Wang
- College of Food Science, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Zhenlin Xu
- College of Food Science, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Yuanming Sun
- College of Food Science, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Yuanxin Tian
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China.
| | - Yudong Shen
- College of Food Science, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Ngin P, Haglund P, Proum S, Fick J. Pesticide screening of surface water and soil along the Mekong River in Cambodia. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 912:169312. [PMID: 38104830 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.169312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Widespread use of pesticides globally has led to serious concerns about environmental contamination, particularly with regard to aquatic and soil ecosystems. This work involved investigating concentrations of 64 pesticides in surface-water and soil samples collected in four provinces along the Mekong River in Cambodia during the dry and rainy seasons (276 samples in total), and conducting semi-structured interviews with local farmers about pesticide use. Furthermore, an ecological risk assessment of the detected pesticides was performed. In total, 56 pesticides were detected in surface water and 43 in soil, with individual pesticides reaching maximum concentrations of 1300 ng/L in the surface-water samples (tebufenozide) and 1100 ng/g dry weight in the soil samples (bromophos-ethyl). The semi-structured interviews made it quite evident that the instructions that farmers are provided regarding the use of pesticides are rudimentary, and that overuse is common. The perceived effect of pesticides was seen as an end-point, and there was a limited process of optimally matching pesticides to pests and crops. Several pesticides were used regularly on the same crop, and the period between application and harvest varied. Risk analysis showed that bromophos-ethyl, dichlorvos, and iprobenfos presented a very high risk to aquatic organisms in both the dry and rainy seasons, with risk quotient values of 850 for both seasons, and of 67 in the dry season and 78 in the rainy season for bromophos-ethyl, and 49 in the dry season and 16 in the rainy season for dichlorvos. Overall, this work highlights the occurrence of pesticide residues in surface water and soil along the Mekong River in Cambodia, and emphasizes the urgent need for monitoring and improving pesticide practices and regulations in the region.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Putheary Ngin
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden; Department of Chemistry, Royal University of Phnom Penh, Phnom Penh, Cambodia.
| | - Peter Haglund
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Sorya Proum
- Department of Chemistry, Royal University of Phnom Penh, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Jerker Fick
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Fu F, Sun Y, Yang D, Zhao L, Li X, Weng L, Li Y. Combined pollution and soil microbial effect of pesticides and microplastics in greenhouse soil of suburban Tianjin, Northern China. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 340:122898. [PMID: 37944885 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.122898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Current-used pesticides (CUPs) and plastic films are essential materials used in greenhouse cultivation, which can lead to the residual accumulation of CUPs and microplastics (MPs) over time. The impact of CUPs and MPs on soil quality and food safety cannot be overlooked. However, the combined pollution resulting from CUPs and MPs in greenhouse soil remains poorly understood. In this study, we conducted a survey at 30 greenhouse sites in the Wuqing District of Tianjin, China, to investigate the pollution levels and characteristics of CUPs and MPs using QuEChERS combined with LC-MS/MS, and density extraction, 30% H2O2 digestion and micro-fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, respectively. Additionally, we aimed to evaluate the interactions among these two pollutants, soil physicochemical properties, and the bacterial community in the soil. CUPs were frequently detected in the examined soil samples; however, they posed no significant ecological risks due to their low levels. Furthermore, MPs, which predominantly comprised fragmented and fibrous polyethylene (PE) and polypropylene (PP) particles smaller than 1.0 mm, could potentially degrade into nanoplastics, which might subsequently enter the food chain and pose a serious threat to human health. We observed no substantial correlations between CUPs and MPs, except for a negative correlation between dimethomorph and film MPs. The soil pH and total organic carbon (TOC) exhibited interactions with both types of pollutants, whereas soil clay content (CC) only correlated with CUPs, and soil available nitrogen (AN) only correlated with MPs. The variability of soil bacterial communities among the 30 sampling sites was minimal, with the dominant genus being Bacillus. Soil pH, TOC, and CC collectively exerted a strong influence on the microbial community across all samples; however, the effects of CUPs and MPs on the soil microbial structure were marginal. These results contribute to a comprehensive understanding of the environmental stress and ecological risks associated with the combined pollution of CUPs and MPs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Furong Fu
- Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs / Key Laboratory of Original Agro-Environmental Pollution Prevention and Control, MARA / Tianjin Key Laboratory of Agro-Environment and Agro-Product Safety, Tianjin, 300191, China
| | - Yang Sun
- Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs / Key Laboratory of Original Agro-Environmental Pollution Prevention and Control, MARA / Tianjin Key Laboratory of Agro-Environment and Agro-Product Safety, Tianjin, 300191, China.
| | - Dan Yang
- Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs / Key Laboratory of Original Agro-Environmental Pollution Prevention and Control, MARA / Tianjin Key Laboratory of Agro-Environment and Agro-Product Safety, Tianjin, 300191, China
| | - Lixia Zhao
- Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs / Key Laboratory of Original Agro-Environmental Pollution Prevention and Control, MARA / Tianjin Key Laboratory of Agro-Environment and Agro-Product Safety, Tianjin, 300191, China
| | - Xiaojing Li
- Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs / Key Laboratory of Original Agro-Environmental Pollution Prevention and Control, MARA / Tianjin Key Laboratory of Agro-Environment and Agro-Product Safety, Tianjin, 300191, China
| | - Liping Weng
- Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs / Key Laboratory of Original Agro-Environmental Pollution Prevention and Control, MARA / Tianjin Key Laboratory of Agro-Environment and Agro-Product Safety, Tianjin, 300191, China
| | - Yongtao Li
- College of Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Gilevska T, Payraudeau S, Imfeld G. Evaluating pesticide degradation in artificial wetlands with compound-specific isotope analysis: A case study with the fungicide dimethomorph. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 900:165767. [PMID: 37506910 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
Pesticide degradation in wetland systems intercepting agricultural runoff is often overlooked and mixed with other dissipation processes when assessing pesticide concentrations alone. This study focused on the potential of compound-specific isotope analysis (CSIA) to estimate pesticide degradation in a stormwater wetland receiving pesticide runoff from a vineyard catchment. The fungicide dimethomorph (DIM), with diastereoisomers E and Z, was the prevalent pesticide in the runoff entering the wetland from June to September 2020. DIM Z, the most commonly detected isomer, exhibited a significant change (Δ(13C) > 3 ‰) in its carbon isotopic composition in the wetland water compared to the runoff and commercial formulation, which indicated degradation. Laboratory DIM degradation assays, including photodegradation and biodegradation in oxic wetland water with and without aquatic plants and in anoxic sediments, indicated that DIM degradation mainly occurred in the wetland sediments. The rapid degradation of both DIM isomers (E:t1/2 = 1.2 ± 0.6, Z: t1/2 = 1.5 ± 0.8 days) in the wetland sediment led to significant carbon isotopic fractionation (εDIM-E = -3.0 ± 0.6 ‰, εDIM-Z = -2.0 ± 0.2 ‰). In contrast, no significant isotope fractionation occurred during DIM photodegradation, despite the rapid isomerization of the E isomer to the Z isomer and a half-life of 15.3 ± 2.2 days for both isomers. DIM degradation was slow (E: t1/2 = 56-62 days, Z: t1/2 = 82-103 days) in oxic water with plants, while DIM persisted (120 days) in water without plants. DIM CSIA was thus used to evaluate the in situ biodegradation of DIM Z in the wetland. The DIM Z degradation estimates based on a classical concentration mass balance (86-94 %) were slightly higher than estimates based on the isotopic mass balance (61-68 %). Altogether, this study shows the potential of CSIA to conservatively evaluate pesticide degradation in wetland systems, offering a reliable alternative to classical labor-intensive mass balance approaches.).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tetyana Gilevska
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS/ENGEES, ITES UMR 7063, Institut Terre et Environnement de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France.
| | - Sylvain Payraudeau
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS/ENGEES, ITES UMR 7063, Institut Terre et Environnement de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Gwenaël Imfeld
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS/ENGEES, ITES UMR 7063, Institut Terre et Environnement de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Chen L, Li F, Zhang Z, Jing J, Zhao E, Yu P, He M, Tao Y, Zhang J. Residues and dietary risk assessment of fluazinam in root mustard after field experiments. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:56836-56843. [PMID: 36929251 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-26336-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The residue levels of fluazinam in root mustard were investigated by using a quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe (QuEChERS) technique with ultra-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Samples of leaf and root mustard were analyzed. The recoveries of fluazinam were 85.2-110.8% for leaf mustard with the coefficient of variation of 1.0-7.2%, and 88.8-93.3% for root mustard with the coefficient of variation of 1.9-12.4%. The suspension concentrate formulation of fluazinam was applied on root mustard at 262.5 g a.i. ha-1 in accordance with good agricultural practice (GAP), respectively. After the final application, the root mustard samples were collected at 3, 7, and 14 days. Fluazinam residues in root mustard were less than 0.01-0.493 mg kg-1. The dietary risk of fluazinam was predicted by comparing intake amounts with the toxicological data, namely acceptable daily intake (ADI) and acute reference dose (ARfD). The risk quotient (RQ) was 72.2-74.3%, for ordinary consumers, which showed negligible risk. According to the maximum residue limit (MRL) and dietary risk assessment, it is suggested that the pre-harvest interval (PHI) of 3 days; meanwhile, the MRL of 2 mg kg-1 was suggested for fluazinam in root mustard, which indicates that the dietary risk of fluazinam 500 g L-1 suspension concentrate (SC) with the recommended usage on root mustard is negligible. This study provided basic data on the use and safety of fluazinam in root mustard to help the Chinese government formulate a maximum residue level for fluazinam in root mustard.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li Chen
- Institute of Plant and Environmental Protection, Beijing Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Science, Beijing, 100097, People's Republic of China.
| | - Fugen Li
- Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Areas, Institute for the Control of Agrochemicals, Beijing, 100125, People's Republic of China
| | - ZhenTao Zhang
- Institute of Plant and Environmental Protection, Beijing Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Science, Beijing, 100097, People's Republic of China
| | - Junjie Jing
- Institute of Plant and Environmental Protection, Beijing Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Science, Beijing, 100097, People's Republic of China
| | - Ercheng Zhao
- Institute of Plant and Environmental Protection, Beijing Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Science, Beijing, 100097, People's Republic of China
| | - Pingzhong Yu
- Institute of Plant and Environmental Protection, Beijing Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Science, Beijing, 100097, People's Republic of China
| | - Min He
- Institute of Plant and Environmental Protection, Beijing Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Science, Beijing, 100097, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Tao
- Institute of Plant and Environmental Protection, Beijing Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Science, Beijing, 100097, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingwei Zhang
- Institute of Plant and Environmental Protection, Beijing Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Science, Beijing, 100097, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
An D, Ko R, Kim J, Lee K, Lee JH. Fungicide Dissipation Kinetics and Dietary Exposure Risk Assessment in Squash Fruit and Leaf. Foods 2023; 12:foods12061291. [PMID: 36981217 PMCID: PMC10048305 DOI: 10.3390/foods12061291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The dissipation behavior and dietary exposure risk assessment of four fungicides (dimethomorph, mandipropamid, myclobutanil, and metalaxyl) was performed in fruits and leaves of squash grown under greenhouse conditions. Squash fruit and leaf samples were randomly collected at 0, 3, 5, 7, and 14 days after the last pesticide application. Analysis was performed using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS). The quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe (QuEChERS) method was used for sample preparation. Recovery rates at two spiked levels (0.01 and 0.1 mg/kg) were found to be in the range of 76.4%-101.9% for the analyzed pesticides and their relative standard deviations were ≤4%. Pesticide half-lives were 2.1 and 4.9 days for dimethomorph, 4.6 and 8.1 days for mandipropamid, 4.7 and 8.2 days for myclobutanil, and 2.7 and 5 days for metalaxyl in squash fruit and leaf, respectively. Regarding the total surveyors, hazard quotient values for squash fruit and leaf were ≤1.03 × 10-3 and ≤2.39 × 10-3, respectively. These values in the case of true consumers were ≤3.14 × 10-3 and ≤3.91 × 10-1, respectively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dai An
- Korea Conformity Laboratories, Bio Division, Incheon 21999, Republic of Korea
| | - Rakdo Ko
- Korea Conformity Laboratories, Bio Division, Incheon 21999, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinchan Kim
- Korea Conformity Laboratories, Bio Division, Incheon 21999, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwanghun Lee
- Korea Conformity Laboratories, Bio Division, Incheon 21999, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Ho Lee
- Department of Crop Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Li Z, Fantke P. Considering degradation kinetics of pesticides in plant uptake models: proof of concept for potato. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2023; 79:1154-1163. [PMID: 36371622 PMCID: PMC10099551 DOI: 10.1002/ps.7288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Degradation kinetics of pesticides in plants are crucial for modeling mechanism-based pesticide residual concentrations. However, due to complex open-field conditions that involve multiple pesticide plant uptake and elimination processes, it is difficult to directly measure degradation kinetics of pesticides in plants. To address this limitation, we proposed a modeling approach for estimating degradation rate constants of pesticides in plants, using potato as a model crop. An operational tool was developed to backward-estimate degradation rate constants, and three pesticides were selected to perform example simulations. RESULTS The simulation results of thiamethoxam indicated that the growth dynamics of the potato had a significant impact on the degradation kinetic estimates when the pesticide was applied during the early growth stage, as the size of the potato determined the uptake and elimination kinetics via diffusion. Using mepiquat, we demonstrated that geographical variations in weather conditions and soil properties led to significant differences in the dissipation kinetics in both potato plants and soil, which propagated the variability of the degradation rate constant. Simulation results of chlorpyrifos differed between two reported field studies, which is due to the effect of the vertical distribution of the residue concentration in the soil, which is not considered in the majority of recent studies. CONCLUSIONS Our proposed approach is adaptable to plant growth dynamics, preharvest intervals, and multiple pesticide application events. In future research, it is expected that the proposed method will enable region-specific inputs to improve the estimation of the degradation kinetics of pesticides in plants. © 2022 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zijian Li
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen)Sun Yat‐sen UniversityShenzhenChina
| | - Peter Fantke
- Quantitative Sustainability Assessment, Department of Environmental and Resource EngineeringTechnical University of DenmarkKongens LyngbyDenmark
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Mujahid M, Latif S, Ahmed M, Shehzadi W, Imran M, Ahmad M, Asari A, Jehangir M, Mahmud Z. Modified matrix solid phase dispersion-HPLC method for determination of pesticide residue in vegetables and their impact on human health: A risk assessment. Front Chem 2022; 10:1084350. [PMID: 36569961 PMCID: PMC9772880 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.1084350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of pesticides is unavoidable in agricultural practices. This class of chemicals is highly toxic for the environment as well as for humans. The present work was carried out to assess the presence of some pesticides (diafenthiuron, lufenuron, azoxystrobin, difenoconazole, and chlorothalonil) residues in five of the very commonly used vegetables (eggplant, capsicum, apple gourd, cauliflower, and sponge gourd). Matrix solid phase dispersion (MSPD) technique was used to extract the pesticides and subsequently their quantification was performed through high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) coupled to ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) detector. The elution was accomplished at wavelength of 254 nm by injecting 20 µL of standards or samples into chromatographic system. The mobile phase consisted of acetonitrile and water (80:20 v/v), where the flow rate was adjusted at 1.0 ml/min. The linearity was good (R 2 ≥ 0.994) over a concentration range from 20 to 100 μg/ml for the investigated pesticides. The low detection limits showed a quite appreciable potential of the method to detect (1.12-1.61 μg/L) and quantify (3.73-5.36 μg/ml) the pesticides under study. The accuracy was demonstrated in terms of percent recovery which ranged between 88.5% and 116.9% for all the pesticides under investigation. These results justify the suitability of the technique for the intended purpose. The concentration of difenoconazole in apple gourd (20.97 mg/kg), cauliflower (10.28 mg/kg), and sponge gourd (40.32 mg/kg) whereas diafenthiuron in cauliflower (0.66 mg/kg) exceeded the maximum residue level (MRLs) as defined by Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and the World Health Organization (FAO/WHO). Target hazard quotient (THQ) values of difenoconazole and diafenthiuron (except for adults) were more than one which indicates the significant effect on human health on consumption of apple gourd, cauliflower, and sponge gourd.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Majida Mujahid
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Shoomaila Latif
- School of Physical Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan,*Correspondence: Shoomaila Latif, ; Mahmood Ahmed,
| | - Mahmood Ahmed
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Science and Technology, University of Education, Lahore, Pakistan,*Correspondence: Shoomaila Latif, ; Mahmood Ahmed,
| | - Warda Shehzadi
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Imran
- Centre for Inorganic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Ahmad
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Science and Technology, University of Education, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Asnuzilawati Asari
- Faculty of Science and Marine Environment, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - Muhammad Jehangir
- Novamed Pharmaceuticals (Pvt) Limited, Lahore, Pakistan,The Department of Chemistry, FC College (A Chartered University), Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Zaid Mahmud
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
µQuEChERS Combined with UHPLC-PDA as a State-of-the-Art Analytical Approach for Quantification of Chlorpropham in Potato. SEPARATIONS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/separations9030077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Pesticides are chemicals used in agriculture to prevent insects, fungi, weeds, and other pests, from damaging crops. In addition, some types of pesticides are used after harvest as sprout suppressant agents help keeping the quality parameters of crops during storage. Nonetheless, its presence, even at trace levels, in food products is becoming a big challenge regarding human health. The current work aimed to develop and validate a sensitive and high-throughput analytical approach, based on a state-of-the-art microextraction technique—µQuEChERS, combined with ultra-high performance liquid chromatography equipped with a photodiode array detection system (UHPLC-PDA) to quantify isopropyl-N-(3-chlorophenyl) carbamate (chlorpropham), commonly used as efficient sprout suppressant stored potatoes, in raw and cooked potatoes cultivated in different geographical regions of Madeira Island (Portugal). Good results were obtained in terms of figures of the merit of the method, with correlation coefficients (R2) higher than 0.999 and recoveries between 94.5% to 125%. Method limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) were 0.14 μg/Kg and 0.43 μg/Kg, respectively, which are much lower than the accepted and legislated requirements by the European Union, which is 20 μg/Kg for chlorpropham. The concentration of chlorpropham in raw potatoes is significantly higher when compared to cooked samples, which revealed that the thermic treatment during cooking had a significant effect on its degradation. A significant decrease (90%, on average) was observed on chlorpropham levels.
Collapse
|
11
|
Xiang T, Xu X, Xu L, Liu L, Xu C, Kuang H. Gold-based immunochromatographic strip assay for detecting dimethomorph in vegetables. NEW J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d1nj05652b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Gold-based immunochromatographic strip assay for detecting dimethomorph in vegetables.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tongyue Xiang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, People's Republic of China
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Biointerface and Biodetection, and School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinxin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, People's Republic of China
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Biointerface and Biodetection, and School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Liguang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, People's Republic of China
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Biointerface and Biodetection, and School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Liqiang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, People's Republic of China
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Biointerface and Biodetection, and School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Chuanlai Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, People's Republic of China
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Biointerface and Biodetection, and School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Hua Kuang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, People's Republic of China
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Biointerface and Biodetection, and School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Zhang Z, Lu Z, Fang N, Hou Z, Ren W, Li Y, Lu Z. Rapid Determination of 21 Chinese Domestically Registered Pesticides in Ginseng Using Cleanup Based on Zirconium-Oxide-Modified Silica and Ultrahigh-Performance Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL METHODS IN CHEMISTRY 2021; 2021:5516563. [PMID: 34422433 PMCID: PMC8378960 DOI: 10.1155/2021/5516563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In this study, an analytical method was developed for the rapid determination of 21 pesticides used in ginseng cultivation. All pesticides covered by this method have been registered by 2020 in China for use on ginseng. The extracts were cleaned up using zirconium-oxide-modified silica (Z-Sep) and primary secondary amine (PSA). The combination of Z-Sep and PSA provided good recovery for all analytes and the cleanest matrix background out of a number of PSA-based sorbent combinations, as indicated by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and gas chromatography (GC). Instrumental analysis was completed in 5 min using the ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS). The linearity (r > 0.99) for all analytes was satisfactory over the calibration range of 0.002-0.1 μg mL-1. Intraday recoveries (n = 5) at ginseng-spiked levels of 0.02, 0.05, 0.1, and 1 mg kg-1 ranged between 72% and 119%, with the corresponding relative standard deviations (RSDs), were less than 19%, while the interday recoveries (n = 15) ranged between 77% and 103%, and RSDs were less than 22%. Limits of quantitation (LOQs) ranged between 0.02 and 0.05 mg kg-1 for all 21 pesticides. This is a seminal study using Z-Sep for the efficient cleanup of ginseng samples, and it could present a practical method for future monitoring of pesticide residues in ginseng produced in China.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhongbei Zhang
- College of Plant Protection, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, Jilin, China
| | - Zhou Lu
- College of Plant Protection, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, Jilin, China
- Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Ginseng and Antler Products, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, Jilin, China
| | - Nan Fang
- College of Plant Protection, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, Jilin, China
| | - Zhiguang Hou
- College of Plant Protection, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, Jilin, China
| | - Weiming Ren
- College of Plant Protection, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, Jilin, China
| | - Yueru Li
- Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Ginseng and Antler Products, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, Jilin, China
| | - Zhongbin Lu
- College of Plant Protection, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, Jilin, China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Yang L, Zhou X, Deng Y, Gong D, Luo H, Zhu P. Dissipation behavior, residue distribution, and dietary risk assessment of fluopimomide and dimethomorph in taro using HPLC-MS/MS. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:43956-43969. [PMID: 33846922 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-13713-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Dimethomorph is a morpholine broad-spectrum fungicide and effectively controls taro blight, cucumber downy mildew, rice blast disease, and others. Fluopimomide is a newly developed broad-spectrum fungicide to primarily control oomycetes and rhizoctonia diseases. Taro, one of the earliest cultivated crops, is a staple food in Africa, Oceania, and Asia. Recently, a commercial suspension concentrate formulation containing 15% fluopimomide and 25% dimethomorph has been registered in China, the second largest taro producer in the world. The objective of this study was to develop a high-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry method to detect the residues of fluopimomide and dimethomorph concurrently in taro samples. The results showed that the average recoveries of fluopimomide and dimethomorph ranged from 83 to 108%, and relative standard deviations (RSD) ranged from 1 to 11%. The limit of quantitation (LOQ) was 0.01 mg kg-1 for the two compounds. The dissipation results demonstrated that both fluopimomide and dimethomorph in taro degraded rapidly in taro fields, and the residues of the two fungicides were below the LOQ within 14 days post-application. The final residue levels of fluopimomide and dimethomorph in taro were lower than 0.066 mg kg-1 28 days post-application. For dietary risk assessments, the dietary structure of different genders and age of people in China exposure risk assessment and whole diet exposure risk assessment shows that the risk quotient (RQ) values were substantially lower than 100%, suggesting that the long-term risks of fluopimomide/dimethomorph mixed formulation in taro at the recommended dosage were negligible. In summary, our combined results from the dissipation behaviors, terminal residues, and dietary risk assessments provide the critical empirical data for the establishment of the maximum residue levels (MRLs) of the two broad-spectrum fungicides in taro, a traditional food for African, Oceanic, and South Asian cultures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lihua Yang
- College of Resources and Environment, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Xuguo Zhou
- Department of Entomology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40546, USA
| | - Yaocheng Deng
- College of Resources and Environment, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Daoxin Gong
- College of Resources and Environment, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China.
| | - Haifeng Luo
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China.
| | - Ping Zhu
- College of Resources and Environment, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Tang H, Ma L, Huang J, Li Y, Liu Z, Meng D, Wen G, Dong M, Wang W, Zhao L. Residue behavior and dietary risk assessment of six pesticides in pak choi using QuEChERS method coupled with UPLC-MS/MS. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 213:112022. [PMID: 33609999 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.112022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
A reliable and simple modified QuEChERS method with UPLC-MS/MS was developed for the simultaneous determination of six pesticides (dimethomorph, imidaclothiz, lufenuron, methoxyfenozide, pyridaben, spinetoram) and their metabolites in pak choi. Method validation indicated good linearity (R2 ≥ 0.99), accuracy (recoveries of 75%-112%), sensitivity (limits of quantification, 0.002-0.01 mg kg-1), and precision (relative standard deviations ≤ 21%), and matrix effects were -36-28%. The half-lives of the six pesticides in pak choi were 2.2-12 d under open field and greenhouse conditions. Considering the short growth cycle of pak choi, the terminal residue levels (0.046-7.8 mg kg-1) and the relevant maximum residue limits (MRLs) of some countries, 5 d was recommended as the pre-harvest interval for the six pesticides on pak choi. Dietary risk assessment revealed that the risk quotients were 3.1%-58% for different gender and age groups in China, indicating none unacceptable public health risk for general population. The results showed that all the six pesticides degraded faster and the terminal residues were much lower under open field conditions than those under greenhouse conditions, which was mainly due to the influence of rainfall, sunlight and other environmental factors. This work was thus significant in assessing the dissipation fate and food safety risks of the six pesticides on pak choi and facilitated the establishment of maximum residue limits.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongxia Tang
- Pesticide Safety Evaluation Research Center, Institute for Agro-food Standards and Testing Technology, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201106, PR China
| | - Lin Ma
- Shanghai Agriculture Technical Extension Service Center, Shanghai 201103, PR China
| | - Jiaqing Huang
- Pesticide Safety Evaluation Research Center, Institute for Agro-food Standards and Testing Technology, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201106, PR China
| | - Yubo Li
- Pesticide Safety Evaluation Research Center, Institute for Agro-food Standards and Testing Technology, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201106, PR China
| | - Zehui Liu
- Pesticide Safety Evaluation Research Center, Institute for Agro-food Standards and Testing Technology, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201106, PR China
| | - Dianying Meng
- Pesticide Safety Evaluation Research Center, Institute for Agro-food Standards and Testing Technology, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201106, PR China
| | - Guangyue Wen
- Pesticide Safety Evaluation Research Center, Institute for Agro-food Standards and Testing Technology, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201106, PR China
| | - Maofeng Dong
- Pesticide Safety Evaluation Research Center, Institute for Agro-food Standards and Testing Technology, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201106, PR China.
| | - Weimin Wang
- Pesticide Safety Evaluation Research Center, Institute for Agro-food Standards and Testing Technology, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201106, PR China.
| | - Li Zhao
- Shanghai Agriculture Technical Extension Service Center, Shanghai 201103, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Huang J, Zhuo Y, Lu J, Lai Q, Zhang Y. Bacillus cereus liquid fertilizer was produced from Agaricus bisporus industrial wastewater. J Biotechnol 2021; 327:74-85. [PMID: 33440221 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2021.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2020] [Revised: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/01/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
During the Agaricus bisporus canning processes, a large number of water-soluble elements were dissolved into the processing hot water. This study was conducted to use the industrial wastewater of A. bisporus to prepare agricultural microbial fertilizer. In the work, the influence of 6 different liquid fermentation factors on the total biomass of living Bacillus cereus was evaluated with the one-factor-at-a-time method and the Plackett-Burman design. The total biomass of living B. cereus was most influenced by fermentation temperature, shaking speed, and inoculation volume, which were identified as the most critical independent variables for the B. cereus biomass. The approximate ranges of optimal fermentation conditions for the three key factors were identified by the path of steepest ascent. The center point of these factors were 24 ℃ of temperature, 250 rpm of shaking speed and 12 % inoculum amount, respectively. The Box-Behnken design was applied to derive a statistical model for optimizing the three fermentation factors for B. cereus biomass. After further optimizations based on statistical predictions, the optimum fermentation parameters for B. cereus cultured in the A. bisporus industrial wastewater were fermentation temperature of 24.8 °C, shaking speed of 234 rpm, inoculum dose of 12.2 % (v:v, %), industrial wastewater concentration of 4%, initial pH values of 6.5, loading liquid of 60 mL/250 mL, and culture time of 24 h. Culturing with the optimal fermentation conditions resulted in the biomass of B. cereus of 1.35 ± 0.02 × 109 Obj/mL (N = 3), which was consistent with the predicted values (1.32 × 109 Obj/mL) predicted by the corresponding regression models (p < 0.05), and more, was also far higher than that of the standard of agricultural bacterial fertilizers in People's Republic of China. Further, the results of field trial indicated that the of B. cereus liquid fertilizer can remarkably enhance the yield of Brassica chinensis L. It is practicable to make use of the industrial wastewater of A. bisporus to prepare the microbial fertilizer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiafu Huang
- Engineering Technological Center of Mushroom Industry, Minnan Normal University, Zhangzhou, Fujian, 363000, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Mushroom Health Industry, Minnan Normal University, Zhangzhou, Fujian, 363000, China; School of Life Sciences & Biotechnology College, Minnan Normal University, Zhangzhou, Fujian, 363000, China.
| | - Yizhen Zhuo
- Zhangzhou No.3 Middle School, Zhangzhou, Fujian, 363000, China
| | - Jinqiu Lu
- School of Life Sciences & Biotechnology College, Minnan Normal University, Zhangzhou, Fujian, 363000, China
| | - Qingyu Lai
- School of Life Sciences & Biotechnology College, Minnan Normal University, Zhangzhou, Fujian, 363000, China
| | - Yawen Zhang
- School of Life Sciences & Biotechnology College, Minnan Normal University, Zhangzhou, Fujian, 363000, China
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Residue Analysis of Insecticides in Potatoes by QuEChERS-dSPE/UHPLC-PDA. Foods 2020; 9:foods9081000. [PMID: 32722562 PMCID: PMC7466252 DOI: 10.3390/foods9081000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Insecticides are broadly applied in agriculture to defend crops from illnesses and pest attacks, consequently guaranteeing high production. However, their residual deposits in food products are becoming a main concern with regard to human consumption. As such, sensitive analytical methods should be developed to assess, prevent and control insecticide residues. In this research, an accurate, fast and reliable residual analytical method, that is quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged and safe, combined with dispersive solid phase extraction (QuEChERS-dSPE), was developed for the determination of the most common insecticides used in potatoes cultivation (chlorpyrifos, λ-cyhalothrin, deltamethrin and acrinathrin), using an ultra-high performance chromatography photodiode array detector (UHPLC-PDA). The most influential extraction and instrumentation parameters that affect the method’s performance, such as extraction solvent, ratio salts, sorbents, stationary phases, gradient conditions and eluents, were assessed. Under the ideal conditions, good linearity (0.992–0.998), limits of detection (0.02–0.47 µg/kg) and quantification (0.06–1.58 µg/kg), recovery (94.1 to 112%) and precision (relative standard deviation <18%) were achieved for spiked levels between 2.5 and 50 µg/kg. The obtained results revealed that the potatoes analyzed do not represent any concern for human healthy, as the insecticide residues detected were lower than the maximum residue limits set by the European Union, Codex Alimentarius, and other organizations.
Collapse
|
17
|
Chen X, Wang W, Liu F, Bian Y. Improved analysis of propamocarb and cymoxanil for the investigation of residue behavior in two vegetables with different cultivation conditions. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2020; 100:3157-3163. [PMID: 32096228 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.10350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Revised: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A modified quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged and safe (QuEChERS) method was developed for the simultaneous determination of highly water-soluble propamocarb and hydrophobic cymoxanil in potato tuber and tomato fruit. Residue behaviors of the fungicides in open field or greenhouse were investigated for the safety evaluation of these two pesticides, and the effects of cultivation conditions, fungicide exposure and fruit size of tomato on residue level are discussed. RESULTS Vegetable samples were extracted with ammonia-acetonitrile, further purified with multiwall carbon nanotubes and analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. The method was validated with fortified samples at different concentration levels (0.05-2.0 mg kg-1 ). Average recoveries ranged from 84 to 111% with relative standard deviations between 0.3 and 5.5%. Limits of quantification (LOQs) were set at the lowest spiking level of 0.05 mg kg-1 . In tomato and cherry tomato, initial residue level of cymoxanil was below LOQ at recommended good agricultural practices. Propamocarb residues were affected by the cultivation conditions, with highest levels of 0.52 and 0.72 mg kg-1 in open field and greenhouse, respectively. In addition, residues of propamocarb in cherry tomatoes were found to be present at 1.25 mg kg-1 . CONCLUSIONS The field trial results showed that propamocarb and cymoxanil residues in potato tubers were below LOQ due to the tubers not being exposed to sprayed pesticides. The unexpected high residue levels in cherry tomato seem to indicate that cherry tomato with small size presents certain accumulative effects of propamocarb. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaochu Chen
- Laboratory of Testing and Standardization, Guangdong Provincial Bioengineering Institute (Guangzhou Sugarcane Industry Research Institute), Guangzhou, China
- College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Wenzhuo Wang
- College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Fengmao Liu
- College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yanli Bian
- College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Zhao J, Tan Z, Wen Y, Fan S, Liu C. Dissipation of fluazinam in citrus groves and a risk assessment for its dietary intake. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2020; 100:2052-2056. [PMID: 31875964 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.10227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Revised: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/26/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Citrus is one of the most important fruit crops worldwide. Fluazinam is a fungicide that is used to control fungal diseases, and its dissipation and residue in citrus fruits should be studied. RESULTS A Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged and Safe (QuEChERS) procedure combined with gas chromatography with an electron capture detector (GC-ECD) has been developed. The fortified recoveries ranged from 82.1% to 105.9%, with relative standard deviations (RSDs) of less than 5.7%. Fluazinam dissipated relatively quickly following first-order kinetics, with a half-life of 8.5-9.5 days. The experiments on the terminal residue of fluazinam in citrus were conducted at six locations in China, and the risk quotient (RQ) method was applied to citrus fruits for dietary exposure risk assessment based on the terminal residue test. The RQs of fluazinam at three preharvest intervals (PHIs) (21, 28, and 35 days) were all less than 100%, which is an acceptable level for human consumption. The present study provides a reference for the establishment of maximum residue limit (MRL) for fluazinam in citrus. CONCLUSIONS The dissipation and residues of fluazinam in citrus were monitored. The half-life of less than 10 days showed that fluazinam could degrade relatively easily in citrus. The risk assessment also indicated the intake safety of fluazinam in citrus. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Junlong Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Natural Pesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Agriculture& Key Laboratory of Bio-Pesticide Innovation and Application of Guangdong Province, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhenchao Tan
- Key Laboratory of Natural Pesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Agriculture& Key Laboratory of Bio-Pesticide Innovation and Application of Guangdong Province, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yan Wen
- Key Laboratory of Natural Pesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Agriculture& Key Laboratory of Bio-Pesticide Innovation and Application of Guangdong Province, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shuai Fan
- Key Laboratory of Natural Pesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Agriculture& Key Laboratory of Bio-Pesticide Innovation and Application of Guangdong Province, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chenglan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Natural Pesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Agriculture& Key Laboratory of Bio-Pesticide Innovation and Application of Guangdong Province, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Perestrelo R, Silva P, Porto-Figueira P, Pereira JAM, Silva C, Medina S, Câmara JS. QuEChERS - Fundamentals, relevant improvements, applications and future trends. Anal Chim Acta 2019; 1070:1-28. [PMID: 31103162 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2019.02.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 224] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Revised: 02/16/2019] [Accepted: 02/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged and Safe (QuEChERS) method is a simple and straightforward extraction technique involving an initial partitioning followed by an extract clean-up using dispersive solid-phase extraction (d-SPE). Originally, the QuEChERS approach was developed for recovering pesticide residues from fruits and vegetables, but rapidly gained popularity in the comprehensive isolation of analytes from different matrices. According to PubMed, since its development in 2003 up to November 2018, about 1360 papers have been published reporting QuEChERS as extraction method. Several papers have reported different improvements and modifications to the original QuEChERS protocol to ensure more efficient extractions of pH-dependent analytes and to minimize the degradation of labile analytes. This analytical approach shows several advantages over traditional extraction techniques, requiring low sample and solvent volumes, as well as less time for sample preparation. Furthermore, most of the published studies show that the QuEChERS protocol provides higher recovery rate and a better analytical performance than conventional extraction procedures. This review proposes an updated overview of the most recent developments and applications of QuEChERS beyond its original application to pesticides, mycotoxins, veterinary drugs and pharmaceuticals, forensic analysis, drugs of abuse and environmental contaminants. Their pros and cons will be discussed, considering the factors influencing the extraction efficiency. Whenever possible, the performance of the QuEChERS is compared to other extraction approaches. In addition to the evolution of this technique, changes and improvements to the original method are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Perestrelo
- CQM - Centro de Química da Madeira, Universidade da Madeira, Campus da Penteada, 9020-105, Funchal, Portugal.
| | - Pedro Silva
- CQM - Centro de Química da Madeira, Universidade da Madeira, Campus da Penteada, 9020-105, Funchal, Portugal
| | - Priscilla Porto-Figueira
- CQM - Centro de Química da Madeira, Universidade da Madeira, Campus da Penteada, 9020-105, Funchal, Portugal
| | - Jorge A M Pereira
- CQM - Centro de Química da Madeira, Universidade da Madeira, Campus da Penteada, 9020-105, Funchal, Portugal
| | - Catarina Silva
- CQM - Centro de Química da Madeira, Universidade da Madeira, Campus da Penteada, 9020-105, Funchal, Portugal
| | - Sonia Medina
- CQM - Centro de Química da Madeira, Universidade da Madeira, Campus da Penteada, 9020-105, Funchal, Portugal
| | - José S Câmara
- CQM - Centro de Química da Madeira, Universidade da Madeira, Campus da Penteada, 9020-105, Funchal, Portugal; Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências Exatas e Engenharia, Universidade da Madeira, Campus da Penteada, 9020-105, Funchal, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|