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Zhao K, Wang K, Qian S, Wang S, Li F. Occurrence, removal, and risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and their derivatives in typical wastewater treatment plants. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 252:118989. [PMID: 38677406 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2024.118989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024]
Abstract
Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) have a certain removal capacity for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and their derivatives, but some of them are discharged with effluent into the environment, which can affect the environment. Therefore, to understand the presence, sources, and potential risks of PAHs and their derivatives in WWTPs. Sixteen PAHs, three chlorinated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (ClPAHs), three oxidized polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (OPAHs), and three methylated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (MPAHs) were detected in the influent and effluent water of three WWTPs in China. The average concentrations of their influent ∑PAHs, ∑ClPAHs, ∑OPAHs, and ∑MPAHs ranged from 2682.50 to 2774.53 ng/L, 553.26-906.28 ng/L, 415.40-731.56 ng/L, and 534.04-969.83 ng/L, respectively, and the effluent concentrations ranged from 823.28 to 993.37 ng/L, 269.43-489.94 ng/L, 285.93-463.55 ng/L, and 376.25-512.34 ng/L, respectively. The growth of heat transport and industrial energy consumption in the region has a significant impact on the level of PAHs in WWTPs. According to the calculated removal efficiencies of PAHs and their derivatives in the three WWTPs (A, B, and C), the removal rates of PAHs and their derivatives were 69-72%, 62-71%, and 68-73%, respectively, and for the substituted polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (SPAHs), the removal rates were 41-49%, 31-40%, and 33-39%, respectively; moreover, the removal rates of PAHs were greater than those of SPAHs in the WWTPs. The results obtained via the ratio method indicated that the main sources of PAHs in the influent of WWTPs were the combustion of coal and biomass, and petroleum contamination was the secondary source. In risk evaluation, there were 5 compounds for which the risk quotient was considered high ecological risk. During chronic disease evaluation, there were 11 compounds with a risk quotient considered to indicate high risk. PAHs and SPAHs with high relative molecular masses in the effluent of WWTPs pose more serious environmental hazards than their PAHs counterparts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Songliao Aquatic Environment, Ministry of Education, Jilin Jianzhu University, 5088 Xincheng Street, Changchun, 130118, China.
| | - Kaixuan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Songliao Aquatic Environment, Ministry of Education, Jilin Jianzhu University, 5088 Xincheng Street, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Shifeng Qian
- Key Laboratory of Songliao Aquatic Environment, Ministry of Education, Jilin Jianzhu University, 5088 Xincheng Street, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Su Wang
- Key Laboratory of Songliao Aquatic Environment, Ministry of Education, Jilin Jianzhu University, 5088 Xincheng Street, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Fengxiang Li
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria at Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China.
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Oxygenated and Nitrated Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons: Sources, Quantification, Incidence, Toxicity, and Fate in Soil—A Review Study. Processes (Basel) 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/pr11010052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The genotoxicity, mutagenesis, and carcinogenic effects of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) derivatives may exceed the parent PAHs. However, their influence on the soil environment has not been explored to a large extent. Oxygenated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (OPAHs) and nitrated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (NPAHs) are typical polar substituted compounds. We offer a review of the literature on the sources, quantification, incidence, toxicity, and transport of these compounds in soil. Although their environmental concentrations are lower than those of their parent compounds, they exert higher toxicity. Both types of substances are basically related to carcinogenesis. OPAHs are not enzymatically activated and can generate reactive oxygen species in biological cells, while NPAHs have been shown to be mutagenic, genotoxic, and cytotoxic. These compounds are largely derived from the transformation of PAHs, but they behave differently in soil because of their higher molecular weight and dissimilar adsorption mechanisms. Therefore, specialized knowledge of model derivatives is required. We also made recommendations for future directions based on existing research. It is expected that the review will trigger scientific discussions and provide a research basis for further study on PAH derivatives in the soil environment.
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Qiao M, Qi W, Liu H, Qu J. Oxygenated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the surface water environment: Occurrence, ecotoxicity, and sources. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2022; 163:107232. [PMID: 35427839 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2022.107232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Oxygenated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (OPAHs) have been ubiquitously detected in atmospheric, soil, sediment, and water environments, some of which show higher concentrations and toxicities than the parent polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). The occurrence, source, fate, risks and methods of analysis for OPAHs in the atmosphere, soil, and the whole environment (comprising the atmosphere, soil, water, and biota) have been reviewed, but reviews focusing on OPAHs in the water environment have been lacking. Due to the higher polarity and water solubility of OPAHs than PAHs, OPAHs exist preferentially in water environments. In this review, the occurrence, ecological toxicity and source of OPAHs in surface water environments are investigated in detail. Most OPAHs show higher concentrations than the corresponding PAHs in surface water environments. OPAHs pose non-ignorable ecological risks to surface water ecosystems. Wastewater treatment plant effluent, atmospheric deposition, surface runoff, photochemical and microbiological transformation, and sediment release are possible sources for OPAHs in surface water. This review will fill important knowledge gaps on the migration and transformation of typical OPAHs in multiple media and their environmental impact on surface water environments. Further studies on OPAHs in the surface environment, including their ecotoxicity with the co-existing PAHs and mass flows of OPAHs from atmospheric deposition, surface runoff, transformation from PAHs, and sediment release, are also encouraged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Qiao
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Weixiao Qi
- Center for Water and Ecology, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Huijuan Liu
- Center for Water and Ecology, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jiuhui Qu
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; Center for Water and Ecology, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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Zhu Y, Liang B, Xia W, Gao M, Zheng H, Chen J, Chen Y, Tian M. Assessing potential risks of aquatic polycyclic aromatic compounds via multiple approaches: A case study in Jialing and Yangtze Rivers in downtown Chongqing, China. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 294:118620. [PMID: 34864101 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.118620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
To better evaluate the potential risks of aquatic polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs), multiple approaches have been implemented in this study to assess the human health and ecological risks of parent, nitrated and oxygenated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs, NPAHs and OPAHs) in the surface water of Jialing and Yangtze Rivers in downtown Chongqing in southwestern China. The concentrations of ∑PAHs (334 ± 125 ng L-1) were much higher than those of ∑OPAHs (20.2 ± 7.49 ng L-1) in the two rivers, while NPAHs were barely detected. Concentrations of detected PACs were higher in wet season than dry season, probably resulted from the elevated particle input due to heavy rainfall in wet season. Concentrations of PAHs were higher in the particulate phase than dissolved phase, while OPAHs levels showed a reverse pattern. The partition coefficients (Kp) of PACs in the water-SPM (suspended particulate matter) system were mainly affected by SPM concentrations and octanol/water partition coefficients of specific PACs. Human health risks calculated from non-probabilistic risk assessment model and probabilistic risk assessment model based on Monte Carlo simulation showed similar data pattern with slight difference in absolute values. Both models revealed potential or even severe human health risks contributed mainly by dermal exposure to aquatic PACs in this study. Furthermore, these models also manifested that infant stage was highly sensitive for PAC exposure. Sensitivity analysis indicated that health risk results was most sensitive to Benzo[a]pyrene equivalent toxic concentration (BaPeq), followed by showering time and daily water intake volume. Levels of ecological risks and contributions of individual PACs differed from models based on different quality values. The adequacy of toxicity data was crucial for the reliability of ecological risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunxi Zhu
- College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400045, China
| | - Bo Liang
- Materials Quality Supervision & Inspection Research Center, Chongqing Academy of Metrology and Quality Inspection, Chongqing, 401123, China
| | - Weiwei Xia
- College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400045, China
| | - Min Gao
- Research Center for Atmospheric Environment, Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, 400714, China
| | - Haojun Zheng
- College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400045, China
| | - Jing Chen
- College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400045, China
| | - Yang Chen
- Research Center for Atmospheric Environment, Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, 400714, China
| | - Mi Tian
- College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400045, China; Key Laboratory of Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400045, China.
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Queiroz RN, Prediger P, Vieira MGA. Adsorption of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from wastewater using graphene-based nanomaterials synthesized by conventional chemistry and green synthesis: A critical review. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 422:126904. [PMID: 34418840 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.126904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are organic pollutants formed mainly by the incomplete combustion of organic matter, such as oil, gas and coal. The presence of PAHs can cause irreparable damage to the environment and living beings, which has generated a global concern with the short and long term risks that the emission of these pollutants can cause. Many technologies have been developed in the last decades aiming at the identification and treatment of these compounds, mainly, the PAHs from wastewater. This review features an overview of studies on the main methods of PAHs remediation from wastewater, highlighting the adsorption processes, through the application of different adsorbent nanomaterials, with a main focus on graphene-based nanomaterials, synthesized by conventional and green routes. Batch and fixed-bed adsorptive processes were evaluated, as well as, the mechanisms associated with such processes, based on kinetic, equilibrium and thermodynamic studies. Based on the studies analyzed in this review, green nanomaterials showed higher efficiency in removing PAHs than the conventional nanomaterials. As perspectives for future research, the use of green nanomaterials has shown to be sustainable and promising for PAHs remediation, so that further studies are needed to overcome the possible challenges and limitations of green synthesis methodologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Nóbrega Queiroz
- Process and Product Development Department, School of Chemical Engineering, University of Campinas - UNICAMP, Albert Einstein Avenue, 500, 13083-852 Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Patrícia Prediger
- School of Technology, University of Campinas - UNICAMP, 13484-332 Limeira, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Melissa Gurgel Adeodato Vieira
- Process and Product Development Department, School of Chemical Engineering, University of Campinas - UNICAMP, Albert Einstein Avenue, 500, 13083-852 Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Zeng X, Liu Y, Xu L, Hu Q, Hu J, Yu Z. Co-occurrence and potential ecological risk of parent and oxygenated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in coastal sediments of the Taiwan Strait. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2021; 173:113093. [PMID: 34744012 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2021.113093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Thirty-two surface sediment samples, collected from the Taiwan Strait (TWS), were investigated for the occurrence, composition profile, and spatial distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and oxygenated PAHs (OPAHs). PAHs were ubiquity in the TWS with a total concentration (∑PAHs, excluding naphthalene due to its high volatility) ranging from 17.8-213 ng g-1. Benzo[b] fluoranthene, fluoranthene, phenanthrene, and pyrene were the predominant PAHs. Also, eight OPAHs were detected, having a cumulative concentration range (∑OPAHs) of 10.5-118 ng g-1, predominated by anthraquinone and 6H-Benzo[c,d]Pyren-6-one. Higher concentrations of ∑PAHs and ∑OPAHs were detected at sampling sites adjacent to the mainland and in the northwest part of the TWS. The results suggested important continental input, and particle sedimentation under the specific hydrodynamic conditions of the region. Based on the measured concentrations and sediment quality guidelines, PAHs had a limited ecological impact on the area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangying Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Yi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Guangzhou 510640, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Liang Xu
- Jiangxi Academy of Eco-environmental Sciences and Planning, Nanchang 330039, China
| | - Qiongpu Hu
- Hangzhou PuYu Technology Development Co., Ltd, Hangzhou 311305, China
| | - Jianfang Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Zhiqiang Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Guangzhou 510640, China
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Saber AN, Zhang H, Islam A, Yang M. Occurrence, fates, and carcinogenic risks of substituted polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in two coking wastewater treatment systems. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 789:147808. [PMID: 34058590 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.147808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2021] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
This paper reports for the first time the occurrence, fates, and carcinogenic risks of 20 substituted polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (SPAHs) and 16 priority PAH species in two coking wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) (plant E and central WWTP). The measured total concentrations of PAHs and SPAHs in raw wastewater of coking plant E were 3700 and 1200 μg·L-1, respectively, with naphthalene (1400 μg·L-1), and fluoranthene (353 μg·L-1) as dominant PAH species and 2-methylnaphthalene (167 μg·L-1), anthraquinone (133 μg·L-1), and 1-methylnaphthalene (132 μg·L-1) as dominant SPAHs. For the 11 methyl-PAHs (MPAHs), 4 oxygenated-PAHs (OPAHs), and 5 nitrated-PAHs (NPAHs) investigated, the biological wastewater treatment process removed 98.6% MPAHs, 83.9% OPAHs, and 89.1% NPAHs. Mass balance analysis result revealed that transformation was the major mechanism to remove low-molecular-weight (LMW) MPAHs (59.9-77.3%), a large part of OPAHs, including anthraquinone, methylanthraquinone, and 9-fluorenone (46.7-49.6%), and some NPAHs, including 2-nitrofluorene and 9-nitroanthrancene (52.9-59.1%). Adsorption by activated sludge mainly accounted for removing high-molecular-weight (HMW) SPAHs (59.6-71.01%). The relatively high concentrations of SPAHs in excess sludge (15,000 μg·g-1) and treated effluent (104 μg·L-1) are of great concern for their potential adverse ecological impacts. SPAHS exhibited similar behaviors in central WWTP, though the influent concentrations were much lower. The concentration levels of SPAHs in the ambient air of coking plant E and central WWTP may also pose potential lung cancer risks (LCR) to the workers through inhalation, where all studied SPAHs except 3-nitrofluoranthene and 7-nitrobenz[a]anthracene exceeded the acceptable cancer risk standards (>10-6) recommended by U.S EPA. This study could help identify the ecological and healthy risks during coking wastewater treatment and provide useful information for policy-making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayman N Saber
- National Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Wastewater Treatment, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Pesticide Residues and Environmental Pollution Department, Central Agricultural Pesticide Laboratory, Agricultural Research Center, Dokki, Giza 12618, Egypt.
| | - Haifeng Zhang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Wastewater Treatment, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Ashraful Islam
- National Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Wastewater Treatment, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Min Yang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Wastewater Treatment, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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Liu B, Zhang SG, Chang CC. Emerging pollutants-Part II: Treatment. WATER ENVIRONMENT RESEARCH : A RESEARCH PUBLICATION OF THE WATER ENVIRONMENT FEDERATION 2020; 92:1603-1617. [PMID: 32706436 DOI: 10.1002/wer.1407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Emerging pollutants (EPs) refer to a class of pollutants, which are emerging in the environment or recently attracted attention. EPs mainly include pharmaceutical and personal care products (PPCPs), endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs), and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs). EPs have potential threats to human health and ecological environment. In recent years, the continuous detections of EPs in surface and ground water have brought huge challenges to water treatment and also made the treatment of EPs become an international research hotspot. This paper summarizes some research results on EPs treatment published in 2019. This paper may be helpful to understand the current situations and development trends of EP treatment technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Liu
- Institute for Advanced Materials and Technology, University of Science and Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Shen-Gen Zhang
- Institute for Advanced Materials and Technology, University of Science and Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Chein-Chi Chang
- Department of Engineering and Technical Services, DC Water and Sewer Authority, Washington, District of Columbia
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Lee HS, Hur J, Lee DH, Schlautman MA, Shin HS. Removal of 1,4-Naphthoquinone by Birnessite-Catalyzed Oxidation: Effect of Phenolic Mediators and the Reaction Pathway. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17134853. [PMID: 32640542 PMCID: PMC7370181 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17134853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the birnessite (δ-MnO2) catalyzed oxidative removal of 1,4-naphthoquinone (1,4-NPQ) in the presence of phenolic mediators; specifically, the kinetics of 1,4-NPQ removal under various conditions was examined, and the reaction pathway of 1,4-NPQ was verified by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The removal rate of 1,4-NPQ by birnessite-catalyzed oxidation (pH = 5) was faster in the presence of phenolic mediators with electron-donating substituents (pseudo-first-order initial stage rate constant (k1) = 0.380-0.733 h-1) than with electron-withdrawing substituents (k1 = 0.071-0.244 h-1), and the effect on the substituents showed a positive correlation with the Hammett constant (Σσ) (r2 = 0.85, p < 0.001). The rate constants obtained using variable birnessite loadings (0.1-1.0 g L-1), catechol concentrations (0.1-1.0 mM), and reaction sequences indicate that phenolic mediators are the major limiting factor for the cross-coupling reaction of 1,4-NPQ in the initial reaction stages, whereas the birnessite-catalyzed surface reaction acts as the major limiting factor in the later reaction stages. This was explained by the operation of two different reaction mechanisms and reaction products identified by LC-MS/MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han-Saem Lee
- Department of Environment Energy Engineering, Seoul National University of Science & Technology, Seoul 01811, Korea;
| | - Jin Hur
- Department of Environment & Energy, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Korea;
| | - Doo-Hee Lee
- Mass Spectrometer Laboratory, National Instrumentation Center for Environmental Management, Seoul 08826, Korea;
| | - Mark A. Schlautman
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Earth Science, Clemson University, Clemson, SA 29634, USA;
| | - Hyun-Sang Shin
- Department of Environment Energy Engineering, Seoul National University of Science & Technology, Seoul 01811, Korea;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-2-970-6625
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Qiao M, Fu L, Li Z, Liu D, Bai Y, Zhao X. Distribution and ecological risk of substituted and parent polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in surface waters of the Bai, Chao, and Chaobai rivers in northern China. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 257:113600. [PMID: 31748130 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Revised: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Like their parent polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), substituted polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (SPAHs), including methyl PAHs (MPAHs), oxygenated PAHs (OPAHs), and chlorinated PAHs (ClPAHs), exist ubiquitously in urban and agricultural rivers. Although laboratory studies have found the biological toxicities of certain SPAHs to be higher than that of their parent PAHs, the ecological risk of SPAHs in rivers has been largely ignored. Here, we studied the distribution, source and transport of PAHs and SPAHs as well as ecological risks in the Chaobai River System, which experiences a high level of anthropogenic activity. The results show that the concentration of ΣOPAHs (321 ± 651 ng/L) was higher than that of ΣPAHs (158 ± 105 ng/L), ΣMPAHs (28 ± 22 ng/L), and ΣClPAHs (30 ± 12 ng/L). We also found that (S)PAHs in Chaobai River mainly originated from Beiyun River (53%-65%), which receives considerable municipal wastewater treatment plant effluent from Beijing. The major transport pathway of (S)PAHs from Chaobai River was likely for irrigation (83%-86%) and transportation into Yongdingxin River (13%-16%), which finally merged into the Bohai Sea. The mixed chronic risk of (S)PAHs (risk quotient = 45 ± 53) was higher than the mixed acute risk (risk quotient = 1.9 ± 1.4), with all sites facing chronic risk and 90% of sites experiencing acute risk. Although the chronic and acute risks of (S)PAHs to plants, invertebrates, and vertebrates were mainly from PAHs (97.5% to chronic risk and 96.5% to acute), SPAHs still posed a chronic risk to invertebrates and vertebrates (risk quotient > 1). Accordingly, the ecological risk of (S)PAHs in Chaobai River should be taken into consideration for ecosystem protection. The transmission of PAHs and SPAHs from Chaobai River may also pose potential risks to farmland through irrigation, as well as to the Bohai Sea via river water discharge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Qiao
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; Key Laboratory of Eco-restoration of Regional Contaminated Environment (Shenyang University), Ministry of Education, Shenyang 110044, China
| | - Lujing Fu
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Zhuorong Li
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Dongqing Liu
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Yaohui Bai
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Xu Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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