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Cui Y, Liu B, Yang Y, Kang S, Wang F, Xu M, Wang W, Feng Y, Hopke PK. Primary and oxidative source analyses of consumed VOCs in the atmosphere. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 476:134894. [PMID: 38909463 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.134894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2024] [Revised: 05/27/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024]
Abstract
Consumed VOCs are the compounds that have reacted to form ozone and secondary organic aerosol (SOA) in the atmosphere. An approach that can apportion the contributions of primary sources and reactions to the consumed VOCs was developed in this study and applied to hourly VOCs data from June to August 2022 measured in Shijiazhuang, China. The results showed that petrochemical industries (36.9 % and 51.7 %) and oxidation formation (20.6 % and 35.6 %) provided the largest contributions to consumed VOCs and OVOCs during the study period, whereas natural gas (5.0 % and 7.6 %) and the mixed source of liquefied petroleum gas and solvent use (3.1 % and 4.2 %) had the relatively low contributions. Compared to the non-O3 pollution (NOP) period, the contributions of oxidation formation, petrochemical industries, and the mixed source of gas evaporation and vehicle emissions to the consumed VOCs during the O3 pollution (OP) period increased by 2.8, 3.8, and 9.3 times, respectively. The differences in contributions of liquified petroleum gas and solvent use, natural gas, and combustion sources to consumed VOCs between OP and NOP periods were relatively small. Transport of petrochemical industries emissions from the southeast to the study site was the primary consumed pathway for VOCs emitted from petrochemical industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaqi Cui
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control & Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Transport Emission Research, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China; CMA-NKU Cooperative Laboratory for Atmospheric Environment-Health Research, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Baoshuang Liu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control & Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Transport Emission Research, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China; CMA-NKU Cooperative Laboratory for Atmospheric Environment-Health Research, Tianjin 300350, China.
| | - Yufeng Yang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control & Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Transport Emission Research, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China; CMA-NKU Cooperative Laboratory for Atmospheric Environment-Health Research, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Sicong Kang
- Beijing Make Environment Science & Technology Co., Ltd., Beijing 100083, China
| | - Fuquan Wang
- Beijing Make Environment Science & Technology Co., Ltd., Beijing 100083, China
| | - Man Xu
- Shijiazhuang Environmental Prediction Center, Shijiazhuang 050022, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Shijiazhuang Environmental Prediction Center, Shijiazhuang 050022, China
| | - Yinchang Feng
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control & Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Transport Emission Research, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China; CMA-NKU Cooperative Laboratory for Atmospheric Environment-Health Research, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Philip K Hopke
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642, USA; Institute for a Sustainable Environment, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY 13699, USA
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Scarfone A, Cammerata A, Romano E, Vinciguerra V, Marabottini R, Gallucci F, Paris E, Carnevale M, Vincenti B, Palma A, Bergonzoli S. Effects of ground transport on the presence of heavy metals in selected honeybee products. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:43037-43048. [PMID: 38888827 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-33982-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
Honeybees are insects very sensitive to environmental pollution and at the same time very good indicators of the pollution levels for certain types of pollutants. The morphology and ethology of these insects make them perfect vectors for dust and substances, including heavy metals produced by anthropic activities or naturally generated and deposited on foraged flora. When bees are raised to produce foods such as honey and pollen, they can easily transfer pollutants collected from contaminated flower affecting the quality of these products. However, depending on geographical location of the apiaries and their distance from pollution sources, the risk to contaminate bee products can be higher or lower requiring deep investigations. In this study, two apiaries were built near ground transport infrastructures and used as monitoring stations for investigating heavy metal presence in beehive products such as bee wax, pollen, and honey. Another apiary was placed between these two locations at a distance of 500 m from each one and used as central node to asses possible diffusion trends. Parallel, air quality was monitored in the proximity of each apiary to verify the air pollution of the environments close to these sites. The results of the study suggest that the presence of the highway and the train station affected the levels of heavy metal presence in the apiary products. Air quality near apiaries was also negatively affected by ground transport, especially in proximity of the highway. Wax resulted significantly more polluted in the apiary close to train station with elements such as Al, Zn, and Ni, while honey and pollen were significantly more polluted in the proximity of the highway with elements such as Al, Fe, Cu, and Zn. Honey was the product suffering less the contamination by heavy metals while pollen was the worse. In conclusion, the presence of transportation nodes determined a higher accumulation of heavy metals in beehive products respect the apiary placed in between, suggesting to pay particular attention in the site selection for the placement of apiaries to protect both bees and human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Scarfone
- Centro Di Ricerca Ingegneria E Trasformazioni Agroalimentari (CREA-IT), Consiglio Per La Ricerca in Agricoltura E L'Analisi Dell'Economia Agraria, Via Della Pascolare 16, 00015, Monterotondo, Rome, Italy.
| | - Alessandro Cammerata
- Centro Di Ricerca Ingegneria E Trasformazioni Agroalimentari (CREA-IT), Consiglio Per La Ricerca in Agricoltura E L'Analisi Dell'Economia Agraria, Via Della Pascolare 16, 00015, Monterotondo, Rome, Italy
| | - Elio Romano
- Centro Di Ricerca Ingegneria E Trasformazioni Agroalimentari (CREA-IT), Consiglio Per La Ricerca in Agricoltura E L'Analisi Dell'Economia Agraria, Via Della Pascolare 16, 00015, Monterotondo, Rome, Italy
| | - Vittorio Vinciguerra
- Dipartimento Per La Innovazione Nei Sistemi Biologici, Agroalimentari E Forestali (DIBAF), Università Degli Studi Della Tuscia Viterbo, Viterbo, Italy
| | - Rosita Marabottini
- Dipartimento Per La Innovazione Nei Sistemi Biologici, Agroalimentari E Forestali (DIBAF), Università Degli Studi Della Tuscia Viterbo, Viterbo, Italy
| | - Francesco Gallucci
- Centro Di Ricerca Ingegneria E Trasformazioni Agroalimentari (CREA-IT), Consiglio Per La Ricerca in Agricoltura E L'Analisi Dell'Economia Agraria, Via Della Pascolare 16, 00015, Monterotondo, Rome, Italy
| | - Enrico Paris
- Centro Di Ricerca Ingegneria E Trasformazioni Agroalimentari (CREA-IT), Consiglio Per La Ricerca in Agricoltura E L'Analisi Dell'Economia Agraria, Via Della Pascolare 16, 00015, Monterotondo, Rome, Italy
| | - Monica Carnevale
- Centro Di Ricerca Ingegneria E Trasformazioni Agroalimentari (CREA-IT), Consiglio Per La Ricerca in Agricoltura E L'Analisi Dell'Economia Agraria, Via Della Pascolare 16, 00015, Monterotondo, Rome, Italy
| | - Beatrice Vincenti
- Centro Di Ricerca Ingegneria E Trasformazioni Agroalimentari (CREA-IT), Consiglio Per La Ricerca in Agricoltura E L'Analisi Dell'Economia Agraria, Via Della Pascolare 16, 00015, Monterotondo, Rome, Italy
| | - Adriano Palma
- Centro Di Ricerca Ingegneria E Trasformazioni Agroalimentari (CREA-IT), Consiglio Per La Ricerca in Agricoltura E L'Analisi Dell'Economia Agraria, Via Della Pascolare 16, 00015, Monterotondo, Rome, Italy
| | - Simone Bergonzoli
- Centro Di Ricerca Ingegneria E Trasformazioni Agroalimentari (CREA-IT), Consiglio Per La Ricerca in Agricoltura E L'Analisi Dell'Economia Agraria, Via Della Pascolare 16, 00015, Monterotondo, Rome, Italy
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Lee SJ, Prithiviraj B, Lee HY, Kim SJ, Seo YK, Kim H, Choi SD. Geographic information system-based determination of priority monitoring areas for hazardous air pollutants in an industrial city. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2024; 196:506. [PMID: 38702588 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-024-12626-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024]
Abstract
Industrial cities are hotspots for many hazardous air pollutants (HAPs), which are detrimental to human health. We devised an identification method to determine priority HAP monitoring areas using a comprehensive approach involving monitoring, modeling, and demographics. The methodology to identify the priority HAP monitoring area consists of two parts: (1) mapping the spatial distribution of selected categories relevant to the target pollutant and (2) integrating the distribution maps of various categories and subsequent scoring. The identification method was applied in Ulsan, the largest industrial city in South Korea, to identify priority HAP monitoring areas. Four categories related to HAPs were used in the method: (1) concentrations of HAPs, (2) amount of HAP emissions, (3) the contribution of industrial activities, and (4) population density in the city. This method can be used to select priority HAP monitoring areas for intensive monitoring campaigns, cohort studies, and epidemiological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Jin Lee
- Department of Civil, Urban, Earth, and Environmental Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Balasubramanian Prithiviraj
- Department of Civil, Urban, Earth, and Environmental Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho-Young Lee
- Department of Civil, Urban, Earth, and Environmental Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-Joon Kim
- Department of Civil, Urban, Earth, and Environmental Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Kyo Seo
- Air Quality Research Division, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon, 22689, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunjoo Kim
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Ewha Womans University Mokdong Hospital, Seoul, 07985, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Deuk Choi
- Department of Civil, Urban, Earth, and Environmental Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea.
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Lee SJ, Lee HY, Kim SJ, Kim NK, Jo M, Song CK, Kim H, Kang HJ, Seo YK, Shin HJ, Choi SD. Mapping the spatial distribution of primary and secondary PM 2.5 in a multi-industrial city by combining monitoring and modeling results. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 348:123774. [PMID: 38499174 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.123774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Revised: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 03/10/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
Industrial cities are strongly influenced by primary emissions of PM2.5 from local industries. In addition, gaseous precursors, such as sulfur oxides (SOX), nitrogen oxides (NOX), and volatile organic compounds (VOCs), emitted from industrial sources, undergo conversion into secondary inorganic and organic aerosols (SIAs and SOAs). In this study, the spatial distributions of primary and secondary PM2.5 in Ulsan, the largest industrial city in South Korea, were visualized. PM2.5 components (ions, carbons, and metals) and PM2.5 precursors (SO2, NO2, NH3, and VOCs) were measured to estimate the concentrations of secondary inorganic ions (SO42-, NO3-, and NH4+) and secondary organic aerosol formation potential (SOAFP). The spatial distributions of SIAs and SOAs were then plotted by combining atmospheric dispersion modeling, receptor modeling, and monitoring data. Spatial distribution maps of primary and secondary PM2.5 provide fundamental insights for formulating management policies in different districts of Ulsan. For instance, among the five districts in Ulsan, Nam-gu exhibited the highest levels of primary PM2.5 and secondary nitrate. Consequently, controlling both PM2.5 and NO2 emissions becomes essential in this district. The methodology developed in this study successfully identified areas with dominant contributions from both primary emissions and secondary formation. This approach can be further applied to prioritize control measures during periods of elevated PM levels in other industrial cities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Jin Lee
- Department of Civil, Urban, Earth, and Environmental Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho-Young Lee
- Department of Civil, Urban, Earth, and Environmental Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-Joon Kim
- Department of Civil, Urban, Earth, and Environmental Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Nam-Kyu Kim
- Department of Civil, Urban, Earth, and Environmental Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Minjae Jo
- Department of Civil, Urban, Earth, and Environmental Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Keun Song
- Department of Civil, Urban, Earth, and Environmental Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea; Research and Management Center for Particulate Matter in the Southeast Region of Korea, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea; Graduate School of Carbon Neutrality, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyoseon Kim
- Air Quality Research Division, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon, 22689, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Jung Kang
- Air Quality Research Division, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon, 22689, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Kyo Seo
- Air Quality Research Division, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon, 22689, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye-Jung Shin
- Air Quality Research Division, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon, 22689, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Deuk Choi
- Department of Civil, Urban, Earth, and Environmental Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea; Research and Management Center for Particulate Matter in the Southeast Region of Korea, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea.
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5
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Kim SJ, Lee HY, Lee SJ, Choi SD. Passive air sampling of VOCs, O 3, NO 2, and SO 2 in the large industrial city of Ulsan, South Korea: spatial-temporal variations, source identification, and ozone formation potential. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:125478-125491. [PMID: 37999843 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-31109-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
Concerns about volatile organic compounds (VOCs) have increased due to their toxicity and secondary reaction with nitrogen oxides (NOX) to form ozone (O3). In this study, passive air sampling of VOCs, O3, NO2, and SO2 was conducted in summer, fall, winter, and spring from 2019 to 2020 at six industrial and ten urban sites in Ulsan, the largest industrial city in South Korea. Over the entire sampling period, the concentration of toluene (mean: 8.75 μg/m3) was the highest of the 50 target VOCs, followed by m,p-xylenes (4.52 μg/m3), ethylbenzene (4.48 μg/m3), 3-methylpentane (4.40 μg/m3), and n-octane (4.26 μg/m3). Total (Σ50) VOC levels did not statistically differ between seasons, indicating that large amounts of VOCs are emitted into the atmosphere throughout the year. On the other hand, O3, NO2, and SO2 exhibited strong seasonal variation depending on the meteorological conditions and emission sources. The spatial distribution of Σ50 VOCs, NO2, and SO2 indicated that industrial complexes were major sources in Ulsan, while O3 had the opposite spatial distribution. Using a positive matrix factorization model, five major sources were identified, with industrial effects dominant. Aromatic compounds, such as m,p,o-xylenes, toluene, and 1,2,4-trimethylbenzene, significantly contributed to O3 formation. The VOC/NO2 ratio and O3 concentrations suggested that reducing VOC emissions is more effective than reducing NO2 emissions in terms of preventing the secondary formation of O3. The findings of this study allow for a better understanding of the relationship between VOCs, O3, NO2, and SO2 in industrial cities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seong-Joon Kim
- Department of Civil, Urban, Earth, and Environmental Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho-Young Lee
- Department of Civil, Urban, Earth, and Environmental Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Jin Lee
- Department of Civil, Urban, Earth, and Environmental Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Deuk Choi
- Department of Civil, Urban, Earth, and Environmental Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea.
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Wu Y, Liu B, Meng H, Dai Q, Shi L, Song S, Feng Y, Hopke PK. Changes in source apportioned VOCs during high O 3 periods using initial VOC-concentration-dispersion normalized PMF. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 896:165182. [PMID: 37385502 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Revised: 06/11/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023]
Abstract
Ambient volatile organic compounds (VOCs) concentrations are affected by emissions, dispersion, and chemistry. This work developed an initial concentration-dispersion normalized PMF (ICDN-PMF) to reflect the changes in source emissions. The effects of photochemical losses for VOC species were corrected by estimating the initial data, and then applying dispersion normalization to reduce the impacts of atmospheric dispersion. Hourly speciated VOC data measured in Qingdao from March to May 2020 were utilized to test the method and had assessed its effectiveness. Underestimated solvent use and biogenic emissions contributions due to photochemical losses during the O3 pollution (OP) period reached 4.4 and 3.8 times the non-O3 pollution (NOP) period values, respectively. Increased solvent use contribution due to air dispersion during the OP period was 4.6 times the change in the NOP period. The influence of chemical conversion and air dispersion on the gasoline and diesel vehicle emissions was not apparent during either period. The ICDN-PMF results suggested that biogenic emissions (23.1 %), solvent use (23.0 %), motor-vehicle emissions (17.1 %), and natural gas and diesel evaporation (15.8 %) contributed most to ambient VOCs during the OP period. Biogenic emissions and solvent use contributions during the OP period increased by 187 % and 135 % compared with the NOP period, respectively, whereas that of liquefied petroleum gas substantially decreased during the OP period. Controlling solvent use and motor-vehicles could be effective in controlling VOCs in the OP period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutong Wu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control & Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Transport Emission Research, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China; CMA-NKU Cooperative Laboratory for Atmospheric Environment-Health Research, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Baoshuang Liu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control & Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Transport Emission Research, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China; CMA-NKU Cooperative Laboratory for Atmospheric Environment-Health Research, Tianjin 300350, China.
| | - He Meng
- Qingdao Eco-environment Monitoring Center of Shandong Province, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Qili Dai
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control & Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Transport Emission Research, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China; CMA-NKU Cooperative Laboratory for Atmospheric Environment-Health Research, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Laiyuan Shi
- Qingdao Eco-environment Monitoring Center of Shandong Province, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Shaojie Song
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control & Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Transport Emission Research, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China; CMA-NKU Cooperative Laboratory for Atmospheric Environment-Health Research, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Yinchang Feng
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control & Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Transport Emission Research, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China; CMA-NKU Cooperative Laboratory for Atmospheric Environment-Health Research, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Philip K Hopke
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642, USA; Institute for a Sustainable Environment, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY 13699, USA
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Kim SJ, Lee SJ, Lee HY, Son JM, Lim HB, Kim HW, Shin HJ, Lee JY, Choi SD. Characteristics of volatile organic compounds in the metropolitan city of Seoul, South Korea: Diurnal variation, source identification, secondary formation of organic aerosol, and health risk. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 838:156344. [PMID: 35654203 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.156344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in Seoul, the capital of South Korea, have attracted increased attention owing to their emission, secondary formation, and human health risk. In this study, we collected 24 hourly samples once a month at an urban site in Seoul for a year (a total of 288 samples) using a sequential tube sampler. Analysis results revealed that toluene (9.08 ± 8.99 μg/m3) exhibited the highest annual mean concentration, followed by ethyl acetate (5.55 ± 9.09 μg/m3), m,p-xylenes (2.79 ± 4.57 μg/m3), benzene (2.37 ± 1.55 μg/m3), ethylbenzene (1.81 ± 2.27 μg/m3), and o-xylene (0.91 ± 1.47 μg/m3), indicating that these compounds accounted for 77.8-85.6% of the seasonal mean concentrations of the total (Σ59) VOCs. The concentrations of the Σ59 VOCs were statistically higher in spring and winter than in summer and fall because of meteorological conditions, and the concentrations of individual VOCs were higher during the daytime than nighttime owing to higher human activities during the daytime. The conditional bivariate probability function and concentration weighted trajectory analysis results suggested that domestic effects (e.g., vehicular exhaust and solvents) exhibited a dominant effect on the presence of VOCs in Seoul, as well as long-range atmospheric transport of VOCs. Further, the most important secondary organic aerosol formation potential (SOAFP) compounds included benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and m,p,o-xylenes, and the total SOAFP of nine VOCs accounted for 5-29% of the seasonal mean PM2.5 concentrations. The cancer and non-cancer risks of the selected VOCs were below the tolerable (1 × 10-4) and acceptable (Hazard quotient: HQ < 1) levels, respectively. Overall, this study highlighted the feasibility of the sequential sampling of VOCs and hybrid receptor modeling to further understand the source-receptor relationship of VOCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seong-Joon Kim
- Department of Urban and Environmental Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Jin Lee
- Department of Urban and Environmental Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho-Young Lee
- Department of Urban and Environmental Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Min Son
- Department of Urban and Environmental Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung-Bae Lim
- Air Quality Research Division, National Institute of Environmental Research (NIER), Incheon 22689, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeon-Woong Kim
- Air Quality Research Division, National Institute of Environmental Research (NIER), Incheon 22689, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye-Jung Shin
- Air Quality Research Division, National Institute of Environmental Research (NIER), Incheon 22689, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Yi Lee
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Deuk Choi
- Department of Urban and Environmental Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea.
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Chen D, Liu R, Lin Q, Ma S, Li G, Yu Y, Zhang C, An T. Volatile organic compounds in an e-waste dismantling region: From spatial-seasonal variation to human health impact. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 275:130022. [PMID: 33647682 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.130022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The dismantling of electrical and electronic waste (e-waste) can release various Volatile organic compounds (VOCs), impacting the surrounding ambient environment. We investigated the spatio-temporal characteristics and health risks of the ambient VOCs emitted in a typical e-waste dismantling region by conducting multi-site sampling campaigns in four seasons. The pollution of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes (BTEX) in the e-waste dismantling park has relation to e-waste dismantling by seasonal trend analysis. The highest concentrations of most VOCs occurred in winter and autumn, while the lowest levels were observed in summer and spring. The spatial distribution map revealed the e-waste dismantling park to be a hotspot of BTEX, 1,2-dichloropropane (1,2-DCP), and 1,2-dichloroethane (1,2-DCA), while two major residential areas were also the hotspots of BTEX. The e-waste emission source contributed 20.14% to the total VOCs in the e-waste dismantling park, while it was absent in the major residential and rural areas. The cancer risk assessment showed that six VOCs exceeded 1.0 × 10-6 in the e-waste dismantling park, while only three or four compounds exceeded this risk in other areas. The noncancer risks of all compounds were below the safety threshold. This study supplements the existing knowledge on VOC pollution from e-waste dismantling and expands the research scope of chemical pollution caused by e-waste.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daijin Chen
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Ranran Liu
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Qinhao Lin
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Guangdong Technology Research Center for Photocatalytic Technology Integration and Equipment Engineering, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Shengtao Ma
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Guangdong Technology Research Center for Photocatalytic Technology Integration and Equipment Engineering, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Guiying Li
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Guangdong Technology Research Center for Photocatalytic Technology Integration and Equipment Engineering, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Yingxin Yu
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Guangdong Technology Research Center for Photocatalytic Technology Integration and Equipment Engineering, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Chaosheng Zhang
- GIS Centre, Ryan Institute and School of Geography and Archaeology, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - Taicheng An
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Guangdong Technology Research Center for Photocatalytic Technology Integration and Equipment Engineering, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
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9
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Occurrence, Potential Sources, and Risk Assessment of Volatile Organic Compounds in the Han River Basin, South Korea. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18073727. [PMID: 33918372 PMCID: PMC8038302 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18073727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
Abstract
Increasing public awareness about the aesthetics and safety of water sources has shifted researchers’ attention to the adverse effects of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) on humans and aquatic organisms. A total of 17 VOCs, including 10 volatile halogenated hydrocarbons and seven volatile non-halogenated hydrocarbons, were investigated at 36 sites of the Han River Basin, which is the largest and most important drinking water source for residents of the Seoul metropolitan area and Gyeonggi province in South Korea. The VOC concentrations ranged from below detection limits to 1.813 µg L−1. The most frequently detected VOC was 1,2-dichloropropane, with a detection frequency of 80.56%, as it is used as a soil fumigant, chemical intermediate, and industrial solvent. In terms of geographical trends, the sampling sites that were under the influence of sewage and industrial wastewater treatment plants were more polluted with VOCs than other areas. This observation was also supported by the results of the principal component analysis. In the present study, the detected concentrations of VOCs were much lower than that of the predicted no-effect concentrations, suggesting low ecological risk in the Han River. However, a lack of available ecotoxicity data and limited comparable studies warrants further studies on these compounds.
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Dörter M, Odabasi M, Yenisoy-Karakaş S. Source apportionment of biogenic and anthropogenic VOCs in Bolu plateau. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 731:139201. [PMID: 32402909 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Revised: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 05/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Total of 69 volatile organic compounds (VOCs) including both biogenic (isoprene, monoterpenes and oxygenated compounds) and anthropogenic ones were investigated in Bolu plateau by passive sampling technique. The main objective of this study was to determine spatial distributions, seasonal variations and possible sources for a wide variety of VOCs. Two-week passive sampling campaigns were performed in the winter and summer of 2017. Anthropogenic VOCs were predominant with a high percentage of contribution, 91% and 69% for winter and summer, respectively. Relatively higher concentrations of biogenic VOCs during the summer campaign were found to be related to higher solar intensity, temperature and amount of broad-leaved tree species. Benzaldehyde, toluene, phenol, benzene, hexane, decanal, benzothiazole, dodecane and acetophenone were anthropogenic VOCs with higher concentrations. Among biogenic VOCs, hexanal, alpha-pinene and limonene were found to be in higher concentrations. Spatial distribution maps were drawn for each VOC. Elevated concentrations of VOCs around the city center and major roads indicate that emissions from domestic heating activities and vehicular emissions can be significant sources of VOCs. The results were also supported by Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) analyses and G-score distribution maps. Solvent evaporation, wood-coal combustion, biogenic emissions (pine, grain, grass), city atmosphere (styrene emissions from plastic production), biogenic (hornbeam, pine, juniper) and vehicle emissions were the identified as the primary VOC sources in Bolu plateau, contributing 31%, 22%, 8.0%, 8.0%, 13%, and 18%, respectively to the total VOC concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melike Dörter
- Department of Chemistry, Bolu Abant Izzet Baysal University, 14030 Bolu, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Odabasi
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Dokuz Eylül University, Izmir, Turkey
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11
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Spatiotemporal Variations and Health Implications of Hazardous Air Pollutants in Ulsan, a Multi-Industrial City in Korea. ATMOSPHERE 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos11050547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We measured a wide range of hazardous air pollutants (HAPs) simultaneously at five sites over four seasons in 2009–2010 in Ulsan, the largest industrial city in Korea. Target analytes included volatile organic compounds (VOCs), carbonyls, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), phthalates, and heavy metals (HMs). The objectives of this study were to evaluate the occurrence and spatiotemporal distributions of HAPs, and to identify important HAPs based on health risk assessment. Industrial emissions affected ambient levels of VOCs and HMs, as demonstrated by spatial distribution analysis. However, concentrations of PAHs and phthalates were relatively uniform at all sites. VOCs and HMs exhibited little seasonal variation, while formaldehyde increased in the summer due to its secondary formation. PAHs exhibited notable seasonal variation; higher in cold seasons and lower in warm seasons. Cumulative cancer risks imposed by 35 HAPs were 4.7 × 10−4 and 1.7 × 10−4 in industrial and residential areas, respectively. The top five major cancer risk drivers appeared to be formaldehyde, benzene, benzo[a]pyrene, As, and Co. The sums of hazard quotients (HQ) derived by 47 HAPs were 10.0 (industrial) and 2.4 (residential). As the individual species, only two HAPs exceeded the HQ of 1, which are As (3.1) and Pb (2.1) in the industrial area. This study demonstrated the importance of a comprehensive monitoring and health risk assessment to prioritize potentially toxic pollutants in the ambient air of a large industrial city.
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Hamid HHA, Latif MT, Uning R, Nadzir MSM, Khan MF, Ta GC, Kannan N. Observations of BTEX in the ambient air of Kuala Lumpur by passive sampling. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2020; 192:342. [PMID: 32382809 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-020-08311-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylenes (BTEX) are well known hazardous volatile organic compounds (VOCs) due to their human health risks and photochemical effects. The main objective of this study was to estimate BTEX levels and evaluate interspecies ratios and ozone formation potentials (OFP) in the ambient air of urban Kuala Lumpur (KL) based on a passive sampling method with a Tenax® GR adsorbent tube. Analysis of BTEX was performed using a thermal desorption (TD)-gas chromatography mass spectrometer (GCMS). OFP was calculated based on the Maximum Incremental Reactivity (MIR). Results from this study showed that the average total BTEX during the sampling period was 66.06 ± 2.39 μg/m3. Toluene (27.70 ± 0.97 μg/m3) was the highest, followed by m,p-xylene (13.87 ± 0.36 μg/m3), o-xylene (11.49 ± 0.39 μg/m3), ethylbenzene (8.46 ± 0.34 μg/m3) and benzene (3.86 ± 0.31 μg/m3). The ratio of toluene to benzene (T:B) is > 7, suggesting that VOCs in the Kuala Lumpur urban environment are influenced by vehicle emissions and other anthropogenic sources. The average of ozone formation potential (OFP) value from BTEX was 278.42 ± 74.64 μg/m3 with toluene and xylenes being the major contributors to OFP. This study also indicated that the average of benzene concentration in KL was slightly lower than the European Union (EU)-recommended health limit value for benzene of 5 μg/m3 annual exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haris Hafizal Abd Hamid
- Institute for Environmental and Development (LESTARI), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
- Department of Earth Sciences and Environment, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Talib Latif
- Department of Earth Sciences and Environment, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Royston Uning
- Department of Earth Sciences and Environment, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Shahrul Mohd Nadzir
- Department of Earth Sciences and Environment, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
- Centre for Tropical Climate Change System, Institute of Climate Change, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Md Firoz Khan
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Goh Choo Ta
- Institute for Environmental and Development (LESTARI), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Narayanan Kannan
- Smart Green Consultancy Sdn Bhd, 20A Jalan Ipoh Kecil, Off Jalan Ipoh, 50350, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Sakizadeh M, Mohamed MM. Application of spatial analysis to investigate contribution of VOCs to photochemical ozone creation. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:10459-10471. [PMID: 31939025 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-07628-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
This study was concerned with the temporal analysis of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylenes (BTEXs), and ozone in Rochester, New York, between 2012 and 2018. Additionally, the influence of ozone precursors (e.g., BTEXs and NO2) and meteorological variables (e.g., relative humidity (RH), temperature along with wind speed) on ozone dispersion was investigated in the eastern half of the USA using the integrated nested Laplace approximation and stochastic partial differential equation (INLA-SPDE). The benzene variability at seasonal scale was characterized by higher values during the cold seasons. On the contrary, the long-term temporal trend of ozone depicted a repetitive cyclic behavior while an episode, with values exceeding 5 μg/m3, was detected associated with benzene in 2015. The spatial analysis by INLA-SPDE indicated that 1,3,5-trimethylbenzene and benzene were the key ozone precursors influencing ozone formation. It was demonstrated that increase of temperature had a considerable impact on ozone build-up whereas the increment of RH leads to decrease in ambient values of ozone. The amounts of root mean squared error (RMSE), mean absolute error (MAE), and bias for the validation data (e.g., 32 samples) were 0.005, 0.004, and 0.0008, exhibiting a reasonable out-of-sample forecasting by the INLA-SPDE model. The distribution map of ozone highlighted a hot spot in the state of Florida.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Sakizadeh
- Department for Management of Science and Technology Development, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.
- Faculty of Environment and Labour Safety, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.
| | - Mohamed Mostafa Mohamed
- National Water Center, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, College of Engineering, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
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