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Jardim GOC, Oliveira GLDS. Mancozeb induces cytogenotoxicity in meristematic cells of Allium cepa L. Drug Chem Toxicol 2024:1-8. [PMID: 38984405 DOI: 10.1080/01480545.2024.2370938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2024] [Indexed: 07/11/2024]
Abstract
Mancozeb is a fungicide of the dithiocarbamate functional group, and it is widely used in agriculture to control various fungal diseases. Thus, studies detailing its toxicological characteristics are necessary, as the population may be exposed through the consumption of food or water contaminated with mancozeb. The aim of this study was to evaluate the cytotoxic, genotoxic, and mutagenic potentials of this dithiocarbamate using the Allium cepa L. test system as well as its cytotoxicity in erythrocytes of female rats (Rattus norvegicus). The meristematic roots of A. cepa bulbs were exposed to various concentrations of mancozeb (62.5, 125, 250, and 500 mg/L) for 24, 48, and 72 h to determine cytotoxicity by evaluating the mitotic index (MI), chromosomal aberrations (CA), and nuclear anomalies (NA) for genotoxicity analysis and micronuclei (MN) for mutagenicity analysis. Distilled water and copper sulfate (0.0006 mg/L) were used as the negative control (NC) and positive control (PC), respectively. The MI and the sum of CA and NA of all the mancozeb concentrations showed a significant difference (p ≤ 0.05) in relation to the NC, indicating possible cytotoxicity and genotoxicity induced by mancozeb. Additionally, MN significantly increased with mancozeb concentration from 250 mg/L to 500 mg/L in 24 h when compared to NC. In another study model, mancozeb showed to be cytolytic at concentrations starting from 125 mg/L. Therefore, these results indicate that mancozeb causes cytogenetic alterations and mutagenicity at lower concentrations than those used in agriculture, which emphasizes the need for more care when managing this fungicide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Osvair Costa Jardim
- Department of Biology, Federal Institute of Mato Grosso, Laboratory of Education and Research in Toxicology and Pharmacology (LEPTOX-F), Jaciara, MT, Brazil
| | - George Laylson da Silva Oliveira
- Department of Biology, Federal Institute of Mato Grosso, Laboratory of Education and Research in Toxicology and Pharmacology (LEPTOX-F), Jaciara, MT, Brazil
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Solano GSM, Andrioli NB. Genotoxic effects induced by iprodione and tebuconazole in meristematic cells of Allium cepa: responses dependent on concentration and exposure time. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:17289-17298. [PMID: 38340299 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-32351-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
The present work explores the genotoxicity of the fungicides iprodione (IP) and tebuconazole (TB) using the Allium cepa assay as an in vivo biological model. Both short-term and long-term exposures were studied, revealing concentration- and time-dependent cytological and genotoxic effects. IP exhibited genotoxicity over a wider concentration range (5-50 µg/ml) and required 30 h of exposure, while TB showed genotoxicity at higher concentrations (10 and 30 µg/ml) within a 4-h exposure period. The study highlights the importance of assessing potential risks associated with fungicide exposure, including handling, disposal practices, and concerns regarding food residue. Moreover, the research underscores the genotoxic effects of IP and TB on plant cells and provides valuable insights into their concentration and time-response patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace Stephany Mendoza Solano
- GIBE (Grupo de Investigación en Biología Evolutiva), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Y Naturales, FCEyN-UBA, Ciudad Universitaria, Pabellón II, 4° Piso Laboratorios, 43-46, C1428EGA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Nancy Beatriz Andrioli
- GIBE (Grupo de Investigación en Biología Evolutiva), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Y Naturales, FCEyN-UBA, Ciudad Universitaria, Pabellón II, 4° Piso Laboratorios, 43-46, C1428EGA, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
- Instituto de Ecología, Genética y Evolución de Buenos Aires (IEGEBA-CONICET), , Ciudad Universitaria, Pabellón II, 4° Piso Laboratorios, 43-46, C1428EGA, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Jabłońska-Trypuć A, Wydro U, Wołejko E, Makuła M, Krętowski R, Naumowicz M, Sokołowska G, Serra-Majem L, Cechowska-Pasko M, Łozowicka B, Kaczyński P, Wiater J. Selected Fungicides as Potential EDC Estrogenic Micropollutants in the Environment. Molecules 2023; 28:7437. [PMID: 37959855 PMCID: PMC10648374 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28217437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
An increasing level of pesticide exposition is being observed as a result of the consumption of large amounts of fruits, vegetables and grain products, which are key components of the vegetarian diet. Fungicides have been classified as endocrine-disrupting compounds, but their mechanisms of action have not yet been clarified. The effect of boscalid (B), cyprodinil (C) and iprodione (I) combined with Tamoxifen (T) and 17β-estradiol (E2) on cell viability, cell proliferation, reporter gene expression, ROS content, the cell membrane's function, cell morphology and antioxidant enzymes gene expression in MCF-7 and T47D-KBluc cell lines were investigated. The cell lines were chosen due to their response to 17β -estradiol. The selected fungicides are commonly used in Poland to protect crops against fungi. Our results revealed that the studied fungicides caused significant increases in cell viability and proliferation, and estrogenic activity was present in all studied compounds depending on their concentrations. Oxidative stress activated uncontrolled cancer cell proliferation by inducing ROS production and by inhibiting antioxidant defense. Our findings verify that the studied fungicides could possibly exhibit endocrine-disrupting properties and exposure should be avoided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agata Jabłońska-Trypuć
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Environmental Sciences, Bialystok University of Technology, Wiejska 45E Street, 15-351 Białystok, Poland; (U.W.); (E.W.); (G.S.)
| | - Urszula Wydro
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Environmental Sciences, Bialystok University of Technology, Wiejska 45E Street, 15-351 Białystok, Poland; (U.W.); (E.W.); (G.S.)
| | - Elżbieta Wołejko
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Environmental Sciences, Bialystok University of Technology, Wiejska 45E Street, 15-351 Białystok, Poland; (U.W.); (E.W.); (G.S.)
| | - Marcin Makuła
- Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, Traugutta sq.2, 41-800 Zabrze, Poland;
| | - Rafał Krętowski
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Medical University of Bialystok, Mickiewicza 2A Street, 15-222 Bialystok, Poland; (R.K.); (M.C.-P.)
| | - Monika Naumowicz
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Bialystok, Ciolkowskiego 1K Street, 15-245 Bialystok, Poland;
| | - Gabriela Sokołowska
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Environmental Sciences, Bialystok University of Technology, Wiejska 45E Street, 15-351 Białystok, Poland; (U.W.); (E.W.); (G.S.)
| | - Lluis Serra-Majem
- Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35001 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain;
| | - Marzanna Cechowska-Pasko
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Medical University of Bialystok, Mickiewicza 2A Street, 15-222 Bialystok, Poland; (R.K.); (M.C.-P.)
| | - Bożena Łozowicka
- Institute of Plant Protection—National Research Institute, Chełmońskiego 22 Street, 15-195 Białystok, Poland; (B.Ł.); (P.K.)
| | - Piotr Kaczyński
- Institute of Plant Protection—National Research Institute, Chełmońskiego 22 Street, 15-195 Białystok, Poland; (B.Ł.); (P.K.)
| | - Józefa Wiater
- Department of Agri-Food Engineering and Environmental Management, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Environmental Sciences, Bialystok University of Technology, Wiejska 45E Street, 15-351 Białystok, Poland;
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Miranda LA, de Souza VV, Campos RA, de Campos JMS, da Silva Souza T. Phytotoxicity and cytogenotoxicity of pesticide mixtures: analysis of the effects of environmentally relevant concentrations on the aquatic environment. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:112117-112131. [PMID: 37824048 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-30100-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we investigate the toxicity of commercial formulations based on glyphosate, 2,4-D, imidacloprid, and iprodione, in isolation and mixed, on Allium cepa. The mixtures consisted of combinations in the lowest (M1), intermediate (M2), and highest concentrations (M3) of each pesticide. We measured physiological (germination rate, germination speed, and radicular length) and cyto-genotoxic (mitotic index and frequency of aberrant cells) parameters. In addition, we analyzed the cell cycle progression and cell death induction by flow cytometry. When applied in isolation, the pesticides changed the parameters evaluated. M1 and M2 inhibited root length and increased the frequency of aberrant cells. Their genotoxic effect was equivalent to that of pesticides applied in isolation. Furthermore, M1 and M2 caused cell death and M2 changed the cell cycle progression. M3 had the greatest deleterious effect on A. cepa. This mixture inhibited root length and promoted an additive or synergistic effect on the mitotic index. In addition, M3 changed all parameters analyzed by flow cytometry. This research clearly demonstrates that the pesticides tested, and their mixtures, may pose a risk to non-target organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luanna Alves Miranda
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética e Melhoramento, Centro de Ciências Agrárias e Engenharias, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Alto Universitário, S/No, Guararema, Alegre, Espírito Santo, 29500-000, Brazil
| | - Victor Ventura de Souza
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular, Departamento de Morfologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Renata Alice Campos
- Departamento de Biologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - José Marcello Salabert de Campos
- Departamento de Biologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Tatiana da Silva Souza
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética e Melhoramento, Centro de Ciências Agrárias e Engenharias, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Alto Universitário, S/No, Guararema, Alegre, Espírito Santo, 29500-000, Brazil.
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Pan H, Zhu B, Li J, Zhou Z, Bu W, Dai Y, Lu X, Liu H, Tian Y. Degradation of iprodione by a novel strain Azospirillum sp. A1-3 isolated from Tibet. Front Microbiol 2023; 13:1057030. [PMID: 36699606 PMCID: PMC9869045 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1057030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
A bacterial strain A1-3 with iprodione-degrading capabilities was isolated from the soil for vegetable growing under greenhouses at Lhasa, Tibet. Based on phenotypic, phylogenetic, and genotypic data, strain A1-3 was considered to represent a novel species of genus Azospirillum. It was able to use iprodione as the sole source of carbon and energy for growth, 27.96 mg/L (50.80%) iprodione was reduced within 108 h at 25°C. During the degradation of iprodione by Azospirillum sp. A1-3, iprodione was firstly degraded to N-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)-2,4-dioxoimidazolidine, and then to (3,5-dichlorophenylurea) acetic acid. However, (3,5-dichlorophenylurea) acetic acid cannot be degraded to 3,5-dichloroaniline by Azospirillum sp. A1-3. A ipaH gene which has a highly similarity (98.72-99.92%) with other previously reported ipaH genes, was presented in Azospirillum sp. A1-3. Azospirillum novel strain with the ability of iprodione degradation associated with nitrogen fixation has never been reported to date, and Azospirillum sp. A1-3 might be a promising candidate for application in the bioremediation of iprodione-contaminated environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hu Pan
- Institute of Agricultural Product Quality Standard and Testing Research, Tibet Academy of Agricultural and Animal Husbandry Sciences, Lhasa, China,College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Beike Zhu
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Jin Li
- Department of Life Sciences, Changzhi University, Changzhi, China
| | - Ziqiong Zhou
- School of Food Science, Tibet Institute of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry, Nyingchi, China
| | - Wenbin Bu
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Yanna Dai
- Institute of Agricultural Product Quality Standard and Testing Research, Tibet Academy of Agricultural and Animal Husbandry Sciences, Lhasa, China
| | - Xiangyang Lu
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Huhu Liu
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China,*Correspondence: Huhu Liu, ✉
| | - Yun Tian
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China,Yun Tian, ✉
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Silva RMGD, Marques de Oliveira Moraes V, Marinho Dos Santos VH, Oliveira Granero F, Malaguti Figueiredo CC, Pereira Silva L. Heavy metal accumulation efficiency and subsequent of cytogenotoxicity evaluation in the medicinal plant Equisetum hyemale. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2022; 85:989-1001. [PMID: 36303438 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2022.2139313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Heavy metals in soils represent a threat to the environment, food safety, as well as human and animal health. The bioaccumulation of these elements in plants might enhance medium- and long-term adverse health risk promoting genetic alterations that lead to dermal, gastrointestinal, circulatory, renal, and brain disorders. The present study aimed to determine the bioaccumulation potential and cytogenotoxic effect of Equisetum hyemale extracts. E. hyemale seedlings were divided into two groups: exposed group (plants cultivated in soil with heavy metals solution) and control (plants cultivated in soil with distilled water). Heavy metals were quantified in the cultivation soils (control and exposed) and extracts (ethanolic and infusion) of vegetative parts from E. hyemale cultivated in both soils. Root length and cytogenotoxic effect were determined utilizing Allium cepa bioassay. Data demonstrated that Equisetum hyemale present the ability to absorb and bioaccumulate different heavy metals including lead, copper, cobalt manganese, zinc, iron and chromium. Given this property E. hyemale may be considered a reliable bioindicator to assess cytogenotoxicity of certain substances that exert adverse risks to environment and human and animal health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regildo Márcio Gonçalves da Silva
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Sciences, Humanities and Languages, Department of Biotechnology, Laboratory of Phytotherapic and Natural Products, Assis, São Paulo, Brazil
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), Institute of Chemistry, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
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Camilo-Cotrim CF, Bailão EFLC, Ondei LS, Carneiro FM, Almeida LM. What can the Allium cepa test say about pesticide safety? A review. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:48088-48104. [PMID: 35568785 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-20695-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The increasing use of pesticides has caused global concerns about the toxic effects and adverse consequences of pesticides on humans and the environment. Among the ways to understand the impact of pesticides, the Allium cepa bioassay stands out. This test is suitable to evaluate different toxic, cytotoxic, genotoxic, and mutagenic outcomes. In this context, the present review aimed to summarize the history of using the A. cepa bioassay to investigate pesticide damages. Data on the experimental conditions were also discussed. The reviewed studies showed the toxicity profile of 113 active ingredients primarily tested in the laboratory, using water for exposure. The most used biomarkers were the mitotic index, chromosomal aberrations, and nuclear abnormalities. All active ingredients caused some toxicity levels in A. cepa, showing the efficiency and sensibility of this bioindicator and the adverse effect of pesticides on humans and the environment. Furthermore, it was evident that pesticides have great potential to damage the mitotic spindle and DNA because almost all active ingredients tested induced chromosomal aberrations and nuclear abnormalities. The current review showed that the A. cepa bioassay is an effective and appropriate model to evaluate pesticide toxicity, and it might indicate research gaps and recommendations for further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Filipe Camilo-Cotrim
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia, Universidade Estadual de Goiás, Câmpus Central - Sede Anápolis - Ciências Exatas e tecnológicas, 459, Br 153, nº 3.105, CEP: 75132-903, Anápolis-GO, Brasil.
| | - Elisa Flávia Luiz Cardoso Bailão
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia, Universidade Estadual de Goiás, Câmpus Central - Sede Anápolis - Ciências Exatas e tecnológicas, 459, Br 153, nº 3.105, CEP: 75132-903, Anápolis-GO, Brasil
| | - Luciana Souza Ondei
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia, Universidade Estadual de Goiás, Câmpus Central - Sede Anápolis - Ciências Exatas e tecnológicas, 459, Br 153, nº 3.105, CEP: 75132-903, Anápolis-GO, Brasil
| | - Fernanda Melo Carneiro
- Universidade Estadual de Goiás, Câmpus Goiânia - Laranjeiras, Rua Prof. Alfredo de Castro, 9175 - Parque das Laranjeiras, 74855-130, Goiânia - GO, Brasil
| | - Luciane Madureira Almeida
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia, Universidade Estadual de Goiás, Câmpus Central - Sede Anápolis - Ciências Exatas e tecnológicas, 459, Br 153, nº 3.105, CEP: 75132-903, Anápolis-GO, Brasil
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Germination of Triticum aestivum L.: Effects of Soil–Seed Interaction on the Growth of Seedlings. SOIL SYSTEMS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/soilsystems6020037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Seed size, sowing depth, and seed disinfection can affect seed germination and seedling establishment, which, in turn, can directly affect crop growth and yield. The current study was comprised of two experiments, the first of which was conducted in the laboratory, and a second which was performed under glasshouse conditions. The objective of these experiments was to investigate the effects of seed size, sowing depth, and seed disinfection on seed germination and initial seedling growth of selected wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars. The treatments in laboratory experiment were arranged in a completely randomized design, which included: (Ι) four wheat cultivars (Pishgam, Haydari, Soissons, and Mihan), (ΙΙ) two seed size classes (x < 2.25 mm, and x > 2.25 mm), and two disinfection treatments (no-disinfection and disinfection), (ΙΙΙ) with five replicates. In addition to the aforementioned treatments, the effect of planting depth (4, 6, and 8 cm) was also investigated in the subsequent glasshouse experiment. The best results were obtained at a sowing depth of 4 cm, in the non-disinfected treatment, using large seeds. In contrast, the lowest percentage and speed of seed germination and vigor index were observed in seeds sown at 8 cm depth, in the disinfected seed treatment, using small seeds. Large seeds contain larger nutrient stores which may improve seed germination indices, which would therefore result in improved percentage and speed of seed germination, followed by faster coleoptile and seedling growth, higher seedling dry weight and seed vigor. These data also illustrated that seed disinfection in the Pishgam and Haydari cultivars had inhibitory effects upon coleoptile growth and seedling length, which could be related to the fungicide’s chemical composition. Unlike other cultivars, disinfection did not show a significant effect on the Soissons cultivar. Based on our data, in order to improve both the speed of wheat seed germination and subsequent plant growth and development; it is necessary to select high-quality, large seeds, planted at a specific planting depth, which have been treated with an effective disinfectant; all of which will be specific for the wheat cultivar in question. Overall, the current study has provided useful information on the effect size seed, sowing depth, and disinfection have upon germination characteristics and seedling growth of wheat cultivars, which can form the basis for future field scale trails.
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Ghisi NC, Silva VB, Roque AA, Oliveira EC. Integrative analysis in toxicological assessment of the insecticide Malathion in Allium cepa L. system. BRAZ J BIOL 2021; 83:e240118. [PMID: 34133488 DOI: 10.1590/1519-6984.240118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/07/2022] Open
Abstract
For many centuries human populations have been suffering and trying to fight with disease-bearing mosquitoes. Emerging and reemerging diseases such as Dengue, Zika, and Chikungunya affect billions of people around the world and recently has been appealing to control with chemical pesticides. Malathion (MT) is one of the main pesticides used against mosquitoes, the vectors of these diseases. This study aimed to assess cytotoxicity and mutagenicity of the malathion for the bioindicator Allium cepa L. using a multivariate and integrative approach. Moreover, an appendix table was compiled with all available literature of insecticides assessed by the Allium cepa system to support our discussion. Exposures during 48h to 0.5 mg mL-1 and 1.0 mg mL-1 MT were compared to the negative control (distilled water) and positive control (MMS solution at 10 mg L-1). The presence of chromosomal aberrations, micronuclei frequency, and mitotic index abnormalities was evaluated. Anaphase bridges were the alterations with higher incidence and presented a significantly elevated rate in the concentration of 0.5 mg mL-1, including when compared to the positive control. The integrative discriminant analysis summarizes that MT in assessed concentrations presented effects like the positive control, corroborating its potential of toxicity to DNA. Therefore, it is concluded that MT in its pure composition and in realistic concentrations used, has genotoxic potential in the biological assessment of A. cepa cells. The multivariate integrative analysis was fundamental to show a whole response of all data, providing a global view of the effect of MT on DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- N C Ghisi
- Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná - UTFPR, Programa de Pós-graduação em Biotecnologia - PPGBIOTEC, Dois Vizinhos, PR, Brasil
| | - V B Silva
- Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná - UTFPR, Dois Vizinhos, PR, Brasil
| | - A A Roque
- Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná - UTFPR, Programa de Pós-graduação em Agroecossistemas - PPGSIS, Dois Vizinhos, PR, Brasil.,Universidade Federal do Paraná - UFPR, Setor de Ciências Biológicas, Departamento de Biologia Celular, Programa de Pós-graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Curitiba, PR, Brasil
| | - E C Oliveira
- Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná - UTFPR, Programa de Pós-graduação em Agroecossistemas - PPGSIS, Dois Vizinhos, PR, Brasil
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10
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Demirtas M. Evaluation of energy use and carbon dioxide emissions from the consumption of fossil fuels and agricultural chemicals for paste tomato cultivation in the Bursa region of Turkey. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:27132-27146. [PMID: 33502709 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-12593-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
This study was aimed to determine the fossil fuel consumption, energy use, and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions in per unit production area (ha) considering the petroleum products (PP) directly used and the chemical fertilizers and pesticides for the cultivation of paste tomatoes in open-field conditions in Bursa region of Turkey. The primary data of the study consisted of data collected by making face-to-face surveys with the producers of paste tomatoes in the Bursa region. The direct energy inputs and CO2 emissions related to diesel fuel and lubricant oil consumptions of engines of agricultural tractors for cultivation operations and the indirect energy inputs and CO2 emissions related to the manufacturing of chemical fertilizers and plant growth regulators used for plant nutrition and pesticides used for plant protection were determined for paste tomato cultivation. A total of 288.6 L diesel fuel and 0.067 L lubrication oil are consumed per hectare when using tools and machinery in paste tomato production. A total of 408 kg of chemical fertilizers and 15.5 kg of pesticides are used per hectare in paste tomato production in the Bursa region of Turkey. A total of 2343.45 MJ/ha and 2700.5 MJ/ha indirect energy is used in the application of chemical fertilizers and pesticides, respectively. A total of 792.43 kg and 0.189 kg CO2 is released as a result of diesel fuel and lubricant oil consumptions. For the production of one kilogram of paste tomato, 2.68 grams (g) diesel fuel and lubricating oil, 175.02 kilojoules (kJ) of energy is consumed, and 15.88 g CO2 is released in the Bursa region of Turkey.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammet Demirtas
- General Directorate of Agricultural Research and Policies, Universities district, Dumlupınar avenue, Eskisehir road 10. km, Cankaya, 06800, Ankara, Turkey.
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11
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Lai Q, Sun X, Li L, Li D, Wang M, Shi H. Toxicity effects of procymidone, iprodione and their metabolite of 3,5-dichloroaniline to zebrafish. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 272:129577. [PMID: 33465616 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.129577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Dicarboximide fungicides mainly including procymidone, iprodione, vinclozolin, and dimethachlon are often applied as protective fungicides, 3,5-dichloroaniline (3,5-DCA) is their common metabolite in plant and environment. In this study, the acute toxicity of procymidone, iprodione and their metabolite of 3,5-DCA toward zebrafish was evaluated by semi-static method. The enrichment and metabolism of procymidone and iprodione in zebrafish were also clarified. The results indicated that procymidone and iprodione exhibited moderately toxic to adult zebrafish with the LC50 of 2.00 mg/L, 5.70 mg/L at 96 h. Both procymidone and iprodione could be metabolized to 3,5-DCA in zebrafish, which showed higher toxic to adult zebrafish with the LC50 of 1.64 mg/L at 96 h. From the perspective of histomorphology, for all treatment groups, the brain of the zebrafish was significantly damaged, while the damage to gut and gills was lighter. For procymidone, the biological concentration factor (BCF8d) were 236 and 246 at the exposure concentration of 0.2 mg/L and 0.04 mg/L, and the BCF8d were 3.2 and 2.4 for iprodione at the exposure concentration of 0.5 mg/L and 0.1 mg/L. Therefore, the procymidone and iprodione were moderate-enriched and low-enriched in zebrafish, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Lai
- Department of Pesticide Science, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Xiaofang Sun
- Department of Pesticide Science, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Lianshan Li
- Department of Pesticide Science, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Da Li
- Department of Pesticide Science, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Minghua Wang
- Department of Pesticide Science, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Haiyan Shi
- Department of Pesticide Science, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Nanjing, 210095, China.
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12
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Gallego JL, Olivero-Verbel J. Cytogenetic toxicity from pesticide and trace element mixtures in soils used for conventional and organic crops of Allium cepa L. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 276:116558. [PMID: 33631688 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.116558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Pesticides and trace elements occur in complex mixtures in agroecosystems, affecting soil health and food security. Hence, it is necessary to determine their toxicity in field conditions and to develop monitoring approaches to assess conventional and organic agriculture. The aim of this research was to evaluate the associations between Allium cepa L. cytogenetic biomarkers and the realistic mixture of pesticides and trace elements found in soils of conventional, conversion, and organic crops in an intensive agricultural region in Colombia. Pesticide screening was conducted using GC-MS/MS and LC-MS/MS methods. Arsenic, cadmium, lead, and zinc were analyzed by ICP-MS; chromium, copper, nickel, and selenium by ICP-OES; and mercury by a direct analyzer. The meristematic cells in roots of Allium cepa L. were analyzed through microscopic observations to quantify cytogenetic effects. In conventional crops, 26 pesticides were detected in the soil samples, and those were below the limit of quantification in organic crops. The mean levels of As, Cd, Cr, Ni, Pb, and Se were also greater in soils of conventional crops compared to the organics. In addition, the biomarkers of cytotoxicity and genotoxicity appeared augmented in conventional samples, and those were correlated with pesticide and trace element concentrations, pollution indices, and hazard quotients. Subsequently, a discriminant function based on the mitotic index, chromosomal aberrations, and nuclear abnormalities was suitable to classify the samples by crop type. These results demonstrate the sensitivity of Allium cepa L. to the toxicity of complex mixtures in field crops and its potential as an in-situ approach for soil health monitoring in organic and conventional crop systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge L Gallego
- Environmental and Computational Chemistry Group, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zaragocilla Campus, University of Cartagena, Cartagena, 130014, Colombia
| | - Jesus Olivero-Verbel
- Environmental and Computational Chemistry Group, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zaragocilla Campus, University of Cartagena, Cartagena, 130014, Colombia.
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13
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Kalefetoğlu Macar T, Macar O, Yalçιn E, Çavuşoğlu K. Preventive efficiency of Cornelian cherry (Cornus mas L.) fruit extract in diniconazole fungicide-treated Allium cepa L. roots. Sci Rep 2021; 11:2534. [PMID: 33510323 PMCID: PMC7844236 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-82132-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Cornelian cherry (Cornus mas L.) is a medicinal plant with antioxidant-rich fruits. Diniconazole, a broad-spectrum fungicide, is employed extensively. The present study was designed to evaluate the preventive efficiency of C. mas fruit extract (CME) against the toxic effects of diniconazole on a model organism, Allium cepa L. For this aim, physiological, cytogenetic and biochemical parameters as well as the meristematic cell damages were investigated in A. cepa treated with diniconazole and C. mas extract. A. cepa bulbs were divided into six groups which were treated with tap water, 0.5 g/L CME, 1.0 g/L CME, 100 mg/L diniconazole, 0.5 g/L CME + 100 mg/L diniconazole and 1.0 g/L CME + 100 mg/L diniconazole, respectively. Diniconazole application caused a significant reduction in germination percentage, root elongation and total weight gain. Mitotic index decreased, while chromosomal aberrations increased following diniconazole application. Diniconazole caused significant rises in malondialdehyde content and the total activities of superoxide dismutase and catalase enzymes. The meristematic cell damages induced by diniconazole were indistinct transmission tissue, epidermis cell deformation, thickening of the cortex cell wall and flattened cell nucleus. Aqueous C. mas extracts induced a dose-dependent prevention and amelioration in all damages arisen from diniconazole application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuğçe Kalefetoğlu Macar
- Department of Food Technology, Şebinkarahisar School of Applied Sciences, Giresun University, 28400, Giresun, Turkey
| | - Oksal Macar
- Department of Food Technology, Şebinkarahisar School of Applied Sciences, Giresun University, 28400, Giresun, Turkey.
| | - Emine Yalçιn
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Art, Giresun University, 28049, Giresun, Turkey
| | - Kültiğin Çavuşoğlu
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Art, Giresun University, 28049, Giresun, Turkey
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Khan A, Kumar V, Srivastava A, Saxena G, Verma PC. Biomarker-based evaluation of cytogenotoxic potential of glyphosate in Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper genotypes. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2021; 193:73. [PMID: 33469782 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-021-08865-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Herbicides have proven to be a boon for agricultural fields. Their inherent property to kill weeds and unwanted vegetation makes them an essential biological tool for farmers and agricultural systems. Besides being capable of destroying weeds, they also exhibit certain effects on non-target crop plants. In the present study, a laboratory experiment was performed to assess the effect of glyphosate on Vigna mungo root meristem cells. Seeds of five different genotypes of V. mungo were treated with a series of concentrations of glyphosate ranging from 1 to 10 mM, and their effects on mitotic cell division were studied. Healthy and uniform-sized seeds were selected and were allowed to grow in Petri plates for 3 days, and all the doses were maintained in triplicates. Roots were fixed at day 3 after treatment (DAT) for cytological microscopic slide preparation. The results obtained indicate the dose-dependent reduction in the mitotic index in all the genotypes and an increase in the percentage of chromosomal aberrations (CAs) and relative abnormality rate (RAR). Most commonly observed chromosome aberrations at lower doses (< 6 mM) were fragments, stickiness, and disoriented metaphase, while at higher doses (6 to 10 mM) bridges, laggards, spindle disorientation, and clumping were obvious. The increase in the percentage of CAs and RAR indicates the inhibitory effect of glyphosate on cell cycle progression at various stages in root tip cells. The present study is a fine example of a biomarker-based genotoxic assessment of mitotic damage caused by glyphosate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adiba Khan
- In Vitro Culture and Plant Genetics Unit, Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, University of Lucknow, Lucknow, UP, 226007, India
| | - Vaibhav Kumar
- In Vitro Culture and Plant Genetics Unit, Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, University of Lucknow, Lucknow, UP, 226007, India
| | - Alka Srivastava
- In Vitro Culture and Plant Genetics Unit, Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, University of Lucknow, Lucknow, UP, 226007, India
| | - Gauri Saxena
- In Vitro Culture and Plant Genetics Unit, Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, University of Lucknow, Lucknow, UP, 226007, India.
| | - Praveen C Verma
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow, UP, 226001, India
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Fioresi VS, de Cássia Ribeiro Vieira B, de Campos JMS, da Silva Souza T. Cytogenotoxic activity of the pesticides imidacloprid and iprodione on Allium cepa root meristem. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:28066-28076. [PMID: 32405953 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-09201-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Effects of imidacloprid and iprodione, isolated and in mixture, were assessed by using seed germination and root growth test, flow cytometry, and chromosomal aberrations test on Allium cepa root meristem. The highest concentrations of imidacloprid, including field concentration, increased the frequency of sub-G1 particles, decreased the frequency of nuclei in G2/M, increased the coefficient of variation of G1 (CVG1) and the frequency of aberrant cells, and inhibited the mitotic index culminating in the reduction in root length. All doses of iprodione also presented cytogenotoxic action. The highest concentration of the fungicide affected the growth of A. cepa roots. In response to exposure to pesticide mixtures, the cell cycle of A. cepa was blocked in the G1 phase. The mixtures with low doses of the pesticides significantly decreased the mitotic index, and as a consequence, the genotoxicity was reduced. In the mixtures with the highest doses of the agrochemicals, the blockage of the cell cycle was insufficient for damage repair, resulting in a significant increase of chromosomal aberrations. The results suggest caution in the use of pesticides doses that induce cytological abnormalities in non-target organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinicius Sartori Fioresi
- Departamento de Biologia, Centro de Ciências Exatas, Naturais e da Saúde (CCENS), Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Alto Universitário s/n, Caixa Postal 16, Alegre, ES, 29500-000, Brasil
| | | | | | - Tatiana da Silva Souza
- Departamento de Biologia, Centro de Ciências Exatas, Naturais e da Saúde (CCENS), Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Alto Universitário s/n, Caixa Postal 16, Alegre, ES, 29500-000, Brasil.
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16
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Çıldır DS, Liman R. Cytogenetic and genotoxic assessment in Allium cepa exposed to imazalil fungicide. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:20335-20343. [PMID: 32242316 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-08553-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Imazalil (IMZ), a fungicide containing imidazole group, is extensively used for the prevention and treatment of fungal diseases in plants. Current study was performed to examine cyto-genotoxic potential of IMZ on Allium cepa roots by following Allium ana-telophase and single cell gel electrophoresis (comet) assays. The concentration which reduced the growth of the root tips of IMZ by 50% compared to the negative control group (EC50) was found to be 1 μg/mL by Allium root growth inhibition test. 0.5, 1, and 2 μg/mL concentrations of IMZ were exposed to Allium roots for intervals of 24, 48, 72, and 96 h. 10 μg/mL of methyl methane sulfonate (MMS) and distilled water were used as control groups, both positive and negative. Statistical analysis was performed by using one-way ANOVA with Duncan's multiple comparison tests at p ≤ 0.05 and Pearson correlation test at p = 0.01. IMZ showed cytotoxic effect by statistically decreasing root growth and mitotic index (MI) and also genotoxic effect by statistically increasing chromosomal aberrations (CAs) and DNA damage compared to the negative control group. With these cyto-genotoxic effects, it should be used carefully and further cyto-genotoxic mechanisms should be investigated along with other toxicity tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damla Selin Çıldır
- Molecular Biology and Genetics Department, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Uşak University, 1 Eylül Campus, 64300, Uşak, Turkey
| | - Recep Liman
- Molecular Biology and Genetics Department, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Uşak University, 1 Eylül Campus, 64300, Uşak, Turkey.
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