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Ngo HTT, Hang NTT, Nguyen XC, Nguyen NTM, Truong HB, Liu C, La DD, Kim SS, Nguyen DD. Toxic metals in rice among Asian countries: A review of occurrence and potential human health risks. Food Chem 2024; 460:140479. [PMID: 39053271 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.140479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Revised: 07/05/2024] [Accepted: 07/13/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
Heavy metals such as cadmium (Cd), arsenic (As), and lead (Pb) pose significant health risks, particularly in Asia, where rice is a staple for nearly three billion people. Despite their known dangers and environmental prevalence, studies addressing their concentrations in rice across different regions and the associated health implications remain insufficient. This review systematically examines the occurrence and impact of these toxic elements, filling a critical gap in the literature. Data from seven countries indicate mean concentrations in the order of Pb > As>Cd, with values of 0.255 ± 0.013, 0.236 ± 0.317, and 0.136 ± 0.150 mg/kg, respectively. Uncertainty analysis shows extensive variability, especially for Cd, with a 95% confidence interval range from 0.220 to 0.992 mg/kg. The typical daily intake of heavy metals through rice consumption, in the order of As>Cd > Pb, frequently exceeds safe limits. Generally, data obtained from various studies showed that children were more prone to heavy metal contamination through rice consumption than adults. This review is fundamental for ongoing monitoring, future research, and management strategies to reduce heavy metal contamination in rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hien Thi Thu Ngo
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Thang Long University, Hanoi 100000, Viet Nam
| | - Nguyen Thi Thuy Hang
- Faculty of Environment, University of Science, 227 Nguyen Van Cu, District 5, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Viet Nam; Vietnam National University Ho Chi Minh City, Linh Trung Ward, Thu Duc District, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Viet Nam
| | - Xuan Cuong Nguyen
- Institute of Research and Development, Duy Tan University, Da Nang 550000, Viet Nam; Faculty of Environmental Chemical Engineering, Duy Tan University, Da Nang 550000, Viet Nam.
| | - Ngoc Thi Minh Nguyen
- Faculty of Public Health, Haiphong University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Hai Phong 180000, Viet Nam
| | - Hai Bang Truong
- Optical Materials Research Group, Science and Technology Advanced Institute, Van Lang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam; Faculty of Applied Technology, School of Technology, Van Lang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
| | - Chong Liu
- Department of Chemical & Materials Engineering, University of Auckland, 0926, New Zealand
| | - Duc Duong La
- Institute of Chemistry and Materials, 17 Hoang Sam, Nghia Do, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Sung Su Kim
- Department of Civil & Energy System Engineering, Kyonggi University, Suwon, South Korea
| | - D Duc Nguyen
- Department of Civil & Energy System Engineering, Kyonggi University, Suwon, South Korea; Institute of Applied Technology and Sustainable Development, Nguyen Tat Thanh University, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Viet Nam.
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Zhu P, Hou SL, Liu Z, Zhou Y, Alvarez PJJ, Chen W, Zhang T. Multi-Emission Carbon Dots Combining Turn-On Sensing and Fluorescence Quenching Exhibit Ultrahigh Selectivity for Mercury in Real Water Samples. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:9887-9895. [PMID: 38775679 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.4c02355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
Mercury is a ubiquitous heavy-metal pollutant and poses serious ecological and human-health risks. There is an ever-growing demand for rapid, sensitive, and selective detection of mercury in natural waters, particularly for regions lacking infrastructure specialized for mercury analysis. Here, we show that a sensor based on multi-emission carbon dots (M-CDs) exhibits ultrahigh sensing selectivity toward Hg(II) in complex environmental matrices, tested in the presence of a range of environmentally relevant metal/metalloid ions as well as natural and artificial ligands, using various real water samples. By incorporating structural features of calcein and folic acid that enable tunable emissions, the M-CDs couple an emission enhancement at 432 nm and a simultaneous reduction at 521 nm, with the intensity ratio linearly related to the Hg(II) concentration up to 1200 μg/L, independent of matrix compositions. The M-CDs have a detection limit of 5.6 μg/L, a response time of 1 min, and a spike recovery of 94 ± 3.7%. The intensified emission is attributed to proton transfer and aggregation-induced emission enhancement, whereas the quenching is due to proton and electron transfer. These findings also have important implications for mercury identification in other complex matrices for routine, screening-level food safety and health management practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panpan Zhu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, Nankai University, 38 Tongyan Rd., Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Sheng-Li Hou
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, Nankai University, 38 Tongyan Rd., Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Zhenhai Liu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, Nankai University, 38 Tongyan Rd., Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Yinzhu Zhou
- Center for Hydrogeology and Environmental Geology, China Geological Survey, Tianjin 300304, China
| | - Pedro J J Alvarez
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Wei Chen
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, Nankai University, 38 Tongyan Rd., Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Tong Zhang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, Nankai University, 38 Tongyan Rd., Tianjin 300350, China
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Esfarjani F, Abedi A, Dehghani A, Fadavi G, Mohammadi-Nasrabadi F. Health risk assessment of heavy metal pollutants in Iranian hen eggs: a systematic review and meta-analysis. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:30323-30335. [PMID: 38616222 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-33211-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
Eggs are a high-quality, nutrient-dense source of protein that is available at a relatively low price and the contamination of eggs by heavy metals is an important issue in public health. This review aimed to assess the risk of heavy metal pollutants in Iranian hen eggs. Original full-text available studies in Iran, detecting levels of Pb, Cd, As, and Hg in whole or part of the egg, and published between January 2000 and March 2023 were selected based on the inclusion criteria. The random-effect model was used to estimate the pooled concentrations of Pb, Cd, As, and Hg in Iranian eggs in meta-analysis. The incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) and the target hazard quotient (THQ) were estimated by both calculation and Monte Carlo simulations to determine the carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risk of egg consumption, respectively. The pooled concentrations of heavy metals in Iranian hen eggs from nine articles (11 datasets: 10 studies on Pb, 7 on Cd, and 5 on As and Hg concentrations) were Pb 0.29 (95% CI 0.20-0.39) mg kg-1, Cd 0.04 (95% CI 0.03-0.06) mg kg-1, As 0.05 (95% CI 0.03-0.07) mg kg-1, and Hg 0.03 (95% CI 0.02-0.04) mg kg-1. THQ did not show the non-carcinogenic risk; however, the ILCR for Pb concentration showed the threshold carcinogenic risk (mean ILCR = 8.94e - 4 and 9.0E - 4 by calculation and Monte Carlo simulations, respectively), with the greater risk for Cd (mean ILCR = 2.02e - 2). The carcinogenic risk of Pb and Cd concentration in Iranian hen eggs shows the urgent need for programs and policies to lower the risk for consumers by providing healthier feeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Esfarjani
- Research Department of Food and Nutrition Policy and Planning, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute (NNFTRI), Faculty of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, No. 7, Hafezi (West Arghavan) St., Farahzadi Blvd., Qods Town, P.O. Box: 19395-4741, Tehran, Zip Code: 1981619573, Iran
| | - Abdolsamad Abedi
- Research Department of Food and Nutrition Policy and Planning, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute (NNFTRI), Faculty of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, No. 7, Hafezi (West Arghavan) St., Farahzadi Blvd., Qods Town, P.O. Box: 19395-4741, Tehran, Zip Code: 1981619573, Iran
| | - Azadeh Dehghani
- Nutrition Research Center, Department of Community Nutrition, Faculty of Nutrition and Food Science, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Ghasem Fadavi
- Food, Halal and Agricultural Products Research Group, Research Center of Food Technology and Agricultural Products, Standard Research Institute, Karaj, Alborz, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Mohammadi-Nasrabadi
- Research Department of Food and Nutrition Policy and Planning, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute (NNFTRI), Faculty of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, No. 7, Hafezi (West Arghavan) St., Farahzadi Blvd., Qods Town, P.O. Box: 19395-4741, Tehran, Zip Code: 1981619573, Iran.
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Abtahi M, Dobaradaran S, Koolivand A, Jorfi S, Saeedi R. Assessment of cause-specific mortality and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) induced by exposure to inorganic arsenic through drinking water and foodstuffs in Iran. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 856:159118. [PMID: 36181805 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.159118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 08/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The health risk and burden of disease induced by exposure to inorganic arsenic (iAs) through drinking water and foodstuffs in Iran were assessed. The iAs levels in drinking water and foodstuffs (15 food groups) in the country were determined through systematic review of three international databases (PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science) and meta-analysis. Based on the results of the systematic review and meta-analysis, the average iAs levels in drinking water and all the food groups at the national level were lower than the maximum permissible levels. The total average non-carcinogenic risk of dietary exposure to iAs in terms of hazard index (HI) was 3.4. The average incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) values of dietary exposure to iAs were determined to be 1.5 × 10-3 for skin cancer, 1.0 × 10-3 for lung cancer, and 4.0 × 10-4 for bladder cancer. Over two-thirds of the non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risk of dietary exposure to iAs was attributed to bread and cereals, drinking water, and rice. The total annual cancer incidence, deaths, disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), death rate, and DALY rate (per 100,000 people) were assessed to be 3347 (95 % uncertainty interval: 1791 to 5999), 1302 (697 to 2336), 72,606 (38,833 to 130,228), 1.6 (0.87 to 2.9), and 91 (49 to 160). The contribution of mortality in the attributable burden of disease was 95.1 %. The contributions of the causes in the attributable burden of disease were 72 % for lung cancer, 16 % for bladder cancer, and 12 % for skin cancer. Due to the significant attributable burden of disease, national and subnational action plans consisting of multi-disciplinary approaches for risk management of dietary exposure to iAs, especially for the higher arsenic-affected areas and high-risk population groups in the country are recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehrnoosh Abtahi
- Workplace Health Promotion Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health and Safety, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sina Dobaradaran
- Systems Environmental Health and Energy Research Center, The Persian Gulf Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran; Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Health and Nutrition, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran; Instrumental Analytical Chemistry and Centre for Water and Environmental Research (ZWU), Faculty of Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Ali Koolivand
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Health, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran
| | - Sahand Jorfi
- Environmental Technology Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran; Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Reza Saeedi
- Workplace Health Promotion Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Health and Safety, and Environment (HSE), School of Public Health and Safety, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Ahmed S, Uddin MF, Hossain MS, Jubair A, Islam MN, Rahman M. Heavy metals contamination in shrimp and crab from southwest regions in Bangladesh: Possible health risk assessment. Toxicol Rep 2023; 10:580-588. [PMID: 37213811 PMCID: PMC10196716 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2023.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Shrimp and Crab, important sources of protein, are currently being adversely affected by the rising industrialization, which has led to higher levels of heavy metals. The goal of this study was to evaluate the health risks of contamination associated with nine heavy metals (Cd, Pb, Cu, Cr, Zn, Ni, As, Al, and Fe) in two species of shrimp (Macrobrachium rosenbergii and Metapenaeus monoceros) and one species of crab (Scylla serrata) that were collected from the Khulna, Satkhira, and Bagerhat areas of Bangladesh. Inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) was used for the study. The results showed that all metal concentrations in shrimp and crab samples were below the recommended level, indicating that ingestion of these foods would not pose any substantial health risks to individuals. To evaluate the non-carcinogenic health risks, the target hazard quotient (THQ) and hazard index (HI) were determined, and the target cancer risk (TR) was utilized to evaluate the carcinogenic health risks. From the health point of view, this study showed that crustaceans obtained from the study sites were non - toxic (THQ and HI < 1), and long-term, continuous intake is unlikely to pose any significant health hazards (TR = 10-7-10-5) from either carcinogenic or non-carcinogenic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shafi Ahmed
- Department of Agro Product Processing Technology, Jashore University of Science and Technology, Jashore 7408, Bangladesh
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Tokyo 108–8477, Japan
| | - Md. Farid Uddin
- Department of Agro Product Processing Technology, Jashore University of Science and Technology, Jashore 7408, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Sakib Hossain
- Bangladesh Food Safety Authority, Ministry of Food, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh
| | - Abdullah Jubair
- Bangladesh Food Safety Authority, Ministry of Food, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Nahidul Islam
- Department of Agro-Processing, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University, Gazipur 1706, Bangladesh
- Institute of Food Safety and Processing, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University, Gazipur 1706, Bangladesh
- Corresponding author at: Department of Agro-Processing, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University, Gazipur 1706, Bangladesh.
| | - Mizanur Rahman
- Department of Food Engineering and Tea Technology, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet 3114, Bangladesh
- Corresponding author.
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Hashempour-Baltork F, Jannat B, Tajdar-Oranj B, Aminzare M, Sahebi H, Mirza Alizadeh A, Hosseini H. A comprehensive systematic review and health risk assessment of potentially toxic element intakes via fish consumption in Iran. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2023; 249:114349. [PMID: 36508819 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.114349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Risk assessment of heavy metals is critical in controlling and preventing risks of foodborne diseases. Fish can be used as bioindicators for exposure to potential toxic elements (PTEs), which can represent potential risks for humans. The long Iranian coastline and three major fishery regions in the country, including the northern (Caspian Sea) and southern (Persian Gulf and Gulf of Oman) seas as well as inland waters and aquacultures (rivers, dams, wetlands and fish farms) have made Iran a large producer of fish. In the first step of the present study, data collection and report of PTEs in fish from the three fishery regions (2010-2022) were carried out. In the second step, health risks were assessed using Monte Carlo simulation in child and adult consumers. The average concentrations of Cd, Hg and Pb for the northern sea, southern sea, and inland waters and aquacultures were 0.273, 0.249, 1.077; 0.430, 0.423, 1.182; and 1.387, 0.232, 1.703 μg/g per dry weight, respectively. Based on the target hazard quotient results, Hg intake of Iranian children from all the three fishery regions was more than 1, which was alarming. In the adult age group, southern sea fish consumers were at risk of Hg adverse health effects. Moreover, Cd included the highest carcinogenic risk of toxic elements in fish from the three fishery regions of Iran. Estimation of THQ, HI, ILCR and EDI revealed that consumption of fish might induce health complexities for the consumers in Iran. Moreover, Iranians from northern and southern regions of the country consumed further seafood due to the availability of high seafood sources in these regions. Hence, various indices must be used for the risk assessment of general human health. Due to the high risks of carcinogenicity/non-carcinogenicity estimated in the risk assessment, consumption of fish by infants and pregnant women must critically be assessed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fataneh Hashempour-Baltork
- Halal Research Center of IRI, Iran Food and Drug Administration, Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Behrooz Jannat
- Halal Research Center of IRI, Iran Food and Drug Administration, Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Behrouz Tajdar-Oranj
- Food and Drug Administration, Iran Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Majid Aminzare
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran; Department of Food Safety and Hygiene, School of Public Health, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran.
| | - Hamed Sahebi
- Halal Research Center of IRI, Iran Food and Drug Administration, Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Adel Mirza Alizadeh
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran; Department of Food Safety and Hygiene, School of Public Health, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran.
| | - Hedayat Hosseini
- Department of Food Science and Technology, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Faculty of Nutrition Science and Food Technology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Food Safety Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Abboud AS, Mollahosseini A, Ghaffarinejad A. Alginate caged graphene oxide -modified metformin beads for the removal of Arsenic (III) and (V) from aqueous media; kinetic and equilibrium, thermodynamic studies. SEP SCI TECHNOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/01496395.2022.2094275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ayad Sami Abboud
- Research Laboratory of Spectroscopy & Micro and Nano Extraction, Faculty of Chemistry, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran
- Al.Ameed Central Laboratory for Scientific Research, University of Al-Ameed, Karbala, Karbala, Iraq
| | - Afsaneh Mollahosseini
- Research Laboratory of Spectroscopy & Micro and Nano Extraction, Faculty of Chemistry, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Ghaffarinejad
- Research Laboratory of Real Samples Analysis, Faculty of Chemistry, Iran University of Science and Technology (IUST), Tehran, Iran
- Electroanalytical Chemistry Research Center, Iran University of Science and Technology (IUST), Tehran, Iran
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Mohammadi S, Shafiee M, Faraji SN, Rezaeian M, Ghaffarian-Bahraman A. Contamination of breast milk with lead, mercury, arsenic, and cadmium in Iran: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Biometals 2022; 35:711-728. [PMID: 35575819 DOI: 10.1007/s10534-022-00395-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Breast milk is a complete food for the development of the newborn, but it can also be an important route for environmental pollutants transmission to the infants. This study was aimed to evaluate the status of heavy metals including lead (Pb), mercury (Hg), cadmium (Cd) and arsenic (As) in the breast milk of Iranian mothers. The international databases including Scopus, PubMed, Web of Science and the Persian electronic databases including Scientific Information Database, IranMedex and Magiran were examined to find relevant articles published until July 2021. A total of 23 studies examined the levels of toxic metals in Iranian breast milk samples. According to the findings, the pooled average concentrations (µg/L) of Pb, Cd, Hg and As were 25.61, 2.40, 1.29 and 1.16, respectively. The concentration of Hg and Pb in colostrum milk was more than twice of mature milk. The Hg mean concentration in the breast milk of mothers with at least one amalgam-filled tooth was approximately three times that of mothers without amalgam-filled teeth. Risk assessment analysis indicated that the intake of Pb and Hg by infants through breastfeeding can be considered a health concern in Iran. It seems necessary to reduce the Pb exposure of pregnant and lactating women in Iran. However, more extensive studies are needed to clarify the toxic metals' exposure status of infants through breast milk in other parts of the country.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salman Mohammadi
- Nutritional Health Research Center, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
| | - Maryam Shafiee
- Nephro-Urology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Seyed Nooreddin Faraji
- School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mohsen Rezaeian
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Occupational Environment Research Center, Medical School, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Ali Ghaffarian-Bahraman
- Occupational Environment Research Center, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran.
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Brodziak-Dopierała B, Fischer A. Analysis of Mercury Content in Various Types of Tea (Camellia sinensis) and Yerba Mate (Ilex paraguariensis). INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19095491. [PMID: 35564885 PMCID: PMC9102548 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19095491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Due to the content of active ingredients, teas can be used prophylactically, but most of all they are consumed for taste reasons. As with food or water, these products can be contaminated with heavy metals, including mercury. Mercury (Hg) is a toxic element, it causes many side effects in the human body depending on the form of Hg, which can include respiratory failure, kidney damage, neurological disorders. At the cellular level, Hg and its compounds lead to a disturbance of metabolism and cell death. The aim of the study was to evaluate the mercury concentration of tea (Camellia sinensis) and Yerba Mate (Ilex paraguariensis). Eighty-six samples were collected and analyzed, including the following kinds: black, green, white, Pu-erh, and Yerba Mate. The samples came from Poland. The Hg concentration was determined with an AMA 254 atomic absorption spectrometer. The study showed that the Hg content in each tea sample averaged 2.47 μg/kg. The Hg concentration in the tested types of tea differed significantly statistically (p = 0.000). It was the largest in Yerba Mate, followed by green, Pu-erh, and white tea, and was the smallest in black tea. Statistically significant differences in the Hg content (p = 0.004) were also dependent on the form of the product; in leaf tea samples, the concentration of Hg (2.54 µg/kg) was higher than in tea bags (1.16 µg/kg). The Hg concentration determined in the tested samples does not exceed the permitted EU standard. Consuming these teas poses no health risk in terms of the amount of Hg.
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Bielecka J, Puścion-Jakubik A, Markiewicz-Żukowska R, Soroczyńska J, Nowakowski P, Grabia M, Mielcarek K, Przebierowska K, Kotowska K, Socha K. Assessment of the Safe Consumption of Nuts in Terms of the Content of Toxic Elements with Chemometric Analysis. Nutrients 2021; 13:3606. [PMID: 34684607 PMCID: PMC8539909 DOI: 10.3390/nu13103606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2021] [Revised: 10/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Nuts are characterized by high nutritional value and are recommended as a part of a healthy diet. At the same time, toxic elements could also be found in them. In this research, we measured the content of As, Cd, Pb and Hg in a wide variety of edible nuts. To determine the As content, inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) was applied. Cd and Pb were detected by the electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry analytical technique (ETAAS) with Zeeman background correction, while atomic absorption spectrometry method (AAS) with the amalgamation technique in the case of Hg was used. The study material consisted of 120 samples without replications (10 for each subgroup) including the following nuts: Almonds, Brazil nuts, cashew nuts, hazelnuts, macadamia nuts, peanuts, pecan nuts, pine nuts, pistachios and walnuts. Indicators such as the target hazard quotient (THQ), cancer risk (CR) and hazard index (HI) were used to assess the health risk. The highest median As, Cd, Pb and Hg contents were observed for pistachios (192.42 µg/kg), pine nuts (238.40 µg/kg), peanuts (82.06 µg/kg) and pecans (82.06 µg/kg), respectively. The exceedance of the established limits was found in the case of Pb for nine samples: macadamia nuts (221.49 µg/kg; 2350.94 µg/kg; 2581.43 µg/kg), pine nuts (266.33 µg/kg), peanuts (1353.80 µg/kg) and pecans (2689.13 µg/kg, 2758.26 µg/kg, 2992.29 µg/kg and 3169.41 µg/kg). Extremely high (>2500 µg/kg) Pb content was found in 33% of studied pecans imported from the USA. The health risk indicators did not identify increased health risk. This research is significant considering the food safety issues and indicates the need to regularly control the content of toxic elements in food, as well as to establish the specific limits for heavy metals content in nuts. The chemometric analysis included cluster analysis and principal component analysis (PCA). Cluster analysis made it possible to distinguish four subgroups on the basis of the ability to accumulate toxic elements: pine nuts, pecans, pistachios and other analysed nuts. PCA indicated primarily factor 1, distinguishing mainly pecans, macadamia nuts and peanuts. Chemometric analysis can be a useful tool in estimating the ability of different nut species to accumulate contaminants.
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Khezerlou A, Dehghan P, Moosavy MH, Kochakkhani H. Assessment of Heavy Metal Contamination and the Probabilistic Risk via Salad Vegetable Consumption in Tabriz, Iran. Biol Trace Elem Res 2021; 199:2779-2787. [PMID: 32918714 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-020-02365-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
Abstract
Considering the importance of vegetables as a source of micronutrients and fibers in a balanced diet, there is still a concern that vegetables could also be a source of toxic heavy metal contaminants. The study aimed to determine the concentrations of lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), arsenic (As), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), nickel (Ni), and zinc (Zn) in the salad vegetables sold in Tabriz city, Iran, and to evaluate the probabilistic health risk assessment. The amount of toxic metals in 240 samples was evaluated by atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS) method. The average levels of toxic metals in the samples were found to be 1.59, 1.26, 1.42, 4.89, 13.38, 1.01, and 32.65 mg/kg for Pb, Cd, As, Cr, Cu, Ni, and Zn, respectively. According to the results, Zn and Cu had the highest concentration, whereas the lowest concentration belonged to Ni. The rank order of the toxic elements in the samples based on target hazard quotient (THQ) values was Cr > Cd > As > Pb > Cu> Zn > Ni, for both females and males. Leafy vegetables had a higher amount of total target hazard quotient (TTHQ) than tuber crops for both males and females. The carcinogenic risks of As and Pb were 0.032 and 0.03 in the females and 0.22 and 0.19 in males. According to the finding, there may be a potential risk of toxic metals, especially Cr, Cd, and As, for both females and males in Tabriz through the consumption of vegetables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arezou Khezerlou
- Student Research Committee, Drug Applied Research Center, Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Nutrition and Food Science, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Parvin Dehghan
- Nutrition Research Center, Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, 5166614711, Iran.
| | - Mir-Hassan Moosavy
- Food Hygiene & Aquatic Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Tabriz University, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Hojjat Kochakkhani
- Food Science and Technology Department, Faculty of Nutrition and Food Science, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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Arab YarMohammadi A, Arbabi Bidgoli S, Ziarati P. Increased urinary arsenic concentration in newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus: a gender-independent, smoking-dependent exposure biomarker in older adults in Tehran. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:27769-27777. [PMID: 33517531 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-10261-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Arsenic is ranked in the top ten environmental toxicants but its impact on type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and its association with other human health effects is contradictory. We aimed in this study to compare the urinary arsenic concentration (u As) in older age adults (> 40 years) and their T2DM subgroup in an age and gender-matched case control study to find the association of u As with, diet, oxidative stress, smoking, anthropometric factors, and lifestyle in our study participants. Face-to-face interviews based on structured questionnaires were conducted on 200 female and male volunteers (100 cases and 100 control). Considering the exclusion criteria, u As concentration and serum biomarkers of oxidative stress (malondialdehyde, superoxide dismutase, catalase) of 30 newly diagnosed T2DM and 30 control were determined by ICP-mass analysis and ELISA reader respectively. Despite the similarities in sociodemographic, diet, and lifestyle factors in males and females and their T2DM subgroups, a 4 times difference in u As levels between T2DM (93.7 ng/L (32)) and their healthy counterparts (23.7 ng/L (2.3)) without meaningful associations with gender, age, BMI, diet, and lifestyle was observed. Mean u As concentration in total population of smokers was significantly higher than non-smokers ((119 ng/L vs. 22.5 ng/L (p = 0.03)) and oxidative stress markers were not significantly higher in T2DM smokers than non-smokers. Chronic arsenic exposure through smoking could be contributed to the incidence of T2DM in older age adults. Oxidative stress markers were not significantly increased in smoker subgroup compared with non-smokers but except smoking pattern, other variables did not affect u As concentration. Precautionary measure to reduce the exposure of people with this element is recommended to prevent the arsenic-induced T2DM in human populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atena Arab YarMohammadi
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Islamic Azad University, Tehran Medical Sciences University (IAUTMU), Tehran, Iran
| | - Sepideh Arbabi Bidgoli
- Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran Medical Sciences University (IAUTMU), Dr. Shariati St., Gholhak, Yakhchal, Pharmaceutical Science Branch, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Parisa Ziarati
- Nutrition and Food Sciences Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran Medical Sciences University (IAUTMU), Tehran, Iran
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Rashid H, Alqahtani SS, Alshahrani S. Diet: A Source of Endocrine Disruptors. Endocr Metab Immune Disord Drug Targets 2021; 20:633-645. [PMID: 31642798 DOI: 10.2174/1871530319666191022100141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Revised: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Food is indispensable for human life and determines the health and wellbeing of the consumer. As food is the source of energy for humans, it also emerges as one of the most important sources of exposure to deleterious chemicals both natural and synthetic. The food exposed chemicals cause a number of detrimental health effects in humans, with endocrine disruption being of serious concern amongst these effects. Such chemicals disrupting the health of endocrine system are known as endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs). The food exposed EDCs need to be identified and classified to effectuate a cautious consumption of food by all and especially by vulnerable groups. AIM The aim of the present review was to discuss food as a source of exposure to common endocrine disruptors in humans. This review presents the occurrence and levels of some of the critical endocrine disruptors exposed through frequently consumed diets. METHODS The major source of data was PubMed, besides other relevant publications. The focus was laid on data from the last five years, however significant earlier data was also considered. CONCLUSION The food as a source of endocrine disruptors to humans cannot be neglected. It is highly imperative for the consumer to recognize food as a source of EDCs and make informed choices in the consumption of food items.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hina Rashid
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jizan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saad S Alqahtani
- Clinical Pharmacy Department, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jizan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saeed Alshahrani
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jizan, Saudi Arabia
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Content of Toxic Elements in 12 Groups of Rice Products Available on Polish Market: Human Health Risk Assessment. Foods 2020; 9:foods9121906. [PMID: 33419259 PMCID: PMC7766770 DOI: 10.3390/foods9121906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Rice is one of the most commonly consumed grains. It could be a good source of nutrients in a diet, but its consumption could also contribute to exposure to toxic elements. All rice products available on the Polish market are imported, which may pose a particular concern as to the safety of their consumption. The aim of our study was to estimate the content of As, Cd, Pb, and Hg in rice products and to assess the health risk indicators related to exposure to toxic elements consumed with rice products among the adult population in Poland. Methods: A total of 99 samples from 12 groups of rice products (basmati, black, brown, parboiled, red, wild, white rice and expanded rice, rice flakes, flour, pasta, and waffles) available in the Polish market were obtained. The content of Hg was determined using the atomic absorption spectrometry method (AAS). To measure As, Cd, and Pb, inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) was used. The health risk was assessed by calculating several indicators. Results: The average As, Cd, Pb, and Hg contents in all studied products were 123.5 ± 77.1 μg/kg, 25.7 ± 26.5 μg/kg, 37.5 ± 29.3 μg/kg, and 2.8 ± 2.6 μg/kg, respectively. Exceedance of the limit established by the Polish National Food Safety Standard was observed in one sample as regards the As content and exceedance of the European Commission standard in two samples for Hg. The samples of foods imported from European markets (n = 27) had statistically higher As content (p < 0.05) than those imported from Asian countries (n = 53). The values of health risk indicators did not show an increased risk for the Polish adult population. However, the daily intake of 55 g of rice corresponds to the benchmark dose lower confidence limit (BMDL) for Pb. Conclusion: The studied rice products could be regarded as safe for consumption by the Polish population as far as the content of As, Cd, Pb, and Hg is concerned.
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Moragaspitiya C, Rajapakse J, Millar GJ. Effect of struvite and organic acids on immobilization of copper and zinc in contaminated bio-retention filter media. J Environ Sci (China) 2020; 97:35-44. [PMID: 32933738 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2020.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Revised: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Few studies have been carried out to connect nutrient recovery as struvite from wastewater and sustainable utilization of the recovered struvite for copper and zinc immobilization in contaminated soil. This study revealed the effect of struvite on Cu and Zn immobilization in contaminated bio-retention soil in the presence of commonly exuded plant organic acids. The research hypothesis was that the presence of both struvite and organic acids may influence the immobilization of Cu and Zn in soil. The outcome of this research confirmed that more than 99% of Cu and Zn was immobilized in bio-retention filter media by struvite application. Water-soluble Cu and Zn concentrations of struvite treated soil were less than 1.83 and 0.86 mg/kg respectively, and these concentrations were significantly lower compared to the total Cu and Zn content of 747.05 mg/kg in the contaminated soil. Application of struvite to Cu- and Zn-contaminated soil resulted in formation of compounds similar to zinc phosphate tetrahydrate (Zn3(PO4)2•4H2O) and amorphous Cu and Zn phases. Struvite was effective in heavy metal remediation in acidic soil regardless of the presence of Ca impurities in struvite and the presence of plant organic acids in soil. Overall, this study revealed that struvite recovered from wastewater treatment plants has potential for use as an amendment for heavy metal remediation in contaminated bio-retention soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chathurani Moragaspitiya
- Science and Engineering Faculty, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, Queensland 4000, Australia
| | - Jay Rajapakse
- Science and Engineering Faculty, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, Queensland 4000, Australia.
| | - Graeme J Millar
- Science and Engineering Faculty, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, Queensland 4000, Australia
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Zheng B, Huang G, Liu L, Zhai M, Li Y. Two-pathway perspective for heavy metal emission mitigation: A case study of Guangdong Province, China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 735:139583. [PMID: 32485457 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Revised: 04/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Heavy metal emissions have attracted much worldwide attention for its recalcitrance and persistence. In this study, a two-pathway environmental simulation model is developed to uncover heavy metal emissions as induced by intra-provincial production and extra-provincial investments, filling the gap of mitigating heavy metal emissions from separate pathway. This developed model is applied to Guangdong Province, China targeting on the mitigation of Hg, As, Cd, Cr, and Pb emissions. Additionally, emission reduction simulations are implemented on the basis of key sector identification. The effects of intra-provincial production reduction are more notable than those of extra-provincial investment reduction. In addition, mitigation of Hg and As emissions can be achieved through the reduction in both intra-provincial production and extra-provincial investment. In the contrast, it is not expected that the reduction of extra-provincial investment be duo to the emission mitigation of Cd, Cr and Pb. Moreover, an examination of five optimized scenarios reveals that the most remarkable emission mitigation pathway is the reduction of intra- and extra-provincial activities. This study is an indispensable reference for multi-pathway emission mitigation for heavy metals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boyue Zheng
- Sino-Canada Resources and Environmental Research Academy, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Guohe Huang
- Center for Energy, Environment and Ecology Research, UR-BNU, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
| | - Lirong Liu
- Institute for Energy, Environment and Sustainable Communities, University of Regina, Regina, Saskatchewan S4S 0A2, Canada; Centre for Environment & Sustainability, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, UK
| | - Mengyu Zhai
- Sino-Canada Resources and Environmental Research Academy, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Yu Li
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China; The State Key Laboratory of Regional Optimisation of Energy System, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China
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Padilla-Raygoza N, Monroy-Torres R, Sandoval-Salazar C, Vera-Becerra LE, Patiño-López ME, de Lourdes García-Campos M, Campos VB, del Carmen Ortega Jiménez M, del Carmen Delgado-Sandoval S, Ramírez-Gómez XS, Jimenez-García SN, Lemus HLL. Cancer prevention programmes in Mexico: are we doing enough? Ecancermedicalscience 2020; 14:997. [PMID: 32153652 PMCID: PMC7032937 DOI: 10.3332/ecancer.2020.997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer has increased in all the countries of the world and Mexico is no exception. The recognised risk factors for the main types of cancer are reviewed and searched through the Mexican government web pages and cancer prevention programmes to tackle the risk factors in the population. The Mexican government, a member of the World Health Organization, shows that the main approach is an early diagnosis rather than prevention, forgetting that an ounce of prevention is better than a pound of cure. Effective public programmes should be promoted to reduce preventable risk factors in the population (smoking, nutrition, obesity, diet, environmental toxicity, sedentary lifestyle) and control the non-preventable factors (genetics) if we really want to control the incidence of different types of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rebeca Monroy-Torres
- Laboratory of Nutrition and Safety Food, Department of Medicine and Nutrition, Division of Health Sciences, Campus Leon, University of Guanajuato, León CP 37670, Mexico
| | - Cuauhtémoc Sandoval-Salazar
- Department of Nursing and Obstetrics, Division of Health Sciences, Campus Celaya-Salvatierra, University of Guanajuato, Celaya CP38110, Mexico
| | - Luz Elvia Vera-Becerra
- Department of Medicine and Nutrition, Division of Health Sciences, Campus Leon, University of Guanajuato, León CP 37670, Mexico
| | - María Esther Patiño-López
- Department of Clinical Nursing, Division of Health Sciences, Campus Celaya-Salvatierra, University of Guanajuato, Celaya CP38110, Mexico
| | - María de Lourdes García-Campos
- Department of Clinical Nursing, Division of Health Sciences, Campus Celaya-Salvatierra, University of Guanajuato, Celaya CP38110, Mexico
| | - Vicente Beltrán Campos
- Department of Clinical Nursing, Division of Health Sciences, Campus Celaya-Salvatierra, University of Guanajuato, Celaya CP38110, Mexico
| | - Mayra del Carmen Ortega Jiménez
- Department of Nursing and Obstetrics, Division of Health Sciences, Campus Celaya-Salvatierra, University of Guanajuato, Celaya CP38110, Mexico
| | - Silvia del Carmen Delgado-Sandoval
- Department of Nursing and Obstetrics, Division of Health Sciences, Campus Celaya-Salvatierra, University of Guanajuato, Celaya CP38110, Mexico
| | - Xóchitl Sofía Ramírez-Gómez
- Department of Clinical Nursing, Division of Health Sciences, Campus Celaya-Salvatierra, University of Guanajuato, Celaya CP38110, Mexico
| | - Sandra Neli Jimenez-García
- Department of Clinical Nursing, Division of Health Sciences, Campus Celaya-Salvatierra, University of Guanajuato, Celaya CP38110, Mexico
| | - Hilda Lissette López- Lemus
- Department of Nursing and Obstetrics, Division of Health Sciences, Campus Celaya-Salvatierra, University of Guanajuato, Celaya CP38110, Mexico
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Ghanati K, Zayeri F, Hosseini H. Potential Health Risk Assessment of Different Heavy Metals in Wheat Products. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL RESEARCH : IJPR 2019; 18:2093-2100. [PMID: 32184872 PMCID: PMC7059047 DOI: 10.22037/ijpr.2019.1100865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
In the present work, health risk of heavy metals such as As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, and Zn in Iranian urban and rural samples including wheat, wheat flour, bread, pasta and sweets were assessed. The real amount of heavy metals in target samples were determined by inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES) and atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS). Wet ashing and hydride generation techniques were used in sample preparation step. Results demonstrated that heavy metal contaminations in cereal samples were significant. The average concentrations of heavy metals in wheat products were between 0.01 mg kg-1 to 46 mg kg-1. Finally, the health risk assessment results showed that heavy metal contents in rural samples were higher than those in urban samples. The risk of Cu and Zn was significant in two areas and risk of Cr and Cd was not significant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiandokht Ghanati
- Food Safety Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- Department of Food Science and Technology, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute,
| | - Farid Zayeri
- Faculty of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Hedayat Hosseini
- Food Safety Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- Department of Food Science and Technology, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute,
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