1
|
Rahhou A, Layachi M, Akodad M, Ouamari NEL, Aknaf A, Skalli A, Oudra B, Kolar M, Imperl J, Petrova P, Baghour M. Trace metals and macrominerals in common seaweeds in the Marchica (a restored lagoon, Mediterranean Sea): Nutritional value and health risk assessment. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2023; 196:115665. [PMID: 37866053 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2023.115665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Revised: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the contents of macrominerals (Na, K, Ca, Mg and P) and essential trace metals (Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn and Se) in four species of seaweeds (Gracilaria sp., Alsidium corallinum, Caulerpa prolifera, and Chaetomorpha sp.) from Marchica Lagoon. The contents of macrominerals with mean values (% dw) can be sequenced in this descending order, [Ca > Mg > Na > K > P] for Caulerpa prolifera, and the decreasing sequence [K > Ca > Mg > P > Na] for Chaetomorpha sp. In red seaweeds, Gracilaria sp. and Alsidiumcorallinum followed these orders: [K > Ca > Na > Mg > P] and [K > Na > Ca > Mg > P] respectively. The essential trace metals mean values (mg kg-1) followed the decreasing order [Fe > Mn > Zn > Cu > Se] for Alsidiumcorallinum, Chaetomorpha sp. and Gracilaria sp., and the following order [Fe > Mn > Zn > Se > Cu] for Caulerpa prolifera. Based on the calculated recommended dietary allowance (RDA), targeted hazard quotient (THQ) and the hazard index (HI), the studied seaweeds did not pose any health risk for human consumption.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abderrahmane Rahhou
- Laboratory of Biology, Geosciences, Physics and Environment (OLMAN-LBGPE) Multidisciplinary Faculty, Mohammed the First University, Nador, Morocco.
| | | | - Mustapha Akodad
- Laboratory of Biology, Geosciences, Physics and Environment (OLMAN-LBGPE) Multidisciplinary Faculty, Mohammed the First University, Nador, Morocco
| | | | - Asmae Aknaf
- Laboratory of Biology, Geosciences, Physics and Environment (OLMAN-LBGPE) Multidisciplinary Faculty, Mohammed the First University, Nador, Morocco
| | - Ali Skalli
- Laboratory of Biology, Geosciences, Physics and Environment (OLMAN-LBGPE) Multidisciplinary Faculty, Mohammed the First University, Nador, Morocco
| | - Brahim Oudra
- Water, Biodiversity and Climate Change Laboratory, Faculty of Sciences Semlalia, Cadi Ayyad University, Marrakech, Morocco
| | - Mitja Kolar
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 113, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Jernej Imperl
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 113, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Petranka Petrova
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, South-West University "Neofit Rilski", Ivan Mihailov, 66, 2700 Blagoevgrad, Bulgaria
| | - Mourad Baghour
- Laboratory of Biology, Geosciences, Physics and Environment (OLMAN-LBGPE) Multidisciplinary Faculty, Mohammed the First University, Nador, Morocco
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Ilyas Z, Ali Redha A, Wu YS, Ozeer FZ, Aluko RE. Nutritional and Health Benefits of the Brown Seaweed Himanthalia elongata. PLANT FOODS FOR HUMAN NUTRITION (DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS) 2023; 78:233-242. [PMID: 36947371 PMCID: PMC10363077 DOI: 10.1007/s11130-023-01056-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Himanthalia elongata is a brown seaweed containing several nutritional compounds and bioactive substances including antioxidants, dietary fibre, vitamins, fatty acids, amino acids, and macro- and trace- elements. A variety of bioactive compounds including phlorotannins, flavonoids, dietary fucoxanthin, hydroxybenzoic acid, hydroxycinnamic acid, polyphenols and carotenoids are also present in this seaweed. Multiple comparative studies were carried out between different seaweed species, wherein H. elongata was determined to exhibit high antioxidant capacity, total phenolic content, fucose content and potassium concentrations compared to other species. H. elongata extracts have also shown promising anti-hyperglycaemic and neuroprotective activities. H. elongata is being studied for its potential industrial food applications. In new meat product formulations, it lowered sodium content, improved phytochemical and fiber content in beef patties, improved properties of meat gel/emulsion systems, firmer and tougher with improved water and fat binding properties. This narrative review provides a comprehensive overview of the nutritional composition, bioactive properties, and food applications of H. elongata.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Ilyas
- Department of Laboratory, Bahrain Specialist Hospital, P. O. Box: 10588, Juffair, Kingdom of Bahrain
| | - Ali Ali Redha
- The Department of Public Health and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX1 2LU, UK.
- Centre for Nutrition and Food Sciences, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation (QAAFI), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia.
| | - Yuan Seng Wu
- Centre for Virus and Vaccine Research, School of Medical and Life Sciences, Sunway University, Selangor, 47500, Malaysia
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Medical and Life Sciences, Sunway University, Selangor, 47500, Malaysia
| | - Fathima Zahraa Ozeer
- Centre for Virus and Vaccine Research, School of Medical and Life Sciences, Sunway University, Selangor, 47500, Malaysia
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Medical and Life Sciences, Sunway University, Selangor, 47500, Malaysia
| | - Rotimi E Aluko
- Department of Food and Human Nutritional Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 2N2, Canada
- Richardson Centre for Food Technology and Research (RCFTR), 196, Innovation Drive, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 2N2, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Pasumpon N, Varma R, Vasudevan S. Bioaccumulation level of metals and health risk assessment of selected red and green seaweeds validated by ICP-MS. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:66781-66799. [PMID: 37186189 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-27192-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The bioaccumulation of trace metals in 10 selected edible seaweeds was studied using inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy (ICP-MS). Bioaccumulation of higher levels of manganese (4.94 ± 0.15 μg/g) and aluminium (4.21 ± 0.18 μg/g) and lower levels of arsenic (0.18 ± 0.02 μg/g) and vanadium (0.09 ± 0.02 μg/g) were observed in Chlorophyta. In Rhodophyta, bioaccumulation of iron (8.51 ± 0.19 μg/g) was high, while lower levels of magnesium (0.13 ± 0.02 μg/g) and strontium (0.21 ± 0.01 μg/g) were observed among the seaweeds studied. Health assessment studies were also conducted on seaweeds to understand their effects on human consumption. The findings imply that consuming macroalgae has no health risk due to these elements in the general population. Furthermore, the confirmative toxicity of specific metals, such as Cd, Pb, and Zn metals in macroalgae, should be monitored constantly.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nigariga Pasumpon
- Department of Oceanography and Coastal Area Studies, Alagappa University, Science Campus, Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu, 630003, India
| | - Rahul Varma
- Department of Oceanography and Coastal Area Studies, Alagappa University, Science Campus, Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu, 630003, India
| | - Sugumar Vasudevan
- Department of Oceanography and Coastal Area Studies, Alagappa University, Science Campus, Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu, 630003, India.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Sultana F, Wahab MA, Nahiduzzaman M, Mohiuddin M, Iqbal MZ, Shakil A, Mamun AA, Khan MSR, Wong L, Asaduzzaman M. Seaweed farming for food and nutritional security, climate change mitigation and adaptation, and women empowerment: A review. AQUACULTURE AND FISHERIES 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aaf.2022.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
|
5
|
Rodríguez-Álvarez M, Paz S, Hardisson A, González-Weller D, Rubio C, Gutiérrez ÁJ. Assessment of Toxic Metals (Al, Cd, Pb) and Trace Elements (B, Ba, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Mo, Li, Zn, Ni, Sr, V) in the Common Kestrel (Falco tinnunculus) from the Canary Islands (Spain). Biol Trace Elem Res 2022; 200:3808-3818. [PMID: 34674110 PMCID: PMC9200686 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-021-02974-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The monitoring of trace elements and toxic metals in apical predators of the trophic chain provides data on the degree of contamination in ecosystems. The common kestrel is one of the most interesting raptors in this respect in the Canary Islands; therefore, the study of the levels of trace elements and toxic metals in this species is of much scientific value. The content of trace elements and toxic metals (B, Ba, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Mo, Li, Zn, Ni, Sr, V, Al, Cd, Pb) was determined in the liver, muscle, and feathers of 200 specimens of common kestrel carcasses (Falco tinnunculus canariensis) from Tenerife. Cr (0.82 ± 2.62 mg/kg), Cu (11.82 ± 7.77 mg/kg), and Zn (198.47 ± 520.80 mg/kg) are the trace elements that stand out in the feather samples; this may be due to their affinity for the pigments that give them their coloring. Li was noteworthy in the liver samples (8.470 ± 5.702 mg/kg). Pb stood out in the feathers (4.353 ± 20.645 mg/kg) > muscle (0.148 ± 0.095 mg/kg) > liver (0.187 ± 0.133 mg/kg). The presence of metals in feathers correlates with recent exposure and reflects environmental contamination. When using raptor feathers as indicators of metal contamination, it is important to know what the levels of each metal signify. The analysis of the different tissues and organs of raptors, such as the common kestrel, provides valuable information on the degree of environmental contamination of the ecosystem in which it lives. Gender was not an influencing factor in this study.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Soraya Paz
- Toxicology Area, University of La Laguna, La Laguna, 38071, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
| | - Arturo Hardisson
- Toxicology Area, University of La Laguna, La Laguna, 38071, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
| | - Dailos González-Weller
- Health Inspection and Laboratory Service, Canary Health Service, 38006, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - Carmen Rubio
- Toxicology Area, University of La Laguna, La Laguna, 38071, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
| | - Ángel J Gutiérrez
- Toxicology Area, University of La Laguna, La Laguna, 38071, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Development and Validation of an ICP-AES Method for the Determination of Toxic and Nutrient Metals in Candies: Application for the Analysis of Different Samples from the Greek Market. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/app112210599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we present the development and validation of an inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometric (ICP-AES) method for the determination of Ag, Ba, Bi, Ca, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn in different candies. Various wet digestion protocols were examined in order to ensure minimum consumption of chemicals and sample preparation time. Under optimized conditions, less than 10 min were required for complete sample decomposition. The ICP-AES method was validated in terms of linearity, accuracy, precision, limits of detection (LODs) and limits of quantification (LOQs). The relative recoveries for the proposed method ranged between 80.0% and 119.0%, while the relative standard deviation values were lower than 9.0%, indicating good method accuracy and precision, respectively. The LODs for the examined analytes were 0.04–2.25 mg kg−1. Finally, the proposed method was successfully employed for the analysis of hard candies, jellies and lollipops that are sold in the Greek market, which are highly likely to be consumed by children.
Collapse
|
7
|
Chen Y, Liu YT, Wang FH, Wen D, Yang H, Zhao XL. An Investigation of Toxic Metal Levels (Pb, Cd, Cr, As, Hg) in Dried Porphyra and Laminaria Collected from Coastal Cities, China. Biol Trace Elem Res 2021; 199:3987-3997. [PMID: 33405084 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-020-02509-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
This investigation was aimed at determining the concentration levels of five toxic heavy metals (lead, cadmium, chromium, arsenic, and mercury) in dried Porphyra and Laminaria samples from coastal city of China. Inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) was used for determination of lead, cadmium and total arsenic. Atomic fluorescence spectrometry was used for mercury, and liquid chromatography coupled with ICP-MS was used for arsenic speciation. The mean concentrations of lead, cadmium, chromium, total arsenic, and mercury were 0.96 ± 0.03 mg/kg, 2.62 ± 0.07 mg/kg, 1.64 ± 0.08 mg/kg, 36.67 ± 0.53 mg/kg, and 7.56 ± 0.42 μg/kg for Porphyra samples and 0.61 ± 0.03 mg/kg, 0.48 ± 0.02 mg/kg, 3.78 ± 0.56 mg/kg, 43.85 ± 1.42 mg/kg, and 46.61 ± 2.02 μg/kg for Laminaria samples. The results were comparable with previous similar research. The potential health risk assessment was conducted by comparing the calculated weekly intakes of toxic metals from Porphyra and Laminaria with provisional tolerable weekly intake. Consumption of these seaweeds does not seem to pose a risk for the consumers' health regarding their content of heavy metals. However, the potential health risk of cadmium should not be overlooked for consumers with high intake of Porphyra.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Chen
- Public Monitoring Center for Agro-product of Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Yong-Tao Liu
- Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan, 430223, China
| | - Fu-Hua Wang
- Public Monitoring Center for Agro-product of Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China.
- Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Agro-product (Guangzhou), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou, 510640, China.
| | - Dian Wen
- Public Monitoring Center for Agro-product of Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Hui Yang
- Public Monitoring Center for Agro-product of Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Xiao-Li Zhao
- Public Monitoring Center for Agro-product of Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Rubio C, Dominik-Jakubiec M, Paz S, Gutiérrez ÁJ, González-Weller D, Hardisson A. Dietary exposure to trace elements (B, Ba, Li, Ni, Sr, and V) and toxic metals (Al, Cd, and Pb) from the consumption of commercial preparations of Spirulina platensis. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:22146-22155. [PMID: 33420686 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-12260-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Spirulina is a multicellular cyanobacterium that is consumed as a dietary supplement. The content of trace elements (B, Ba, Li, Ni, Sr, V) and toxic metals (Al, Cd, Pb) was determined in 24 spirulina samples marketed in two different formulations (tablets and powder) by ICP-OES (inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry). The highest element concentration was found in the powder presentation, except for Li. The powder presentation element levels (mg/kg dry weight) were Al (28.1), Sr (10.3), B (1.73), Li (1.47), Ba (1.25), Ni (0.63), Pb (88.1 μg/kg dw), Cd (37.2 μg/kg dw), and V (22.9 μg/kg dw). Considering an adult with a body weight of 68.48 kg and the posology guidelines (14 tablespoons per week), the consumption of powdered spirulina contributes greatly to the Al intake by 2.04% of its TWI (tolerable weekly intake) set at 1 mg/kg body weight/week, followed by Cd with 1.05% of its TWI set at 2.5 μg/kg bw/week. Pb intake represents 1.05% of the BMDL (benchmark dose) level associated with nephrotoxicity and 0.44% of the BMDL associated with cardiovascular effects. This assessment suggests that spirulina consumption does not pose risks to the consumer as far as exposure to toxic metals (Al, Cd, Pb) is concerned. However, the presence of trace elements and toxic metals in spirulina preparations should be monitored to ensure its quality and safety.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Rubio
- Department of Toxicology, Universidad de La Laguna, La Laguna, Canary Islands, 38071, Tenerife, Spain.
| | - Marcel Dominik-Jakubiec
- Department of Toxicology, Universidad de La Laguna, La Laguna, Canary Islands, 38071, Tenerife, Spain
| | - Soraya Paz
- Department of Toxicology, Universidad de La Laguna, La Laguna, Canary Islands, 38071, Tenerife, Spain
| | - Ángel J Gutiérrez
- Department of Toxicology, Universidad de La Laguna, La Laguna, Canary Islands, 38071, Tenerife, Spain
| | - Dailos González-Weller
- Health Inspection and Laboratory Service, Canary Health Service, S/C de Tenerife, 38006, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - Arturo Hardisson
- Department of Toxicology, Universidad de La Laguna, La Laguna, Canary Islands, 38071, Tenerife, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Cotas J, Pacheco D, Araujo GS, Valado A, Critchley AT, Pereira L. On the Health Benefits vs. Risks of Seaweeds and Their Constituents: The Curious Case of the Polymer Paradigm. Mar Drugs 2021; 19:164. [PMID: 33808736 PMCID: PMC8003528 DOI: 10.3390/md19030164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
To exploit the nutraceutical and biomedical potential of selected seaweed-derived polymers in an economically viable way, it is necessary to analyze and understand their quality and yield fluctuations throughout the seasons. In this study, the seasonal polysaccharide yield and respective quality were evaluated in three selected seaweeds, namely the agarophyte Gracilaria gracilis, the carrageenophyte Calliblepharis jubata (both red seaweeds) and the alginophyte Sargassum muticum (brown seaweed). It was found that the agar synthesis of G. gracilis did not significantly differ with the seasons (27.04% seaweed dry weight (DW)). In contrast, the carrageenan content in C. jubata varied seasonally, being synthesized in higher concentrations during the summer (18.73% DW). Meanwhile, the alginate synthesis of S. muticum exhibited a higher concentration (36.88% DW) during the winter. Therefore, there is a need to assess the threshold at which seaweed-derived polymers may have positive effects or negative impacts on human nutrition. Furthermore, this study highlights the three polymers, along with their known thresholds, at which they can have positive and/or negative health impacts. Such knowledge is key to recognizing the paradigm governing their successful deployment and related beneficial applications in humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- João Cotas
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, 3000-456 Coimbra, Portugal; (J.C.); (D.P.); (L.P.)
- Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre (MARE), Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of Coimbra, 3001-456 Coimbra, Portugal;
| | - Diana Pacheco
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, 3000-456 Coimbra, Portugal; (J.C.); (D.P.); (L.P.)
- Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre (MARE), Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of Coimbra, 3001-456 Coimbra, Portugal;
| | - Glacio Souza Araujo
- Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Ceará—IFCE, Campus Aracati, CE 040, km 137,1, Aracati 62800-000, Ceara, Brazil;
| | - Ana Valado
- Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre (MARE), Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of Coimbra, 3001-456 Coimbra, Portugal;
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Sciences, Polytechnic Institute of Coimbra, ESTeSC-Coimbra Health School, Rua 5 de Outubro, S. Martinho do Bispo, Apartamento 7006, 3046-854 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Alan T. Critchley
- Verschuren Centre for Sustainability in Energy and the Environment, Sydney, NS B1P 6L2, Canada
| | - Leonel Pereira
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, 3000-456 Coimbra, Portugal; (J.C.); (D.P.); (L.P.)
- Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre (MARE), Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of Coimbra, 3001-456 Coimbra, Portugal;
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Paz S, Rubio C, Gutiérrez ÁJ, González-Weller D, Hardisson A. Dietary Intake of Essential Elements (Na, K, Mg, Ca, Mn, Zn, Fe, Cu, Mo, Co) from Tofu Consumption. Biol Trace Elem Res 2021; 199:382-388. [PMID: 32314142 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-020-02151-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Tofu is one of the most consumed soybean products. Currently, tofu is consumed in vegan and vegetarian diets to avoid meat. However, it is necessary to determine the content of essential elements to assess the dietary intake. Essential elements (Na, K, Mg, Ca, Mn, Zn, Fe, Cu, Mo, Co) were determined in 130 samples of tofu by ICP-OES (inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy). The highest element content was found in flavoured tofu; the most notable were Na (2519 mg/kg wet weight) and Fe (19.5 mg/kg ww). Consumption of 200 g/day of flavoured tofu by adults would mean a high contribution of Cu (46.9% women, 38.1% men), Fe (55.7% women, 65.0% men) and Na (25.2% adults) to its AI (adequate intakes) sets by the EFSA (European Food Safety Authority). Natural tofu would mean a remarkably Mn contribution (50% adults) to the AI. Tofu could be an important source of essential elements such as Mg, Mn, Na, Cu and Fe.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Soraya Paz
- Department of Toxicology, Universidad de La Laguna, La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain.
| | - Carmen Rubio
- Department of Toxicology, Universidad de La Laguna, La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - Ángel J Gutiérrez
- Department of Toxicology, Universidad de La Laguna, La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - Dailos González-Weller
- Health Inspection and Laboratory Service, Canary Health Service, S/C de Tenerife, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - Arturo Hardisson
- Department of Toxicology, Universidad de La Laguna, La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Leandro A, Pacheco D, Cotas J, Marques JC, Pereira L, Gonçalves AMM. Seaweed's Bioactive Candidate Compounds to Food Industry and Global Food Security. Life (Basel) 2020; 10:E140. [PMID: 32781632 PMCID: PMC7459772 DOI: 10.3390/life10080140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The world population is continuously growing, so it is important to keep producing food in a sustainable way, especially in a way that is nutritious and in a sufficient quantity to overcome global needs. Seaweed grows, and can be cultivated, in seawater and generally does not compete for arable land and freshwater. Thus, the coastal areas of the planet are the most suitable for seaweed production, which can be an alternative to traditional agriculture and can thus contribute to a reduced carbon footprint. There are evolving studies that characterize seaweed's nutritional value and policies that recognize them as food, and identify the potential benefits and negative factors that may be produced or accumulated by seaweed, which are, or can be, dangerous for human health. Seaweeds have a high nutritional value along with a low caloric input and with the presence of fibers, proteins, omega 3 and 6 unsaturated fatty acids, vitamins, and minerals. Moreover, several seaweed sub-products have interesting features to the food industry. Therefore, the focus of this review is in the performance of seaweed as a potential alternative and as a safe food source. Here described is the nutritional value and concerns relating to seaweed consumption, and also how seaweed-derived compounds are already commercially explored and available in the food industry and the usage restrictions to safeguard them as safe food additives for human consumption.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Leandro
- Department of Life Sciences, Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre (MARE), University of Coimbra, 3000-456 Coimbra, Portugal; (A.L.); (D.P.); (J.C.); (J.C.M.); (L.P.)
| | - Diana Pacheco
- Department of Life Sciences, Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre (MARE), University of Coimbra, 3000-456 Coimbra, Portugal; (A.L.); (D.P.); (J.C.); (J.C.M.); (L.P.)
| | - João Cotas
- Department of Life Sciences, Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre (MARE), University of Coimbra, 3000-456 Coimbra, Portugal; (A.L.); (D.P.); (J.C.); (J.C.M.); (L.P.)
| | - João C. Marques
- Department of Life Sciences, Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre (MARE), University of Coimbra, 3000-456 Coimbra, Portugal; (A.L.); (D.P.); (J.C.); (J.C.M.); (L.P.)
| | - Leonel Pereira
- Department of Life Sciences, Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre (MARE), University of Coimbra, 3000-456 Coimbra, Portugal; (A.L.); (D.P.); (J.C.); (J.C.M.); (L.P.)
| | - Ana M. M. Gonçalves
- Department of Life Sciences, Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre (MARE), University of Coimbra, 3000-456 Coimbra, Portugal; (A.L.); (D.P.); (J.C.); (J.C.M.); (L.P.)
- Department of Biology and CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|