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Nagarajan T, Vilosamy K, Raju G, Shanmugan S, Walvekar R, Rustagi S, Khalid M. Investigating the adsorption potential of char derived from waste latex for methylene blue removal. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 358:141936. [PMID: 38614393 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.141936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2023] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/15/2024]
Abstract
This study presents the adsorption of methylene blue (MB) dye using latex char derived from pyrolysis of latex gloves. The adsorption process was investigated systematically using Response Surface Methodology (RSM) with a Central Composite Design (CCD). The effects of four key variables, namely pH, time, temperature, and adsorbent dosage, were studied using a factorial design enriched with center points and axial points. Experimental data were analyzed using a second-order polynomial regression model to construct a response surface model, which elucidated the relationship between the variables and MB removal efficiency. The study found that the char obtained at 800 °C exhibited the highest adsorption capacity due to its increased carbonization, expanded surface area, and diverse pore structure. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) confirmed the significance of the quadratic model, with remarkable agreement between predicted and experimental outcomes. Diagnostic plots validated the model's reliability, while 3D contour graphs illustrated the combined effects of variables on MB removal efficiency. Optimization using DoE software identified optimal conditions resulting in a 99% removal efficiency, which closely matched experimental results. Additionally, adsorption isotherms revealed that the Freundlich model best described the adsorption behavior, indicating heterogeneous surface adsorption with multilayer adsorption. This comprehensive study provides valuable insights into the adsorption process of MB dye using latex char, with implications for wastewater treatment and environmental remediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thachnatharen Nagarajan
- Faculty of Defence Science and Technology, National Defence University of Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Khirthiga Vilosamy
- School of Distance Education, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Minden, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Gunasunderi Raju
- School of Distance Education, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Minden, Penang, Malaysia.
| | - Subramani Shanmugan
- Nano Optoelectronics Research Laboratory, School of Physics, Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM), 11800, Gelugor, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
| | - Rashmi Walvekar
- Faculty of Innovation and Technology, School of Engineering, Chemical Engineering Programme, No.1 Jalan Taylor's, Taylor's University Malaysia, 47500, Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia; Chitkara Centre for Research and Development, Chitkara University, Himachal Pradesh, 174103, India
| | - Sarvesh Rustagi
- School of Applied and Life Sciences, Uttaranchal University, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, 248007, India
| | - Mohammad Khalid
- Sunway Centre for Electrochemical Energy and Sustainable Technology (SCEEST), School of Engineering and Technology, Sunway University, No. 5 Jalan Universiti, Bandar Sunway, 47500, Petaling Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia; Centre of Research Impact and Outcome, Chitkara University, Punjab, 140401, India.
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Majumder S, Dhara B, Mitra AK, Dey S. Applications and implications of carbon nanotubes for the sequestration of organic and inorganic pollutants from wastewater. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:124934-124949. [PMID: 36719577 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-25431-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The rapid growth in the population, industrial developments, and climate change over the century have contributed to a significant rise in aquatic pollution leading to a scarcity of clean, reliable, and sustainable water sources and supply. Exposure through ingestion, inhalation, and dermal absorption of organic/inorganic compounds such as heavy metals, pharmaceuticals, dyes, and persistent organic pollutants (POPs) discharged from municipalities, hospitals, textile industries, food, and agricultural sectors has caused adverse health outcomes in aquatic and terrestrial organisms. Owing to the high surface area, photocatalytic activity, antimicrobial, antifouling, optical, electronic, and magnetic properties, the application of nanotechnology offers unique opportunities in advanced wastewater management strategies over traditional approaches. Carbon nanomaterials and associated composites such as single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNT), multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT), and carbon nanotubes (CNT) buckypaper membranes have demonstrated efficiency in adsorption, photocatalytic activity, and filtration of contaminants and thus show immense potentiality in wastewater management. This review focuses on the application of CNTs in the sequestration of organic and inorganic contaminants from the aquatic environment. It also sheds light on the aquatic pollutant desorption processes, current safety regulations, and toxic responses associated with CNTs. Critical knowledge gaps involving CNT synthesis, surface modification processes, CNT-environment interactions, and risk assessments are further identified and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satwik Majumder
- Department of Food Science and Agricultural Chemistry, Macdonald Campus, McGill University, 21111 Lakeshore, Sainte Anne de Bellevue, H9X 3V9, Quebec, Canada
| | - Bikram Dhara
- Department of Microbiology, St. Xavier's College (Autonomous), Kolkata, 30 Park St., Mullick Bazar, Park Street Area, West Bengal, 700016, Kolkata, India
| | - Arup Kumar Mitra
- Department of Microbiology, St. Xavier's College (Autonomous), Kolkata, 30 Park St., Mullick Bazar, Park Street Area, West Bengal, 700016, Kolkata, India
| | - Satarupa Dey
- Department of Botany, Shyampur Siddheswari Mahavidyalaya, Ajodhya, Howrah, West Bengal, 711312, India.
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Yaqub M, Nguyen MN, Lee W. Treating reverse osmosis concentrate to address scaling and fouling problems in zero-liquid discharge systems: A scientometric review of global trends. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 844:157081. [PMID: 35780878 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Currently, reverse osmosis concentrate (ROC) treatment is one of the most promising techniques for its disposal because it produces freshwater with high recovery and valuable materials such as salts and reduces waste volume and environmental pollution. Public attention to the severe consequences of water pollution and strict environmental regulations on wastewater discharge has pushed water-polluting industries toward zero-liquid discharge (ZLD). However, scaling and fouling problems increase energy consumption and limit permeate flux at high salt concentrations, mainly due to calcium, magnesium, and silica precipitation, ultimately decreasing ZLD performance. Therefore, this study discusses drivers and ROC pretreatment technologies to improve ZLD efficiency and presents a scientometric review of global trends. The advantages, disadvantages, and economic and environmental aspects of conventional and emerging pre-treatment technologies were studied. Traditional treatment of chemical processes combined with precipitation removes a large amount of scaling ions; however, high operation and maintenance costs and limited full-scale plant experience are the main drawbacks. Softening and coagulation are most commonly applied to treat large volumes at a moderate cost; however, substantial sludge production and increased conductivity are major operational issues. Moreover, emerging technologies efficiently remove scale-forming ions with high capital and operating costs. New variations in standard reverse osmosis technologies have improved ZLD efficiency; nonetheless, scaling and fouling are of concern. Therefore, this review presents the studies on ROC pre-treatment technologies for removing scaling ions to enhance ZLD efficiency, which can help in future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Yaqub
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Kumoh National Institute of Technology, Gumi, Republic of Korea.
| | - Mai Ngoc Nguyen
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Kumoh National Institute of Technology, Gumi, Republic of Korea
| | - Wontae Lee
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Kumoh National Institute of Technology, Gumi, Republic of Korea.
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Filtration with Multiple Species of Particles. Transp Porous Media 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11242-022-01810-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
AbstractMembrane filtration of feed containing multiple species of particles is a common process in the industrial setting. In this work, we propose a model for filtration of a suspension containing multiple particle species (concrete examples of our model are shown in two and three species), each with different affinities for the material of the porous filter membrane. Using the pore shape within the membrane as a design objective, we formulate a number of optimization problems pertaining to effective separation of desired and undesired particles in the special case of two-particle species and we present results showing how properties such as feed composition affect the optimal filter design. In addition, we propose a novel multi-stage filtration strategy, which provides a significant mass yield improvement for the desired particles, and, surprisingly, higher purity of the product as well.
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Qureshi SS, Shah V, Nizamuddin S, Mubarak N, Karri RR, Dehghani MH, Ramesh S, Khalid M, Rahman ME. Microwave-assisted synthesis of carbon nanotubes for the removal of toxic cationic dyes from textile wastewater. J Mol Liq 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2022.119045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Teymourian T, Alavi Moghaddam MR, Kowsari E. Performance of novel GO-Gly/HNTs and GO-GG/HNTs nanocomposites for removal of Pb(II) from water: optimization based on the RSM-CCD model. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:9124-9141. [PMID: 34494195 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-16297-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
For the first time, in this study, two novel glycogen-graphene oxide/halloysite nanotubes (GO-Gly/HNTs) and guar gum-graphene oxide/halloysite nanotubes (GO-GG/HNTs) nanocomposites were synthesized as the adsorbents for removal of Pb(II) from water, and the ionic liquid was used in the synthesis as a green solvent. According to the SEM, TEM, EDS, BET, zeta potential, FTIR, and XRD results, GO-Gly/HNTs and GO-GG/HNTs were synthesized successfully. Response surface methodology (RSM) was applied to optimize the experimental conditions. Nanocomposites followed the Langmuir equilibrium model and were best fitted to the pseudo-second-order model. According to the thermodynamic model, the adsorption process was endothermic. Due to several features, these two novel nanocomposites can be considered the proper candidate for Pb(II) removal from water and wastewater. First, these nanocomposites have good adsorption capacity for Pb(II) removal, which is 219 mg/g for GO-Gly/HNTs and 315 mg/g for GO-GG/HNTs. Moreover, nanocomposites can be recycled with proper adsorption capacity after four repeated cycles. These materials can be used to remove Pb(II) from water in the presence of other contaminants because nanocomposites have selective tendency toward Pb(II) in the presence of other pollutants such as Cd2+, Cu2+, Cr2+, and Co2+. In addition, the presence of Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, and K+ improve Pb(II) removal. Finally, possible mechanisms for each nanocomposite were represented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Targol Teymourian
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology (Tehran Polytechnic), Hafez St, Tehran, 15875-4413, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Alavi Moghaddam
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology (Tehran Polytechnic), Hafez St, Tehran, 15875-4413, Iran.
| | - Elaheh Kowsari
- Department of Chemistry, Amirkabir University of Technology (Tehran Polytechnic), Hafez St, Tehran, 15875-4413, Iran
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Maurya AK, Nagamani M, Kang SW, Yeom JT, Hong JK, Sung H, Park CH, Uma Maheshwera Reddy P, Reddy NS. Development of artificial neural networks software for arsenic adsorption from an aqueous environment. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 203:111846. [PMID: 34364860 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.111846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Arsenic contamination is a global problem, as it affects the health of millions of people. For this study, data-driven artificial neural network (ANN) software was developed to predict and validate the removal of As(V) from an aqueous solution using graphene oxide (GO) under various experimental conditions. A reliable model for wastewater treatment is essential in order to predict its overall performance and to provide an idea of how to control its operation. This model considered the adsorption process parameters (initial concentration, adsorbent dosage, pH, and residence time) as the input variables and arsenic removal as the only output. The ANN model predicted the adsorption efficiency with high accuracy for both training and testing datasets, when compared with the available response surface methodology (RSM) model. Based on the best model synaptic weights, user-friendly ANN software was created to predict and analyze arsenic removal as a function of adsorption process parameters. We developed various graphical user interfaces (GUI) for easy use of the developed model. Thus, a researcher can efficiently operate the software without an understanding of programming or artificial neural networks. Sensitivity analysis and quantitative estimation were carried out to study the function of adsorption process parameter variables on As(V) removal efficiency, using the GUI of the model. The model prediction shows that the adsorbent dosages, initial concentration, and pH are the most influential parameters. The efficiency was increased as the adsorbent dosages increased, decreasing with initial concentration and pH. The result show that the pH 2.0-5.0 is optimal for adsorbent efficiency (%).
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Affiliation(s)
- A K Maurya
- Advanced Metals Division, Titanium Department, Korea Institute of Materials Science, Changwon, 51508, South Korea; School of Materials Science and Engineering, Engineering Research Institute, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - M Nagamani
- School of Computer and Information Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Gachibowli, Hyderabad, 500046, India
| | - Seung Won Kang
- Advanced Metals Division, Titanium Department, Korea Institute of Materials Science, Changwon, 51508, South Korea
| | - Jong-Taek Yeom
- Advanced Metals Division, Titanium Department, Korea Institute of Materials Science, Changwon, 51508, South Korea
| | - Jae-Keun Hong
- Advanced Metals Division, Titanium Department, Korea Institute of Materials Science, Changwon, 51508, South Korea
| | - Hyokyung Sung
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Engineering Research Institute, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - C H Park
- Advanced Metals Division, Titanium Department, Korea Institute of Materials Science, Changwon, 51508, South Korea.
| | | | - N S Reddy
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Engineering Research Institute, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, Republic of Korea.
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Dehghani MH, Gholami S, Karri RR, Lima EC, Mahvi AH, Nazmara S, Fazlzadeh M. Process modeling, characterization, optimization, and mechanisms of fluoride adsorption using magnetic agro-based adsorbent. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2021; 286:112173. [PMID: 33618321 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.112173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
Abstract
In this study, fluoride removal from polluted potable water using magnetic carbon-based adsorbents derived from agricultural biomass was thoroughly investigated. An experimental matrix is designed considering the interactive effects of independent process variables (pH, adsorbent dose, contact time, and initial fluoride concentration) on the removal efficiency. Isotherms and kinetics studies, as well as anions interactions, were also investigated to understand the adsorption mechanisms further. The model parameters of isotherms and kinetics are estimated using nonlinear differential evolution optimization (DEO). Approaches like adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) and response surface methodology (RSM) are implemented to predict the fluoride removal and identify the optimal process values. The optimum removal efficiency of GAC-Fe3O4 (89.34%) was found to be higher than that of PAC-Fe3O4 (85.14%). Kinetics experiments indicated that they follow the intraparticle diffusion model, and adsorption isotherms indicated that they follow Langmuir and Freundlich models. Both PAC-Fe3O4 and GAC-Fe3O4 adsorbents have shown an adsorption capacity of 1.20 and 2.74 mg/g, respectively. The model predictions from ANFIS have a strong correlation with experimental results and superior to RSM predictions. The shape of the contours depicts the nonlinearity of the interactive effects and the mechanisms in the adsorption process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Hadi Dehghani
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Institute for Environmental Research, Center for Solid Waste Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Solmaz Gholami
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Rama Rao Karri
- Petroleum and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Brunei, Brunei Darussalam.
| | - Eder C Lima
- Laboratory of Environmental Technology and Analytical Chemistry (Latama), Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Av. Bento Gonçalves 9500, Postal Box 15003, 91501-970, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Amir Hossein Mahvi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Institute for Environmental Research, Center for Solid Waste Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shahrokh Nazmara
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Fazlzadeh
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Bilal M, Bagheri AR, Vilar DS, Aramesh N, Eguiluz KIB, Ferreira LFR, Ashraf SS, Iqbal HMN. Oxidoreductases as a versatile biocatalytic tool to tackle pollutants for clean environment – a review. JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/jctb.6743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Bilal
- School of Life Science and Food Engineering Huaiyin Institute of Technology Huaian 223003 China
| | | | - Débora S Vilar
- Graduate Program in Process Engineering Tiradentes University (UNIT) Av. Murilo Dantas, 300, Farolândia Aracaju‐Sergipe 49032‐490 Brazil
| | - Nahal Aramesh
- Department of Chemistry Yasouj University Yasouj Iran
| | - Katlin Ivon Barrios Eguiluz
- Graduate Program in Process Engineering Tiradentes University (UNIT) Av. Murilo Dantas, 300, Farolândia Aracaju‐Sergipe 49032‐490 Brazil
| | - Luiz Fernando Romanholo Ferreira
- Waste and Effluent Treatment Laboratory, Institute of Technology and Research (ITP) Tiradentes University (UNIT) Av. Murilo Dantas, 300, Farolândia Aracaju‐Sergipe 49032‐490 Brazil
| | - Syed Salman Ashraf
- Department of Chemistry College of Arts and Sciences, Khalifa University Abu Dhabi United Arab Emirates
| | - Hafiz M N Iqbal
- Tecnologico de Monterrey School of Engineering and Sciences Monterrey 64849 Mexico
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10
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Carbon nanotube membranes – Strategies and challenges towards scalable manufacturing and practical separation applications. Sep Purif Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2020.117929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Xiang H, Ren G, Zhong Y, Xu D, Zhang Z, Wang X, Yang X. Fe 3O 4@C Nanoparticles Synthesized by In Situ Solid-Phase Method for Removal of Methylene Blue. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 11:330. [PMID: 33513986 PMCID: PMC7912336 DOI: 10.3390/nano11020330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Fe3O4@C nanoparticles were prepared by an in situ, solid-phase reaction, without any precursor, using FeSO4, FeS2, and PVP K30 as raw materials. The nanoparticles were utilized to decolorize high concentrations methylene blue (MB). The results indicated that the maximum adsorption capacity of the Fe3O4@C nanoparticles was 18.52 mg/g, and that the adsorption process was exothermic. Additionally, by employing H2O2 as the initiator of a Fenton-like reaction, the removal efficiency of 100 mg/L MB reached ~99% with Fe3O4@C nanoparticles, while that of MB was only ~34% using pure Fe3O4 nanoparticles. The mechanism of H2O2 activated on the Fe3O4@C nanoparticles and the possible degradation pathways of MB are discussed. The Fe3O4@C nanoparticles retained high catalytic activity after five usage cycles. This work describes a facile method for producing Fe3O4@C nanoparticles with excellent catalytic reactivity, and therefore, represents a promising approach for the industrial production of Fe3O4@C nanoparticles for the treatment of high concentrations of dyes in wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hengli Xiang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Ministry of Education Research Center for Comprehensive Utilization and Clean Processing Engineering of Phosphorus Resources, Chengdu 610065, China; (H.X.); (G.R.); (Y.Z.); (D.X.); (Z.Z.)
| | - Genkuan Ren
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Ministry of Education Research Center for Comprehensive Utilization and Clean Processing Engineering of Phosphorus Resources, Chengdu 610065, China; (H.X.); (G.R.); (Y.Z.); (D.X.); (Z.Z.)
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yibin University, Yibin 644000, China
| | - Yanjun Zhong
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Ministry of Education Research Center for Comprehensive Utilization and Clean Processing Engineering of Phosphorus Resources, Chengdu 610065, China; (H.X.); (G.R.); (Y.Z.); (D.X.); (Z.Z.)
| | - Dehua Xu
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Ministry of Education Research Center for Comprehensive Utilization and Clean Processing Engineering of Phosphorus Resources, Chengdu 610065, China; (H.X.); (G.R.); (Y.Z.); (D.X.); (Z.Z.)
| | - Zhiye Zhang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Ministry of Education Research Center for Comprehensive Utilization and Clean Processing Engineering of Phosphorus Resources, Chengdu 610065, China; (H.X.); (G.R.); (Y.Z.); (D.X.); (Z.Z.)
| | - Xinlong Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Ministry of Education Research Center for Comprehensive Utilization and Clean Processing Engineering of Phosphorus Resources, Chengdu 610065, China; (H.X.); (G.R.); (Y.Z.); (D.X.); (Z.Z.)
| | - Xiushan Yang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Ministry of Education Research Center for Comprehensive Utilization and Clean Processing Engineering of Phosphorus Resources, Chengdu 610065, China; (H.X.); (G.R.); (Y.Z.); (D.X.); (Z.Z.)
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