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Akūlova L, Paegle L, Mārtiņsone I, Vanadziņš I, Knudsen LE, Matisāne L. COVID-19 pandemic influence on perceived exposure to chemical substances in Latvia: data from a focus group discussion and the HBM4EU citizen survey. Front Public Health 2024; 12:1382368. [PMID: 38846609 PMCID: PMC11155454 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2024.1382368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction The COVID-19 pandemic has globally influenced the exposure of populations to chemical substances through various channels. This study aims to evaluate the tendencies of the use of chemical products in Latvia amidst the pandemic. Answers from 597 respondents (26.6% male, 73.4% female, mean age 46.0 ± 12.2) which were gathered as part of the HBM4EU (Human Biomonitoring Initiative) citizen survey and 8 focus group participants were used. Methods The study utilized data from the HBM4EU citizen survey and conducted focus group discussions to understand the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on chemical product usage in Latvia. Survey responses were analyzed to identify changes in exposure to chemicals, particularly in relation to disinfection agents and household products. Results More than two-thirds of survey participants reported increased exposure to chemicals during the COVID-19 pandemic, mainly related to the use of disinfection agents and household products. About 2-in-5 (39.8%) of survey respondents considered that the COVID-19 pandemic has increased their interest in exposure to chemicals. The excessive use of disinfectant products is the main concern of citizens (mentioned by 66.7%, n = 389). Also, two focus group participants noted that the use of disinfectant products is too widespread and should be minimized. Discussion The findings suggest that the COVID-19 pandemic has not only increased the use of chemical products in Latvia but also promoted an interest in safe and healthy use of chemicals which could be useful to raise the awareness of the general public.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lāsma Akūlova
- Laboratory of Hygiene and Occupational Diseases, Institute of Occupational Safety and Environmental Health, Rīga Stradiņš University, Riga, Latvia
| | - Linda Paegle
- Laboratory of Hygiene and Occupational Diseases, Institute of Occupational Safety and Environmental Health, Rīga Stradiņš University, Riga, Latvia
| | - Inese Mārtiņsone
- Laboratory of Hygiene and Occupational Diseases, Institute of Occupational Safety and Environmental Health, Rīga Stradiņš University, Riga, Latvia
| | - Ivars Vanadziņš
- Institute of Occupational Safety and Environmental Health, Rīga Stradiņš University, Riga, Latvia
| | - Lisbeth E. Knudsen
- Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Linda Matisāne
- Institute of Occupational Safety and Environmental Health, Rīga Stradiņš University, Riga, Latvia
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2
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Kakaei K, Padervand M, Akinay Y, Dawi E, Ashames A, Saleem L, Wang C. A critical mini-review on challenge of gaseous O 3 toward removal of viral bioaerosols from indoor air based on collision theory. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:84918-84932. [PMID: 37380862 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-28402-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
COVID-19, a pandemic of acute respiratory syndrome diseases, led to significant social, economic, psychological, and public health impacts. It was not only uncontrolled but caused serious problems at the outbreak time. Physical contact and airborne transmission are the main routes of transmission for bioaerosols such as SARS-CoV-2. According to the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) and World Health Organization (WHO), surfaces should be disinfected with chlorine dioxide, sodium hypochlorite, and quaternary compounds, while wearing masks, maintaining social distance, and ventilating are strongly recommended to protect against viral aerosols. Ozone generators have gained much attention for purifying public places and workplaces' atmosphere, from airborne bioaerosols, with specific reference to the COVID-19 pandemic outbreak. Despite the scientific concern, some bioaerosols, such as SARS-CoV-2, are not inactivated by ozone under its standard tolerable concentrations for human. Previous reports did not consider the ratio of surface area to volume, relative humidity, temperature, product of time in concentration, and half-life time simultaneously. Furthermore, the use of high doses of exposure can seriously threaten human health and safety since ozone is shown to have a high half-life at ambient conditions (several hours at 55% of relative humidity). Herein, making use of the reports on ozone physicochemical behavior in multiphase environments alongside the collision theory principles, we demonstrate that ozone is ineffective against a typical bioaerosol, SARS-CoV-2, at nonharmful concentrations for human beings in air. Ozone half-life and its durability in indoor air, as major concerns, are also highlighted in particular.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karim Kakaei
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Maragheh, P.O. Box 55181-83111, Maragheh, Iran
| | - Mohsen Padervand
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Maragheh, P.O. Box 55181-83111, Maragheh, Iran
| | - Yuksel Akinay
- Department of Mining, Faculty of Engineering, Van Yuzuncu Yil University, Van, Turkey
| | - Elmuez Dawi
- Nonlinear Dynamics Research Center (NDRC), College of Humanities and Sciences, Ajman University, P.O. Box 346, Ajman, United Arab Emirates.
| | - Akram Ashames
- Medical and Bio-Allied Health Sciences Research Centre, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Ajman University, P.O. Box 346, Ajman, United Arab Emirates
| | - Lama Saleem
- Biomolecular Science, Earth and Life Science, Amsterdam University, De Boelelaan 1105/1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Chuanyi Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, 710021, China
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Neves ES, Ng CT, Pek HB, Goh VSL, Mohamed R, Osman S, Ng YK, Kadir SA, Nazeem M, She A, Sim G, Aik J, Ng LC, Octavia S, Fang Z, Wong JCC, Setoh YX. Field trial assessing the antimicrobial decontamination efficacy of gaseous ozone in a public bus setting. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 876:162704. [PMID: 36907397 PMCID: PMC9998280 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The widespread COVID-19 pandemic caused by the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) necessitated measures aimed at preventing the spread of SARS-CoV-2. To mitigate the risk of fomite-mediated transmission, environmental cleaning and disinfection regimes have been widely implemented. However, conventional cleaning approaches such as surface wipe downs can be laborious and more efficient and effective disinfecting technologies are needed. Gaseous ozone disinfection is one technology which has been shown to be effective in laboratory studies. Here, we evaluated its efficacy and feasibility in a public bus setting, using murine hepatitis virus (a related betacoronavirus surrogate) and the bacteria Staphylococcus aureus as test organisms. An optimal gaseous ozone regime resulted in a 3.65-log reduction of murine hepatitis virus and a 4.73-log reduction of S. aureus, and decontamination efficacy correlated with exposure duration and relative humidity in the application space. These findings demonstrated gaseous ozone disinfection in field settings which can be suitably translated to public and private fleets that share analogous characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica Sena Neves
- Environmental Health Institute, National Environment Agency (NEA), 11 Biopolis Way, Singapore
| | - Cheng Teng Ng
- Environmental Health Institute, National Environment Agency (NEA), 11 Biopolis Way, Singapore
| | - Han Bin Pek
- Environmental Health Institute, National Environment Agency (NEA), 11 Biopolis Way, Singapore
| | - Vanessa Shi Li Goh
- Environmental Health Institute, National Environment Agency (NEA), 11 Biopolis Way, Singapore
| | - Roslinda Mohamed
- Environmental Health Institute, National Environment Agency (NEA), 11 Biopolis Way, Singapore
| | - Sheereen Osman
- Environmental Health Institute, National Environment Agency (NEA), 11 Biopolis Way, Singapore
| | - Yi Kai Ng
- Environmental Health Institute, National Environment Agency (NEA), 11 Biopolis Way, Singapore
| | - Sharain Abdul Kadir
- Environmental Health Institute, National Environment Agency (NEA), 11 Biopolis Way, Singapore
| | - Mohammad Nazeem
- Environmental Health Institute, National Environment Agency (NEA), 11 Biopolis Way, Singapore
| | - Alan She
- Virestorm Pte. Ltd., 42E Penjuru Rd, Singapore; Singapore Heavy Engineering Pte. Ltd., 42B Penjuru Rd, Singapore
| | | | - Joel Aik
- Environmental Health Institute, National Environment Agency (NEA), 11 Biopolis Way, Singapore; Pre-hospital and Emergency Research Centre, Duke-NUS Medical School, 8 College Road, Singapore 169857, Singapore
| | - Lee Ching Ng
- Environmental Health Institute, National Environment Agency (NEA), 11 Biopolis Way, Singapore; School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Sophie Octavia
- Environmental Health Institute, National Environment Agency (NEA), 11 Biopolis Way, Singapore
| | - Zhanxiong Fang
- Environmental Health Institute, National Environment Agency (NEA), 11 Biopolis Way, Singapore
| | - Judith Chui Ching Wong
- Environmental Health Institute, National Environment Agency (NEA), 11 Biopolis Way, Singapore
| | - Yin Xiang Setoh
- Environmental Health Institute, National Environment Agency (NEA), 11 Biopolis Way, Singapore; Infectious Diseases Translational Research Programme (ID TRP), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore; School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia.
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4
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Zhang L, Guo Y, Tie J, Yao Z, Feng Z, Wu Q, Wang X, Luo H. Grating-like DBD plasma for air disinfection: Dose and dose-response characteristics. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 447:130780. [PMID: 36669408 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.130780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 01/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric pressure dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) plasma is an emerging technique for effective bioaerosol decontamination and is promising to be used in indoor environments to reduce infections. However, fundamental knowledge of the dose and dose-response characteristics of plasma-based disinfection technology is very limited. By examining the single-pass removal efficiency of S. lentus aerosol by in-duct grating-like DBD plasma reactors with varied discharge setups (gap distance, electrode size, number of discharge layers, frequency, dielectric material), it was found that the specific input energy (SIE) could be served as the dose for disinfection, and the efficiency was exponentially dependent on SIE in most cases. The corresponding susceptibility constants (Z values) were obtained hereinafter. Humidity was a prominent factor boosting the efficiency with a Z value of 0.36 L/J at relative humidity (RH) of 20% and 1.68 L/J at RH of 60%. MS2 phage showed a much higher efficiency of 2.66-3.08 log10 of reduction than those of S. lentus (38-85%) and E. coli (42%-95%) under the same condition. Using SIE as the dose, the performance of plasma reactors in the literature was compared and evaluated. This work provides a theoretical and engineering basis for air disinfection by plasma-based technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyang Zhang
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yuntao Guo
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Jinfeng Tie
- Disinfection and Infection Control, Chinese PLA Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing 100071, China.
| | - Zenghui Yao
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Zihao Feng
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Qiong Wu
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xinxin Wang
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Haiyun Luo
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
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Cai Y, Zhao Y, Yadav AK, Ji B, Kang P, Wei T. Ozone based inactivation and disinfection in the pandemic time and beyond: Taking forward what has been learned and best practice. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 862:160711. [PMID: 36496014 PMCID: PMC9727960 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.160711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2022] [Revised: 11/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The large-scale global COVID-19 has a profound impact on human society. Timely and effectively blocking the virus spread is the key to controlling the pandemic growth. Ozone-based inactivation and disinfection techniques have been shown to effectively kill SARS-CoV-2 in water, aerosols and on solid surface. However, the lack of an unified information and discussion on ozone-based inactivation and disinfection in current and previous pandemics and the absence of consensus on the main mechanisms by which ozone-based inactivation of pandemic causing viruses have hindered the possibility of establishing a common basis for identifying best practices in the utilization of ozone technology. This article reviews the research status of ozone (O3) disinfection on pandemic viruses (especially SARS-CoV-2). Taking sterilization kinetics as the starting point while followed by distinguishing the pandemic viruses by enveloped and non-enveloped viruses, this review focuses on analyzing the scope of application of the sterilization model and the influencing factors from the experimental studies and data induction. It is expected that the review could provide an useful reference for the safe and effective O3 utilization of SARS-CoV-2 inactivation in the post-pandemic era.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yamei Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Eco-Hydraulics in Northwest Arid Region, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an 710048, PR China; Department of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, School of Water Resources and Hydroelectric Engineering, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an 710048, PR China
| | - Yaqian Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Eco-Hydraulics in Northwest Arid Region, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an 710048, PR China; Department of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, School of Water Resources and Hydroelectric Engineering, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an 710048, PR China.
| | - Asheesh Kumar Yadav
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Technology, Rey Juan Carlos University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Bin Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Eco-Hydraulics in Northwest Arid Region, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an 710048, PR China; School of Civil Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, PR China
| | - Peiying Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Eco-Hydraulics in Northwest Arid Region, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an 710048, PR China; Department of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, School of Water Resources and Hydroelectric Engineering, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an 710048, PR China
| | - Ting Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Eco-Hydraulics in Northwest Arid Region, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an 710048, PR China; Department of Analytical Chemistry, Physical Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Alcalá, Madrid, Spain
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Piletić K, Linšak DT, Kovač B, Mežnarić S, Repustić M, Radmanović-Skrbić M, Gobin I. Ozone disinfection efficiency against airborne microorganisms in hospital environment: a case study. Arh Hig Rada Toksikol 2022; 73:270-276. [PMID: 36607720 PMCID: PMC9985346 DOI: 10.2478/aiht-2022-73-3651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Even though ozone has shown its potential for air disinfection in hospital environment, its more frequent use has earned attention only with the COVID-19 pandemic due to its proven antimicrobial effect and low cost of production. The aim of this study was to determine its antimicrobial efficiency against the most common bacterial species in a real-life setting, that is, in the air of one postoperative room of the General Hospital Dr Ivo Pedišić (Sisak, Croatia). Air was sampled for aiborne bacteria before and after treatment with the ozone concentration of 15.71 mg/m3 for one hour. The most dominant Gram-positive bacteria of the genera Micrococcus, Staphylococcus, and Bacillus were reduced by 33 %, 58 %, and 61 %, respectively. The genus Micrococcus proved to be the most resistant. Considering our findings, we recommend longer air treatment with higher ozone concentrations in combination with mechanical cleaning and frequent ventilation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaća Piletić
- University of Rijeka Faculty of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Dijana Tomić Linšak
- University of Rijeka Faculty of Medicine, Department of Health Ecology, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Bruno Kovač
- University of Rijeka Faculty of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Silvestar Mežnarić
- University of Rijeka Faculty of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Rijeka, Croatia
| | | | | | - Ivana Gobin
- University of Rijeka Faculty of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Rijeka, Croatia
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Jafari-Oori M, Vahedian-azimi A, Ghorbanzadeh K, Sepahvand E, Dehi M, Ebadi A, Izadi M. Efficacy of ozone adjuvant therapy in COVID-19 patients: A meta-analysis study. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:1037749. [PMID: 36438064 PMCID: PMC9685165 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.1037749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Using ozone therapy to manage COVID-19 patients has been accompanied by conflicting results in prior studies. Therefore, we aimed to widely assess the effects of ozone as adjuvant therapy in COVID-19 patients. Methods PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Cochrane, ProQuest, Springer, and Sage journals were searched systematically until April 2022. Mortality rate, ICU admission, hospital-length stay, negative PCR, pulmonary, renal, and hepatic functions, as well as inflammatory and blood systems were pooled to compare the efficacy of ozone as adjacent therapy (OZ) and standard treatment (ST). Analyses were run with the random/fixed models, sub-group analysis, funnel plot, and sensitivity analysis using comprehensive meta-analysis (CMA) software version 2.0. Results The results of four randomized clinical trials (RCTs) and four case-control studies with a total of 371 COVID-19 positive patients were analyzed. The OZ group patients had a shorter length of hospital stay (P > 0.05), lower ICU admissions (P > 0.05), and lower mortality rates (P < 0.05) than the ST group cases. After treatment, 41% more COVID-19 patients had negative PCR tests than the ST group (P < 0.05). Serum creatinine and urea levels were not modified in either group (P > 0.05). Moreover, except for albumin serum levels, which decreased significantly in the OZ group, serum bilirubin, ALT, and AST were not modified in either group (P > 0.05). Both arms did not show a decrease in C-reactive protein blood levels (P > 0.05), but the OZ group showed a significant modification in LDH serum levels (P < 0.05). Unlike the d-dimer and WBC serum levels (P > 0.05), platelet levels were increased in the OZ group (P < 0.05). No negative side effects were demonstrated in either group. Conclusion Ozone therapy was effective significantly on PCR test and LDH serum levels, as well as mortality based on overall estimation. Concerning the length of hospital stay and ICU admissions, although the results were insignificant, their effect sizes were notable clinically. More RCT studies are needed to show the efficacy of ozone therapy on other studied variables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Jafari-Oori
- Atherosclerosis Research Center, Faculty of Nursing, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir Vahedian-azimi
- Trauma Research Center, Nursing Faculty, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Kobra Ghorbanzadeh
- Department of Nursing, Khalkhal University of Medical Sciences, Khalkhal, Iran
| | - Elham Sepahvand
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Poledokhtar School of Nursing, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Lorestan, Iran
| | - Manijeh Dehi
- Department of Nursing, Maragheh University of Medical Sciences, Maragheh, Iran
| | - Abbas Ebadi
- Faculty of Nursing, Behavioral Sciences Research Center, Life Style Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mortaza Izadi
- Health Research Center, Life Style Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Sainz-García A, Toledano P, Muro-Fraguas I, Álvarez-Erviti L, Múgica-Vidal R, López M, Sainz-García E, Rojo-Bezares B, Sáenz Y, Alba-Elías F. Mask disinfection using atmospheric pressure cold plasma. Int J Infect Dis 2022; 123:145-156. [PMID: 35995313 PMCID: PMC9389523 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2022.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Mask usage has increased over the last few years due to the COVID-19 pandemic, resulting in a mask shortage. Furthermore, their prolonged use causes skin problems related to bacterial overgrowth. To overcome these problems, atmospheric pressure cold plasma was studied as an alternative technology for mask disinfection. METHODS Different microorganisms (Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus spp.), different gases (nitrogen, argon, and air), plasma power (90-300 W), and treatment times (45 seconds to 5 minutes) were tested. RESULTS The best atmospheric pressure cold plasma treatment was the one generated by nitrogen gas at 300 W and 1.5 minutes. Testing of breathing and filtering performance and microscopic and visual analysis after one and five plasma treatment cycles, highlighted that these treatments did not affect the morphology or functional capacity of the masks. CONCLUSION Considering the above, we strongly believe that atmospheric pressure cold plasma could be an inexpensive, eco-friendly, and sustainable mask disinfection technology enabling their reusability and solving mask shortage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Sainz-García
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of La Rioja, C/ San José de Calasanz 31, 26004 Logroño, La Rioja, Spain
| | - Paula Toledano
- Molecular Microbiology Area, Center for Biomedical Research of La Rioja (CIBIR), C/Piqueras 98, 26006 Logroño, La Rioja, Spain
| | - Ignacio Muro-Fraguas
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of La Rioja, C/ San José de Calasanz 31, 26004 Logroño, La Rioja, Spain
| | - Lydia Álvarez-Erviti
- Molecular Neurobiology Area, Center for Biomedical Research of La Rioja (CIBIR), C/Piqueras 98, 26006 Logroño, La Rioja, Spain
| | - Rodolfo Múgica-Vidal
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of La Rioja, C/ San José de Calasanz 31, 26004 Logroño, La Rioja, Spain
| | - María López
- Molecular Microbiology Area, Center for Biomedical Research of La Rioja (CIBIR), C/Piqueras 98, 26006 Logroño, La Rioja, Spain
| | - Elisa Sainz-García
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of La Rioja, C/ San José de Calasanz 31, 26004 Logroño, La Rioja, Spain
| | - Beatriz Rojo-Bezares
- Molecular Microbiology Area, Center for Biomedical Research of La Rioja (CIBIR), C/Piqueras 98, 26006 Logroño, La Rioja, Spain
| | - Yolanda Sáenz
- Molecular Microbiology Area, Center for Biomedical Research of La Rioja (CIBIR), C/Piqueras 98, 26006 Logroño, La Rioja, Spain,Corresponding authors: Yolanda Sáenz, Molecular Microbiology Area, Center for Biomedical Research of La Rioja (CIBIR), c/ Piqueras 98, 26006, Logroño, La Rioja, Spain, Tel.: +34 941278868
| | - Fernando Alba-Elías
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of La Rioja, C/ San José de Calasanz 31, 26004 Logroño, La Rioja, Spain,Corresponding authors: Fernando Alba-Elías, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of La Rioja, c/ San José de Calasanz 31, 26004, Logroño, La Rioja, Spain, Tel.: +34 941299276
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9
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Zoran MA, Savastru RS, Savastru DM, Tautan MN. Impacts of exposure to air pollution, radon and climate drivers on the COVID-19 pandemic in Bucharest, Romania: A time series study. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 212:113437. [PMID: 35594963 PMCID: PMC9113773 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.113437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
During the ongoing global COVID-19 pandemic disease, like several countries, Romania experienced a multiwaves pattern over more than two years. The spreading pattern of SARS-CoV-2 pathogens in the Bucharest, capital of Romania is a multi-factorial process involving among other factors outdoor environmental variables and viral inactivation. Through descriptive statistics and cross-correlation analysis applied to daily time series of observational and geospatial data, this study aims to evaluate the synergy of COVID-19 incidence and lethality with air pollution and radon under different climate conditions, which may exacerbate the coronavirus' effect on human health. During the entire analyzed period 1 January 2020-21 December 2021, for each of the four COVID-19 waves were recorded different anomalous anticyclonic synoptic meteorological patterns in the mid-troposphere, and favorable stability conditions during fall-early winter seasons for COVID-19 disease fast-spreading, mostly during the second, and the fourth waves. As the temporal pattern of airborne SARS-CoV-2 and its mutagen variants is affected by seasonal variability of the main air pollutants and climate parameters, this paper found: 1) the daily outdoor exposures to air pollutants (particulate matter PM2.5 and PM10, nitrogen dioxide-NO2, sulfur dioxide-SO2, carbon monoxide-CO) and radon - 222Rn, are directly correlated with the daily COVID-19 incidence and mortality, and may contribute to the spread and the severity of the pandemic; 2) the daily ground ozone-O3 levels, air temperature, Planetary Boundary Layer height, and surface solar irradiance are anticorrelated with the daily new COVID-19 incidence and deaths, averageingful for spring-summer periods. Outdoor exposure to ambient air pollution associated with radon is a non-negligible driver of COVID-19 transmission in large metropolitan areas, and climate variables are risk factors in spreading the viral infection. The findings of this study provide useful information for public health authorities and decision-makers to develop future pandemic diseases strategies in high polluted metropolitan environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria A Zoran
- National Institute of R&D for Optoelectronics, Bucharest, Magurele, Romania.
| | - Roxana S Savastru
- National Institute of R&D for Optoelectronics, Bucharest, Magurele, Romania
| | - Dan M Savastru
- National Institute of R&D for Optoelectronics, Bucharest, Magurele, Romania
| | - Marina N Tautan
- National Institute of R&D for Optoelectronics, Bucharest, Magurele, Romania
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Mortazavi M, Bains A, Afsah-Hejri L, Ehsani R, LiWang PJ. SARS-CoV-2 pseudotyped virus persists on the surface of multiple produce but can be inactivated with gaseous ozone. Heliyon 2022; 8:e10280. [PMID: 35991981 PMCID: PMC9376980 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e10280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Revised: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to the immense societal and economic impact that the COVID-19 pandemic has caused, limiting the spread of SARS-CoV-2 is one of the most important priorities at this time. The global interconnectedness of the food industry makes it one of the biggest concerns for SARS-CoV-2 outbreaks. Although fomites are currently considered a low-risk route of transmission for SARS-CoV-2, new variants of the virus can potentially alter the transmission dynamics. In this study, we compared the survival rate of pseudotyped SARS-CoV-2 on plastic with some commonly used food samples (i.e., apple, strawberry, grapes, tomato, cucumber, lettuce, parsley, Brazil nut, almond, cashew, and hazelnut). The porosity level and the chemical composition of different food products affect the virus's stability and infectivity. Our results showed that tomato, cucumber, and apple offer a higher survival rate for the pseudotyped viruses. Next, we explored the effectiveness of ozone in deactivating the SARS-CoV-2 pseudotyped virus on the surface of tomato, cucumber, and apple. We found that the virus was effectively inactivated after being exposed to 15 ppm of ozone for 1 h under ambient conditions. SEM imaging revealed that while ozone exposure altered the wax layer on the surface of produce, it did not seem to damage the cells and their biological structures. The results of our study indicate that ozonated air can likely provide a convenient method of effectively disinfecting bulk food shipments that may harbour the SARS-CoV-2 virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehrad Mortazavi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Merced, CA, USA
| | - Arjan Bains
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Merced, CA, USA
| | - Leili Afsah-Hejri
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Merced, CA, USA
| | - Reza Ehsani
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Merced, CA, USA
| | - Patricia J LiWang
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Merced, CA, USA
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11
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Córdoba-Lanús E, García-Pérez O, Rodríguez-Esparragón F, Bethencourt-Estrella CJ, Torres-Mata LB, Blanco A, Villar J, Sanz O, Díaz JJ, Martín-Barrasa JL, Serrano-Aguilar P, Piñero JE, Clavo B, Lorenzo-Morales J. Ozone treatment effectively eliminates SARS-CoV-2 from infected face masks. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0271826. [PMID: 35867641 PMCID: PMC9307172 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0271826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The current COVID-19 pandemic is causing profound health, economic, and social problems worldwide. The global shortage of medical and personal protective equipment (PPE) in specialized centers during the outbreak demonstrated the need for efficient methods to disinfect and recycle them in times of emergency. We have previously described that high ozone concentrations destroyed viral RNA in an inactivated SARS-CoV-2 strain within a few minutes. However, the efficient ozone dosages for active SARS-CoV-2 are still unknown. The present study aimed to evaluate the systematic effects of ozone exposure on face masks from hospitalized patients infected with SARS-CoV-2. Face masks from COVID-19 patients were collected and treated with a clinical ozone generator at high ozone concentrations in small volumes for short periods. The study focused on SARS-CoV-2 gene detection (assessed by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR)) and on the virus inactivation by in vitro studies. We assessed the effects of different high ozone concentrations and exposure times on decontamination efficiency. We showed that high ozone concentrations (10,000, 2,000, and 4,000 ppm) and short exposure times (10, 10, and 2 minutes, respectively), inactivated both the original strain and the B.1.1.7 strain of SARS-CoV-2 from 24 contaminated face masks from COVID-19 patients. The validation results showed that the best condition for SARS-CoV-2 inactivation was a treatment of 4,000 ppm of ozone for 2 minutes. Further studies are in progress to advance the potential applications of these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Córdoba-Lanús
- Instituto Universitario de Enfermedades Tropicales y Salud Pública de Canarias de la Universidad de La Laguna, La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
- Departamento de Medicina Interna Dermatología y Psiquiatría Universidad de La Laguna, La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
- Red Cooperativa de Enfermedades Tropicales (RICET), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- * E-mail: (EC-L); (BC)
| | - Omar García-Pérez
- Instituto Universitario de Enfermedades Tropicales y Salud Pública de Canarias de la Universidad de La Laguna, La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
- Departamento de Medicina Interna Dermatología y Psiquiatría Universidad de La Laguna, La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
- Red Cooperativa de Enfermedades Tropicales (RICET), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco Rodríguez-Esparragón
- CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Research Unit Hospital Universitario Dr Negrín, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Canarias (IISC), Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
- Fundación Canaria del Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Canarias (FIISC), Las Palmas de Gran Canaria Spain
| | - Carlos J. Bethencourt-Estrella
- Instituto Universitario de Enfermedades Tropicales y Salud Pública de Canarias de la Universidad de La Laguna, La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
- Departamento de Obstetricia, Ginecología, Pediatría, Medicina Preventiva y Salud Pública, Toxicología, Medicina Legal y Forense y Parasitología, Universidad de La Laguna La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
| | - Laura B. Torres-Mata
- Research Unit Hospital Universitario Dr Negrín, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Canarias (IISC), Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
- Instituto Universitario de Investigaciones Biomédicas y Sanitarias (IUIBS), BioPharm Group Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Angeles Blanco
- Chemical Engineering & Materials Department, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesús Villar
- Research Unit Hospital Universitario Dr Negrín, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Canarias (IISC), Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute at the St Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Oscar Sanz
- Fundación Canaria del Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Canarias (FIISC), Las Palmas de Gran Canaria Spain
- Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital Universitario Dr Negrín, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Canarias (IISC), Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Juan J. Díaz
- Fundación Canaria del Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Canarias (FIISC), Las Palmas de Gran Canaria Spain
- Intensive Care Unit, Hospital Universitario Dr Negrín, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Canarias (IISC), Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - José L. Martín-Barrasa
- Research Unit Hospital Universitario Dr Negrín, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Canarias (IISC), Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
- Fundación Canaria del Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Canarias (FIISC), Las Palmas de Gran Canaria Spain
- Animal Infectious Diseases and Ictiopathology, Universitary Institute of Animal Health and Food Safety (IUSA), Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Arucas, Spain
| | - Pedro Serrano-Aguilar
- RETIC de Investigación en Servicios de Salud en Enfermedades Crónicas (REDISSEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Servicio de Evaluación y Planificación del Servicio Canario de Salud (SESCS), Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
- Red de Agencias de Evaluación de Tecnologías Sanitarias y Prestaciones del Sistema Nacional de Salud (RedETS), Madrid, Spain
| | - José-Enrique Piñero
- Instituto Universitario de Enfermedades Tropicales y Salud Pública de Canarias de la Universidad de La Laguna, La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
- Red Cooperativa de Enfermedades Tropicales (RICET), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Obstetricia, Ginecología, Pediatría, Medicina Preventiva y Salud Pública, Toxicología, Medicina Legal y Forense y Parasitología, Universidad de La Laguna La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
| | - Bernardino Clavo
- CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Research Unit Hospital Universitario Dr Negrín, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Canarias (IISC), Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
- Fundación Canaria del Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Canarias (FIISC), Las Palmas de Gran Canaria Spain
- RETIC de Investigación en Servicios de Salud en Enfermedades Crónicas (REDISSEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Chronic Pain Unit Hospital Universitario Dr Negrín Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
- Radiation Oncology Department, Hospital Universitario Dr Negrín Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
- * E-mail: (EC-L); (BC)
| | - Jacob Lorenzo-Morales
- Instituto Universitario de Enfermedades Tropicales y Salud Pública de Canarias de la Universidad de La Laguna, La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
- Red Cooperativa de Enfermedades Tropicales (RICET), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Obstetricia, Ginecología, Pediatría, Medicina Preventiva y Salud Pública, Toxicología, Medicina Legal y Forense y Parasitología, Universidad de La Laguna La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
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12
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Torres-Mata LB, García-Pérez O, Rodríguez-Esparragón F, Blanco A, Villar J, Ruiz-Apodaca F, Martín-Barrasa JL, González-Martín JM, Serrano-Aguilar P, Piñero JE, Córdoba-Lanús E, Lorenzo-Morales J, Clavo B. Ozone Eliminates SARS-CoV-2 from Difficult-to-Clean Office Supplies and Clinical Equipment. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19148672. [PMID: 35886529 PMCID: PMC9321385 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19148672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
(1) Background: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus type 2 (SARS-CoV-2) continues to cause profound health, economic, and social problems worldwide. The management and disinfection of materials used daily in health centers and common working environments have prompted concerns about the control of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection risk. Ozone is a powerful oxidizing agent that has been widely used in disinfection processes for decades. The aim of this study was to assess the optimal conditions of ozone treatment for the elimination of heat-inactivated SARS-CoV-2 from office supplies (personal computer monitors, keyboards, and computer mice) and clinical equipment (continuous positive airway pressure tubes and personal protective equipment) that are difficult to clean. (2) Methods: The office supplies and clinical equipment were contaminated in an area of 1 cm2 with 1 × 104 viral units of a heat-inactivated SARS-CoV-2 strain, then treated with ozone using two different ozone devices: a specifically designed ozonation chamber (for low–medium ozone concentrations over large volumes) and a clinical ozone generator (for high ozone concentrations over small volumes). SARS-CoV-2 gene detection was carried out using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). (3) Results: At high ozone concentrations over small surfaces, the ozone eliminated SARS-CoV-2 RNA in short time periods—i.e., 10 min (at 4000 ppm) or less. The optimum ozone concentration over large volumes was 90 ppm for 120 min in ambient conditions (24 °C and 60–75% relative humidity). (4) Conclusions: This study showed that the appropriate ozone concentration and exposure time eliminated heat-inactivated SARS-CoV-2 RNA from the surfaces of different widely used clinical and office supplies, decreasing their risk of transmission, and improving their reutilization. Ozone may provide an additional tool to control the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura B. Torres-Mata
- Research Unit, Hospital Universitario Dr. Negrín, 35019 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain; (L.B.T.-M.); (F.R.-E.); (J.V.); (J.L.M.-B.); (J.M.G.-M.)
- Fundación Canaria del Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Canarias (FIISC), 35019 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
- BioPharm Group, Instituto Universitario de Investigaciones Biomédicas y Sanitarias (IUIBS), Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35016 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
- Chemical Engineering & Materials Department, Universidad Complutense, 28040 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Omar García-Pérez
- Instituto Universitario de Enfermedades Tropicales y Salud Pública de Canarias, Universidad de La Laguna, Tenerife, 38200 La Laguna, Spain; (O.G.-P.); (J.E.P.); (E.C.-L.)
- Departamento de Medicina Interna, Dermatología y Psiquiatría, Universidad de La Laguna, Tenerife, 38200 La Laguna, Spain
- Red Cooperativa de Enfermedades Tropicales (RICET), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco Rodríguez-Esparragón
- Research Unit, Hospital Universitario Dr. Negrín, 35019 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain; (L.B.T.-M.); (F.R.-E.); (J.V.); (J.L.M.-B.); (J.M.G.-M.)
- Fundación Canaria del Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Canarias (FIISC), 35019 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
- Instituto Universitario de Enfermedades Tropicales y Salud Pública de Canarias, Universidad de La Laguna, Tenerife, 38200 La Laguna, Spain; (O.G.-P.); (J.E.P.); (E.C.-L.)
- CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Angeles Blanco
- Chemical Engineering & Materials Department, Universidad Complutense, 28040 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Jesús Villar
- Research Unit, Hospital Universitario Dr. Negrín, 35019 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain; (L.B.T.-M.); (F.R.-E.); (J.V.); (J.L.M.-B.); (J.M.G.-M.)
- CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute at St Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, ON M5B 1T8, Canada
| | | | - José L. Martín-Barrasa
- Research Unit, Hospital Universitario Dr. Negrín, 35019 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain; (L.B.T.-M.); (F.R.-E.); (J.V.); (J.L.M.-B.); (J.M.G.-M.)
- Fundación Canaria del Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Canarias (FIISC), 35019 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Aquaculture and Wild Species Health, Infectious Diseases, Universitary Institute of Animal Health and Food Safety (IUSA), Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35413 Arucas, Spain
| | - Jesús M. González-Martín
- Research Unit, Hospital Universitario Dr. Negrín, 35019 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain; (L.B.T.-M.); (F.R.-E.); (J.V.); (J.L.M.-B.); (J.M.G.-M.)
- Fundación Canaria del Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Canarias (FIISC), 35019 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
- Instituto Universitario de Enfermedades Tropicales y Salud Pública de Canarias, Universidad de La Laguna, Tenerife, 38200 La Laguna, Spain; (O.G.-P.); (J.E.P.); (E.C.-L.)
- CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Pedro Serrano-Aguilar
- Red de Investigación en Cronicidad, Atención Primaria y Promoción de la Salud (RICAPPS), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain;
- Servicio de Evaluación y Planificación del Servicio Canario de Salud (SESCS), 38109 Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
- Red de Agencias de Evaluación de Tecnologías Sanitarias y Prestaciones del Sistema Nacional de Salud (RedETS), 28071 Madrid, Spain
| | - José E. Piñero
- Instituto Universitario de Enfermedades Tropicales y Salud Pública de Canarias, Universidad de La Laguna, Tenerife, 38200 La Laguna, Spain; (O.G.-P.); (J.E.P.); (E.C.-L.)
- Red Cooperativa de Enfermedades Tropicales (RICET), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Obstetricia, Ginecología, Pediatría, Medicina Preventiva y Salud Pública, Toxicología, Medicina Legal y Forense y Parasitología, Universidad de La Laguna, Tenerife, 38200 La Laguna, Spain
| | - Elizabeth Córdoba-Lanús
- Instituto Universitario de Enfermedades Tropicales y Salud Pública de Canarias, Universidad de La Laguna, Tenerife, 38200 La Laguna, Spain; (O.G.-P.); (J.E.P.); (E.C.-L.)
- Departamento de Medicina Interna, Dermatología y Psiquiatría, Universidad de La Laguna, Tenerife, 38200 La Laguna, Spain
- Red Cooperativa de Enfermedades Tropicales (RICET), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Jacob Lorenzo-Morales
- Instituto Universitario de Enfermedades Tropicales y Salud Pública de Canarias, Universidad de La Laguna, Tenerife, 38200 La Laguna, Spain; (O.G.-P.); (J.E.P.); (E.C.-L.)
- Red Cooperativa de Enfermedades Tropicales (RICET), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Obstetricia, Ginecología, Pediatría, Medicina Preventiva y Salud Pública, Toxicología, Medicina Legal y Forense y Parasitología, Universidad de La Laguna, Tenerife, 38200 La Laguna, Spain
- Correspondence: (J.L.-M.); (B.C.)
| | - Bernardino Clavo
- Research Unit, Hospital Universitario Dr. Negrín, 35019 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain; (L.B.T.-M.); (F.R.-E.); (J.V.); (J.L.M.-B.); (J.M.G.-M.)
- Fundación Canaria del Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Canarias (FIISC), 35019 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
- BioPharm Group, Instituto Universitario de Investigaciones Biomédicas y Sanitarias (IUIBS), Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35016 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
- Instituto Universitario de Enfermedades Tropicales y Salud Pública de Canarias, Universidad de La Laguna, Tenerife, 38200 La Laguna, Spain; (O.G.-P.); (J.E.P.); (E.C.-L.)
- CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Chronic Pain Unit, Hospital Universitario Dr. Negrín, 35019 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
- Radiation Oncology Department, Hospital Universitario Dr. Negrín, 35019 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
- Correspondence: (J.L.-M.); (B.C.)
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13
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Shao W, Ye Q. SARS-CoV-2 Spreads Globally Through the Object-to-Human Transmission of Cross-Border Logistics. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:918957. [PMID: 35814665 PMCID: PMC9260597 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.918957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
With globalization, the demand for transnational logistics is growing rapidly. However, the object-to-human transmission of SARS-CoV-2 has been reported in transnational logistics production, transportation, storage, sales, and consumption. Every link of transnational logistics has the risk of spreading the COVID-19 pandemic. It is concluded that low temperatures, dry environments, and smooth surfaces are conducive to the long-term survival of SARS-CoV-2 on the surface of transnational goods. Epidemiological investigation and big data analysis show that the object-to-human transmission route of direct contact with contaminated cold chain goods plays a key role in the outbreak and transmission of the COVID-19 pandemic. This may be the most crucial reason for the global spread of SARS-CoV-2 caused by transnational logistics. It is an effective way to prevent the spread of SARS-CoV-2 from object-to-human through transnational logistics by strengthening the management of employees in all aspects of transnational logistics, carrying out comprehensive disinfection and quarantine of and guiding consumers to handle transnational goods properly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxia Shao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Affiliated Hangzhou First People’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qing Ye
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Children’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, National Children’s Regional Medical Center, Hangzhou, China
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14
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Rangel K, Cabral FO, Lechuga GC, Carvalho JPRS, Villas-Bôas MHS, Midlej V, De-Simone SG. Potent Activity of a High Concentration of Chemical Ozone against Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria. Molecules 2022; 27:3998. [PMID: 35807244 PMCID: PMC9268618 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27133998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Health care-associated infections (HAIs) are a significant public health problem worldwide, favoring multidrug-resistant (MDR) microorganisms. The SARS-CoV-2 infection was negatively associated with the increase in antimicrobial resistance, and the ESKAPE group had the most significant impact on HAIs. The study evaluated the bactericidal effect of a high concentration of O3 gas on some reference and ESKAPE bacteria. MATERIAL AND METHODS Four standard strains and four clinical or environmental MDR strains were exposed to elevated ozone doses at different concentrations and times. Bacterial inactivation (growth and cultivability) was investigated using colony counts and resazurin as metabolic indicators. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was performed. RESULTS The culture exposure to a high level of O3 inhibited the growth of all bacterial strains tested with a statistically significant reduction in colony count compared to the control group. The cell viability of S. aureus (MRSA) (99.6%) and P. aeruginosa (XDR) (29.2%) was reduced considerably, and SEM showed damage to bacteria after O3 treatment Conclusion: The impact of HAIs can be easily dampened by the widespread use of ozone in ICUs. This product usually degrades into molecular oxygen and has a low toxicity compared to other sanitization products. However, high doses of ozone were able to interfere with the growth of all strains studied, evidencing that ozone-based decontamination approaches may represent the future of hospital cleaning methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karyne Rangel
- Center for Technological Development in Health (CDTS), National Institute of Science and Technology for Innovation in Neglected Population Diseases (INCT-IDPN), FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil; (G.C.L.); (J.P.R.S.C.)
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Molecular Systematics (LESM), Oswaldo Cruz Institute, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil
| | - Fellipe O. Cabral
- Microbiology Department, National Institute for Quality Control in Health (INCQS), FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil; (F.O.C.); (M.H.S.V.-B.)
| | - Guilherme C. Lechuga
- Center for Technological Development in Health (CDTS), National Institute of Science and Technology for Innovation in Neglected Population Diseases (INCT-IDPN), FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil; (G.C.L.); (J.P.R.S.C.)
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Molecular Systematics (LESM), Oswaldo Cruz Institute, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil
| | - João P. R. S. Carvalho
- Center for Technological Development in Health (CDTS), National Institute of Science and Technology for Innovation in Neglected Population Diseases (INCT-IDPN), FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil; (G.C.L.); (J.P.R.S.C.)
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Molecular Systematics (LESM), Oswaldo Cruz Institute, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil
- Post-Graduation Program in Science and Biotechnology, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Biology Institute, Federal Fluminense University, Niterói 22040-036, Brazil
| | - Maria H. S. Villas-Bôas
- Microbiology Department, National Institute for Quality Control in Health (INCQS), FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil; (F.O.C.); (M.H.S.V.-B.)
| | - Victor Midlej
- Laboratory of Cellular and Ultrastructure, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil;
| | - Salvatore G. De-Simone
- Center for Technological Development in Health (CDTS), National Institute of Science and Technology for Innovation in Neglected Population Diseases (INCT-IDPN), FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil; (G.C.L.); (J.P.R.S.C.)
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Molecular Systematics (LESM), Oswaldo Cruz Institute, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil
- Post-Graduation Program in Science and Biotechnology, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Biology Institute, Federal Fluminense University, Niterói 22040-036, Brazil
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15
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Caggiano G, Lopuzzo M, Spagnuolo V, Diella G, Triggiano F, D’Ambrosio M, Trerotoli P, Marcotrigiano V, Barbuti G, Sorrenti GT, Magarelli P, Sorrenti DP, Napoli C, Montagna MT. Investigations on the Efficacy of Ozone as an Environmental Sanitizer in Large Supermarkets. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11050608. [PMID: 35631128 PMCID: PMC9147425 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11050608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Awareness of the importance of the microbial contamination of air and surfaces has increased significantly during the COVID-19 pandemic. The aim of this study was to evaluate the presence of bacteria and fungi in the air and on surfaces within some critical areas of large supermarkets with and without an ozonation system. Surveys were conducted in four supermarkets belonging to the same commercial chain of an Apulian city in June 2021, of which two (A and B) were equipped with an ozonation system, and two (C and D) did not have any air-diffused remediation treatment. There was a statistically significant difference in the total bacterial count (TBC) and total fungal count (TFC) in the air between A/B and C/D supermarkets (p = 0.0042 and p = 0.0002, respectively). Regarding surfaces, a statistically significant difference in TBC emerged between A/B and C/D supermarkets (p = 0.0101). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study evaluating the effect of ozone on commercial structures in Italy. Future investigations, supported by a multidisciplinary approach, will make it possible to deepen the knowledge on this method of sanitation, in light of any other epidemic/pandemic waves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppina Caggiano
- Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine, Hygiene Section, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Piazza G. Cesare 11, 70124 Bari, Italy; (G.D.); (P.T.); (M.T.M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-(0)-80-5478-475
| | - Marco Lopuzzo
- Department of Biomedical Science and Human Oncology, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Piazza G. Cesare 11, 70124 Bari, Italy; (M.L.); (V.S.); (F.T.); (M.D.); (G.B.)
| | - Valentina Spagnuolo
- Department of Biomedical Science and Human Oncology, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Piazza G. Cesare 11, 70124 Bari, Italy; (M.L.); (V.S.); (F.T.); (M.D.); (G.B.)
| | - Giusy Diella
- Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine, Hygiene Section, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Piazza G. Cesare 11, 70124 Bari, Italy; (G.D.); (P.T.); (M.T.M.)
| | - Francesco Triggiano
- Department of Biomedical Science and Human Oncology, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Piazza G. Cesare 11, 70124 Bari, Italy; (M.L.); (V.S.); (F.T.); (M.D.); (G.B.)
| | - Marilena D’Ambrosio
- Department of Biomedical Science and Human Oncology, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Piazza G. Cesare 11, 70124 Bari, Italy; (M.L.); (V.S.); (F.T.); (M.D.); (G.B.)
| | - Paolo Trerotoli
- Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine, Hygiene Section, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Piazza G. Cesare 11, 70124 Bari, Italy; (G.D.); (P.T.); (M.T.M.)
| | - Vincenzo Marcotrigiano
- Department of Prevention, Food Hygiene and Nutrition Service, Local Health Unit BT, Barletta-Andria-Trani, 76125 Trani, Italy; (V.M.); (G.T.S.); (P.M.); (D.P.S.)
| | - Giovanna Barbuti
- Department of Biomedical Science and Human Oncology, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Piazza G. Cesare 11, 70124 Bari, Italy; (M.L.); (V.S.); (F.T.); (M.D.); (G.B.)
| | - Giovanni Trifone Sorrenti
- Department of Prevention, Food Hygiene and Nutrition Service, Local Health Unit BT, Barletta-Andria-Trani, 76125 Trani, Italy; (V.M.); (G.T.S.); (P.M.); (D.P.S.)
| | - Pantaleo Magarelli
- Department of Prevention, Food Hygiene and Nutrition Service, Local Health Unit BT, Barletta-Andria-Trani, 76125 Trani, Italy; (V.M.); (G.T.S.); (P.M.); (D.P.S.)
| | - Domenico Pio Sorrenti
- Department of Prevention, Food Hygiene and Nutrition Service, Local Health Unit BT, Barletta-Andria-Trani, 76125 Trani, Italy; (V.M.); (G.T.S.); (P.M.); (D.P.S.)
| | - Christian Napoli
- Department of Medical Surgical Sciences and Translational Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00189 Rome, Italy;
| | - Maria Teresa Montagna
- Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine, Hygiene Section, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Piazza G. Cesare 11, 70124 Bari, Italy; (G.D.); (P.T.); (M.T.M.)
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16
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Wolfgruber S, Loibner M, Puff M, Melischnig A, Zatloukal K. SARS-CoV2 neutralizing activity of ozone on porous and non-porous materials. N Biotechnol 2022; 66:36-45. [PMID: 34626837 PMCID: PMC8492887 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbt.2021.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has generated a major need for non-destructive and environmentally friendly disinfection methods. This work presents the development and testing of a disinfection process based on gaseous ozone for SARS-CoV-2-contaminated porous and non-porous surfaces. A newly developed disinfection chamber was used, equipped with a CeraPlas™ cold plasma generator that produces ozone during plasma ignition. A reduction of more than log 6 of infectious virus could be demonstrated for virus-contaminated cotton and FFP3 face masks as well as glass slides after exposure to 800 ppm ozone for 10-60 min, depending on the material. In contrast to other disinfectants, ozone can be produced quickly and cost-effectively, and its environmentally friendly breakdown product oxygen does not leave harmful residues. Disinfection with ozone could help to overcome delivery difficulties of personal protective equipment by enabling safe reuse with further applications, thereby reducing waste generation, and may allow regular disinfection of personal items with non-porous surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stella Wolfgruber
- Diagnostic- and Research Center for Molecular Biomedicine, Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Martina Loibner
- Diagnostic- and Research Center for Molecular Biomedicine, Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Markus Puff
- TDK Electronics GmbH & Co OG, Deutschlandsberg, Austria
| | | | - Kurt Zatloukal
- Diagnostic- and Research Center for Molecular Biomedicine, Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria.
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17
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IRIE MS, DIETRICH L, SOUZA GLD, SOARES PBF, MOURA CCG, SILVA GRD, PARANHOS LR. Ozone disinfection for viruses with applications in healthcare environments: a scoping review. Braz Oral Res 2022; 36:e006. [DOI: 10.1590/1807-3107bor-2022.vol36.0006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Lia DIETRICH
- Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Brazil
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18
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Pironti C, Moccia G, Motta O, Boccia G, Franci G, Santoro E, Capunzo M, De Caro F. The influence of microclimate conditions on ozone disinfection efficacy in working places. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:64687-64692. [PMID: 34318416 PMCID: PMC8315499 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-15457-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, the sanitization of environments, devices, and objects has become mandatory to improve human and environmental safety, in addition to individual protection and prevention measures. International studies considered ozone one of the most useful and easy sanitization methods for indoor environments, especially hospital environments that require adequate levels of disinfection. The purpose of this work was to evaluate the microclimate influence on sanitizing procedure for indoor settings with ozone, to prevent infections and ensure the safe use of the environments. The concentration of ozone was measured during sanitization treatment and estimation of microorganisms' survival on the air and different contaminated plates after the sanitization operations were performed. The results demonstrated a significant reduction in the microbial count that always fell below the threshold value in different conditions of distance, temperature, and relative humidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Concetta Pironti
- Department of Medicine Surgery and Dentistry "Scuola Medica Salernitana", University of Salerno, via S. Allende 1, 84081, Baronissi, SA, Italy
- AUO San Giovanni di Dio e Ruggi d'Aragona Hospital, via S. Leonardo, Salerno, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Moccia
- Department of Medicine Surgery and Dentistry "Scuola Medica Salernitana", University of Salerno, via S. Allende 1, 84081, Baronissi, SA, Italy
- AUO San Giovanni di Dio e Ruggi d'Aragona Hospital, via S. Leonardo, Salerno, Italy
| | - Oriana Motta
- Department of Medicine Surgery and Dentistry "Scuola Medica Salernitana", University of Salerno, via S. Allende 1, 84081, Baronissi, SA, Italy.
- AUO San Giovanni di Dio e Ruggi d'Aragona Hospital, via S. Leonardo, Salerno, Italy.
| | - Giovanni Boccia
- Department of Medicine Surgery and Dentistry "Scuola Medica Salernitana", University of Salerno, via S. Allende 1, 84081, Baronissi, SA, Italy
- AUO San Giovanni di Dio e Ruggi d'Aragona Hospital, via S. Leonardo, Salerno, Italy
| | - Gianluigi Franci
- Department of Medicine Surgery and Dentistry "Scuola Medica Salernitana", University of Salerno, via S. Allende 1, 84081, Baronissi, SA, Italy
- AUO San Giovanni di Dio e Ruggi d'Aragona Hospital, via S. Leonardo, Salerno, Italy
| | - Emanuela Santoro
- Department of Medicine Surgery and Dentistry "Scuola Medica Salernitana", University of Salerno, via S. Allende 1, 84081, Baronissi, SA, Italy
| | - Mario Capunzo
- Department of Medicine Surgery and Dentistry "Scuola Medica Salernitana", University of Salerno, via S. Allende 1, 84081, Baronissi, SA, Italy
- AUO San Giovanni di Dio e Ruggi d'Aragona Hospital, via S. Leonardo, Salerno, Italy
| | - Francesco De Caro
- Department of Medicine Surgery and Dentistry "Scuola Medica Salernitana", University of Salerno, via S. Allende 1, 84081, Baronissi, SA, Italy
- AUO San Giovanni di Dio e Ruggi d'Aragona Hospital, via S. Leonardo, Salerno, Italy
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19
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Dubuis ME, Racine É, Vyskocil JM, Turgeon N, Tremblay C, Mukawera E, Boivin G, Grandvaux N, Duchaine C. Ozone inactivation of airborne influenza and lack of resistance of respiratory syncytial virus to aerosolization and sampling processes. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0253022. [PMID: 34252093 PMCID: PMC8274922 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0253022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza and RSV are human viruses responsible for outbreaks in hospitals, long-term care facilities and nursing homes. The present study assessed an air treatment using ozone at two relative humidity conditions (RHs) in order to reduce the infectivity of airborne influenza. Bovine pulmonary surfactant (BPS) and synthetic tracheal mucus (STM) were used as aerosols protectants to better reflect the human aerosol composition. Residual ozone concentration inside the aerosol chamber was also measured. RSV's sensitivity resulted in testing its resistance to aerosolization and sampling processes instead of ozone exposure. The results showed that without supplement and with STM, a reduction in influenza A infectivity of four orders of magnitude was obtained with an exposure to 1.70 ± 0.19 ppm of ozone at 76% RH for 80 min. Consequently, ozone could be considered as a virucidal disinfectant for airborne influenza A. RSV did not withstand the aerosolization and sampling processes required for the use of the experimental setup. Therefore, ozone exposure could not be performed for this virus. Nonetheless, this study provides great insight for the efficacy of ozone as an air treatment for the control of nosocomial influenza A outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Eve Dubuis
- Centre de Recherche de l’Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec–Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
- Département de Biochimie, de Microbiologie et de Bio-informatique, Faculté des Sciences et de Génie, Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Étienne Racine
- Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jonathan M. Vyskocil
- Centre de Recherche de l’Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec–Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
- Département de Biochimie, de Microbiologie et de Bio-informatique, Faculté des Sciences et de Génie, Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Nathalie Turgeon
- Centre de Recherche de l’Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec–Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Christophe Tremblay
- Département de Biochimie, de Microbiologie et de Bio-informatique, Faculté des Sciences et de Génie, Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Espérance Mukawera
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Département de Biochimie et Médecine Moléculaire, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Guy Boivin
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec–Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
- Département de Microbiologie-Infectiologie et d’Immunologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Nathalie Grandvaux
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Département de Biochimie et Médecine Moléculaire, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Caroline Duchaine
- Centre de Recherche de l’Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec–Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
- Département de Biochimie, de Microbiologie et de Bio-informatique, Faculté des Sciences et de Génie, Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
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