1
|
Chebii F, K'oreje K, Okoth M, Lutta S, Masime P, Demeestere K. Occurrence and environmental risks of contaminants of emerging concern across the River Athi Basin, Kenya, in dry and wet seasons. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 914:169696. [PMID: 38160815 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.169696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Revised: 12/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Globally, the environmental occurrence of Contaminants of Emerging Concern (CECs) including pharmaceuticals (PhACs), personal care products (PCPs) and modern polar pesticides has raised ecological and human health awareness. However, as the developed world races against time to establish regulatory measures to mitigate their effects, developing nations including Kenya are lagging behind, partly due to unavailability of adequate data. In this work, a multi-residue analysis of 86 CECs was carried out on 198 surface water and 18 effluent samples collected at 24 sites across the River Athi basin area, Kenya, in both dry and rainy seasons. Overall, 57 CECs comprising 31 PhACs (0.4 ng L-1-142 μg L-1), 6 PCPs (0.7-570 ng L-1) and 20 pesticides (0.3 ng L-1-8.3 μg L-1) were detected. The maximum loads varied from 217 g day-1 (PCPs) to 46 kg day-1 (PhACs). Individually, carbamazepine, nevirapine, sulfamethoxazole and DEET were the most ubiquitous CECs, with detection frequencies (DF) higher than 80 %. The highest concentrations were observed at river sites that are heavily impacted by informal settlements, highlighting the critical role of slums in urban rivers pollution. At least 8 CECs including acetamiprid, alachlor, atrazine, diuron, nevirapine and paracetamol show potential risk to algae, Daphnia magna and fish, as exemplified by Risk Quotients (RQ) up to 174. Similarly, potential risk of antibiotic resistant bacteria development is evident (RQ up to 64), being driven by metronidazole, sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim. Ultimately, further studies on the occurrence and distribution of antibiotic resistant bacteria within the basin and among the communities consuming untreated river water for drinking is merited.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Faith Chebii
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, School of Science, University of Eldoret, P.O. Box 1125, Eldoret, Kenya
| | - Kenneth K'oreje
- Water Resources Management Authority, P.O. Box 45250, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Maurice Okoth
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, School of Science, University of Eldoret, P.O. Box 1125, Eldoret, Kenya
| | - Samuel Lutta
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, School of Science, University of Eldoret, P.O. Box 1125, Eldoret, Kenya
| | - Philip Masime
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, School of Science, University of Eldoret, P.O. Box 1125, Eldoret, Kenya
| | - Kristof Demeestere
- Research Group Environmental Organic Chemistry and Technology (EnVOC), Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Yan Z, Zhang H, Li Y, Lu Z, Wang D, Zhao X, Wang S, Xie R, Li K. Seasonal distribution of caffeine in the Bohai Sea, Yellow Sea, and estuaries of Yantai City, China. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2024; 199:116008. [PMID: 38171162 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2023.116008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Revised: 12/26/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
We employed a validated method to assess the seasonal variation and distribution of caffeine in the Bohai and Yellow Seas, as well as in Yantai urban estuaries and offshore region in northern China. Caffeine concentrations were highest during the summer in the Yellow Sea (1436.4 ng/L) and lowest in the Yantai urban offshore region during the spring and autumn and in the Yantai urban estuarine area and Bohai Sea during the winter (0.1 ng/L). There was significant variation in maximum caffeine levels among seasons across all regions examined, reaching a difference of 5980.5 times at the same sampling site between summer and winter. The caffeine concentration in the Yantai offshore region was significantly higher than in the Bohai and Yellow Seas. This study is the first investigation of seasonal fluctuations in the pollution levels of neurotoxic substances in the northern seas of China.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Yan
- Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, China; School of Ocean, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Yantai Affiliated Hospital of Binzhou Medical University, Yantai 264100, China
| | - Yaxi Li
- Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, China
| | - Zhen Lu
- Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, China
| | - Derui Wang
- College of Marine Science, Beibu Gulf University, Qinzhou 535011, China
| | - Xiaodong Zhao
- School of Ocean, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China
| | - Song Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China
| | - Ruliang Xie
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China
| | - Ke Li
- Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Yan Z, Li Y, Lin A, Yang X, Lu Z, Zhang H, Tang J, Zhao J, Niu D, Zhang T, Zhao X, Li K. Development of a trace quantitative method to investigate caffeine distribution in the Yellow and Bohai Seas, China, and assessment of its potential neurotoxic effect on fish larvae. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2023; 195:115492. [PMID: 37690407 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2023.115492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/02/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
Caffeine is an emerging contaminant in aquatic environments. The study utilized a validated method to investigate the presence and distribution of caffeine in the surface water of the Yellow and Bohai Seas, urban rivers, and the Yantai estuary area. The analytical method conforms to EPA guidelines and exhibits a limit of quantification that is 200 times lower than that of prior investigations. The study revealed that the highest concentration of 1436.4 ng/L was found in convergence of ocean currents in the Yellow and Bohai Seas. The presence of larger populations and the process of urban industrialization have been observed to result in elevated levels of caffeine in offshore regions, confirming that caffeine can serve as a potential indicator of anthropogenic contamination. Fish larvae exhibited hypoactivity in response to caffeine exposure at environmentally relevant concentrations. The study revealed that caffeine pollution can have adverse effects on marine and offshore ecosystems. This emphasizes the importance of decreasing neurotoxic pollution in the aquatic environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Yan
- School of Ocean, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China; Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, China
| | - Yaxi Li
- Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ainuo Lin
- Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiao Yang
- Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhen Lu
- Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, China
| | - Huilin Zhang
- Center for Mitochondria and Healthy Aging, College of Life Science, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China
| | - Jianhui Tang
- Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, China
| | - Jianmin Zhao
- Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, China
| | - Donglei Niu
- Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Tianyu Zhang
- Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiaodong Zhao
- School of Ocean, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China
| | - Ke Li
- Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Roveri V, Lopes Guimarães L, Correia AT. Prioritizing pharmaceutically active compounds (PhACs) based on occurrence-persistency-mobility-toxicity (OPMT) criteria: an application to the Brazilian scenario. SAR AND QSAR IN ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 34:1023-1039. [PMID: 38047444 DOI: 10.1080/1062936x.2023.2287516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
A study of Quantitative Structure Activity Relationship (QSAR) was performed to assess the possible adverse effects of 25 pharmaceuticals commonly found in the Brazilian water compartments and to establish a ranking of environmental concern. The occurrence (O), the persistence (P), the mobility (M), and the toxicity (T) of these compounds in the Brazilian drinking water reservoirs were evaluated. Moreover, to verify the predicted OPMT dataset outcomes, a quality index (QI) was also developed and applied. The main results showed that: (i) after in silico predictions through VEGA QSAR, 19 from 25 pharmaceuticals consumed in Brazil were classified as persistent; (ii) moreover, after in silico predictions through OPERA QSAR, 15 among those 19 compounds considered persistent, were also classified as mobile or very mobile. On the other hand, the results of toxicity indicate that only 9 pharmaceuticals were classified with the highest toxicity level. Ultimately, the QI of 7 from 25 pharmaceuticals were categorized as 'optimal'; 15 pharmaceuticals were categorized as 'good'; and only 3 pharmaceuticals were categorized as 'regular'. Therefore, based on the QI criteria used, it is possible to assume that this OPMT prediction dataset had a good reliability. Efforts to reduce emissions of OPMT-pharmaceuticals in Brazilian drinking water reservoirs are encouraged.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- V Roveri
- Departamento de Gestão Ambiental, Universidade Metropolitana de Santos (UNIMES), Santos, Brazil
- Laboratório de EcoFisiologia, Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental (CIIMAR/CIMAR), Matosinhos, Portugal
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Produtos Naturais, Universidade Santa Cecília (UNISANTA), Santos, Brazil
| | - L Lopes Guimarães
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Produtos Naturais, Universidade Santa Cecília (UNISANTA), Santos, Brazil
| | - A T Correia
- Laboratório de EcoFisiologia, Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental (CIIMAR/CIMAR), Matosinhos, Portugal
- Escola das Ciências da Vida e do Ambiente da Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD-ECVA), Vila Real, Portugal
- Departamento de Ciências da Vida, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar da Universidade do Porto (ICBAS-UP), Porto, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Fabregat-Safont D, Botero-Coy AM, Nieto-Juárez JI, Torres-Palma RA, Hernández F. Searching for pharmaceutically active products and metabolites in environmental waters of Peru by HRMS-based screening: Proposal for future monitoring and environmental risk assessment. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 337:139375. [PMID: 37391080 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.139375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/02/2023]
Abstract
The presence of pharmaceutical active products (PhACs) in the aquatic environment is a matter of current concern, and there is an increasing trend to include these compounds in water quality monitoring programs and environmental risk assessments. Several studies have reported the presence of PhACs in environmental waters worldwide, but only a few studies have focused on Latin American countries. Thus, available information on the occurrence of parent pharmaceuticals, especially their metabolites, is very scarce. Peru is one of the less monitored countries in terms of contaminants of emerging concern (CECs) in waters, and only one study has been found, which was focused on the quantification of selected PhACs in urban wastewater and surface water. The aim of this work is to complement the previous data reported on PhACs in the aquatic environment by application of a wide-scope high-resolution (HRMS)-based screening, making use of target and suspect approaches. In the present work, 30 pharmaceuticals, drugs or other compounds (sweeteners, UV filters, etc.) and 21 metabolites have been identified, with antibiotics (and metabolites) being the most prevalent compounds. The use of liquid chromatography (LC) coupled to ion mobility-HRMS allowed the tentative identification of parent compounds and metabolites, for which the analytical reference standard was not available, with a high level of confidence in their identification. Based on the results obtained, a strategy for the monitoring of PhACs and relevant metabolites in environmental waters from Peru and for subsequent risk assessment is proposed. Our data will also help to focus future studies to evaluate the removal efficiency of wastewater treatment plants and the impact of treated water in receiving water bodies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David Fabregat-Safont
- Environmental and Public Health Analytical Chemistry, Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, University Jaume I, Avda. Sos Baynat s/n, 12071, Castellón, Spain; Applied Metabolomics Research Laboratory, IMIM-Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute, 88 Doctor Aiguader, 08003, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Ana M Botero-Coy
- Environmental and Public Health Analytical Chemistry, Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, University Jaume I, Avda. Sos Baynat s/n, 12071, Castellón, Spain
| | - Jessica I Nieto-Juárez
- Research Group in Environmental Quality and Bioprocesses (GICAB), Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Textile, Universidad Nacional de Ingeniería UNI, Av. Túpac Amaru N° 210, Rímac, Lima, Peru
| | - Ricardo A Torres-Palma
- Grupo de Investigación en Remediación Ambiental y Biocatálisis (GIRAB), Instituto de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Antioquía UdeA, Calle 70 N° 52-21, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Félix Hernández
- Environmental and Public Health Analytical Chemistry, Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, University Jaume I, Avda. Sos Baynat s/n, 12071, Castellón, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Checon HH, Corte GN, Shah Esmaeili Y, Muniz P, Turra A. The efficacy of benthic indices to evaluate the ecological quality and urbanization effects on sandy beach ecosystems. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 856:159190. [PMID: 36195141 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.159190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Benthic indices have been widely used across different coastal ecosystems to assess ecological quality and detect anthropic impacts, but very few studies investigated their effectiveness on sandy beaches. Here, we evaluated and compared the efficacy of 12 assemblage-based benthic indices in assessing ecological quality in beaches, across a gradient of anthropic pressure and natural variability in 90 sandy beach sites. Overall, when sandy beaches were considered collectively, benthic indices had a poor performance in identifying decreases in ecological quality with increasing urbanization. However, when each morphodynamic type was evaluated separately, a few indices, especially those that were calibrated by reference conditions (i.e., M-AMBI, BAT, and BEQI-2), showed promising results for dissipative, and to a lesser extent, intermediate beaches. For reflective beaches, indices performed poorly, likely a reflection of the stronger natural disturbance these beaches are subjected to. Among functional indices, richness was found to be lower in urbanized beaches, but only in dissipative ones. Overall, our results show that benthic indices have the potential to be incorporated in sandy beach management and monitoring programs, especially for dissipative and intermediate beaches. For reflective beaches, given the early stage of studies with benthic indices in beaches, more research is needed to corroborate the observed patterns.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Helio H Checon
- Instituto Oceanográfico, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), CEP 05508-120 São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Departamento de Biologia Animal, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, CEP 13083-862 Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Guilherme N Corte
- Instituto Oceanográfico, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), CEP 05508-120 São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Escola do Mar, Ciência e Tecnologia, Universidade do Vale do Itajaí, CEP 88302-202 Itajaí, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Yasmina Shah Esmaeili
- Instituto Oceanográfico, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), CEP 05508-120 São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Departamento de Biologia Animal, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, CEP 13083-862 Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Pablo Muniz
- Oceanografía y Ecología Marina (OEM), Instituto de Ecología y Ciencias Ambientales (IECA), Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Iguá 4225, Montevideo 11400, Uruguay
| | - Alexander Turra
- Instituto Oceanográfico, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), CEP 05508-120 São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Roveri V, Guimarães LL, Toma W, Correia AT. Occurrence, ecological risk assessment and prioritization of pharmaceuticals and abuse drugs in estuarine waters along the São Paulo coast, Brazil. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:89712-89726. [PMID: 35857165 PMCID: PMC9297060 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-21945-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The pollution of the surface waters by pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) has attracted worldwide attention, but data regarding their occurrence and potential risks for the aquatic biota on tropical coastal rivers of South America are still scarce. In this context, the occurrence and the preliminary ecological risk assessment of eleven pharmaceuticals of various therapeutic classes (including cocaine and its primary metabolite, benzoylecgonine) were investigated, for the first time, in five rivers of São Paulo, southeast Brazil, covering a coastline of about 140 km, namely Perequê River, Itinga River, Mongaguá River, Itanhaém River and Guaraú River. Although these five rivers are born in well-preserved areas of the Atlantic rainforest biome, on its way to sea and when they cross the urban perimeter, they receive untreated sewage discharges containing a complex mixture of contaminants. In addition, a "persistence, bioaccumulation and toxicity" (PBT) approach allowed to pre-select the priority PPCPs to be monitored in this coastline. Identification of several PPCPs in the samples was done using liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Ten PPCPs were successfully quantified in all five rivers, namely caffeine (9.00-560.00 ng/L), acetaminophen (<LOQ-22.24 ng/L), benzoylecgonine (0.30-14.93 ng/L), atenolol (0.12-13.22 ng/L), losartan (0.10-8.42 ng/L), diclofenac (0.76-3.93 ng/L), cocaine (0.05-3.22 ng/L), furosemide (<LOQ-3.16), carbamazepine (0.04-0.50 ng/L) and orphenadrine (<LOQ-0.14 ng/L). From an ecological risk perspective, caffeine, acetaminophen and losartan can be considered as priority PPCPs because they showed low to moderate risks to algae, crustacean and fishes. However, using the PBT approach, carbamazepine and orphenadrine were also classified as priority compounds, followed by furosemide, acetaminophen, cocaine and losartan (all in second position) and caffeine, atenolol, diclofenac and benzoylecgonine (all in third position). This study provides valuable information to reinforce the importance of continuous monitoring of the coastal rivers of South America (containing PPCPs and illicit drugs) whose diffuse loads flow continuously into the marine ecosystems. Furthermore, ecotoxicological studies (especially with tropical marine organisms) to assess the long-term toxicity of these bioactive compounds are urgent.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vinicius Roveri
- Universidade Metropolitana de Santos (UNIMES), Avenida Conselheiro Nébias, 536 - Encruzilhada, 11045-002, Santos, São Paulo, Brazil
- Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental (CIIMAR/CIMAR), Avenida General Norton de Matos S/N, 4450-208, Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Luciana Lopes Guimarães
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Produtos Naturais, Universidade Santa Cecília, Rua Cesário Mota 8, F83A, 11045-040 Santos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Walber Toma
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Produtos Naturais, Universidade Santa Cecília, Rua Cesário Mota 8, F83A, 11045-040 Santos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alberto Teodorico Correia
- Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental (CIIMAR/CIMAR), Avenida General Norton de Matos S/N, 4450-208, Matosinhos, Portugal.
- Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde da Universidade Fernando Pessoa (FCS-UFP), Rua Carlos da Maia 296, 4200-150, Porto, Portugal.
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar da Universidade do Porto (ICBAS-UP), Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Madikizela LM, Ncube S. Health effects and risks associated with the occurrence of pharmaceuticals and their metabolites in marine organisms and seafood. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 837:155780. [PMID: 35537516 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.155780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Pharmaceuticals and their metabolites are continuously invading the marine environment due to their input from the land such as their disposal into the drains and sewers which is mostly followed by their transfer into wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). Their incomplete removal in WWTPs introduces pharmaceuticals into oceans and surface water. To date, various pharmaceuticals and their metabolites have been detected in marine environment. Their occurrence in marine organisms raises concerns regarding toxic effects and development of drug resistant genes. Therefore, it is crucial to review the health effects and risks associated with the presence of pharmaceuticals and their metabolites in marine organisms and seafood. This is an important study area which is related to the availability of seafood and its quality. Hence, this study provides a critical review of the information available in literature which relates to the occurrence and toxic effects of pharmaceuticals in marine organisms and seafood. This was initiated through conducting a literature search focussing on articles investigating the occurrence and effects of pharmaceuticals and their metabolites in marine organisms and seafood. In general, most studies on the monitoring of pharmaceuticals and their metabolites in marine environment are conducted in well developed countries such as Europe while research in developing countries is still limited. Pharmaceuticals present in freshwater are mostly found in seawater and marine organisms. Furthermore, the toxicity caused by different pharmaceutical mixtures was observed to be more severe than that of individual compounds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence Mzukisi Madikizela
- Institute for Nanotechnology and Water Sustainability, College of Science, Engineering and Technology, University of South Africa, Florida Science Campus, 1710, South Africa.
| | - Somandla Ncube
- Department of Chemistry, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, P.O Box 60, Medunsa 0204, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Pisetta AM, Roveri V, Guimarães LL, de Oliveira TMN, Correia AT. First report on the occurrence of pharmaceuticals and cocaine in the coastal waters of Santa Catarina, Brazil, and its related ecological risk assessment. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:63099-63111. [PMID: 35459992 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-20312-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The worldwide occurrence of pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) in aquatic ecosystems is reason for public concern. These emerging micropollutants include a large and diverse group of organic compounds, with continuous input, high environmental persistence and potential threat to biota and human health. The aim of this study was to evaluate, for the first time, the occurrence of twenty-seven PPCPs of various therapeutic classes (including cocaine and its primary metabolite, benzoylecgonine), in the coastal waters of Santa Catarina, southern Brazil. Water samples were taken in November 2020, during the low tide periods, at eight sampling points located along the coast of Santa Catarina, covering its entire geographical extension. Sampling was carried out in triplicate and at different depths of the water column. Nine compounds were detected through liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS): caffeine (12.58-119.80 ng/L), diclofenac (1.34-7.92 ng/L), atenolol (1.13-2.50 ng/L), losartan (0.43-3.20 ng/L), acetaminophen (0.21-10.04 ng/L), orphenadrine (0.07-0.09 ng/L), cocaine (0.02-0.17 ng/L), benzoylecgonine (0.01-1.1 ng/L) and carbamazepine (0.02-0.27 ng/L). The highest occurrence of these compounds was detected in the northern and central coastal region of Santa Catarina, namely in Penha and Palhoça cities. Moreover, the risk assessment showed that almost compounds (atenolol, benzoylecgonine, carbamazepine, cocaine and orphenadrine) presented no ecological risk in the recorded concentrations. However, a few compounds suggest low (caffeine and diclofenac) to moderate (acetaminophen and losartan) risk taking into consideration the acute and chronic effects for the three trophic levels (algae, crustacean and fish) tested. These compounds are usually found in areas with high population density, aggravated by tourism, because of the sanitary sewage and solid waste. Although in low concentrations, the occurrence of these chemical compounds can imply deleterious effects on the environmental health of Santa Catarina coastal zone, and therefore deserve more attention by the public authorities and environmental agencies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ane-Mery Pisetta
- Faculdade de Ciência E Tecnologia da, Universidade Fernando Pessoa (FCT-UFP), Praça 9 de Abril 349, 4249-004, Porto, Portugal
- Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha E Ambiental (CIIMAR/CIMAR), Avenida General Norton de Matos S/N, 4450-208, Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Vinicius Roveri
- Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha E Ambiental (CIIMAR/CIMAR), Avenida General Norton de Matos S/N, 4450-208, Matosinhos, Portugal
- Universidade Metropolitana de Santos (UNIMES), Avenida Conselheiro Nébias, 536 - Encruzilhada, 11045-002, Santos, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Luciana Lopes Guimarães
- Universidade de Santa Cecília (UNISANTA), Rua Cesário Mota 8, F83A, 11045-040, Santos, São Paulo, Brasil
| | | | - Alberto Teodorico Correia
- Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha E Ambiental (CIIMAR/CIMAR), Avenida General Norton de Matos S/N, 4450-208, Matosinhos, Portugal.
- Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde da, Universidade Fernando Pessoa (FCS-UFP), Rua Carlos da Maia 296, 4200-150, Porto, Portugal.
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar da Universidade Do Porto (ICBAS-UP), Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Roveri V, Guimarães LL, Toma W, Correia AT. Occurrence of pharmaceuticals and cocaine in the urban drainage channels located on the outskirts of the São Vicente Island (São Paulo, Brazil) and related ecological risk assessment. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:57931-57945. [PMID: 35359205 PMCID: PMC8970415 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-19736-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
"Wealth by the sea and poverty away from the sea breeze" is a metaphor that mirrors what happens along the Brazilian coastal zone, namely in São Vicente Island, São Paulo, Brazil. Due to the high cost of the properties on this shore, the impoverished population started to migrate to the northern outskirts of the island (away from the tourist beaches), potentiating the emergence of poor housing conditions, namely stilt-house slums. Consequently, the urban drainage channels across these outskirts neighbourhoods are potentially contaminated by human wastes. In this context, the occurrence and preliminary ecological risk assessment of eleven pharmaceuticals of various therapeutic classes (including cocaine and its primary metabolite, benzoylecgonine) were investigated, for the first time, in five urban drainage channels whose diffuse loads flow continuously to the estuarine waters of São Vicente Island. The results showed the widespread presence of these environmental stressors in all urban channels analysed, namely losartan (7.3-2680.0 ng/L), caffeine (314.0-726.0 ng/L), acetaminophen (7.0-78.2 ng/L), atenolol (6.2-23.6 ng/L), benzoylecgonine (10.2-17.2 ng/L), furosemide (1.0-7.2 ng/L), cocaine (2.3-6.7 ng/L), carbamazepine (0.2-2.6 ng/L), diclofenac (1.1-2.5 ng/L), orphenadrine (0.2-1.1 ng/L) and chlortalidone (0.5-1.0 ng/L). The overall total estimated load of pharmaceuticals and personal care products flowing to the estuarine waters of São Vicente Island is on the order of 41.1 g/day. The ecological risk assessment revealed a great environmental concern for São Vicente Island, ranging between low (e.g. carbamazepine and cocaine) and moderate to high (e.g. caffeine, acetaminophen and losartan) threats for the aquatic biota. Therefore, initiatives promoting basic sanitation, land-use regularisation and population awareness are highly recommended.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vinicius Roveri
- Universidade Metropolitana de Santos (UNIMES), Avenida Conselheiro Nébias, 536 - Encruzilhada, Santos, São Paulo, 11045-002, Brazil
- Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha E Ambiental (CIIMAR/CIMAR), Avenida General Norton de Matos S/N, 4450-208, Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Luciana Lopes Guimarães
- Laboratório de Pesquisa Em Produtos Naturais, Universidade Santa Cecília (UNISANTA), Rua Cesário Mota 8, Santos, São Paulo, F83A, 11045-040, Brazil
| | - Walber Toma
- Laboratório de Pesquisa Em Produtos Naturais, Universidade Santa Cecília (UNISANTA), Rua Cesário Mota 8, Santos, São Paulo, F83A, 11045-040, Brazil
| | - Alberto Teodorico Correia
- Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha E Ambiental (CIIMAR/CIMAR), Avenida General Norton de Matos S/N, 4450-208, Matosinhos, Portugal.
- Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde da, Universidade Fernando Pessoa (FCS-UFP), Rua Carlos da Maia 296, 4200-150, Porto, Portugal.
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar da Universidade Do Porto (ICBAS-UP), Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal.
| |
Collapse
|