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Martínez-Gayo A, Félix-Soriano E, Sáinz N, González-Muniesa P, Moreno-Aliaga MJ. Changes Induced by Aging and Long-Term Exercise and/or DHA Supplementation in Muscle of Obese Female Mice. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14204240. [PMID: 36296923 PMCID: PMC9610919 DOI: 10.3390/nu14204240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity and aging promote chronic low-grade systemic inflammation. The aim of the study was to analyze the effects of long-term physical exercise and/or omega-3 fatty acid Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) supplementation on genes or proteins related to muscle metabolism, inflammation, muscle damage/regeneration and myokine expression in aged and obese mice. Two-month-old C57BL/6J female mice received a control or a high-fat diet for 4 months. Then, the diet-induced obese (DIO) mice were distributed into four groups: DIO, DIO + DHA, DIO + EX (treadmill training) and DIO + DHA + EX up to 18 months. Mice fed a control diet were sacrificed at 2, 6 and 18 months. Aging increased the mRNA expression of Tnf-α and decreased the expression of genes related to glucose uptake (Glut1, Glut4), muscle atrophy (Murf1, Atrogin-1, Cas-9) and myokines (Metrnl, Il-6). In aged DIO mice, exercise restored several of these changes. It increased the expression of genes related to glucose uptake (Glut1, Glut4), fatty acid oxidation (Cpt1b, Acox), myokine expression (Fndc5, Il-6) and protein turnover, decreased Tnf-α expression and increased p-AKT/AKT ratio. No additional effects were observed when combining exercise and DHA. These data suggest the effectiveness of long-term training to prevent the deleterious effects of aging and obesity on muscle dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Martínez-Gayo
- Department of Nutrition, Food Science and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
- Center for Nutrition Research, University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Elisa Félix-Soriano
- Department of Nutrition, Food Science and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
- Center for Nutrition Research, University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Neira Sáinz
- Department of Nutrition, Food Science and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
- Center for Nutrition Research, University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Pedro González-Muniesa
- Department of Nutrition, Food Science and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
- Center for Nutrition Research, University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
- CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERobn), Carlos III Health Institute (ISCIII), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- IdISNA–Navarra Institute for Health Research, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
- Correspondence: (P.G.-M.); (M.J.M.-A.)
| | - María J. Moreno-Aliaga
- Department of Nutrition, Food Science and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
- Center for Nutrition Research, University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
- CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERobn), Carlos III Health Institute (ISCIII), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- IdISNA–Navarra Institute for Health Research, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
- Correspondence: (P.G.-M.); (M.J.M.-A.)
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Wang H, Zheng A, Arias EB, Cartee GD. Prior AICAR induces elevated glucose uptake concomitant with greater γ3-AMPK activation and reduced membrane cholesterol in skeletal muscle from 26-month-old rats. Facets (Ott) 2022; 7:774-791. [PMID: 36381195 PMCID: PMC9648397 DOI: 10.1139/facets-2021-0166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Attenuated skeletal muscle glucose uptake (GU) has been observed with advancing age. It is important to elucidate the mechanisms linked to interventions that oppose this detrimental outcome. Earlier research using young rodents and (or) cultured myocytes reported that treatment with 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide-1-β-d-ribofuranoside (AICAR; an AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activator) can increase γ3-AMPK activity and reduce membrane cholesterol content, each of which has been proposed to elevate GU. However, the effect of AICAR treatment on γ3-AMPK activity and membrane cholesterol in skeletal muscle of aged animals has not been reported. Our purpose was to evaluate the effects of AICAR treatment on these potential mechanisms for enhanced glucose uptake in the skeletal muscle of aged animals. Epitrochlearis muscles from 26-27-month-old male rats were isolated and incubated ± AICAR, followed by 3 h incubation without AICAR, and then incubation with 3-O-methyl-[3 H] glucose (to assess GU ± insulin). Muscles were also analyzed for γ3-AMPK activity and membrane cholesterol content. Prior AICAR treatment led to increased γ3-AMPK activity, reduced membrane cholesterol content, and enhanced glucose uptake in skeletal muscle from aged rats. These observations revealed that two potential mechanisms for greater GU previously observed in younger animals and (or) cell models are also potentially relevant for enhanced GU by muscles from older animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan Wang
- Muscle Biology Laboratory, School of Kinesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Amy Zheng
- Muscle Biology Laboratory, School of Kinesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Edward B. Arias
- Muscle Biology Laboratory, School of Kinesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Gregory D. Cartee
- Muscle Biology Laboratory, School of Kinesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Institute of Gerontology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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Kępczyński Ł, Wcisło S, Korzeniewska-Dyl I, Połatyńska K, Gach A, Moczulski D. No evidence for change in expression of TBC1D1 and TBC1D4 genes in cultured human adipocytes stimulated by myokines and adipokines. Adipocyte 2021; 10:153-159. [PMID: 33769190 PMCID: PMC8007147 DOI: 10.1080/21623945.2021.1900497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
TBC1D1 and TBC1D4 proteins play analogous, but not identical role in governing insulin-signalling pathway. Little is known about changes in expression levels of TBC1D1 and TBC1D4 genes in mammals, including humans. Number of factors were studied, but data remain controversial. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of selected cytokines, adipokines and myokines with known or putative insulin sensitivity regulation activity (adiponectin, irisin, omentin, interleukin 6, leptin, resistin, and tumour necrosis factor) on TBC1D1 and TBC1D4 expression levels in cultured differentiated human adipocytes. No significant differences were found between the adipocytes treated with different stimuli and this effect was determined not dose dependent. It is reasonable to conclude that relative shortage of data showing no change in TBC1D1 and TBC1D4 from literature results from publication bias; therefore, our finding provides additional insight into the role of both genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Łukasz Kępczyński
- Department of Genetics, Polish Mothers’ Memorial Institute Research Hospital, Łódź, Poland
- Department of Internal Medicine and Nephrodiabetology, Medical University of Łódź and Military Medical Academy Memorial Teaching Hospital of the Medical University of Łódź - Central Veteran Hospital, Łódź, Poland
| | - Szymon Wcisło
- Department of Thoracic, General and Oncological Surgery, Medical University of Łódź and Military Medical Academy Memorial Teaching Hospital of the Medical University of Łódź - Central Veteran Hospital, Łódź, Poland
| | - Irmina Korzeniewska-Dyl
- Department of Internal Medicine and Nephrodiabetology, Medical University of Łódź and Military Medical Academy Memorial Teaching Hospital of the Medical University of Łódź - Central Veteran Hospital, Łódź, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Połatyńska
- Department of Neurology, Polish Mothers’ Memorial Institute Research Hospital, Łódź, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Gach
- Department of Genetics, Polish Mothers’ Memorial Institute Research Hospital, Łódź, Poland
| | - Dariusz Moczulski
- Department of Internal Medicine and Nephrodiabetology, Medical University of Łódź and Military Medical Academy Memorial Teaching Hospital of the Medical University of Łódź - Central Veteran Hospital, Łódź, Poland
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Oki K, Arias EB, Kanzaki M, Cartee GD. Effects of Acute Exercise Combined With Calorie Restriction Initiated Late-in-Life on Insulin Signaling, Lipids, and Glucose Uptake in Skeletal Muscle From Old Rats. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2020; 75:207-217. [PMID: 30272137 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/gly222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Accepted: 09/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
We evaluated effects of calorie restriction (CR: consuming 60-65% of ad libitum [AL] intake) initiated late-in-life with or without acute exercise on insulin-stimulated glucose uptake (ISGU) of skeletal muscle by studying four groups of 26-month-old rats: sedentary-AL, sedentary-CR (8-week duration), 3 hours post-exercise (3hPEX)-AL and 3hPEX-CR. ISGU was determined in isolated epitrochlearis muscles incubated ± insulin. Muscles were assessed for signaling proteins (immunoblotting) and lipids (mass spectrometry). ISGU from sedentary-CR and 3hPEX-AL exceeded sedentary-AL; 3hPEX-CR exceeded all other groups. Akt (Ser473, Thr308) and Akt substrate of 160 kDa (AS160; Ser588, Thr642, Ser704) phosphorylation levels tracked with ISGU. Among the 477 lipids detected, 114 were altered by CR (including reductions in 15 of 25 acylcarnitines), and 27 were altered by exercise (including reductions in 18 of 22 lysophosphatidylcholines) with only six lipids overlapping between CR and exercise. ISGU significantly correlated with 23 lipids, including: acylcarnitine 20:1 (r = .683), lysophosphatidylethanolamine19:0 (r = -.662), acylcarnitine 24:0 (r = .611), and plasmenyl-phosphatidylethanolamine 37:5 (r = -.603). Muscle levels of ceramides (a lipid class previously linked to insulin resistance) were not altered by CR and/or exercise nor significantly correlated with ISGU, implicating other mechanisms (which potentially involve other lipids identified in this study) for greater ISGU and Akt and AS160 phosphorylation with these interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kentaro Oki
- School of Kinesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
| | - Edward B Arias
- School of Kinesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
| | - Makoto Kanzaki
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
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Pataky MW, Van Acker SL, Dhingra R, Freeburg MM, Arias EB, Oki K, Wang H, Treebak JT, Cartee GD. Fiber type-specific effects of acute exercise on insulin-stimulated AS160 phosphorylation in insulin-resistant rat skeletal muscle. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2019; 317:E984-E998. [PMID: 31573845 PMCID: PMC6957376 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00304.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Muscle is a heterogeneous tissue composed of multiple fiber types. Earlier research revealed fiber type-selective postexercise effects on insulin-stimulated glucose uptake (ISGU) from insulin-resistant rats (increased for type IIA, IIB, IIBX, and IIX, but not type I). In whole muscle from insulin-resistant rats, the exercise increase in ISGU is accompanied by an exercise increase in insulin-stimulated AS160 phosphorylation (pAS160), an ISGU-regulating protein. We hypothesized that, in insulin-resistant muscle, the fiber type-selective exercise effects on ISGU would correspond to the fiber type-selective exercise effects on pAS160. Rats were fed a 2-wk high-fat diet (HFD) and remained sedentary (SED) or exercised before epitrochlearis muscles were dissected either immediately postexercise (IPEX) or at 3 h postexercise (3hPEX) using an exercise protocol that previously revealed fiber type-selective effects on ISGU. 3hPEX muscles and SED controls were incubated ± 100µU/mL insulin. Individual myofibers were isolated and pooled on the basis of myosin heavy chain (MHC) expression, and key phosphoproteins were measured. Myofiber glycogen and MHC expression were evaluated in muscles from other SED, IPEX, and 3hPEX rats. Insulin-stimulated pAktSer473 and pAktThr308 were unaltered by exercise in all fiber types. Insulin-stimulated pAS160 was greater for 3hPEX vs. SED on at least one phosphosite (Ser588, Thr642, and/or Ser704) in type IIA, IIBX, and IIB fibers, but not in type I or IIX fibers. Both IPEX and 3hPEX glycogen were decreased versus SED in all fiber types. These results provided evidence that fiber type-specific pAS160 in insulin-resistant muscle may play a role in the previously reported fiber type-specific elevation in ISGU in some, but not all, fiber types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark W Pataky
- Muscle Biology Laboratory, School of Kinesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Sydney L Van Acker
- Muscle Biology Laboratory, School of Kinesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Rhea Dhingra
- Muscle Biology Laboratory, School of Kinesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Marina M Freeburg
- Muscle Biology Laboratory, School of Kinesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Edward B Arias
- Muscle Biology Laboratory, School of Kinesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Kentaro Oki
- Muscle Biology Laboratory, School of Kinesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Haiyan Wang
- Muscle Biology Laboratory, School of Kinesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Jonas T Treebak
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Gregory D Cartee
- Muscle Biology Laboratory, School of Kinesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
- Institute of Gerontology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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Wang H, Arias EB, Oki K, Pataky MW, Almallouhi JA, Cartee GD. Fiber type-selective exercise effects on AS160 phosphorylation. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2019; 316:E837-E851. [PMID: 30835507 PMCID: PMC6580176 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00528.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Earlier research using muscle tissue demonstrated that postexercise elevation in insulin-stimulated glucose uptake (ISGU) occurs concomitant with greater insulin-stimulated Akt substrate of 160 kDa (AS160) phosphorylation (pAS160) on sites that regulate ISGU. Because skeletal muscle is a heterogeneous tissue, we previously isolated myofibers from rat epitrochlearis to assess fiber type-selective ISGU. Exercise induced greater ISGU in type I, IIA, IIB, and IIBX but not IIX fibers. This study tested if exercise effects on pAS160 correspond with previously published fiber type-selective exercise effects on ISGU. Rats were studied immediately postexercise (IPEX) or 3.5 h postexercise (3.5hPEX) with time-matched sedentary controls. Myofibers dissected from the IPEX experiment were analyzed for fiber type (myosin heavy chain isoform expression) and key phosphoproteins. Isolated muscles from the 3.5hPEX experiment were incubated with or without insulin. Myofibers (3.5hPEX) were analyzed for fiber type, key phosphoproteins, and GLUT4 protein abundance. We hypothesized that insulin-stimulated pAS160 at 3.5hPEX would exceed sedentary controls only in fiber types characterized by greater ISGU postexercise. Values for phosphorylation of AMP-activated kinase substrates (acetyl CoA carboxylaseSer79 and AS160Ser704) from IPEX muscles exceeded sedentary values in each fiber type, suggesting exercise recruitment of all fiber types. Values for pAS160Thr642 and pAS160Ser704 from insulin-stimulated muscles 3.5hPEX exceeded sedentary values for type I, IIA, IIB, and IIBX but not IIX fibers. GLUT4 abundance was unaltered 3.5hPEX in any fiber type. These results advanced understanding of exercise-induced insulin sensitization by providing compelling support for the hypothesis that enhanced insulin-stimulated phosphorylation of AS160 is linked to elevated ISGU postexercise at a fiber type-specific level independent of altered GLUT4 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan Wang
- Muscle Biology Laboratory, School of Kinesiology, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Edward B Arias
- Muscle Biology Laboratory, School of Kinesiology, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Kentaro Oki
- Muscle Biology Laboratory, School of Kinesiology, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Mark W Pataky
- Muscle Biology Laboratory, School of Kinesiology, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Jalal A Almallouhi
- Muscle Biology Laboratory, School of Kinesiology, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Gregory D Cartee
- Muscle Biology Laboratory, School of Kinesiology, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan
- Institute of Gerontology, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan
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Oki K, Arias EB, Kanzaki M, Cartee GD. Prior treatment with the AMPK activator AICAR induces subsequently enhanced glucose uptake in isolated skeletal muscles from 24-month-old rats. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2018. [PMID: 29518344 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2017-0858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
5' AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activation may be part of the exercise-induced process that enhances insulin sensitivity. Independent of exercise, acute prior treatment of skeletal muscles isolated from young rats with a pharmacological AMPK activator, 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide-1-β-d-ribofuranoside (AICAR), causes subsequently improved insulin-stimulated glucose uptake (GU). However, efficacy of a single prior AICAR exposure on insulin-stimulated GU in muscles from old animals has not been studied. The purpose of this study was to determine whether brief, prior exposure to AICAR (3.5 h before GU assessment) leads to subsequently increased GU in insulin-stimulated skeletal muscles from old rats. Epitrochlearis muscles from 24-month-old male rats were isolated and initially incubated ±AICAR (60 min), followed by incubation without AICAR (3 h), then incubation ±insulin (50 min). Muscles were assessed for GU (via 3-O-methyl-[3H]-glucose accumulation) and site-specific phosphorylation of key proteins involved in enhanced GU, including AMPK, Akt, and Akt substrate of 160 kDa (AS160), via Western blotting. Prior ex vivo AICAR treatment resulted in greater GU by insulin-stimulated muscles from 24-month-old rats. Prior AICAR treatment also resulted in greater phosphorylation of AMPK (T172) and AS160 (S588, T642, and S704). Glucose transporter type 4 (GLUT4) protein abundance was unaffected by prior AICAR and/or insulin treatment. These findings demonstrate that skeletal muscles from older rats are susceptible to enhanced insulin-stimulated GU after brief activation of AMPK by prior AICAR. Consistent with earlier research using muscles from young rodents, increased phosphorylation of AS160 is implicated in this effect, which was not attributable to altered GLUT4 glucose transporter protein abundance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kentaro Oki
- a Muscle Biology Laboratory, School of Kinesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Edward B Arias
- a Muscle Biology Laboratory, School of Kinesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Makoto Kanzaki
- b Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8579, Japan
| | - Gregory D Cartee
- a Muscle Biology Laboratory, School of Kinesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.,c Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology and The Institute of Gerontology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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Kjøbsted R, Wojtaszewski JFP, Treebak JT. Role of AMP-Activated Protein Kinase for Regulating Post-exercise Insulin Sensitivity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 107:81-126. [PMID: 27812978 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-43589-3_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle insulin resistance precedes development of type 2 diabetes (T2D). As skeletal muscle is a major sink for glucose disposal, understanding the molecular mechanisms involved in maintaining insulin sensitivity of this tissue could potentially benefit millions of people that are diagnosed with insulin resistance. Regular physical activity in both healthy and insulin-resistant individuals is recognized as the single most effective intervention to increase whole-body insulin sensitivity and thereby positively affect glucose homeostasis. A single bout of exercise has long been known to increase glucose disposal in skeletal muscle in response to physiological insulin concentrations. While this effect is identified to be restricted to the previously exercised muscle, the molecular basis for an apparent convergence between exercise- and insulin-induced signaling pathways is incompletely known. In recent years, we and others have identified the Rab GTPase-activating protein, TBC1 domain family member 4 (TBC1D4) as a target of key protein kinases in the insulin- and exercise-activated signaling pathways. Our working hypothesis is that the AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is important for the ability of exercise to insulin sensitize skeletal muscle through TBC1D4. Here, we aim to provide an overview of the current available evidence linking AMPK to post-exercise insulin sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasmus Kjøbsted
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Integrative Physiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3b, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Section of Molecular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jørgen F P Wojtaszewski
- Section of Molecular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jonas T Treebak
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Integrative Physiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3b, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Exercise Promotes Healthy Aging of Skeletal Muscle. Cell Metab 2016; 23:1034-1047. [PMID: 27304505 PMCID: PMC5045036 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2016.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 289] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2016] [Revised: 05/18/2016] [Accepted: 05/24/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Primary aging is the progressive and inevitable process of bodily deterioration during adulthood. In skeletal muscle, primary aging causes defective mitochondrial energetics and reduced muscle mass. Secondary aging refers to additional deleterious structural and functional age-related changes caused by diseases and lifestyle factors. Secondary aging can exacerbate deficits in mitochondrial function and muscle mass, concomitant with the development of skeletal muscle insulin resistance. Exercise opposes deleterious effects of secondary aging by preventing the decline in mitochondrial respiration, mitigating aging-related loss of muscle mass and enhancing insulin sensitivity. This review focuses on mechanisms by which exercise promotes "healthy aging" by inducing modifications in skeletal muscle.
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Wang H, Arias EB, Cartee GD. Calorie restriction leads to greater Akt2 activity and glucose uptake by insulin-stimulated skeletal muscle from old rats. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2016; 310:R449-58. [PMID: 26739650 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00449.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2015] [Accepted: 12/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle insulin resistance is associated with many common age-related diseases, but moderate calorie restriction (CR) can substantially elevate glucose uptake by insulin-stimulated skeletal muscle from both young and old rats. The current study evaluated the isolated epitrochlearis muscle from ∼24.5-mo-old rats that were either fed ad libitum (AL) or subjected to CR (consuming ∼65% of ad libitum, AL, intake beginning at ∼22.5 mo old). Some muscles were also incubated with MK-2206, a potent and selective Akt inhibitor. The most important results were that in isolated muscles, CR vs. AL resulted in 1) greater insulin-stimulated glucose uptake 2) that was accompanied by significantly increased insulin-mediated activation of Akt2, as indicated by greater phosphorylation on both Thr(309) and Ser(474) along with greater Akt2 activity, 3) concomitant with enhanced phosphorylation of several Akt substrates, including an Akt substrate of 160 kDa on Thr(642) and Ser(588), filamin C on Ser(2213) and proline-rich Akt substrate of 40 kDa on Thr(246), but not TBC1D1 on Thr(596); and 4) each of the CR effects was eliminated by MK-2206. These data provide compelling new evidence linking greater Akt2 activation to the CR-induced elevation of insulin-stimulated glucose uptake by muscle from old animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan Wang
- Muscle Biology Laboratory, School of Kinesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; College of Physical Education and Health, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Edward B Arias
- Muscle Biology Laboratory, School of Kinesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Gregory D Cartee
- Muscle Biology Laboratory, School of Kinesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; and Institute of Gerontology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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Wang H, Sharma N, Arias EB, Cartee GD. Insulin Signaling and Glucose Uptake in the Soleus Muscle of 30-Month-Old Rats After Calorie Restriction With or Without Acute Exercise. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2015; 71:323-32. [PMID: 26341783 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/glv142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 07/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Exercise and calorie restriction (CR) can each improve insulin sensitivity in older individuals, but benefits of combining these treatments on skeletal muscle insulin signaling and glucose uptake are poorly understood, especially in predominantly slow-twitch muscles (eg, soleus). Accordingly, our purpose was to determine independent and combined effects of prior acute exercise and CR (beginning at 14 weeks old) on insulin signaling and glucose uptake in insulin-stimulated soleus muscles of 30-month-old rats. CR alone (but not exercise alone) versus ad libitum sedentary controls induced greater insulin-stimulated glucose uptake. There was a main effect of diet (CR > ad libitum) for insulin-stimulated Akt(Ser473) and Akt(Thr308) phosphorylation. CR alone versus ad libitum sedentary increased Akt substrate of 160 kDa (AS160) Ser(588) phosphorylation and TBC1D1 Thr(596), but not AS160 Thr(642) phosphorylation or abundance of GLUT4, GLUT1, or hexokinase II proteins. Combined CR and exercise versus CR alone did not further increase insulin-stimulated glucose uptake although phosphorylation of Akt(Ser473), Akt(Thr308), TBC1D1(Thr596), and AMPK(Thr172) for the combined group exceeded values for CR and/or exercise alone. These results revealed that although the soleus was highly responsive to a CR-induced enhancement of insulin-stimulated glucose uptake, the exercise protocol did not elevate insulin-stimulated glucose uptake, either alone or when combined with CR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan Wang
- Muscle Biology Laboratory, School of Kinesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. College of Physical Education and Health, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Naveen Sharma
- Muscle Biology Laboratory, School of Kinesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. School of Health Sciences, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant
| | - Edward B Arias
- Muscle Biology Laboratory, School of Kinesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
| | - Gregory D Cartee
- Muscle Biology Laboratory, School of Kinesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. Institute of Gerontology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor.
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WU PF, LUO SC, CHANG LC. Heat-Shock-Induced Glucose Transporter 4 in the Slow-Twitch Muscle of Rats. Physiol Res 2015; 64:523-30. [DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.932757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, lipoic acid and heat shock treatments were applied to C2C12 myotubes and Sprague-Dawley rats to investigate changes in the heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) and glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) in 4 different skeletal muscle groups. The results of western blotting indicated that treatment of lipoic acid for 24 h, heat-shock and combined lipoic acid and heat-shock which all increased the level of HSP70 substantially in C2C12 myotubes. However, either lipoic acid or heat-shock did not increase the level of GLUT4 in C2C12 myotubes. In an in vitro migration assay, lipoic acid increased wound migration only when it was applied for 3 h. Moreover, our in vivo results revealed that lipoic acid did not increase HSP70 and GLUT4 in all 4 different skeletal muscles. Furthermore, heat-shock increased HSP70 in all 4 different muscle groups, and heat-shock treatment alone increased the GLUT4 in the soleus muscle only, suggesting that the GLUT4 increased by heat-shock was slow-twitch muscle specific. Collectively, our results indicated that heat-shock is critical factor that modulates GLUT4 and HSP70 in the skeletal muscle of rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- P.-F. WU
- Department of Kinesiology, Health and Leisure Studies, National University of Kaohsiung, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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Sharma N, Wang H, Arias EB, Castorena CM, Cartee GD. Mechanisms for independent and combined effects of calorie restriction and acute exercise on insulin-stimulated glucose uptake by skeletal muscle of old rats. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2015; 308:E603-12. [PMID: 25670830 PMCID: PMC4385876 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00618.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2014] [Accepted: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Either calorie restriction [CR; consuming 60-65% of ad libitum (AL) intake] or acute exercise can independently improve insulin sensitivity in old age, but their combined effects on muscle insulin signaling and glucose uptake have previously been unknown. Accordingly, we assessed the independent and combined effects of CR (beginning at 14 wk old) and acute exercise (3-4 h postexercise) on insulin signaling and glucose uptake in insulin-stimulated epitrochlearis muscles from 30-mo-old rats. Either CR alone or exercise alone vs. AL sedentary controls induced greater insulin-stimulated glucose uptake. Combined CR and exercise vs. either treatment alone caused an additional increase in insulin-stimulated glucose uptake. Either CR or exercise alone vs. AL sedentary controls increased Akt Ser(473) and Akt Thr(308) phosphorylation. Combined CR and exercise further elevated Akt phosphorylation on both sites. CR alone, but not exercise alone, vs. AL sedentary controls significantly increased Akt substrate of 160 kDa (AS160) Ser(588) and Thr(642) phosphorylation. Combined CR and exercise did not further enhance AS160 phosphorylation. Exercise alone, but not CR alone, modestly increased GLUT4 abundance. Combined CR and exercise did not further elevate GLUT4 content. These results suggest that CR or acute exercise independently increases insulin-stimulated glucose uptake via overlapping (greater Akt phosphorylation) and distinct (greater AS160 phosphorylation for CR, greater GLUT4 for exercise) mechanisms. Our working hypothesis is that greater insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in the combined CR and exercise group vs. CR or exercise alone relies on greater Akt activation, leading to greater phosphorylation of one or more Akt substrates other than AS160.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naveen Sharma
- Muscle Biology Laboratory, School of Kinesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; School of Health Sciences, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, Michigan
| | - Haiyan Wang
- Muscle Biology Laboratory, School of Kinesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; College of Physical Education and Health, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Edward B Arias
- Muscle Biology Laboratory, School of Kinesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Carlos M Castorena
- Muscle Biology Laboratory, School of Kinesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Gregory D Cartee
- Muscle Biology Laboratory, School of Kinesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; and Institute of Gerontology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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14
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McConell GK, Kaur G, Falcão-Tebas F, Hong YH, Gatford KL. Acute exercise increases insulin sensitivity in adult sheep: a new preclinical model. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2015; 308:R500-6. [DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00466.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
In healthy humans and rodents, chronic and acute exercise improves subsequent insulin sensitivity of skeletal muscle. A large animal species with similar metabolic responses to exercise would permit longitudinal studies, including repeated biopsies of muscle and other tissues not possible in rodents, and enable study of interactions with insulin-resistant physiological states not feasible in humans. Therefore, we examined whether acute exercise increases insulin sensitivity in adult sheep. Insulin sensitivity was measured by hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamp (HEC) in mature female sheep ( n = 7). Sheep were familiarized to treadmill walking and then performed an acute exercise bout (30 min, 8% slope, up to 4.4 km/h). A second HEC was conducted ∼18 h after the acute exercise. Musculus semimembranosus biopsies were obtained before and after each HEC. Glucose infusion rate during the HEC increased 40% ( P = 0.003) and insulin sensitivity (glucose infusion rate/plasma insulin concentration) increased 32% ( P = 0.028) after acute exercise. Activation of proximal insulin signaling in skeletal muscle after the HEC, measured as Ser473 phosphorylation of Akt, increased approximately five-fold in response to insulin ( P < 0.001) and was unaltered by acute exercise performed 18 h earlier. PGC1α and GLUT4 protein, glycogen content and citrate synthase activity in skeletal muscle did not change in response to insulin or exercise. In conclusion, improved insulin sensitivity and unchanged proximal insulin signaling on the day after acute exercise in sheep are consistent with responses in humans and rodents, suggesting that the sheep is an appropriate large-animal model in which to study responses to exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glenn K. McConell
- Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living, College of Sport and Exercise Science, Victoria University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- College of Health and Biomedicine, Victoria University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; and
| | - Gunveen Kaur
- Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living, College of Sport and Exercise Science, Victoria University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Filippe Falcão-Tebas
- Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living, College of Sport and Exercise Science, Victoria University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Yet H. Hong
- Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living, College of Sport and Exercise Science, Victoria University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- College of Health and Biomedicine, Victoria University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; and
| | - Kathryn L. Gatford
- Robinson Research Institute and School of Paediatrics and Reproductive Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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15
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Cartee GD. Roles of TBC1D1 and TBC1D4 in insulin- and exercise-stimulated glucose transport of skeletal muscle. Diabetologia 2015; 58:19-30. [PMID: 25280670 PMCID: PMC4258142 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-014-3395-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Accepted: 08/07/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
This review focuses on two paralogue Rab GTPase activating proteins known as TBC1D1 Tre-2/BUB2/cdc 1 domain family (TBC1D) 1 and TBC1D4 (also called Akt Substrate of 160 kDa, AS160) and their roles in controlling skeletal muscle glucose transport in response to the independent and combined effects of insulin and exercise. Convincing evidence implicates Akt2-dependent TBC1D4 phosphorylation on T642 as a key part of the mechanism for insulin-stimulated glucose uptake by skeletal muscle. TBC1D1 phosphorylation on several insulin-responsive sites (including T596, a site corresponding to T642 in TBC1D4) does not appear to be essential for in vivo insulin-stimulated glucose uptake by skeletal muscle. In vivo exercise or ex vivo contraction of muscle result in greater TBC1D1 phosphorylation on S237 that is likely to be secondary to increased AMP-activated protein kinase activity and potentially important for contraction-stimulated glucose uptake. Several studies that evaluated both normal and insulin-resistant skeletal muscle stimulated with a physiological insulin concentration after a single exercise session found that greater post-exercise insulin-stimulated glucose uptake was accompanied by greater TBC1D4 phosphorylation on several sites. In contrast, enhanced post-exercise insulin sensitivity was not accompanied by greater insulin-stimulated TBC1D1 phosphorylation. The mechanism for greater TBC1D4 phosphorylation in insulin-stimulated muscles after acute exercise is uncertain, and a causal link between enhanced TBC1D4 phosphorylation and increased post-exercise insulin sensitivity has yet to be established. In summary, TBC1D1 and TBC1D4 have important, but distinct roles in regulating muscle glucose transport in response to insulin and exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory D Cartee
- Muscle Biology Laboratory, School of Kinesiology, University of Michigan, 401 Washtenaw Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-2214, USA,
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16
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Iwabe M, Kawamoto E, Koshinaka K, Kawanaka K. Increased postexercise insulin sensitivity is accompanied by increased AS160 phosphorylation in slow-twitch soleus muscle. Physiol Rep 2014; 2:2/12/e12162. [PMID: 25501433 PMCID: PMC4332192 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.12162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
A single bout of exercise can enhance insulin‐stimulated glucose uptake in both
fast‐twitch (type II) and slow‐twitch (type I) skeletal muscle for several hours
postexercise. Akt substrate of 160 kDa (AS160) is most distal insulin signaling proteins that have
been proposed to contribute to the postexercise enhancement of insulin action in fast‐twitch
muscle. In this study, we examined whether the postexercise increase in insulin action of glucose
uptake in slow‐twitch muscle is accompanied by increased phosphorylation of AS160 and its
paralog TBC1D1. Male Wistar rats (~1‐month‐old) were exercised on a treadmill for 180
min (9 m/min). Insulin (50 μU/mL)‐stimulated glucose uptake was
increased at 2 h after cessation of exercise in soleus muscle composed of predominantly
slow‐twitch fibers. This postexercise increase in insulin action of glucose uptake was
accompanied by increased phosphorylation of AS160 (detected by phospho‐Thr642 and
phospho‐Ser588 antibody). On the other hand, prior exercise did not increase phosphorylation
of TBC1D1 (detected by phospho‐Thr590) at 2 h postexercise. These results suggest the
possibility that an enhancement in AS160 phosphorylation but not TBC1D1 phosphorylation is involved
with increased postexercise insulin action of glucose uptake in slow‐twitch muscle. In slow‐twitch soleus muscle, phosphorylation of AS160 Thr642 and Ser588 was increased
together with the enhanced insulin action of the glucose uptake at 2 h postexercise. The phosphosite
of TBC1D1 (Thr590), which is possibly important for insulin‐stimulated glucose uptake, did
not increase phosphorylation at 2 h postexercise. These results suggest that the increased
phosphorylation of AS160, but not TBC1D1, can account for the postexercise enhancement in the
insulin action of the glucose uptake in slow‐twitch muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maiko Iwabe
- Department of Health and Nutrition, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata, Japan
| | - Emi Kawamoto
- Department of Health and Nutrition, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata, Japan
| | - Keiichi Koshinaka
- Department of Health and Nutrition, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata, Japan
| | - Kentaro Kawanaka
- Department of Health and Nutrition, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata, Japan
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Osorio-Fuentealba C, Contreras-Ferrat AE, Altamirano F, Espinosa A, Li Q, Niu W, Lavandero S, Klip A, Jaimovich E. Electrical stimuli release ATP to increase GLUT4 translocation and glucose uptake via PI3Kγ-Akt-AS160 in skeletal muscle cells. Diabetes 2013; 62:1519-26. [PMID: 23274898 PMCID: PMC3636621 DOI: 10.2337/db12-1066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle glucose uptake in response to exercise is preserved in insulin-resistant conditions, but the signals involved are debated. ATP is released from skeletal muscle by contractile activity and can autocrinely signal through purinergic receptors, and we hypothesized it may influence glucose uptake. Electrical stimulation, ATP, and insulin each increased fluorescent 2-NBD-Glucose (2-NBDG) uptake in primary myotubes, but only electrical stimulation and ATP-dependent 2-NBDG uptake were inhibited by adenosine-phosphate phosphatase and by purinergic receptor blockade (suramin). Electrical stimulation transiently elevated extracellular ATP and caused Akt phosphorylation that was additive to insulin and inhibited by suramin. Exogenous ATP transiently activated Akt and, inhibiting phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) or Akt as well as dominant-negative Akt mutant, reduced ATP-dependent 2-NBDG uptake and Akt phosphorylation. ATP-dependent 2-NBDG uptake was also inhibited by the G protein βγ subunit-interacting peptide βark-ct and by the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-γ (PI3Kγ) inhibitor AS605240. ATP caused translocation of GLUT4myc-eGFP to the cell surface, mechanistically mediated by increased exocytosis involving AS160/Rab8A reduced by dominant-negative Akt or PI3Kγ kinase-dead mutants, and potentiated by myristoylated PI3Kγ. ATP stimulated 2-NBDG uptake in normal and insulin-resistant adult muscle fibers, resembling the reported effect of exercise. Hence, the ATP-induced pathway may be tapped to bypass insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cesar Osorio-Fuentealba
- Center for Molecular Studies of the Cell, Biomedical Sciences Institute, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ariel E. Contreras-Ferrat
- Center for Molecular Studies of the Cell, Biomedical Sciences Institute, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Francisco Altamirano
- Center for Molecular Studies of the Cell, Biomedical Sciences Institute, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alejandra Espinosa
- Center for Molecular Studies of the Cell, Biomedical Sciences Institute, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- School of Medical Technology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Qing Li
- Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Immunology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Wenyan Niu
- Department of Immunology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Sergio Lavandero
- Center for Molecular Studies of the Cell, Biomedical Sciences Institute, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical and Chemical Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Department of Internal Medicine (Cardiology), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Amira Klip
- Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Enrique Jaimovich
- Center for Molecular Studies of the Cell, Biomedical Sciences Institute, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Corresponding author: Enrique Jaimovich,
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18
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Gallagher PM, Touchberry CD, Teson K, McCabe E, Tehel M, Wacker MJ. Effects of an acute bout of resistance exercise on fiber-type specific GLUT4 and IGF-1R expression. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2013; 38:581-6. [DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2012-0301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The effects of resistance exercise on fiber-type–specific expression of insulin-like growth factor I receptor (IGF-1R) and glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) was determined in 6 healthy males. The expression of both genes increased in Type I fibers (p < 0.05), but only GLUT4 increased (p < 0.05) in Type II fibers. These data demonstrates that an acute bout of resistance exercise can up-regulate mechanisms of glucose uptake in slow and fast-twitch fibers, but the IGF signaling axis may not be as effective in fast-twitch fibers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip M. Gallagher
- Department of Health, Sport, and Exercise Sciences, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
| | - Chad D. Touchberry
- Department of Basic Medical Science, University of Missouri-Kansas City, School of Medicine, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA
| | - Kelli Teson
- Department of Health, Sport, and Exercise Sciences, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
| | - Everlee McCabe
- Department of Health, Sport, and Exercise Sciences, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
| | - Michelle Tehel
- Department of Health, Sport, and Exercise Sciences, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
| | - Michael J. Wacker
- Department of Basic Medical Science, University of Missouri-Kansas City, School of Medicine, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA
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19
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Shavlakadze T, Soffe Z, Anwari T, Cozens G, Grounds MD. Short-term feed deprivation rapidly induces the protein degradation pathway in skeletal muscles of young mice. J Nutr 2013; 143:403-9. [PMID: 23406617 DOI: 10.3945/jn.112.171967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Analysis of protein kinase B (AKT) and S6 kinase1 (p70S6K) activity is widely used to assess the efficacy of interventions designed to increase or maintain skeletal muscle mass; these studies are often performed on feed-deprived mice. One problem associated with feed deprivation is that it promotes catabolism, and young or metabolically compromised mice may have less tolerance. The aim of our study was to determine the effect of various times of feed deprivation on the activity of AKT and p70S6K signaling and markers of protein catabolism in young, growing mice compared with adult mice. Young 23-d-old and adult 3-mo-old mice were feed deprived for 8, 10, and 12 h starting at 0700 h. In addition, adult mice were feed deprived for 24 h. AKT(Ser473) phosphorylation decreased by 50 and 76% from fed amounts by 10 and 12 h of feed deprivation, respectively, in young but not adult muscles. In adult muscles, feed deprivation for 24 h reduced AKT(Ser473) phosphorylation by 70%. Significant de-phosphorylation of p70S6K(Thr389) occurred in all feed-deprived young and adult mice. There was an increase in muscle RING-finger protein-1 (Murf1; 133-1245%) and muscle atrophy F-box protein or Atrogin-1 (Fbxo32; 210-2420%) mRNA in all young but not adult groups deprived of feed for 8-12 h, and there was a trend (P = 0.08) toward increased MURF1 associated with the contractile protein-enriched fraction isolated from young muscles of mice feed deprived for 12 h. This study demonstrates that skeletal muscles of young mice respond rapidly to feed deprivation by decreasing AKT activity and upregulating the protein degradation program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tea Shavlakadze
- School of Anatomy, Physiology and Human Biology, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia.
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Mackrell JG, Arias EB, Cartee GD. Fiber type-specific differences in glucose uptake by single fibers from skeletal muscles of 9- and 25-month-old rats. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2012; 67:1286-94. [PMID: 23042591 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/gls194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The primary purpose of this study was to assess the feasibility of applying a novel approach to measure myosin heavy chain (MHC) isoform expression, glucose uptake, fiber volume, and protein abundance in single muscle fibers of adult (9 months) and old (25 months) rats. Epitrochlearis muscle fibers were successfully isolated and analyzed for MHC isoform expression, glucose uptake, fiber volume, and protein (COXIV, APPL1, IκB-β) abundance. Insulin-stimulated glucose uptake by single fibers did not differ between age groups, but there was a significant difference between fiber types (IIA > IIX > IIB/X ≈ IIB). There were also significant main effects of fiber type on APPL1 (IIX > IIB) and COXIV (IIA > IIX > IIB/X ≈ IIB) abundance, and IIB fibers were significantly larger than IIA fibers. This study established the feasibility of a new approach for assessing age-related differences in muscle at the single-fiber level and demonstrated the magnitude and rank order for fiber-type differences in insulin-stimulated glucose uptake of 9-month-old and 25-month-old rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- James G Mackrell
- University of Michigan, School of Kinesiology, Room 4745F 401 Washtenaw Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2214, USA
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Almeida FN, Proença ARG, Chimin P, Marçal AC, Bessa-Lima F, Carvalho CRO. Physical exercise and pancreatic islets: acute and chronic actions on insulin secretion. Islets 2012; 4:296-301. [PMID: 22868676 PMCID: PMC3496654 DOI: 10.4161/isl.21273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a great public health problem, which attacks part of the world population, being characterized by an imbalance in body glucose homeostasis. Physical exercise is pointed as a protective agent and is also recommended to people with DM. As pancreatic islets present an important role in glucose homeostasis, we aim to study the role of physical exercise (chronic adaptations and acute responses) in pancreatic islets functionality in Wistar male rats. First, animals were divided into two groups: sedentary (S) and aerobic trained (T). At the end of 8 weeks, half of them (S and T) were submitted to an acute exercise session (exercise until exhaustion), being subdivided as acute sedentary (AS) and acute trained (AT). After the experimental period, periepididymal, retroperitoneal and subcutaneous fat pads, blood, soleus muscle and pancreatic islets were collected and prepared for further analysis. From the pancreatic islets, total insulin content, insulin secretion stimulated by glucose, leucine, arginine and carbachol were analyzed. Our results pointed that body adiposity and glucose homeostasis improved with chronic physical exercise. In addition, total insulin content was reduced in group AT, insulin secretion stimulated by glucose was reduced in trained groups (T and AT) and insulin secretion stimulated by carbachol was increased in group AT. There were no significant differences in insulin secretion stimulated by arginine and leucine. We identified a possible modulating action on insulin secretion, probably related to the association of chronic adaptation with an acute response on cholinergic activity in pancreatic islets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe N Almeida
- Laboratory of Cellular Signaling, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
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