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Ray S, Narayanan A, Vesterbacka J, Blennow O, Chen P, Gao Y, Gabarrini G, Ljunggren HG, Buggert M, Manoharan L, Chen MS, Aleman S, Sönnerborg A, Nowak P. Impact of the gut microbiome on immunological responses to COVID-19 vaccination in healthy controls and people living with HIV. NPJ Biofilms Microbiomes 2023; 9:104. [PMID: 38123600 PMCID: PMC10733305 DOI: 10.1038/s41522-023-00461-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Although mRNA SARS-CoV-2 vaccines are generally safe and effective, in certain immunocompromised individuals they can elicit poor immunogenic responses. Among these individuals, people living with HIV (PLWH) have poor immunogenicity to several oral and parenteral vaccines. As the gut microbiome is known to affect vaccine immunogenicity, we investigated whether baseline gut microbiota predicts immune responses to the BNT162b2 mRNA SARS-CoV-2 vaccine in healthy controls and PLWH after two doses of BNT162b2. Individuals with high spike IgG titers and high spike-specific CD4+ T-cell responses against SARS-CoV-2 showed low α-diversity in the gut. Here, we investigated and presented initial evidence that the gut microbial composition influences the response to BNT162b2 in PLWH. From our predictive models, Bifidobacterium and Faecalibacterium appeared to be microbial markers of individuals with higher spike IgG titers, while Cloacibacillus was associated with low spike IgG titers. We therefore propose that microbiome modulation could optimize immunogenicity of SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shilpa Ray
- Department of Medicine Huddinge, Division of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Aswathy Narayanan
- Department of Medicine Huddinge, Division of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jan Vesterbacka
- Department of Medicine Huddinge, Division of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ola Blennow
- Department of Medicine Huddinge, Division of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Puran Chen
- Department of Medicine Huddinge, Center for Infectious Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Yu Gao
- Department of Medicine Huddinge, Center for Infectious Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Giorgio Gabarrini
- Department of Dental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Hans-Gustaf Ljunggren
- Department of Medicine Huddinge, Center for Infectious Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Marcus Buggert
- Department of Medicine Huddinge, Center for Infectious Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lokeshwaran Manoharan
- National Bioinformatics Infrastructure Sweden (NBIS), SciLifeLab, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | | | - Soo Aleman
- Department of Medicine Huddinge, Division of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anders Sönnerborg
- Department of Medicine Huddinge, Division of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Clinical Microbiology, ANA Futura, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, 141 52, Sweden
| | - Piotr Nowak
- Department of Medicine Huddinge, Division of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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Suteja RC, Salim A, Suryanov IPD, Tirtayasa PMW, Duarsa GWK. Immunologic response and seroconversion following third-dose COVID-19 vaccination in solid organ transplant recipients: A meta-analysis. Transpl Immunol 2023; 80:101902. [PMID: 37494981 DOI: 10.1016/j.trim.2023.101902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The immunogenicity and efficacy of COVID-19 vaccination varied by demographic, including solid organ transplant recipients on immunosuppressive therapy. AIM This purpose of this study is to assess seropositivity and seroconversion in solid-organ transplant recipients before and after third-dose COVID-19 vaccination. METHODS This study is a systematic review and meta-analysis performed using PRISMA guidelines. To analyze clinical and cohort studies reporting immunologic response and seroconversion third-dose vaccination, a systematic search was performed using electronic databases (PubMed, Scopus, Cochrane, Directory of Open Access Journal (DOAJ), and Clinicaltrials.gov). RESULT There were 18 full-text papers that could be analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively. After the third vaccination, the pooled rate seropositivity was 67.00% (95% CI 59.511; 74.047, I2 = 93.82%), and the pooled rate seroconversion was 52.51% (95% CI 44.03; 60.91, I2 = 92.15%). The pooled rate of seroconversion after the mRNA-based booster was 52.380% (95% CI 40.988; 63.649, I2 = 94.35%), and after the viral-vector-based booster was 42.478% (95% CI 35.222; 49.900, I2 = 0.00%). CONCLUSION Based on the analysis of immunologic responses and seroconversion findings, the third-dose vaccination of solid organ transplant recipients is an effective method in establishing better immunity against COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Albert Salim
- Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Udayana, Bali, Indonesia
| | | | - Pande Made Wisnu Tirtayasa
- Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Udayana, Universitas Udayana Teaching Hospital, Bali, Indonesia.
| | - Gede Wirya Kusuma Duarsa
- Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Udayana, Prof. Dr. I.G.N.G Ngoerah General Hospital, Bali, Indonesia
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Augello M, Bono V, Rovito R, Tincati C, d'Arminio Monforte A, Marchetti G. Six-month immune responses to mRNA-1273 vaccine in combination antiretroviral therapy treated late presenter people with HIV according to previous SARS-CoV-2 infection. AIDS 2023; 37:1503-1517. [PMID: 37199415 PMCID: PMC10355808 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000003585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Immune responses to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) mRNA vaccines in people with HIV (PWH) with a history of late presentation (LP) and their durability have not been fully characterized. DESIGN In this prospective, longitudinal study, we sought to assess T-cell and humoral responses to SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination up to 6 months in LP-PWH on effective combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) as compared to HIV-negative healthcare workers (HCWs), and to evaluate whether previous SARS-CoV-2 infection modulates immune responses to vaccine. METHODS SARS-CoV-2 spike (S)-specific T-cell responses were determined by two complementary flow cytometry methodologies, namely activation-induced marker (AIM) assay and intracellular cytokine staining (ICS), whereas humoral responses were measured by ELISA [anti-receptor binding domain (RBD) antibodies) and receptor-binding inhibition assay (spike-ACE2 binding inhibition activity), before vaccination (T0), 1 month (T1) and 5 months (T2) after the second dose. RESULTS LP-PWH showed at T1 and T2 significant increase of: S-specific memory and circulating T follicular helper (cTfh) CD4 + T cells; polyfunctional Th1-cytokine (IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-2)- and Th2-cytokine (IL-4)-producing S-specific CD4 + T cells; anti-RBD antibodies and spike-ACE2 binding inhibition activity. Immune responses to vaccine in LP-PWH were not inferior to HCWs overall, yet S-specific CD8 + T cells and spike-ACE2 binding inhibition activity correlated negatively with markers of immune recovery on cART. Interestingly, natural SARS-CoV-2 infection, while able to sustain S-specific antibody response, seems less efficacious in inducing a T-cell memory and in boosting immune responses to vaccine, possibly reflecting an enduring partial immunodeficiency. CONCLUSIONS Altogether, these findings support the need for additional vaccine doses in PWH with a history of advanced immune depression and poor immune recovery on effective cART.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Augello
- Clinic of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, San Paolo Hospital, ASST Santi Paolo e Carlo, Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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Orillard E, Spehner L, Mansi L, Bouard A, Falcoz A, Lepiller Q, Renaude E, Pallandre JR, Vienot A, Kroemer M, Borg C. The presence of senescent peripheral T-cells is negatively correlated to COVID-19 vaccine-induced immunity in cancer patients under 70 years of age. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1160664. [PMID: 37334387 PMCID: PMC10272422 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1160664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Cancer patients are at risk of severe COVID-19 infection, and vaccination is recommended. Nevertheless, we observe a failure of COVID-19 vaccines in this vulnerable population. We hypothesize that senescent peripheral T-cells alter COVID-19 vaccine-induced immunity. Methods We performed a monocentric prospective study and enrolled cancer patients and healthy donors before the COVID-19 vaccination. The primary objective was to assess the association of peripheral senescent T-cells (CD28-CD57+KLRG1+) with COVID-19 vaccine-induced immunity. Results Eighty cancer patients have been included, with serological and specific T-cell responses evaluated before and at 3 months post-vaccination. Age ≥ 70 years was the principal clinical factor negatively influencing the serological (p=0.035) and specific SARS-CoV-2 T-cell responses (p=0.047). The presence of senescent T-cells was correlated to lower serological (p=0.049) and specific T-cell responses (p=0.009). Our results sustained the definition of a specific cut-off for senescence immune phenotype (SIP) (≥ 5% of CD4 and ≥ 39.5% of CD8 T-cells), which was correlated to a lower serological response induced by COVID-19 vaccination for CD4 and CD8 SIPhigh (p=0.039 and p=0.049 respectively). While CD4 SIP level had no impact on COVID-19 vaccine efficacy in elderly patients, our results unraveled a possible predictive role for CD4 SIPhigh T-cell levels in younger cancer patients. Conclusions Elderly cancer patients have a poor serological response to vaccination; specific strategies are needed in this population. Also, the presence of a CD4 SIPhigh affects the serological response in younger patients and seems to be a potential biomarker of no vaccinal response.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. Orillard
- Department of Oncology, University Hospital of Besançon, Besançon, France
- Bourgogne Franche-Comté University, INSERM, Etablissement Français du Sang Bourgogne Franche-Comté, UMR1098, Interactions Hôte-Greffon-Tumeur/Ingénierie cellulaire et Génique, Besançon, France
| | - L. Spehner
- Department of Oncology, University Hospital of Besançon, Besançon, France
- Bourgogne Franche-Comté University, INSERM, Etablissement Français du Sang Bourgogne Franche-Comté, UMR1098, Interactions Hôte-Greffon-Tumeur/Ingénierie cellulaire et Génique, Besançon, France
| | - L. Mansi
- Department of Oncology, University Hospital of Besançon, Besançon, France
- Bourgogne Franche-Comté University, INSERM, Etablissement Français du Sang Bourgogne Franche-Comté, UMR1098, Interactions Hôte-Greffon-Tumeur/Ingénierie cellulaire et Génique, Besançon, France
| | - A. Bouard
- ITAC Platform, University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
| | - A. Falcoz
- Bourgogne Franche-Comté University, INSERM, Etablissement Français du Sang Bourgogne Franche-Comté, UMR1098, Interactions Hôte-Greffon-Tumeur/Ingénierie cellulaire et Génique, Besançon, France
- Methodology and Quality of Life Unit in Oncology, University Hospital of Besançon, Besançon, France
| | - Q. Lepiller
- Department of Virology, University Hospital of Besançon, Besançon, France
- Research Unit EA3181, Université de Franche Comté, Besançon, France
| | - E. Renaude
- Bourgogne Franche-Comté University, INSERM, Etablissement Français du Sang Bourgogne Franche-Comté, UMR1098, Interactions Hôte-Greffon-Tumeur/Ingénierie cellulaire et Génique, Besançon, France
| | - JR. Pallandre
- Bourgogne Franche-Comté University, INSERM, Etablissement Français du Sang Bourgogne Franche-Comté, UMR1098, Interactions Hôte-Greffon-Tumeur/Ingénierie cellulaire et Génique, Besançon, France
- ITAC Platform, University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
| | - A. Vienot
- Department of Oncology, University Hospital of Besançon, Besançon, France
- Bourgogne Franche-Comté University, INSERM, Etablissement Français du Sang Bourgogne Franche-Comté, UMR1098, Interactions Hôte-Greffon-Tumeur/Ingénierie cellulaire et Génique, Besançon, France
| | - M. Kroemer
- Bourgogne Franche-Comté University, INSERM, Etablissement Français du Sang Bourgogne Franche-Comté, UMR1098, Interactions Hôte-Greffon-Tumeur/Ingénierie cellulaire et Génique, Besançon, France
- ITAC Platform, University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
- Department of Pharmacy, University Hospital of Besançon, Besançon, France
| | - C. Borg
- Department of Oncology, University Hospital of Besançon, Besançon, France
- Bourgogne Franche-Comté University, INSERM, Etablissement Français du Sang Bourgogne Franche-Comté, UMR1098, Interactions Hôte-Greffon-Tumeur/Ingénierie cellulaire et Génique, Besançon, France
- ITAC Platform, University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
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Yoon J, Park B, Kim H, Choi S, Jung D. Korean Red Ginseng Potentially Improves Maintaining Antibodies after COVID-19 Vaccination: A 24-Week Longitudinal Study. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15071584. [PMID: 37049424 PMCID: PMC10097014 DOI: 10.3390/nu15071584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the effectiveness and safety of COVID-19 vaccines, vaccine-induced responses decline over time; thus, booster vaccines have been approved globally. In addition, interest in natural compounds capable of improving host immunity has increased. This study aimed to examine the effect of Korean Red Ginseng (KRG) on virus-specific antibodies after COVID-19 vaccination. We conducted a 24 week clinical pilot study of 350 healthy subjects who received two doses of the COVID-19 vaccine and a booster vaccination (third dose). These subjects were randomized 1:2 to the KRG and control groups. We evaluated antibody response five times: just before the second dose (baseline), 2 weeks, 4 weeks, 12 weeks after the second dose, and 4 weeks after the third dose. The primary endpoints were changes in COVID-19 spike antibody titers and neutralizing antibody titers. The antibody formation rate of the KRG group was sustained higher than that of the control group for 12 weeks after the second dose. This trend was prominently observed in those above 50 years old. We found that KRG can help to increase and maintain vaccine response, highlighting that KRG could potentially be used as an immunomodulator with COVID-19 vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihyun Yoon
- Department of Family Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Byoungjin Park
- Department of Family Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Heejung Kim
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Seungjun Choi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yongin Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Yongin 16995, Republic of Korea
| | - Donghyuk Jung
- Department of Family Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
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Ananya A, Holden KG, Gu Z, Nettleton D, Mallapragada SK, Wannemuehler MJ, Kohut ML, Narasimhan B. "Just right" combinations of adjuvants with nanoscale carriers activate aged dendritic cells without overt inflammation. Immun Ageing 2023; 20:10. [PMID: 36895007 PMCID: PMC9996592 DOI: 10.1186/s12979-023-00332-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/05/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The loss in age-related immunological markers, known as immunosenescence, is caused by a combination of factors, one of which is inflammaging. Inflammaging is associated with the continuous basal generation of proinflammatory cytokines. Studies have demonstrated that inflammaging reduces the effectiveness of vaccines. Strategies aimed at modifying baseline inflammation are being developed to improve vaccination responses in older adults. Dendritic cells have attracted attention as an age-specific target because of their significance in immunization as antigen presenting cells that stimulate T lymphocytes. RESULTS In this study, bone marrow derived dendritic cells (BMDCs) were generated from aged mice and used to investigate the effects of combinations of adjuvants, including Toll-like receptor, NOD2, and STING agonists with polyanhydride nanoparticles and pentablock copolymer micelles under in vitro conditions. Cellular stimulation was characterized via expression of costimulatory molecules, T cell-activating cytokines, proinflammatory cytokines, and chemokines. Our results indicate that multiple TLR agonists substantially increase costimulatory molecule expression and cytokines associated with T cell activation and inflammation in culture. In contrast, NOD2 and STING agonists had only a moderate effect on BMDC activation, while nanoparticles and micelles had no effect by themselves. However, when nanoparticles and micelles were combined with a TLR9 agonist, a reduction in the production of proinflammatory cytokines was observed while maintaining increased production of T cell activating cytokines and enhancing cell surface marker expression. Additionally, combining nanoparticles and micelles with a STING agonist resulted in a synergistic impact on the upregulation of costimulatory molecules and an increase in cytokine secretion from BMDCs linked with T cell activation without excessive secretion of proinflammatory cytokines. CONCLUSIONS These studies provide new insights into rational adjuvant selection for vaccines for older adults. Combining appropriate adjuvants with nanoparticles and micelles may lead to balanced immune activation characterized by low inflammation, setting the stage for designing next generation vaccines that can induce mucosal immunity in older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ananya Ananya
- Nanovaccine Institute, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA.,Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Kaitlyn G Holden
- Nanovaccine Institute, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Zhiling Gu
- Department of Statistics, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Dan Nettleton
- Department of Statistics, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Surya K Mallapragada
- Nanovaccine Institute, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA.,Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | | | - Marian L Kohut
- Nanovaccine Institute, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA.,Department of Kinesiology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Balaji Narasimhan
- Nanovaccine Institute, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA. .,Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA.
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Pozo-Balado MDM, Bulnes-Ramos Á, Olivas-Martínez I, Garrido-Rodríguez V, Lozano C, Álvarez-Ríos AI, Sánchez-Sánchez B, Sánchez-Bejarano E, Maldonado-Calzado I, Martín-Lara JM, Santamaría JA, Bernal R, González-Escribano MF, Leal M, Pacheco YM. Higher plasma levels of thymosin-α1 are associated with a lower waning of humoral response after COVID-19 vaccination: an eight months follow-up study in a nursing home. Immun Ageing 2023; 20:9. [PMID: 36879319 PMCID: PMC9986663 DOI: 10.1186/s12979-023-00334-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Older people achieve lower levels of antibody titers than younger populations after Covid-19 vaccination and show a marked waning humoral immunity over time, likely due to the senescence of the immune system. Nevertheless, age-related predictive factors of the waning humoral immune response to the vaccine have been scarcely explored. In a cohort of residents and healthcare workers from a nursing home that had received two doses of the BNT162b2 vaccine, we measured specific anti-S antibodies one (T1), four (T4), and eight (T8) months after receiving the second dose. Thymic-related functional markers, including thymic output, relative telomere length, and plasma thymosin-α1 levels, as well as immune cellular subsets, and biochemical and inflammatory biomarkers, were determined at T1, and tested for their associations with the magnitude of the vaccine response (T1) and the durability of such response both, at the short- (T1-T4) and the long-term (T1-T8). We aimed to identify age-related factors potentially associated with the magnitude and persistence of specific anti-S immunoglobulin G (IgG)-antibodies after COVID-19 vaccination in older people. RESULTS Participants (100% men, n = 98), were subdivided into three groups: young (< 50 years-old), middle-age (50-65 years-old), and older (≥65 years-old). Older participants achieved lower antibody titers at T1 and experienced higher decreases in both the short- and long-term. In the entire cohort, while the magnitude of the initial response was mainly associated with the levels of homocysteine [β (95% CI); - 0.155 (- 0.241 to - 0.068); p = 0.001], the durability of such response at both, the short-term and the long-term were predicted by the levels of thymosin-α1 [- 0.168 (- 0.305 to - 0.031); p = 0.017, and - 0.123 (- 0.212 to - 0.034); p = 0.008, respectively]. CONCLUSIONS Higher plasma levels of thymosin-α1 were associated with a lower waning of anti-S IgG antibodies along the time. Our results suggest that plasma levels of thymosin-α1 could be used as a biomarker for predicting the durability of the responses after COVID-19 vaccination, possibly allowing to personalize the administration of vaccine boosters.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Del Mar Pozo-Balado
- Immunology Laboratory, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBiS), Immunology Service, Virgen del Rocío University Hospital (HUVR)/CSIC/University of Seville, Ave. Manuel Siurot s/n, 41013, Seville, Spain
| | - Ángel Bulnes-Ramos
- Immunology Laboratory, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBiS), Immunology Service, Virgen del Rocío University Hospital (HUVR)/CSIC/University of Seville, Ave. Manuel Siurot s/n, 41013, Seville, Spain
| | - Israel Olivas-Martínez
- Immunology Laboratory, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBiS), Immunology Service, Virgen del Rocío University Hospital (HUVR)/CSIC/University of Seville, Ave. Manuel Siurot s/n, 41013, Seville, Spain
| | - Vanesa Garrido-Rodríguez
- Immunology Laboratory, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBiS), Immunology Service, Virgen del Rocío University Hospital (HUVR)/CSIC/University of Seville, Ave. Manuel Siurot s/n, 41013, Seville, Spain
| | - Carmen Lozano
- Microbiology Service, Virgen del Rocío University Hospital (HUVR), Seville, Spain
| | - Ana I Álvarez-Ríos
- Biochemistry Service, Virgen del Rocío University Hospital (HUVR), Seville, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Rafael Bernal
- Hogar Residencia de la Santa Caridad, Seville, Spain
| | - María Francisca González-Escribano
- Immunology Laboratory, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBiS), Immunology Service, Virgen del Rocío University Hospital (HUVR)/CSIC/University of Seville, Ave. Manuel Siurot s/n, 41013, Seville, Spain.,Immunology Service, Virgen del Rocío University Hospital (HUVR), Seville, Spain
| | - Manuel Leal
- Hogar Residencia de la Santa Caridad, Seville, Spain.,Internal Medicine Service, Viamed Hospital, Santa Ángela de la Cruz, Seville, Spain
| | - Yolanda M Pacheco
- Immunology Laboratory, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBiS), Immunology Service, Virgen del Rocío University Hospital (HUVR)/CSIC/University of Seville, Ave. Manuel Siurot s/n, 41013, Seville, Spain.
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8
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Rachman A, Iriani A, Sukrisman L, Rajabto W, Mulansari NA, Lubis AM, Cahyanur R, Prasetyawati F, Priantono D, Rumondor BB, Betsy R, Juanputra S. A comparative study of the COVID-19 vaccine efficacy among cancer patients: mRNA versus non-mRNA. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0281907. [PMID: 36857323 PMCID: PMC9977046 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0281907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cancer patients have an increased risk of a severe COVID-19 infection with higher mortality rate. This study aimed to analyze the levels of anti-SARS-CoV-2 S-RBD IgG and NAB among cancer patients who were vaccinated with COVID-19 vaccines, either with BNT162b2, mRNA-1273, AZD1222/ChAdOx1nCoV-19, or Coronavac/BBIBP-CorV vaccines. METHOD A cross-sectional study was conducted among subjects with either solid or hematological cancers who had received two doses of either mRNA or non-mRNA vaccines within 6 months. The levels of anti-SARS-CoV-2 S-RBD IgG and NAb were analyzed using the Mindray Immunoassay Analyzer CL-900i. Statistical analysis was conducted using mean comparison and regression analysis. RESULT The mRNA-1273 vaccine had the highest median levels of S-RBD IgG and NAb, followed by BNT162b, ChAdOx1nCoV-19, and BBIBP-CorV/Coronavac. The levels of S-RBD IgG and NAb in subjects vaccinated with mRNA vaccines were significantly higher than those of non-mRNA vaccines when grouped based on their characteristics, including age, type of cancer, chemotherapy regimen, and comorbidity (p<0.05). Furthermore, the S-RBD IgG and NAb levels between the subjects vaccinated with non-mRNA vaccines and the subjects vaccinated with mRNA vaccines were significantly different (p<0.05). However, there was no significant difference between the same types of vaccines. This study demonstrated a very strong correlation between the level of S-RBD IgG and the level of NAb (R = 0.962; p<0.001). The level of anti-SARS-CoV-2 S-RBD IgG was consistently higher compared to the level of NAb. CONCLUSIONS Generally, mRNA vaccines produced significantly higher anti-SARS-CoV-2 S-RBD IgG and NAb levels than non-mRNA vaccines in cancer subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andhika Rachman
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo General Hospital—Faculty of Medicine Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
- * E-mail:
| | - Anggraini Iriani
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Yarsi University, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Lugyanti Sukrisman
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo General Hospital—Faculty of Medicine Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Wulyo Rajabto
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo General Hospital—Faculty of Medicine Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Nadia Ayu Mulansari
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo General Hospital—Faculty of Medicine Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Anna Mira Lubis
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo General Hospital—Faculty of Medicine Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Rahmat Cahyanur
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo General Hospital—Faculty of Medicine Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Findy Prasetyawati
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo General Hospital—Faculty of Medicine Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Dimas Priantono
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo General Hospital—Faculty of Medicine Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Bayu Bijaksana Rumondor
- Department of Internal Medicine, Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo General Hospital—Faculty of Medicine Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Rachelle Betsy
- Department of Internal Medicine, Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo General Hospital—Faculty of Medicine Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Samuel Juanputra
- Department of Internal Medicine, Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo General Hospital—Faculty of Medicine Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
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9
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Saksena NK, Reche PA, Bonam SR, Mancini N. Editorial: Innate immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 in infected and vaccinated individuals. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1141405. [PMID: 36845086 PMCID: PMC9945333 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1141405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Nitin K. Saksena
- Institute for health and Sports (IHES), Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Research & Development (R&D), Aegros Therapeutics, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Pedro A. Reche
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Srinivasa Reddy Bonam
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Nicasio Mancini
- Laboratory of Medical Microbiology and Virology, University Vita-Salute San Raffaele, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy
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10
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Yang J, Kim J, Kwak C, Poo H. Poly-γ-glutamic acid/Alum adjuvanted pH1N1 vaccine-immunized aged mice exhibit a significant increase in vaccine efficacy with a decrease in age-associated CD8+ T cell proportion in splenocytes. Immun Ageing 2022; 19:22. [PMID: 35606855 PMCID: PMC9124744 DOI: 10.1186/s12979-022-00282-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Background Highly contagious respiratory diseases caused by viral infections are a constantly emerging threat, particularly the elderly with the higher risk of developing serious complications. Vaccines are the best strategy for protection against influenza-related diseases. However, the elderly has lower vaccine efficacy than young population and the age-driven decline of the influenza vaccine efficacy remains unresolved. Objectives This study investigates the effect of an adjuvant, poly-γ-glutamic acid and alum (PGA/Alum) on vaccine efficacy in aged mice (18-months) and its mechanism is investigated using ovalbumin as a model antigen and a commercial pandemic H1N1 (pH1N1) flu vaccine. Antigen trafficking, dendritic cell (DC) activation, and the DC-mediated T cell activation were analyzed via in vivo imaging and flow cytometry. Antigen-specific humoral and cellular immune responses were evaluated in sera and splenocytes from the vaccinated mice. Also, we analyzed gene expression profiles of splenocytes from the vaccinated mice via single-cell transcriptome sequencing and evaluated the protective efficacy against pH1N1 virus challenge. Results Aged mice had lower antigen trafficking and DC activation than younger mice (6-weeks), which was ameliorated by PGA/Alum with increased antigen uptake and DC activation leading to improved antigen-specific IFN-γ+CD8+ T lymphocyte frequencies higher in the vaccinated aged mice, to a similar extent as PGA/Alum adjuvanted vaccine-immunized young mice. The results of single-cell transcriptome sequencing display that PGA/Alum also reduced the proportion of age-associated CD8+ T cell subsets and gene levels of inhibitory regulators in CD8+ T cells, which may play a role in the recovery of CD8+ T cell activation. Finally, PGA/Alum adjuvanted pH1N1 vaccine-immunized aged mice were completely protected (100% survival) compared to aged mice immunized with vaccine only (0% survival) after pH1N1 virus challenge, akin to the efficacy of the vaccinated young mice (100% survival). Conclusions PGA/Alum adjuvanted pH1N1 vaccine-immunized aged mice showed a significant increase in vaccine efficacy compared to aged mice administered with vaccine only. The enhanced vaccine efficacy by PGA/Alum is associated with significant increases of activation of DCs and effector CD8+ T cells and a decrease in age-associated CD8+ T cell proportion of splenocytes. Collectively, PGA/Alum adjuvanted flu vaccine may be a promising vaccine candidate for the elderly. Supplementary information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12979-022-00282-z.
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11
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Müller L, Andrée M, Moskorz W, Drexler I, Hauka S, Ptok J, Walotka L, Grothmann R, Hillebrandt J, Ritchie A, Peter L, Walker A, Timm J, Adams O, Schaal H. Adjusted COVID-19 booster schedules balance age-dependent differences in antibody titers benefitting risk populations. FRONTIERS IN AGING 2022; 3:1027885. [PMID: 36313184 PMCID: PMC9596780 DOI: 10.3389/fragi.2022.1027885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
We provide follow-up data on the humoral immune response after COVID-19 vaccinations of two distinct cohorts aged below 60 and over 80 years to screen for age-related differences in the longevity and magnitude of the induction of the antibody responses post booster-vaccinations. While anti-SARS-CoV-2 spike-specific IgG and neutralization capacity waned rapidly after the initial vaccination schedule, additional boosters highly benefitted the humoral immune responses especially in the elderly cohort, including the neutralization of Omikron variants. Thus, adjusted COVID-19 booster vaccination schedules are an appropriate tool to overcome limitations in the success of vaccinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Müller
- Institute of Virology, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany,*Correspondence: Lisa Müller,
| | - Marcel Andrée
- Institute of Virology, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Wiebke Moskorz
- Institute of Virology, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Ingo Drexler
- Institute of Virology, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Sandra Hauka
- Institute of Virology, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Johannes Ptok
- Institute of Virology, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Lara Walotka
- Institute of Virology, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Ramona Grothmann
- Institute of Virology, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Jonas Hillebrandt
- Institute of Virology, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany,Department of Nephrology, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Anastasia Ritchie
- Institute of Virology, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Laura Peter
- Institute of Virology, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Andreas Walker
- Institute of Virology, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Jörg Timm
- Institute of Virology, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Ortwin Adams
- Institute of Virology, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Heiner Schaal
- Institute of Virology, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
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12
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Vitallé J, Pérez-Gómez A, Ostos FJ, Gasca-Capote C, Jiménez-Leon MR, Bachiller S, Rivas-Jeremías I, Silva-Sánchez MDM, Ruiz-Mateos AM, Martín-Sánchez MÁ, López-Cortes LF, Rafii El Idrissi Benhnia M, Ruiz-Mateos E. Immune defects associated with lower SARS-CoV-2 BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine response in elderly people. JCI Insight 2022; 7:161045. [PMID: 35943812 PMCID: PMC9536264 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.161045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The immune factors associated with impaired SARS-CoV-2 vaccine response in the elderly are mostly unknown. We studied >60 and <60 years old people vaccinated with SARS-CoV-2 BNT162b2 mRNA before and after the first and second dose. Aging was associated with a lower anti-RBD IgG levels and a decreased magnitude and polyfunctionality of SARS-CoV-2 specific T cell response. The dramatic decrease in thymic function in aged people with >60 years of age, which fueled alteration in T cell homeostasis, and lower CD161+ T cell levels were associated with decreased T cell response two months after vaccination. Additionally, a deficient dendritic cell (DC) homing, activation and Toll like receptor (TLR)-mediated function, along with a proinflammatory functional profile in monocytes, were observed in the >60 years old group, which was also related to lower specific T cell response after vaccination. These findings might be relevant for the improvement of the current vaccination strategies and for the development of new vaccine prototypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Vitallé
- Clinical Unit of Infectious Diseases, Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBiS), Virgen del Rocío University Hospital, Seville, Spain
| | - Alberto Pérez-Gómez
- Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBiS), Virgen del Rocío University Hospital, Seville, Spain
| | - Francisco José Ostos
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Immunology, University of Seville School of Medicine, Seville, Spain
| | - Carmen Gasca-Capote
- Clinical Unit of Infectious Diseases, Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBiS), Virgen del Rocío University Hospital, Seville, Spain
| | - Maria Reyes Jiménez-Leon
- Clinical Unit of Infectious Diseases, Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBiS), Virgen del Rocío University Hospital, Seville, Spain
| | - Sara Bachiller
- Clinical Unit of Infectious Diseases, Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBiS), Virgen del Rocío University Hospital, Seville, Spain
| | - Inmaculada Rivas-Jeremías
- Clinical Unit of Infectious Diseases, Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBiS), Virgen del Rocío University Hospital, Seville, Spain
| | - Maria Del Mar Silva-Sánchez
- Clinical Unit of Infectious Diseases, Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBiS), Virgen del Rocío University Hospital, Seville, Spain
| | - Anabel M Ruiz-Mateos
- Centro de Salud Pinillo Chico, Centro de Salud Pinillo Chico, El Puerto de Santa María, Seville, Spain
| | - María Ángeles Martín-Sánchez
- Clinical Unit of Infectious Diseases, Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBiS), Virgen del Rocío University Hospital, Seville, Spain
| | - Luis Fernando López-Cortes
- Clinical Unit of Infectious Diseases, Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBiS), Virgen del Rocío University Hospital, Seville, Spain
| | - Mohammed Rafii El Idrissi Benhnia
- Clinical Unit of Infectious Diseases, Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBiS), Virgen del Rocío University Hospital, Seville, Spain
| | - Ezequiel Ruiz-Mateos
- Clinical Unit of Infectious Diseases, Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBiS), Virgen del Rocío University Hospital, Seville, Spain
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13
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Connors J, Taramangalam B, Cusimano G, Bell MR, Matt SM, Runner K, Gaskill PJ, DeFilippis V, Nikolich-Žugich J, Kutzler MA, Haddad EK. Aging alters antiviral signaling pathways resulting in functional impairment in innate immunity in response to pattern recognition receptor agonists. GeroScience 2022; 44:2555-2572. [PMID: 35849213 PMCID: PMC9289086 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-022-00612-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The progressive impairment of immunity to pathogens and vaccines with aging is a significant public health problem as the world population shifts to an increased percentage of older adults (> 65). We have previously demonstrated that cells obtained from older volunteers have delayed and defective induction of type I interferons and T cell and B cell helper cytokines in response to TLR ligands when compared to those from adult subjects. However, the underlying intracellular mechanisms are not well described. Herein, we studied two critical pathways important in the production of type I interferon (IFN), the interferon response factor 7 (pIRF7), and TANK-binding kinase (pTBK-1). We show a decrease in pIRF7 and pTBK-1 in cross-priming dendritic cells (cDC1s), CD4+ T cell priming DCs (cDC2s), and CD14dimCD16+ vascular patrolling monocytes from older adults (n = 11) following stimulation with pathway-specific agonists in comparison with young individuals (n = 11). The decrease in these key antiviral pathway proteins correlates with decreased phagocytosis, suggesting impaired function in Overall, our findings describe molecular mechanisms which explain the innate functional impairment in older adults and thus could inform us of novel approaches to restore these defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Connors
- grid.166341.70000 0001 2181 3113Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases & HIV Medicine, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA USA ,grid.166341.70000 0001 2181 3113Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA USA
| | - Bhavani Taramangalam
- grid.166341.70000 0001 2181 3113Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases & HIV Medicine, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA USA ,grid.166341.70000 0001 2181 3113Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA USA
| | - Gina Cusimano
- grid.166341.70000 0001 2181 3113Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases & HIV Medicine, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA USA ,grid.166341.70000 0001 2181 3113Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA USA
| | - Matthew R. Bell
- grid.166341.70000 0001 2181 3113Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases & HIV Medicine, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA USA ,grid.166341.70000 0001 2181 3113Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA USA
| | - Stephanie M. Matt
- grid.166341.70000 0001 2181 3113Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA USA
| | - Kaitlyn Runner
- grid.166341.70000 0001 2181 3113Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA USA
| | - Peter J. Gaskill
- grid.166341.70000 0001 2181 3113Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA USA
| | - Victor DeFilippis
- grid.5288.70000 0000 9758 5690Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR USA
| | - Janko Nikolich-Žugich
- grid.134563.60000 0001 2168 186XDepartment of Immunobiology, University of Arizona College of Medicine-Tucson, Tucson, AZ USA ,grid.134563.60000 0001 2168 186XArizona Center On Aging, University of Arizona College of Medicine-Tucson, Tucson, AZ USA
| | - Michele A. Kutzler
- grid.166341.70000 0001 2181 3113Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases & HIV Medicine, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA USA ,grid.166341.70000 0001 2181 3113Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA USA
| | - Elias K. Haddad
- grid.166341.70000 0001 2181 3113Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases & HIV Medicine, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA USA ,grid.166341.70000 0001 2181 3113Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA USA
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14
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Péterfi A, Mészáros Á, Szarvas Z, Pénzes M, Fekete M, Fehér Á, Lehoczki A, Csípő T, Fazekas-Pongor V. Comorbidities and increased mortality of COVID-19 among the elderly: A systematic review. Physiol Int 2022; 109:163-176. [PMID: 35575986 DOI: 10.1556/2060.2022.00206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Revised: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/18/2024]
Abstract
Purpose The purpose of current review is to conduct a systematic overview of articles published between 2019 and 2021 on the relationship of comorbidities and mortality due to Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) among the elderly population. Methods We conducted a systematic search on PubMed for articles published between 2019 and 2021 to identify any cohort and case-control studies that investigated the relationship of comorbidities and COVID-19 mortality among the elderly, defined as 60 years of age and above. Databases were searched independently by two authors. Disagreements were resolved by the inclusion of a third investigator. Reviews, systematic reviews, and meta-analyses were excluded from our systematic review. Results A total of 15 studies were selected for our systematic review. Of the included studies, 3 were case-control, 3 were prospective cohort studies and 9 were retrospective cohort studies. As for size, 10 studies were conducted on populations of <1000 participants, 3 ranging from 1001 to 10,000, and 2 on populations of >10,000 individuals. The included studies found that the presence of certain conditions, such as cardiovascular, respiratory, renal diseases, malignancies, diseases of the nervous system and diabetes are associated to increased mortality in populations that consisted of elderly patients. Conclusion Results of our systematic review suggest that comorbidities contribute to increased COVID-19 mortality among the elderly. The detrimental effect of comorbidities and advanced age on the immune response could lead to a more frequent occurrence of symptomatic and severe infections with COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Péterfi
- 1 Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ágota Mészáros
- 1 Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zsófia Szarvas
- 1 Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Melinda Pénzes
- 1 Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Mónika Fekete
- 1 Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ágnes Fehér
- 1 Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Andrea Lehoczki
- 2 National Institute for Hematology and Infectious Diseases, Department of Hematology and Stem Cell Transplantation, South Pest Central Hospital, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Tamás Csípő
- 1 Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Vince Fazekas-Pongor
- 1 Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
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15
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Pastorino R, Pezzullo AM, Villani L, Causio FA, Axfors C, Contopoulos-Ioannidis DG, Boccia S, Ioannidis JPA. Change in age distribution of COVID-19 deaths with the introduction of COVID-19 vaccination. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 204:112342. [PMID: 34748775 PMCID: PMC8570444 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.112342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Revised: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Most countries initially deployed COVID-19 vaccines preferentially in elderly populations. We aimed to evaluate whether population-level vaccine effectiveness is heralded by an increase in the relative proportion of deaths among non-elderly populations that were less covered by vaccination programs. ELIGIBLE DATA We collected data from 40 countries on age-stratified COVID-19 deaths during the vaccination period (1/14/2021-5/31/2021) and two control periods (entire pre-vaccination period and excluding the first wave). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES We meta-analyzed the proportion of deaths in different age groups in vaccination versus control periods in (1) countries with low vaccination rates; (2) countries with age-independent vaccination policies; and (3) countries with standard age-dependent vaccination policies. RESULTS Countries that prioritized vaccination among older people saw an increasing share of deaths among 0-69 year old people in the vaccination versus the two control periods (summary proportion ratio 1.32 [95 CI% 1.24-1.41] and 1.35 [95 CI% 1.26-1.44)]. No such change was seen on average in countries with age-independent vaccination policies (1.05 [95 CI% 0.78-1.41 and 0.97 [95 CI% 0.95-1.00], respectively) and limited vaccination (0.93 [95 CI% 0.85-1.01] and 0.95 [95 CI% 0.87-1.03], respectively). Proportion ratios were associated with the difference of vaccination rates in elderly versus non-elderly people. No significant changes occurred in the share of deaths in age 0-49 among all 0-69 deaths in the vaccination versus pre-vaccination periods. CONCLUSIONS The substantial shift in the age distribution of COVID-19 deaths in countries that rapidly implemented vaccination predominantly among elderly provides evidence for the population level-effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccination and a favorable evolution of the pandemic towards endemicity with fewer elderly deaths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Pastorino
- Department of Woman and Child Health and Public Health - Public Health Area, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Angelo Maria Pezzullo
- Section of Hygiene, University Department of Life Sciences and Public Health, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Leonardo Villani
- Section of Hygiene, University Department of Life Sciences and Public Health, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Andrea Causio
- Section of Hygiene, University Department of Life Sciences and Public Health, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Cathrine Axfors
- Meta-Research Innovation Center at Stanford (METRICS), Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | - Stefania Boccia
- Department of Woman and Child Health and Public Health - Public Health Area, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Section of Hygiene, University Department of Life Sciences and Public Health, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - John P A Ioannidis
- Meta-Research Innovation Center at Stanford (METRICS), Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA; Department of Medicine, of Epidemiology and Population Health, of Biomedical Data Science, and of Statistics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
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16
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Seiffert P, Konka A, Kasperczyk J, Kawa J, Lejawa M, Maślanka-Seiffert B, Zembala-John J, Bugdol M, Romanik M, Bułdak R, Marcisz C, Derejczyk J, Religa D. Immunogenicity of the BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 vaccine in older residents of a long-term care facility: relation with age, frailty and prior infection status. Biogerontology 2022; 23:53-64. [PMID: 34923608 PMCID: PMC8684786 DOI: 10.1007/s10522-021-09944-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Clinical and biological assessment of the COVID-19 vaccine efficacy in the frail population is of crucial importance. The study focuses on measuring the levels of anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibodies before and after BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 vaccination among long-term care facility (LTCF) elderly residents. We conducted a prospective, single-center, observational study among LTCF residents. The study protocol was based on three blood sample acquisitions: first taken at baseline-5 days before the first dose of the vaccine, second-20 days after the first dose, and third-12 days after the second shot of the vaccine. The comparison was made for two cohorts: patients with and without prior COVID-19 infection. The data was collected from January to March 2021. A total number of 78 LTCF residents (55 women and 23 men) aged 62-104, 85.72 ± 7.59 years (mean ± SD), were enrolled in the study. All study participants were investigated for the presence of SARS-CoV-2 anti-spike (S) protein IgG, using a chemiluminescent immunoassay. Frailty was assessed with the Clinical Frailty Scale. Among elderly COVID-19 survivors in LTCF, a single dose of vaccine significantly increased anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibody levels. IgG concentration after a single and double dose was comparable, which may suggest that elderly COVID-19 survivors do not require a second dose of vaccine. For residents without a previous history of COVID-19, two doses are needed to achieve an effective serological response. The level of anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibodies after vaccination with BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 did not correlate with the frailty and age of the studied individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Seiffert
- Department of Gerontology and Geriatric Nursing, School of Health Sciences, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
- Silesian Park of Medical Technology Kardio-Med Silesia, Zabrze, Poland
- Rheumatology Ward, Murcki Hospital, Katowice, Poland
| | - Adam Konka
- Silesian Park of Medical Technology Kardio-Med Silesia, Zabrze, Poland
| | - Janusz Kasperczyk
- Chair and Department of Medicine and Environmental Epidemiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Jacek Kawa
- Faculty of Biomedical Engineering, Silesian University of Technology, Zabrze, Poland
| | - Mateusz Lejawa
- Silesian Park of Medical Technology Kardio-Med Silesia, Zabrze, Poland
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | | | - Joanna Zembala-John
- Silesian Park of Medical Technology Kardio-Med Silesia, Zabrze, Poland
- Chair and Department of Medicine and Environmental Epidemiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
- Silesian Center for Heart Diseases, Zabrze, Poland
| | - Monika Bugdol
- Faculty of Biomedical Engineering, Silesian University of Technology, Zabrze, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Romanik
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Medicine in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Rafał Bułdak
- Silesian Park of Medical Technology Kardio-Med Silesia, Zabrze, Poland
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Laboratory Diagnostics, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Opole, Opole, Poland
| | - Czesław Marcisz
- Department of Gerontology and Geriatric Nursing, School of Health Sciences, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | | | - Dorota Religa
- Division of Clinical Geriatrics, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
- Theme Aging, Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, Sweden
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17
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Shen CF, Yen CL, Fu YC, Cheng CM, Shen TC, Chang PD, Cheng KH, Liu CC, Chang YT, Chen PL, Ko WC, Shieh CC. Innate Immune Responses of Vaccinees Determine Early Neutralizing Antibody Production After ChAdOx1nCoV-19 Vaccination. Front Immunol 2022; 13:807454. [PMID: 35145520 PMCID: PMC8822242 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.807454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Innate immunity, armed with pattern recognition receptors including Toll-like receptors (TLR), is critical for immune cell activation and the connection to anti-microbial adaptive immunity. However, information regarding the impact of age on the innate immunity in response to SARS-CoV2 adenovirus vector vaccines and its association with specific immune responses remains scarce. Methods Fifteen subjects between 25-35 years (the young group) and five subjects between 60-70 years (the older adult group) were enrolled before ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 (AZD1222) vaccination. We determined activation markers and cytokine production of monocyte, natural killer (NK) cells and B cells ex vivo stimulated with TLR agonist (poly (I:C) for TLR3; LPS for TLR4; imiquimod for TLR7; CpG for TLR9) before vaccination and 3-5 days after each jab with flow cytometry. Anti-SARS-CoV2 neutralization antibody titers (surrogate virus neutralization tests, sVNTs) were measured using serum collected 2 months after the first jab and one month after full vaccination. Results The older adult vaccinees had weaker vaccine-induced sVNTs than young vaccinees after 1st jab (47.2±19.3% vs. 21.2±22.2%, p value<0.05), but this difference became insignificant after the 2nd jab. Imiquimod, LPS and CpG strongly induced CD86 expression in IgD+CD27- naïve and IgD-CD27+ memory B cells in the young group. In contrast, only the IgD+ CD27- naïve B cells responded to these TLR agonists in the older adult group. Imiquimode strongly induced the CD86 expression in CD14+ monocytes in the young group but not in the older adult group. After vaccination, the young group had significantly higher IFN-γ expression in CD3- CD56dim NK cells after the 1st jab, whilst the older adult group had significantly higher IFN-γ and granzyme B expression in CD56bright NK cells after the 2nd jab (all p value <0.05). The IFN-γ expression in CD56dim and CD56bright NK cells after the first vaccination and CD86 expression in CD14+ monocyte and IgD-CD27-double-negative B cells after LPS and imiquimod stimulation correlated with vaccine-induced antibody responses. Conclusions The innate immune responses after the first vaccination correlated with the neutralizing antibody production. Older people may have defective innate immune responses by TLR stimulation and weak or delayed innate immune activation profile after vaccination compared with young people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Fen Shen
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan City, Taiwan
- Department of Pediatrics, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan City, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Liang Yen
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan City, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Chen Fu
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu City, Taiwan
| | - Chao-Min Cheng
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu City, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Chi Shen
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan City, Taiwan
| | - Pei-De Chang
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan City, Taiwan
| | - Kuang-Hsiung Cheng
- Department of Pathology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan City, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Chuan Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan City, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Tzu Chang
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan City, Taiwan
| | - Po-Lin Chen
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan City, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Chien Ko
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan City, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Chang Shieh
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan City, Taiwan
- Department of Pediatrics, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan City, Taiwan
- *Correspondence: Chi-Chang Shieh,
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18
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Olariu TR, Ursoniu S, Marincu I, Lupu MA. Dynamics of Antibody Response to BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 Vaccine: A 7-Month Follow-Up Study. MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2021; 57:1330. [PMID: 34946275 PMCID: PMC8708569 DOI: 10.3390/medicina57121330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 11/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Comprehension regarding immunity to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is limited, and the durability of immune responses after vaccination is currently unknown. Several studies have reported on the antibody response in fully vaccinated individuals with a limited follow-up of the participants, i.e., below 7 months. Materials and Methods: The antibody response to complete vaccination with the BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 vaccine was assessed monthly, for 7 months, in 92 healthcare workers, between February 26 and September 26, 2021. The SARS-CoV-2 anti-spike protein IgG (IgGS) antibody was detected using the SARS-CoV-2 IgG II Quant assay (Abbott, Diagnostics Division, Sligo, Ireland), a chemiluminescent microparticle immunoassay (CMIA) with a sensitivity of 98.1% and specificity of 99.6%. Participants were divided into two groups, one for individuals previously infected with SARS-CoV-2 and the other for individuals without previous infection. Results: The median IgGS titers decreased monthly both in previously infected individuals and in the uninfected group. Previously infected individuals had significantly higher median titers of IgGS compared with previously uninfected subjects at all seven time points after complete vaccination (p < 0.001). Conclusions: Seven months after vaccination, the median IgGS titer had decreased by more than 92% both in individuals previously infected with SARS-CoV-2 and in uninfected individuals. However, IgGS antibodies were still detected in all study participants and persisted throughout the 7 months after the second dose of the vaccine. Further studies should be conducted to monitor the antibody response to the BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine beyond 7 months, to assess the need for a new booster dose in order to extend the duration and amplitude of the specific immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tudor Rares Olariu
- Discipline of Parasitology, Department of Infectious Disease, Victor Babes University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timisoara, Romania;
- Clinical Laboratory, Municipal Clinical Emergency Teaching Hospital, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
- Center for Diagnosis and Study of Parasitic Diseases, Department of Infectious Disease, Victor Babes University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Sorin Ursoniu
- Center for Translational Research and Systems Medicine, Department of Functional Sciences, Victor Babes University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timisoara, Romania;
| | - Iosif Marincu
- Discipline of Parasitology, Department of Infectious Disease, Victor Babes University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timisoara, Romania;
| | - Maria Alina Lupu
- Discipline of Parasitology, Department of Infectious Disease, Victor Babes University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timisoara, Romania;
- Center for Diagnosis and Study of Parasitic Diseases, Department of Infectious Disease, Victor Babes University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
- Clinical Laboratory, Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
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19
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Helle F, Moyet J, Demey B, François C, Duverlie G, Castelain S, Bloch F, Brochot E. Humoral anti-SARS-CoV-2 immune response after two doses of Comirnaty vaccine in nursing home residents by previous infection status. Vaccine 2021; 40:531-535. [PMID: 34893341 PMCID: PMC8639399 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.11.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Background Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is associated with increased morbidity and mortality in older adults. Although the advent of the first vaccines has significantly reduced these rates, data on older adults in clinical trials are scarce. Objectives We quantified and compared the humoral response in individuals with vs. without pre-existing seropositivity to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), in a cohort of 69 patients living in a nursing home and who had received the recommended two doses of the Comirnaty (Pfizer-BioNTech®) vaccine. Results All 69 patients (100%) tested positive for antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 at 2 months post-vaccination. Residents with a pre-vaccination infection had significantly higher titers of anti-spike 1 IgG than those with no prior infection (median [interquartile range]: 55,726 [14463–78852] vs. 1314 [272–1249] arbitrary units, respectively; p < 0.001). The same result was observed for neutralizing antibodies titers (704 [320–1280] vs. 47 [20–40] respectively; p < 0.001). Between the pre-vaccination and post-vaccination periods, for IgG and neutralizing antibodies, we observed a 49 and 8-fold increase respectively. In comparison to the wild-type Receptor Binding Domain (RBD), the binding capacity of these vaccine sera was significantly decreased on the B.1.351 and P.1 variants RBD but not decreased with respect to the B.1.1.7 RBD. Although all nursing home residents developed a humoral response following Comirnaty vaccine, its intensity appeared to depend on the pre-vaccination serological status. Conclusion Our results raise the question of how many doses of vaccine should be administered in older and how long the protection will be effective.
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Affiliation(s)
- François Helle
- Department of Virology, Amiens University Medical Center, Amiens, France; Agents infectieux résistance et chimiothérapie Research Unit, UR4294, Jules Verne University of Picardie, Amiens, France
| | - Julien Moyet
- Department of Gerontology, CHU Amiens-Picardie, Amiens, France
| | - Baptiste Demey
- Department of Virology, Amiens University Medical Center, Amiens, France; Agents infectieux résistance et chimiothérapie Research Unit, UR4294, Jules Verne University of Picardie, Amiens, France
| | - Catherine François
- Department of Virology, Amiens University Medical Center, Amiens, France; Agents infectieux résistance et chimiothérapie Research Unit, UR4294, Jules Verne University of Picardie, Amiens, France
| | - Gilles Duverlie
- Department of Virology, Amiens University Medical Center, Amiens, France; Agents infectieux résistance et chimiothérapie Research Unit, UR4294, Jules Verne University of Picardie, Amiens, France
| | - Sandrine Castelain
- Department of Virology, Amiens University Medical Center, Amiens, France; Agents infectieux résistance et chimiothérapie Research Unit, UR4294, Jules Verne University of Picardie, Amiens, France
| | - Fréderic Bloch
- Department of Gerontology, CHU Amiens-Picardie, Amiens, France
| | - Etienne Brochot
- Department of Virology, Amiens University Medical Center, Amiens, France; Agents infectieux résistance et chimiothérapie Research Unit, UR4294, Jules Verne University of Picardie, Amiens, France.
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20
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Chen J, Vitetta L, Henson JD, Hall S. The intestinal microbiota and improving the efficacy of COVID-19 vaccinations. J Funct Foods 2021; 87:104850. [PMID: 34777578 PMCID: PMC8578005 DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2021.104850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 10/31/2021] [Accepted: 11/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Most COVID-19 cases are mild or asymptomatic and recover well, suggesting that effective immune responses ensue, which successfully eliminate SARS-CoV-2 viruses. However, a small proportion of patients develop severe COVID-19 with pathological immune responses. This indicates that a strong immune system balanced with anti-inflammatory mechanisms is critical for the recovery from SARS-CoV-2 infections. Many vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 have now been developed for eliciting effective immune responses to protect from SARS-CoV-2 infections or reduce the severity of the disease if infected. Although uncommon, serious morbidity and mortality have resulted from both COVID-19 vaccine adverse reactions and lack of efficacy, and further improvement of efficacy and prevention of adverse effects are urgently warranted. Many factors could affect efficacy of these vaccines to achieve optimal immune responses. Dysregulation of the gut microbiota (gut dysbiosis) could be an important risk factor as the gut microbiota is associated with the development and maintenance of an effective immune system response. In this narrative review, we discuss the immune responses to SARS-CoV-2, how COVID-19 vaccines elicit protective immune responses, gut dysbiosis involvement in inefficacy and adverse effects of COVID-19 vaccines and the modulation of the gut microbiota by functional foods to improve COVID-19 vaccine immunisations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiezhong Chen
- Medlab Clinical, Department of Research, Sydney 2015, Australia
| | - Luis Vitetta
- Medlab Clinical, Department of Research, Sydney 2015, Australia.,The University of Sydney, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney 2006, Australia
| | - Jeremy D Henson
- Medlab Clinical, Department of Research, Sydney 2015, Australia.,The University of New South Wales, Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Wales Clinical School, Sydney, Australia
| | - Sean Hall
- Medlab Clinical, Department of Research, Sydney 2015, Australia
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21
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Neutralizing Antibodies against SARS-CoV-2, Anti-Ad5 Antibodies, and Reactogenicity in Response to Ad5-nCoV (CanSino Biologics) Vaccine in Individuals with and without Prior SARS-CoV-2. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9091047. [PMID: 34579284 PMCID: PMC8472849 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9091047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Revised: 09/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
This is the first study outside of clinical trials (phase I–III) evaluating the ability of the Ad5-nCoV vaccine to generate neutralizing antibodies and the factors associated with optimal or suboptimal response. In a longitudinal assay, 346 people (117 with prior COVID-19 and 229 without prior COVID-19) vaccinated with Ad5-nCoV were recruited. The percentage of neutralizing antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 (Surrogate Virus Neutralization Test) and antibodies against Ad5 (ADV-Ad5 IgG ELISA) were quantified pre and post-vaccination effects. The Ad5-nCoV vaccine induces higher neutralizing antibodies percentage in individuals with prior COVID-19 than those without prior COVID-19 (median [IQR]: 98% [97–98.1] vs. 72% [54–90], respectively; p < 0.0001). Furthermore, a natural infection (before vaccination) induces more neutralizing antibodies percentage than immunized individuals without prior COVID-19 (p < 0.01). No patient had vaccine-severe adverse effects. The age, antidepressant, and immunosuppressive treatments, reactogenicity, and history of COVID-19 are associated with impaired antibody production. The anti-Ad5 antibodies increased after 21 days of post-vaccination in all groups (p < 0.01). We recommend the application of a booster dose of Ad5-nCoV, especially for those individuals without previous COVID-19 infection. Finally, the induction of anti-Ad5 antibodies after vaccination should be considered if a booster with the same vaccine is planned.
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Perkmann T, Perkmann-Nagele N, Mucher P, Radakovics A, Repl M, Koller T, Jordakieva G, Wagner OF, Binder CJ, Haslacher H. Initial SARS-CoV-2 vaccination response can predict booster response for BNT162b2 but not for AZD1222. Int J Infect Dis 2021; 110:309-313. [PMID: 34332084 PMCID: PMC8317449 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2021.07.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: To determine whether severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) antibody levels after the first dose of vaccine can predict the final antibody response, and whether this is dependent on the vaccine type. Methods: Sixty-nine recipients of BNT162b2 (Pfizer/BioNTech) and 55 recipients of AZD1222 (AstraZeneca), without previous infection or immunosuppressive medication, were included in this study. Antibody levels were quantified 3 weeks after the first dose [directly before boostering in the case of AZD1222 (11 weeks after the first dose)] and 3 weeks after the second dose using the Roche Elecsys SARS-CoV-2 S total antibody assay. Results: Median pre-booster {BNT162b2: 80.6 [interquartile range (IQR) 25.5–167.0] binding antibody units (BAU)/mL; AZD1222: 56.4 (IQR 36.4–104.8) BAU/mL; not significant} and post-booster [BNT162b2: 2092.0 (IQR 1216.3–4431.8) BAU/mL; AZD1222: 957.0 (IQR 684.5–1684.8) BAU/mL; P<0.0001] levels correlated well in the recipients of BNT162b2 (ρ=0.53) but not in the recipients of AZD1222. Moreover, antibody levels after the first dose of BNT162b2 correlated inversely with age (ρ=-0.33, P=0.013), whereas a positive correlation with age was observed after the second dose in recipients of AZD1222 (ρ=0.26, P=0.030). Conclusions: The results of this study suggest that antibody levels quantified by the Roche Elecsys SARS-CoV-2 S assay before the booster shot could infer post-booster responses to BNT162b2, but not to AZ1222. In addition, this study found a vaccine-dependent effect on antibody responses, where age seems to play an ambivalent role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Perkmann
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Patrick Mucher
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Astrid Radakovics
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Manuela Repl
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas Koller
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Galateja Jordakieva
- Department of Physical Medicine, Rehabilitation and Occupational Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Oswald F Wagner
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christoph J Binder
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Helmuth Haslacher
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
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24
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Andryukov BG, Besednova NN. Older adults: panoramic view on the COVID-19 vaccination. AIMS Public Health 2021; 8:388-415. [PMID: 34395690 PMCID: PMC8334630 DOI: 10.3934/publichealth.2021030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In December 2020, COVID-19 vaccination started in many countries, with which the world community hopes to stop the further spread of the current pandemic. More than 90% of sick and deceased patients belong to the category of older adults (65 years and older). This category of the population is most vulnerable to infectious diseases, so vaccination is the most effective preventive strategy, the need for which for older adults is indisputable. Here we briefly summarize information about age-related changes in the immune system and present current data on their impact on the formation of the immune response to vaccination. Older age is accompanied by the process of biological aging accompanied by involution of the immune system with increased susceptibility to infections and a decrease in the effect of immunization. Therefore, in the ongoing mass COVID-19 vaccination, the older adults are a growing public health concern. The authors provide an overview of the various types of COVID-19 vaccines approved for mass immunization of the population by the end of 2020, including older adults, as well as an overview of strategies and platforms to improve the effectiveness of vaccination of this population. In the final part, the authors propose for discussion a system for assessing the safety and monitoring the effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccines for the older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris G Andryukov
- G.P. Somov Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Russian Federal Service for Surveillance on Consumer Rights Protection and Human Wellbeing, 690087, Vladivostok, Russia
- Far Eastern Federal University (FEFU), 690091, Vladivostok, Russia
| | - Natalya N Besednova
- G.P. Somov Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Russian Federal Service for Surveillance on Consumer Rights Protection and Human Wellbeing, 690087, Vladivostok, Russia
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25
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Anand P, Stahel VP. Review the safety of Covid-19 mRNA vaccines: a review. Patient Saf Surg 2021; 15:20. [PMID: 33933145 PMCID: PMC8087878 DOI: 10.1186/s13037-021-00291-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has infected more than 100 million people globally within the first year of the pandemic. With a death toll surpassing 500,000 in the United States alone, containing the pandemic is predicated on achieving herd immunity on a global scale. This implies that at least 70-80 % of the population must achieve active immunity against the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), either as a result of a previous COVID-19 infection or by vaccination against SARS-CoV-2. In December 2020, the first two vaccines were approved by the FDA through emergency use authorization in the United States. These vaccines are based on the mRNA vaccine platform and were developed by Pfizer/BioNTech and Moderna. Published safety and efficacy trials reported high efficacy rates of 94-95 % after two interval doses, in conjunction with limited side effects and a low rate of adverse reactions. The rapid pace of vaccine development and the uncertainty of potential long-term adverse effects raised some level of hesitation against mRNA vaccines in the global community. A successful vaccination campaign is contingent on widespread access to the vaccine under appropriate storage conditions, deployment of a sufficient number of vaccinators, and the willingness of the population to be vaccinated. Thus, it is important to clarify the objective data related to vaccine safety, including known side effects and potential adverse reactions. The present review was designed to provide an update on the current state of science related to the safety and efficacy of SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pratibha Anand
- University of Colorado (CU) School of Medicine, 13001 E 17th Place, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA.
| | - Vincent P Stahel
- University of Colorado (CU) Boulder Undergraduate Program, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
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