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Gao X, DeSantis AJ, Enten GA, Weche M, Marcet JE, Majetschak M. Heteromerization between α 1B -adrenoceptor and chemokine (C-C motif) receptor 2 biases α 1B -adrenoceptor signaling: Implications for vascular function. FEBS Lett 2022; 596:2706-2716. [PMID: 35920096 PMCID: PMC9830583 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.14463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2022] [Revised: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Previously, we reported that chemokine (C-C motif) receptor 2 (CCR2) heteromerizes with α1B -adrenoceptor (α1B -AR) in leukocytes, through which α1B -AR controls CCR2. Whether such heteromers are expressed in human vascular smooth muscle cells (hVSMCs) is unknown. Bioluminescence resonance energy transfer confirmed formation of recombinant CCR2:α1b -AR heteromers. Proximity ligation assays detected CCR2:α1B -AR heteromers in hVSMCs and human mesenteric arteries. CCR2:α1B -AR heteromerization per se enhanced α1B -AR-mediated Gαq -coupling. Chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2 (CCL2) binding to CCR2 inhibited Gαq activation via α1B -AR, cross-recruited β-arrestin to and induced internalization of α1B -AR in recombinant systems and in hVSMCs. Our findings suggest that CCR2 within CCR2:α1B -AR heteromers biases α1B -AR signaling and provide a mechanism for previous observations suggesting a role for CCL2/CCR2 in the regulation of cardiovascular function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianlong Gao
- Department of Surgery, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Anthony J DeSantis
- Department of Surgery, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Garrett A Enten
- Department of Surgery, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - McWayne Weche
- Department of Surgery, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Jorge E Marcet
- Department of Surgery, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Matthias Majetschak
- Department of Surgery, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
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Castellani CA, Longchamps RJ, Sun J, Guallar E, Arking DE. Thinking outside the nucleus: Mitochondrial DNA copy number in health and disease. Mitochondrion 2020; 53:214-223. [PMID: 32544465 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2020.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2020] [Revised: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondrial DNA copy number (mtDNA-CN) is a biomarker of mitochondrial function and levels of mtDNA-CN have been reproducibly associated with overall mortality and a number of age-related diseases, including cardiovascular disease, chronic kidney disease, and cancer. Recent advancements in techniques for estimating mtDNA-CN, in particular the use of DNA microarrays and next-generation sequencing data, have led to the comprehensive assessment of mtDNA-CN across these and other diseases and traits. The importance of mtDNA-CN measures to disease and these advancing technologies suggest the potential for mtDNA-CN to be a useful biomarker in the clinic. While the exact mechanism(s) underlying the association of mtDNA-CN with disease remain to be elucidated, we review the existing literature which supports roles for inflammatory dynamics, immune function and alterations to cell signaling as consequences of variation in mtDNA-CN. We propose that future studies should focus on characterizing longitudinal, cell-type and cross-tissue profiles of mtDNA-CN as well as improving methods for measuring mtDNA-CN which will expand the potential for its use as a clinical biomarker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina A Castellani
- McKusick-Nathans Department of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Ryan J Longchamps
- McKusick-Nathans Department of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Jing Sun
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Eliseo Guallar
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States; The Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology and Clinical Research, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Dan E Arking
- McKusick-Nathans Department of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States.
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3
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Pai VC, Lo IC, Huang YW, Tsai IC, Cheng HP, Shi GY, Wu HL, Jiang MJ. The chondroitin sulfate moiety mediates thrombomodulin-enhanced adhesion and migration of vascular smooth muscle cells. J Biomed Sci 2018; 25:14. [PMID: 29439742 PMCID: PMC5809974 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-018-0415-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Thrombomodulin (TM), a transmembrane glycoprotein highly expressed in endothelial cells (ECs), is a potent anticoagulant maintaining circulation homeostasis. Under inflammatory states, TM expression is drastically reduced in ECs while vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) show a robust expression of TM. The functional role of TM in VSMCs remains elusive. METHODS We examined the role of TM in VSMCs activities in human aortic VSMCs stimulated with platelet-derived growth factor-BB (PDGF-BB). Using rat embryonic aorta-derived A7r5 VSMCs which do not express TM, the role of the chondroitin sulfate (CS) moiety of TM in VSMCs was delineated with cells expressing wild-type TM and the CS-devoid TM mutant. RESULTS Expression of TM enhanced cell migration and adhesion/spreading onto type I collagen, but had no effect on cell proliferation. Knocking down TM with short hairpin RNA reduced PDGF-stimulated adhesion and migration of human aortic VSMCs. In A7r5 cells, TM-mediated cell adhesion was eradicated by pretreatment with chondroitinase ABC which degrades CS moiety. Furthermore, the TM mutant (TMS490, 492A) devoid of CS moiety failed to increase cell adhesion, spreading or migration. Wild-type TM, but not TMS490, 492A, increased focal adhesion kinase (FAK) activation during cell adhesion, and TM-enhanced cell migration was abolished by a function-blocking anti-integrin β1 antibody. CONCLUSION Chondroitin sulfate modification is required for TM-mediated activation of β1-integrin and FAK, thereby enhancing adhesion and migration activity of VSMCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Chunpeng Pai
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, 1 Ta-Hsueh Road, Tainan, 70101, Taiwan
| | - I-Chung Lo
- Cardiovascular Research Center, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 70101, Taiwan
| | - Yan Wun Huang
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, 1 Ta-Hsueh Road, Tainan, 70101, Taiwan
| | - I-Ching Tsai
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, 1 Ta-Hsueh Road, Tainan, 70101, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Pin Cheng
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, 1 Ta-Hsueh Road, Tainan, 70101, Taiwan
| | - Guey-Yueh Shi
- Cardiovascular Research Center, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 70101, Taiwan.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 70101, Taiwan
| | - Hua-Lin Wu
- Cardiovascular Research Center, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 70101, Taiwan.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 70101, Taiwan
| | - Meei Jyh Jiang
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, 1 Ta-Hsueh Road, Tainan, 70101, Taiwan. .,Cardiovascular Research Center, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 70101, Taiwan.
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4
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Chao HH, Chen PY, Hao WR, Chiang WP, Cheng TH, Loh SH, Leung YM, Liu JC, Chen JJ, Sung LC. Lipopolysaccharide pretreatment increases protease-activated receptor-2 expression and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 secretion in vascular endothelial cells. J Biomed Sci 2017; 24:85. [PMID: 29141644 PMCID: PMC5688698 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-017-0393-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background This study investigated whether lipopolysaccharide (LPS) increase protease-activated receptor-2 (PAR-2) expression and enhance the association between PAR-2 expression and chemokine production in human vascular endothelial cells (ECs). Methods The morphology of ECs was observed through microphotography in cultured human umbilical vein ECs (EA. hy926 cells) treated with various LPS concentrations (0, 0.25, 0.5, 1, and 2 μg/mL) for 24 h, and cell viability was assessed using the MTT assay. Intracellular calcium imaging was performed to assess agonist (trypsin)-induced PAR-2 activity. Western blotting was used to explore the LPS-mediated signal transduction pathway and the expression of PAR-2 and adhesion molecule monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) in ECs. Results Trypsin stimulation increased intracellular calcium release in ECs. The calcium influx was augmented in cells pretreated with a high LPS concentration (1 μg/mL). After 24 h treatment of LPS, no changes in ECs viability or morphology were observed. Western blotting revealed that LPS increased PAR-2 expression and enhanced trypsin-induced extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)/p38 phosphorylation and MCP-1 secretion. However, pretreatment with selective ERK (PD98059), p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) (SB203580) inhibitors, and the selective PAR-2 antagonist (FSLLRY-NH2) blocked the effects of LPS-activated PAR-2 on MCP-1 secretion. Conclusions Our findings provide the first evidence that the bacterial endotoxin LPS potentiates calcium mobilization and ERK/p38 MAPK pathway activation and leads to the secretion of the pro-inflammatory chemokine MCP-1 by inducing PAR-2 expression and its associated activity in vascular ECs. Therefore, PAR-2 exerts vascular inflammatory effects and plays an important role in bacterial infection-induced pathological responses. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12929-017-0393-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hung-Hsing Chao
- Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Shin Kong Wu Ho-Su Memorial Hospital, Taipei, 111, Taiwan.,Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 11031, Taiwan
| | - Po-Yuan Chen
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, College of Biopharmaceutical and Food Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung, 40402, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Rui Hao
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, No. 291, Zhongzheng Rd, Zhonghe District, New Taipei City, 23561, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Ping Chiang
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, No. 291, Zhongzheng Rd, Zhonghe District, New Taipei City, 23561, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Hurng Cheng
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, 40402, Taiwan.,Department of Pharmacology & Graduate Institute of Pharmacology, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, 114, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Hurng Loh
- Department of Pharmacology & Graduate Institute of Pharmacology, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, 114, Taiwan
| | - Yuk-Man Leung
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, 40402, Taiwan
| | - Ju-Chi Liu
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, No. 291, Zhongzheng Rd, Zhonghe District, New Taipei City, 23561, Taiwan.,Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 11031, Taiwan
| | - Jin-Jer Chen
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, 40402, Taiwan.,Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 115, Taiwan
| | - Li-Chin Sung
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, No. 291, Zhongzheng Rd, Zhonghe District, New Taipei City, 23561, Taiwan. .,Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 11031, Taiwan.
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5
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Yu SH, Yoo HJ, Kang DH, Moon SJ, Yu JM. Intermittent High Glucose Enhances the Proliferation of Rat Aortic Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells More Than Constant High Glucose via the Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Pathway. Ann Geriatr Med Res 2017. [DOI: 10.4235/agmr.2017.21.3.131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
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6
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Cheng X, Wu H, Jin ZJ, Ma D, Yuen S, Jing XQ, Shi MM, Shen BY, Peng CH, Zhao R, Qiu WH. Up-regulation of chemokine receptor CCR4 is associated with Human Hepatocellular Carcinoma malignant behavior. Sci Rep 2017; 7:12362. [PMID: 28959024 PMCID: PMC5620046 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-10267-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Studies indicate that the chemokine receptor is responsible for poor prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients. In this study, we initially demonstrated that CCR4 is overexpressed in HCC specimens, and its elevation in HCC tissues positively correlates with tumor capsule breakthrough and vascular invasion. Although overexpression of CCR4 failed to influent proliferation of HCC cells in vitro apparently, the prominent acceleration on HCC tumor growth in vivo was remarkable. The underlying mechanism may be involved in neovascularization. Interestingly, different from effect on proliferation, CCR4 overexpression could trigger HCC metastasis both in vitro and in vivo also induced HCC cell epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) as well. Then we identified matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP2) as a direct target of CCR4 which plays an important role in CCR4-mediated HCC cell invasion, which was up-regulated by ERK/AKT signaling. Positive correlation between CCR4 and MMP2 expression was also observed in HCC tissues. In conclusion, our study suggested that chemokine receptor CCR4 promotes HCC malignancy and facilitated HCC cell metastases via ERK/AKT/MMP2 pathway. These findings suggest that CCR4 may be a potential new diagnostic and prognostic marker in HCC, and targeting CCR4 may be a potential therapeutic option for blocking HCC metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Cheng
- Department of General Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China.,Shanghai Institute of Digestive Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China.,Department of General Surgery, Ruijin North Hospital Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 201800, China
| | - Huo Wu
- Department of General Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China.,Department of General Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230022, China
| | - Zhi-Jian Jin
- Department of General Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China.,Shanghai Institute of Digestive Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Ding Ma
- Department of General Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China.,Shanghai Institute of Digestive Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Stanley Yuen
- Biology chemistry major, University At Albany, New York, United States
| | - Xiao-Qian Jing
- Department of General Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China.,Shanghai Institute of Digestive Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Min-Min Shi
- Department of General Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China.,Shanghai Institute of Digestive Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Bai-Yong Shen
- Department of General Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China.,Shanghai Institute of Digestive Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Cheng-Hong Peng
- Department of General Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China. .,Shanghai Institute of Digestive Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China.
| | - Ren Zhao
- Department of General Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China. .,Shanghai Institute of Digestive Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China. .,Department of General Surgery, Ruijin North Hospital Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 201800, China.
| | - Wei-Hua Qiu
- Department of General Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China. .,Shanghai Institute of Digestive Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China.
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7
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Białas AJ, Sitarek P, Miłkowska-Dymanowska J, Piotrowski WJ, Górski P. The Role of Mitochondria and Oxidative/Antioxidative Imbalance in Pathobiology of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2016; 2016:7808576. [PMID: 28105251 PMCID: PMC5220474 DOI: 10.1155/2016/7808576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2016] [Accepted: 10/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a common preventable and treatable disease, characterized by persistent airflow limitation that is usually progressive and associated with an enhanced chronic inflammatory response in the airways and the lung to noxious particles or gases. The major risk factor of COPD, which has been proven in many studies, is the exposure to cigarette smoke. However, it is 15-20% of all smokers who develop COPD. This is why we should recognize the pathobiology of COPD as involving a complex interaction between several factors, including genetic vulnerability. Oxidant-antioxidant imbalance is recognized as one of the significant factors in COPD pathogenesis. Numerous exogenous and endogenous sources of ROS are present in pathobiology of COPD. One of endogenous sources of ROS is mitochondria. Although leakage of electrons from electron transport chain and forming of ROS are the effect of physiological functioning of mitochondria, there are various intra- and extracellular factors which may increase this amount and significantly contribute to oxidative-antioxidative imbalance. With the coexistence with impaired antioxidant defence, all these issues lead to oxidative and carbonyl stress. Both of these states play a significant role in pathobiology of COPD and may account for development of major comorbidities of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Jerzy Białas
- Department of Pneumology and Allergy, 1st Chair of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Łódź, Poland
- Healthy Aging Research Centre (HARC), Medical University of Lodz, Łódź, Poland
| | - Przemysław Sitarek
- Department of Biology and Pharmaceutical Botany, Medical University of Łódź, Łódź, Poland
| | - Joanna Miłkowska-Dymanowska
- Department of Pneumology and Allergy, 1st Chair of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Łódź, Poland
- Healthy Aging Research Centre (HARC), Medical University of Lodz, Łódź, Poland
| | - Wojciech Jerzy Piotrowski
- Department of Pneumology and Allergy, 1st Chair of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Łódź, Poland
- Healthy Aging Research Centre (HARC), Medical University of Lodz, Łódź, Poland
| | - Paweł Górski
- Department of Pneumology and Allergy, 1st Chair of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Łódź, Poland
- Healthy Aging Research Centre (HARC), Medical University of Lodz, Łódź, Poland
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Tsai YC, Leu SY, Peng YJ, Lee YM, Hsu CH, Chou SC, Yen MH, Cheng PY. Genistein suppresses leptin-induced proliferation and migration of vascular smooth muscle cells and neointima formation. J Cell Mol Med 2016; 21:422-431. [PMID: 27677429 PMCID: PMC5323876 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.12986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Accepted: 08/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a strong risk factor for the development of cardiovascular diseases and is associated with a marked increase in circulating leptin concentration. Leptin is a peptide hormone mainly produced by adipose tissue and is regulated by energy level, hormones and various inflammatory mediators. Genistein is an isoflavone that exhibits diverse health‐promoting effects. Here, we investigated whether genistein suppressed the atherogenic effect induced by leptin. The A10 cells were treated with leptin and/or genistein, and then the cell proliferation and migration were analysed. The reactive oxygen species (ROS) and proteins levels were also measured, such as p44/42MAPK, cell cycle‐related protein (cyclin D1 and p21) and matrix metalloproteinase‐2 (MMP‐2). Immunohistochemistry and morphometric analysis were used for the neointima formation in a rat carotid artery injury model. Genistein (5 μM) significantly inhibited both the proliferation and migration of leptin (10 ng/ml)‐stimulated A10 cells. In accordance with these finding, genistein decreased the leptin‐stimulated ROS production and phosphorylation of the p44/42MAPK signal transduction pathway. Meanwhile, genistein reversed the leptin‐induced expression of cyclin D1, and cyclin‐dependent kinase inhibitor, p21. Genistein attenuated leptin‐induced A10 cell migration by inhibiting MMP‐2 activity. Furthermore, the leptin (0.25 mg/kg)‐augmented neointima formation in a rat carotid artery injury model was attenuated in the genistein (5 mg/kg body weight)‐treated group when compared with the balloon injury plus leptin group. Genistein was capable of suppressing the atherogenic effects of leptin in vitro and in vivo, and may be a promising candidate drug in the clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yung-Chieh Tsai
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Chi-Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan.,Department of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Sport Management, Chia Nan University of Pharmacy and Science, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Sy-Ying Leu
- Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Jen Peng
- Department of Pathology, Tri-Service General Hospital and National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Mei Lee
- Department of Pharmacology, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Hsiung Hsu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shen-Chieh Chou
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, College of Biopharmaceutical and Food Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Mao-Hsiung Yen
- Department of Pharmacology, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Pao-Yun Cheng
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Graduate Institute of Physiology, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
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9
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Tsai YC, Lee YM, Hsu CH, Leu SY, Chiang HY, Yen MH, Cheng PY. The effect of ferulic acid ethyl ester on leptin-induced proliferation and migration of aortic smooth muscle cells. Exp Mol Med 2015; 47:e180. [PMID: 26315599 PMCID: PMC4558489 DOI: 10.1038/emm.2015.56] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2015] [Revised: 05/24/2015] [Accepted: 05/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Leptin is a peptide hormone, which has a central role in the regulation of body weight; it also exerts many potentially atherogenic effects. Ferulic acid ethyl ester (FAEE) has been approved for antioxidant properties. The aim of this study was to investigate whether FAEE can inhibit the atherogenic effects of leptin and the possible molecular mechanism of its action. Both of cell proliferation and migration were measured when the aortic smooth muscle cell (A10 cell) treated with leptin and/or FAEE. Phosphorylated p44/42MAPK, cell cycle-regulatory protein (for example, cyclin D1, p21, p27), β-catenin and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) proteins levels were also measured. Results demonstrated that leptin (10, 100 ng ml−1) significantly increased the proliferation of cells and the phosphorylation of p44/42MAPK in A10 cells. The proliferative effect of leptin was significantly reduced by the pretreatment of U0126 (0.5 μM), a MEK inhibitor, in A10 cells. Meanwhile, leptin significantly increased the protein expression of cyclin D1, p21, β-catenin and decreased the expression of p27 in A10 cells. In addition, leptin (10 ng ml−1) significantly increased the migration of A10 cells and the expression of MMP-9 protein. Above effects of leptin were significantly reduced by the pretreatment of FAEE (1 and 10 μM) in A10 cells. In conclusion, FAEE exerts multiple effects on leptin-induced cell proliferation and migration, including the inhibition of p44/42MAPK phosphorylation, cell cycle-regulatory proteins and MMP-9, thereby suggesting that FAEE may be a possible therapeutic approach to the inhibition of obese vascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yung-Chieh Tsai
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Chi-Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan.,Department of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Sport Management, Chia Nan University of Pharmacy and Science, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Mei Lee
- Department of Pharmacology, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Hsiung Hsu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Sy-Ying Leu
- Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsiao-Yen Chiang
- Department of Chinese Pharmaceutical Sciences and Chinese Medicine Resources, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Mao-Hsiung Yen
- Department of Pharmacology, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Pao-Yun Cheng
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics; Graduate Institute of Physiology, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
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10
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Liu Q, Jin J, Ying J, Sun M, Cui Y, Zhang L, Xu B, Fan Y, Zhang Q. Frequent epigenetic suppression of tumor suppressor gene glutathione peroxidase 3 by promoter hypermethylation and its clinical implication in clear cell renal cell carcinoma. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:10636-49. [PMID: 25970749 PMCID: PMC4463666 DOI: 10.3390/ijms160510636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2015] [Revised: 04/30/2015] [Accepted: 05/05/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The goal of this study is to identify novel tumor suppressor genes silenced by promoter methylation in clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) and discover new epigenetic biomarkers for early cancer detection. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) is a major cause of DNA damage that correlates with cancer initiation and progression. Glutathione peroxidase 3 (GPX3), the only known extracellular glycosylated enzyme of GPXs, is a major scavenger of ROS. GPX3 has been identified as a tumor suppressor in many cancers. However, the role of GPX3 in ccRCC remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate its epigenetic alteration in ccRCC and possible clinicopathological association. In our study, GPX3 methylation and down-regulation were detected in 5 out of 6 ccRCC cell lines and the GPX3 mRNA and protein expression level in ccRCC tumors was significantly lower than in adjacent non-malignant renal tissues (p < 0.0001). Treatment with 5-Aza-2'-deoxycytidine restored GPX3 expression in ccRCC cells. Aberrant methylation was further detected in 77.1% (162/210) of RCC primary tumors, but only 14.6% (7/48) in adjacent non-malignant renal tissues. GPX3 methylation status was significantly associated with higher tumor nuclear grade (p = 0.014). Thus, our results showing frequent GPX3 inactivation by promoter hypermethylation in ccRCC may reveal the failure in the cellular antioxidant system in ccRCC and may be associated with renal tumorigenesis. GPX3 tumor specific methylation may serve as a biomarker for early detection and prognosis prediction of ccRCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianling Liu
- Department of Urology, Peking University First Hospital and Institute of Urology, National Research Center for Genitourinary Oncology, Beijing 100034, China.
| | - Jie Jin
- Department of Urology, Peking University First Hospital and Institute of Urology, National Research Center for Genitourinary Oncology, Beijing 100034, China.
| | - Jianming Ying
- Department of Pathology, Cancer Institute and Cancer Hospital, Peking Union Medical College (PUMC), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100021, China.
| | - Mengkui Sun
- Department of Urology, Peking University First Hospital and Institute of Urology, National Research Center for Genitourinary Oncology, Beijing 100034, China.
| | - Yun Cui
- Department of Urology, Peking University First Hospital and Institute of Urology, National Research Center for Genitourinary Oncology, Beijing 100034, China.
| | - Lian Zhang
- Department of Urology, Peking University First Hospital and Institute of Urology, National Research Center for Genitourinary Oncology, Beijing 100034, China.
| | - Ben Xu
- Department of Urology, Peking University First Hospital and Institute of Urology, National Research Center for Genitourinary Oncology, Beijing 100034, China.
| | - Yu Fan
- Department of Urology, Peking University First Hospital and Institute of Urology, National Research Center for Genitourinary Oncology, Beijing 100034, China.
| | - Qian Zhang
- Department of Urology, Peking University First Hospital and Institute of Urology, National Research Center for Genitourinary Oncology, Beijing 100034, China.
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11
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Tan Y, Wang Y, Li L, Xia J, Peng S, He Y. Chemokine-like factor 1-derived C-terminal peptides induce the proliferation of dermal microvascular endothelial cells in psoriasis. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0125073. [PMID: 25915746 PMCID: PMC4410955 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0125073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2014] [Accepted: 03/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Psoriasis is an inflammatory disease characterized by the abnormal proliferation of skin cells, including dermal microvascular endothelial cells. Recently, chemokine-like factor 1 (CKLF1) was found to participate in the local inflammation and cell proliferation. To explore its role in the pathogenesis of psoriasis, the expression of both CKLF1 and its receptor (CCR4) was determined in the psoriatic lesions. Also, the effect of the C-terminal peptides (C19 and C27) of CKLF1 on the proliferation of human umbilical vein endothelial cells was studied in vitro. By immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence, the expression of both CKLF1 and CCR4 was determined in the psoriatic lesions. The effect of C-terminal peptides on human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) was studied in vitro by the evaluation of cell proliferation and apoptosis. The in vivo assessment was performed accordingly through the subcutaneous injection peptides on BALB/c mice. The results showed that, by immunohistochemistry, both CKLF1 and CCR4 were increasingly expressed in psoriatic lesions as compared to normal skins. Moreover, the primary umbilical vein endothelial cells exhibited higher proliferation ratio under the C19 or C27 stimulation, which was even enhanced by the addition of psoriatic sera or TNF-α. Furthermore, the enhancement of peptide simulation was accompanied with the activation of ERK1/2-MAPKs pathway. In addition, such effect of C19 and C27 was mirrored by the hyperproliferation of cutaneous microvessels in BALB/c mice that were subcutaneously injected with the two peptides. Therefore, we concluded that CKLF1 plays a role in the pathogenesis of psoriasis by promoting the proliferation of microvascular endothelial cells that possibly correlates with ERK1/2-MAPKs activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaqi Tan
- Department of Dermatology, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yixuan Wang
- Department of Dermatology, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Li Li
- Department of Dermatology, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jinyu Xia
- Department of Dermatology, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Shiguang Peng
- Department of Dermatology, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yanling He
- Department of Dermatology, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- * E-mail:
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12
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Mohamed MM, Sabet S, Peng DF, Nouh MA, El-Shinawi M, El-Rifai W. Promoter hypermethylation and suppression of glutathione peroxidase 3 are associated with inflammatory breast carcinogenesis. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2014; 2014:787195. [PMID: 24790704 PMCID: PMC3980917 DOI: 10.1155/2014/787195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2013] [Revised: 01/22/2014] [Accepted: 01/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) play a crucial role in breast cancer initiation, promotion, and progression. Inhibition of antioxidant enzymes that remove ROS was found to accelerate cancer growth. Studies showed that inhibition of glutathione peroxidase-3 (GPX3) was associated with cancer progression. Although the role of GPX3 has been studied in different cancer types, its role in breast cancer and its epigenetic regulation have not yet been investigated. The aim of the present study was to investigate GPX3 expression and epigenetic regulation in carcinoma tissues of breast cancer patients' in comparison to normal breast tissues. Furthermore, we compared GPX3 level of expression and methylation status in aggressive phenotype inflammatory breast cancer (IBC) versus non-IBC invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC). We found that GPX3 mRNA and protein expression levels were downregulated in the carcinoma tissues of IBC compared to non-IBC. However, we did not detect significant correlation between GPX3 and patients' clinical-pathological prosperities. Promoter hypermethylation of GPX3 gene was detected in carcinoma tissues not normal breast tissues. In addition, IBC carcinoma tissues showed a significant increase in the promoter hypermethylation of GPX3 gene compared to non-IBC. Our results propose that downregulation of GPX3 in IBC may play a role in the disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona M. Mohamed
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza 12613, Egypt
| | - Salwa Sabet
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza 12613, Egypt
| | - Dun-Fa Peng
- Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - M. Akram Nouh
- Department of Pathology, National Cancer Institute, Cairo University, Giza 12613, Egypt
| | - Mohamed El-Shinawi
- Department of General Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo 11566, Egypt
| | - Wael El-Rifai
- Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
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13
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Sarmiento D, Montorfano I, Cerda O, Cáceres M, Becerra A, Cabello-Verrugio C, Elorza AA, Riedel C, Tapia P, Velásquez LA, Varela D, Simon F. Increases in reactive oxygen species enhance vascular endothelial cell migration through a mechanism dependent on the transient receptor potential melastatin 4 ion channel. Microvasc Res 2014; 98:187-96. [PMID: 24518820 DOI: 10.1016/j.mvr.2014.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2013] [Revised: 12/17/2013] [Accepted: 02/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
A hallmark of severe inflammation is reactive oxygen species (ROS) overproduction induced by increased inflammatory mediators secretion. During systemic inflammation, inflammation mediators circulating in the bloodstream interact with endothelial cells (ECs) raising intracellular oxidative stress at the endothelial monolayer. Oxidative stress mediates several pathological functions, including an exacerbated EC migration. Because cell migration critically depends on calcium channel-mediated Ca(2+) influx, the molecular identification of the calcium channel involved in oxidative stress-modulated EC migration has been the subject of intense investigation. The transient receptor potential melastatin 4 (TRPM4) protein is a ROS-modulated non-selective cationic channel that performs several cell functions, including regulating intracellular Ca(2+) overload and Ca(2+) oscillation. This channel is expressed in multiple tissues, including ECs, and contributes to the migration of certain immune cells. However, whether the TRPM4 ion channel participates in oxidative stress-mediated EC migration is not known. Herein, we investigate whether oxidative stress initiates or enhances EC migration and study the role played by the ROS-modulated TRPM4 ion channel in oxidative stress-mediated EC migration. We demonstrate that oxidative stress enhances, but does not initiate, EC migration in a dose-dependent manner. Notably, we demonstrate that the TRPM4 ion channel is critical in promoting H2O2-enhanced EC migration. These results show that TRPM4 is a novel pharmacological target for the possible treatment of severe inflammation and other oxidative stress-mediated inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Sarmiento
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ignacio Montorfano
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Oscar Cerda
- Programa de Biología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Mónica Cáceres
- Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alvaro Becerra
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Claudio Cabello-Verrugio
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alvaro A Elorza
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile; Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Santiago, Chile
| | - Claudia Riedel
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile; Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Santiago, Chile
| | - Pablo Tapia
- Departamento de Medicina Intensiva, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Luis A Velásquez
- Center for Integrative Medicine and Innovative Science (CIMIS), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile; Centro para el Desarrollo de la Nanociencia y Nanotecnología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Diego Varela
- Programa de Fisiopatología, Centro de Estudios Moleculares de la Célula and Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Felipe Simon
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile; Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Santiago, Chile.
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14
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Ko J, Kim K. Effects of exercise and diet composition on expression of MCP-1 and oxidative stress-related mRNA of adipose tissue in diet-induced obese mice. J Exerc Nutrition Biochem 2013; 17:181-8. [PMID: 25566429 PMCID: PMC4241907 DOI: 10.5717/jenb.2013.17.4.181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2013] [Revised: 11/20/2013] [Accepted: 11/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the study was to analyze how the expression of MCP-1, HIF-1α, NOX2, ERK1, ERK2, and Mn-SOD mRNA, which are related to inflammation and oxidative stress and which can influence the accumulation of macrophage in obese adipose tissue, differed according to a high-fat diet, change of diet composition, and exercise. Obesity was induced using a high-fat diet (45% fat) for five weeks. This investigation analyzed how the change of diet composition for eight weeks and long-term exercise training affected the expression of mRNA in epididymal white adipose tissue. For the experiment, 56 four-week-old C57BL/6 mice were used. Their epididymal white adipose tissue was extracted and used in RT-PCR analysis to find the expression level of mRNA. A high-fat diet for 13 weeks showed a significant increase in the expression of MCP-1, HIF-1α, NOX2, and ERK1 mRNA in epididymal adipose tissue. Change in diet composition and exercise decreased the expression of MCP-1, HIF-1α, NOX2, and ERK1 mRNA. Particularly, the group combining a high-fat diet and exercise had a significant increase in the expression of Mn-SOD mRNA in epididymal adipose tissue; however, it showed a significant decrease in MCP-1, HIF-1α, and NOX2. These results suggest that the antioxidant effect and weight loss by exercise decreased inflammation and oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinho Ko
- Department of Physical Education, Keimyung University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Kijin Kim
- Department of Physical Education, Keimyung University, Daegu, Korea
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15
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Hosokawa S, Haraguchi G, Sasaki A, Arai H, Muto S, Itai A, Doi S, Mizutani S, Isobe M. Pathophysiological roles of nuclear factor kappaB (NF-kB) in pulmonary arterial hypertension: effects of synthetic selective NF-kB inhibitor IMD-0354. Cardiovasc Res 2013; 99:35-43. [DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvt105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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16
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Cheng JC, Cheng HP, Tsai IC, Jiang MJ. ROS-mediated downregulation of MYPT1 in smooth muscle cells: a potential mechanism for the aberrant contractility in atherosclerosis. J Transl Med 2013; 93:422-33. [PMID: 23419712 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2013.40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) mediates the aberrant contractility in hypertension. Abnormal contractility occurs in atherosclerotic vessels but changes in proteins that regulate contractility remain poorly understood. Myosin phosphatase (MP) activity, which regulates smooth muscle relaxation, is regulated by the phosphorylation of its regulatory subunit, MP targeting subunit 1 (MYPT1). In the present study, we examined the roles of ROS in MP subunit expression both in cultured human aortic smooth muscle cells (HASMCs) and during atherosclerosis progression in apolipoprotein E-knockout (apoE-KO) mice. Furthermore, the effect of decreased MYPT1 on actin cytoskeleton and cell migration activity was assessed in HASMCs. Short hairpin RNA-mediated knockdown of MYPT1 increased stress fibers and attenuated platelet-derived growth factor-induced cell migration in HASMCs. Superoxide anion-inducing agent LY83583 downregulated MYPT1 mRNA and protein levels, but did not affect the phosphorylation of MYPT1 and catalytic subunit of MP, PP1δ. The LY83583-induced decrease in MYPT1 was abolished by co-treating with superoxide dismutase or by inhibiting NADPH oxidase with diphenyleneiodonium. Treatment of peroxynitrite, but not hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), downregulated MYPT1 protein expression and induced MYPT1 phosphorylation without affecting mRNA levels. Co-treatment with a proteasome inhibitor, MG-132, eliminated peroxynitrite-induced MYPT1 downregulation. In apoE-KO mice, MYPT1 protein, but not mRNA, levels were markedly decreased in 16-week- and 24-week-old mice. Oral estrogen treatment, which was previously shown to decrease aortic ROS levels, upregulated aortic MYPT1 expression. Moreover, reduction in MYPT1 expression correlated with increased aortic sensitivity toward vasoconstrictors. These results suggested that during atherosclerosis progression oxidative stress mediates the downregulation of MYPT1, which may inhibit smooth muscle cell migration and contribute to the aberrant contractility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Chien Cheng
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
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17
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Krzyściak W, Kowalska J, Kózka M, Papież MA, Kwiatek WM. Iron content (PIXE) in competent and incompetent veins is related to the vein wall morphology and tissue antioxidant enzymes. Bioelectrochemistry 2012; 87:114-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2011.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2011] [Revised: 12/18/2011] [Accepted: 12/30/2011] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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18
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Fukawa T, Kajiya H, Ozeki S, Ikebe T, Okabe K. Reactive oxygen species stimulates epithelial mesenchymal transition in normal human epidermal keratinocytes via TGF-beta secretion. Exp Cell Res 2012; 318:1926-32. [PMID: 22664326 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2012.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2012] [Revised: 04/23/2012] [Accepted: 05/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) plays an important role in tumor progression, and is an early step in carcinogenesis. Although reactive oxygen species (ROS) are known to be implicated in EMT in many tumor cell types, its exact role in EMT initiation in normal human cells, especially epidermal keratinocytes (NHEKs), remains unknown. To clarify whether ROS induce EMT in NHEKs, and to establish how ROS regulate EMT, we examined the effect of hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) on the expression of molecules involved in EMT and cell morphology in NHEKs. H(2)O(2) altered the expression of EMT biomarkers, including downregulation of epithelial cadherin and upregulation of α-smooth muscle actin, through a transcriptional modulator, Snail1. H(2)O(2) also induced epithelial to fibroblast-like morphological changes, together with upregulation of EMT biomarkers, and promoted phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and JNK in a time-dependent manner. Interestingly, H(2)O(2) stimulated the expression and secretion of TGF-β1 in NHEKs. Exogenous TGF-β1 also induced the expression of EMT biomarkers. In contrast, neutralizing antibody anti-TGF-β1 antibody or inhibitor of TGF-β receptor type I suppressed the expression of EMT biomarkers. Our results suggest that ROS stimulated TGF-β1 secretion and MAPK activation, resulting in EMT initiation in NHEKs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teruhisa Fukawa
- Department of Physiological Science and Molecular Biology, Fukuoka Dental College, Sawara-ku, Fukuoka 8140193, Japan
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19
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Miao CY, Li ZY. The role of perivascular adipose tissue in vascular smooth muscle cell growth. Br J Pharmacol 2012; 165:643-58. [PMID: 21470202 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01404.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Adipose tissue is the largest endocrine organ, producing various adipokines and many other substances. Almost all blood vessels are surrounded by perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT), which has not received research attention until recently. This review will discuss the paracrine actions of PVAT on the growth of underlying vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). PVAT can release growth factors and inhibitors. Visfatin is the first identified growth factor derived from PVAT. Decreased adiponectin and increased tumour necrosis factor-α in PVAT play a pathological role for neointimal hyperplasia after endovascular injury. PVAT-derived angiotensin II, angiotensin 1-7, reactive oxygen species, complement component 3, NO and H(2) S have a paracrine action on VSMC contraction, endothelial or fibroblast function; however, their paracrine actions on VSMC growth remain to be directly verified. Factors such as monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, interleukin-6, interleukin-8, leptin, resistin, plasminogen activator inhibitor type-1, adrenomedullin, free fatty acids, glucocorticoids and sex hormones can be released from adipose tissue and can regulate VSMC growth. Most of them have been verified for their secretion by PVAT; however, their paracrine functions are unknown. Obesity, vascular injury, aging and infection may affect PVAT, causing adipocyte abnormality and inflammatory cell infiltration, inducing imbalance of PVAT-derived growth factors and inhibitors, leading to VSMC growth and finally resulting in development of proliferative vascular disease, including atherosclerosis, restenosis and hypertension. In the future, using cell-specific gene interventions and local treatments may provide definitive evidence for identification of key factor(s) involved in PVAT dysfunction-induced vascular disease and thus may help to develop new therapies. LINKED ARTICLES This article is part of a themed section on Fat and Vascular Responsiveness. To view the other articles in this section visit http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bph.2012.165.issue-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao-Yu Miao
- Department of Pharmacology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China.
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20
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Sun C, Wang Z, Zheng Q, Zhang H. Salidroside inhibits migration and invasion of human fibrosarcoma HT1080 cells. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2012; 19:355-63. [PMID: 21978886 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2011.09.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2011] [Revised: 07/23/2011] [Accepted: 09/13/2011] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress plays an important role in tumorigenesis and metastasis. Salidroside, a phenylpropanoid glycoside isolated from Rhodiola rosea L., shows potent antioxidant property. Here we investigated the inhibitory effects of salidroside on tumor metastasis in human fibrosarcoma HT1080 cells in vitro. The results indicated that salidroside significantly reduced wound closure areas of HT1080 cells, inhibited HT1080 cells invasion into Matrigel-coated membranes, suppressed matrix metalloproteinases (MMP-2 and MMP-9) activity, and increased tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-2 (TIMP-2) expression in a dose-dependent manner in HT1080 cells. Salidroside treatment upregulated the E-cadherin expression, while downregulated the expression of β1-integrin. As an antioxidant, salidroside inhibited the intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation in a dose-dependent manner. The results also showed that salidroside could inhibit the activation of protein kinase C (PKC) and the phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1 and 2 (ERK1/2) in a dose-dependent manner. In conclusion, these results suggest that salidroside inhibits tumor cells metastasis, which may due to its interfere in the intracellular excess ROS thereby down-regulated the ROS-PKC-ERK1/2 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Sun
- Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, PR China
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21
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Li JY, Ou ZL, Yu SJ, Gu XL, Yang C, Chen AX, Di GH, Shen ZZ, Shao ZM. The chemokine receptor CCR4 promotes tumor growth and lung metastasis in breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2011; 131:837-48. [PMID: 21479551 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-011-1502-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2011] [Accepted: 03/31/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Increasing evidence has shown that chemokines and chemokine receptors are associated with tumor growth and metastasis. CCR4, an important chemokine receptor for regulating immune homeostasis, is thought to be involved in hematologic malignancies and has also recently implicated in some solid tumors, such as gastric cancer. The possible role of CCR4 in breast cancer has not been well elucidated. In this study, we show that CCR4 is differentially expressed in human breast cancer cell lines. Specifically, we find that CCR4 is overexpressed in breast cancer cell lines with high metastatic potential. More importantly, we used a combination of overexpression and RNA interference to demonstrate that CCR4 promotes breast tumor growth and lung metastasis in mice. Furthermore, we find that microvessel density is significantly increased in tumors formed by CCR4-overexpressing cells and decreased in those formed by CCR4-knockdown cells. We find that overexpression of CCR4 can enhance the chemotactic response of breast cancer cells to CCL17. However, the expression of CCR4 does not affect the proliferation of breast cancer cells in vitro. Furthermore, we show that CCR4 expression is positively correlated with HER2 expression, tumor recurrence and lymph node, lung and bone metastasis (P < 0.05). Multivariate analysis showed that CCR4 expression is a significant independent prognostic factor for overall survival (P = 0.036) but not for disease-free survival in patients with breast cancer (P = 0.071). Survival analysis indicated a strong association between CCR4 expression and lower overall survival (P = 0.0001) and disease-free survival (P = 0.016) in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Yu Li
- Breast Cancer Institute, Cancer Hospital, Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Institutes of Biomedical Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
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22
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Leonarduzzi G, Sottero B, Poli G. Targeting tissue oxidative damage by means of cell signaling modulators: The antioxidant concept revisited. Pharmacol Ther 2010; 128:336-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2010.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2010] [Accepted: 08/02/2010] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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23
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Moraes J, Assreuy J, Canetti C, Barja-Fidalgo C. Leukotriene B4 mediates vascular smooth muscle cell migration through αvβ3 integrin transactivation. Atherosclerosis 2010; 212:406-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2010.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2010] [Revised: 05/17/2010] [Accepted: 06/06/2010] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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24
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Aplin AC, Fogel E, Nicosia RF. MCP-1 promotes mural cell recruitment during angiogenesis in the aortic ring model. Angiogenesis 2010; 13:219-26. [PMID: 20571857 DOI: 10.1007/s10456-010-9179-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2010] [Accepted: 06/11/2010] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Rings of rat or mouse aorta embedded in collagen gels produce angiogenic outgrowths in response to the injury of the dissection procedure. Aortic outgrowths are composed of branching endothelial tubes and surrounding mural cells. Mural cells emerge following endothelial sprouting and gradually increase during the maturation of the neovessels. Treatment of aortic cultures with angiopoietin-1 (Ang-1), an angiogenic factor implicated in vascular maturation and remodeling, stimulates the mural cell recruitment process. Ang-1 induces expression of many cytokines and chemokines including monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1). Inhibition of p38 MAP kinase, a signaling molecule required for mural cell recruitment, blocks Ang1-induced MCP-1 expression. Recombinant MCP-1 dose-dependently increases mural cell number while an anti-MCP-1 blocking antibody reduces it. In addition, antibody mediated neutralization of MCP-1 abrogates the stimulatory effect of Ang-1 on mural cell recruitment. Aortic rings from genetically modified mice deficient in MCP-1 or its receptor CCR2 have fewer mural cells than controls. MCP-1 deficiency also impairs the mural cell recruitment activity of Ang-1. Our studies indicate that spontaneous and Ang1-induced mural cell recruitment in the aortic ring of model of angiogenesis are in part mediated by MCP-1. These results implicate MCP-1 as one of the mediators of mural cell recruitment in the aortic ring model, and suggest that chemokine pathways may contribute to the assembly of the vessel wall during the angiogenesis response to injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfred C Aplin
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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25
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Klees RF, De Marco PC, Salasznyk RM, Ahuja D, Hogg M, Antoniotti S, Kamath L, Dordick JS, Plopper GE. Apocynin derivatives interrupt intracellular signaling resulting in decreased migration in breast cancer cells. J Biomed Biotechnol 2010; 2006:87246. [PMID: 16883056 PMCID: PMC1460968 DOI: 10.1155/jbb/2006/87246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer cells are defined by their ability to divide uncontrollably
and metastasize to secondary sites in the body. Consequently,
tumor cell migration represents a promising target for anticancer
drug development. Using our high-throughput cell migration assay,
we have screened several classes of compounds for noncytotoxic
tumor cell migration inhibiting activity. One such compound,
apocynin (4-acetovanillone), is oxidized by peroxidases to yield a
variety of oligophenolic and quinone-type compounds that are
recognized inhibitors of NADPH oxidase and may be inhibitors of
the small G protein Rac1 that controls cell migration. We report
here that while apocynin itself is not effective, apocynin
derivatives inhibit migration of the breast cancer cell line
MDA-MB-435 at subtoxic concentrations; the migration of
nonmalignant MCF10A breast cells is unaffected. These compounds
also cause a significant rearrangement of the actin cytoskeleton,
cell rounding, and decreased levels of active Rac1 and its related
G protein Cdc42. These results may suggest a promising new route
to the development of novel anticancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert F. Klees
- Department of Biology, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute,
Troy, NY 12180, USA
| | - Paul C. De Marco
- Department of Biology, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute,
Troy, NY 12180, USA
| | - Roman M. Salasznyk
- Department of Biology, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute,
Troy, NY 12180, USA
| | - Disha Ahuja
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Rensselaer
Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA
| | - Michael Hogg
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Rensselaer
Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA
| | - Sylvain Antoniotti
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Rensselaer
Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA
| | - Lakshmi Kamath
- Life Sciences Division, Millipore Corporation,
Danvers, MA 01923, USA
| | - Jonathan S. Dordick
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Rensselaer
Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA
| | - George E. Plopper
- Department of Biology, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute,
Troy, NY 12180, USA
- *George E. Plopper:
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Effects of Oral Estrogen on Aortic ROS-Generating and -Scavenging Enzymes and Atherosclerosis in apoE-Deficient Mice. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2009; 234:1037-46. [DOI: 10.3181/0811-rm-332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The effect of hormone replacement therapy (HRT) on cardiovascular diseases remains controversial. Studies conducted on postmenopausal women indicate that oral HRT increases risk factors that may counteract the atheroprotective effect of estrogen. However, the effects of estrogen on atherosclerosis have been examined using subcutaneous estrogen in most animal studies, which points to the need for evaluating the effect of oral estrogen. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) have emerged as critical factors in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. This study examined the effect of long-term oral estrogen treatment on aortic oxidative stress and atherosclerosis in female apoE−/− mice to mimic HRT in humans. Ovariectomized apoE−/− mice were given 6 μg/day of oral 17β-estradiol (E2) or control vehicle for 12 weeks. Estrogen treatment reduced atherosclerotic lesions by 38% (E2: 0.20 ± 0.01 mm2/section; control vehicle: 0.32 ± 0.02 mm2/section) and intima by 32% (E2: 0.44 ± 0.02 mm2/section; control vehicle: 0.65 ± 0.04 mm2/section) in the aortic root. Serum levels of total and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol were significantly decreased after estrogen treatment. Aortic superoxide anion levels and the expression of NAD(P)H oxidase subunit p22phox markedly decreased, and two ROS scavenging enzymes, Cu/ZnSOD and MnSOD, were upregulated after estrogen treatment. Estrogen at physiological concentration inhibited tumor necrosis factor-α-stimulated NAD(P)H oxidase activity in both cultured smooth muscle cells and peritoneal macrophages. These results showed that long-term oral estrogen treatment reduces ROS levels and atherosclerosis progression in apoE−/− mice. Oral estrogen alters ROS-generating and -scavenging enzyme expression, suggesting that anti-oxidative actions in the vessel wall contribute to atheroprotective effects of estrogen.
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Inhibitory effects of lithospermic acid on proliferation and migration of rat vascular smooth muscle cells. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2009; 30:1245-52. [PMID: 19701233 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2009.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To understand the effects of lithospermic acid (LA), a potent antioxidant from the water-soluble extract of Salvia miltiorrhiza, on the migration and proliferation of rat thoracic aorta vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). METHODS VSMC migration, proliferation, DNA synthesis and cell cycle progression were investigated by transwell migration analysis, 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) incorporation assay, and flow cytometric detection, respectively. Intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation was detected using 2',7'-dichlorofluorescin diacetate (DCFH-DA). The expression of cyclin D1 protein and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) protein, as well as the phosphorylation state of ERK1/2, were determined using Western blots. The activity of MMP-9 and the expression of MMP-9 mRNA were assessed by gelatin zymography analysis and RT-PCR, respectively. RESULTS LA (25-100 micromol/L) inhibited both lipopolysaccharide (LPS)- and fetal bovine serum (FBS)-induced ROS generation and ERK1/2 phosphorylation. By down-regulating the expression of cyclin D(1) and arresting cell cycle progression at the G(1) phase, LA inhibited both VSMC proliferation and DNA synthesis as induced by 5% FBS. Furthermore, LA attenuated LPS-induced VSMC migration by inhibiting MMP-9 expression and its enzymatic activity. CONCLUSION LA is able to inhibit FBS-induced VSMC proliferation and LPS-induced VSMC migration, which suggests that LA may have therapeutic effects in the prevention of atherosclerosis, restenosis and neointimal hyperplasia.
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Seki E, de Minicis S, Inokuchi S, Taura K, Miyai K, van Rooijen N, Schwabe RF, Brenner DA. CCR2 promotes hepatic fibrosis in mice. HEPATOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD.) 2009. [PMID: 19441102 DOI: 10.1002/hep.22952.ccr2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Chemokines and chemokine receptors contribute to the migration of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) and Kupffer cells, two key cell types in fibrogenesis. Here, we investigate the role of CCR2, the receptor for monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1, MCP-2, and MCP-3, in hepatic fibrosis. Hepatic CCR2, MCP-1, MCP-2, and MCP-3 messenger RNA expression was increased after bile duct ligation (BDL). Both Kupffer cells and HSCs, but not hepatocytes, expressed CCR2. BDL- and CCl(4)-induced fibrosis was markedly reduced in CCR2(-/-) mice as assessed through collagen deposition, alpha-smooth muscle actin expression, and hepatic hydroxyproline content. We generated CCR2 chimeric mice by the combination of clodronate, irradiation, and bone marrow (BM) transplantation allowing full reconstitution of Kupffer cells, but not HSCs, with BM cells. Chimeric mice containing wild-type BM displayed increased macrophage recruitment, whereas chimeric mice containing CCR2(-/-) BM showed less macrophage recruitment at 5 days after BDL. Although CCR2 expressed in the BM enhanced macrophage recruitment in early phases of injury, CCR2 expression on resident liver cells including HSCs, but not on the BM, was required for fibrogenic responses in chronic fibrosis models. In vitro experiments demonstrated that HSCs deficient in CCR2(-/-) or its downstream mediator p47phox(-/-) did not display extracellular signal-regulated kinase and AKT phosphorylation, chemotaxis, or reactive oxygen species production in response to MCP-1, MCP-2, and MCP-3. CONCLUSION Our results indicate that CCR2 promotes HSC chemotaxis and the development of hepatic fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekihiro Seki
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA 92093-0702, USA.
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Seki E, De Minicis S, Inokuchi S, Taura K, Miyai K, Van Rooijen N, Schwabe RF, Brenner DA. CCR2 promotes hepatic fibrosis in mice. Hepatology 2009; 50:185-97. [PMID: 19441102 PMCID: PMC2705470 DOI: 10.1002/hep.22952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 320] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Chemokines and chemokine receptors contribute to the migration of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) and Kupffer cells, two key cell types in fibrogenesis. Here, we investigate the role of CCR2, the receptor for monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1, MCP-2, and MCP-3, in hepatic fibrosis. Hepatic CCR2, MCP-1, MCP-2, and MCP-3 messenger RNA expression was increased after bile duct ligation (BDL). Both Kupffer cells and HSCs, but not hepatocytes, expressed CCR2. BDL- and CCl(4)-induced fibrosis was markedly reduced in CCR2(-/-) mice as assessed through collagen deposition, alpha-smooth muscle actin expression, and hepatic hydroxyproline content. We generated CCR2 chimeric mice by the combination of clodronate, irradiation, and bone marrow (BM) transplantation allowing full reconstitution of Kupffer cells, but not HSCs, with BM cells. Chimeric mice containing wild-type BM displayed increased macrophage recruitment, whereas chimeric mice containing CCR2(-/-) BM showed less macrophage recruitment at 5 days after BDL. Although CCR2 expressed in the BM enhanced macrophage recruitment in early phases of injury, CCR2 expression on resident liver cells including HSCs, but not on the BM, was required for fibrogenic responses in chronic fibrosis models. In vitro experiments demonstrated that HSCs deficient in CCR2(-/-) or its downstream mediator p47phox(-/-) did not display extracellular signal-regulated kinase and AKT phosphorylation, chemotaxis, or reactive oxygen species production in response to MCP-1, MCP-2, and MCP-3. CONCLUSION Our results indicate that CCR2 promotes HSC chemotaxis and the development of hepatic fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekihiro Seki
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA 92093-0702, USA.
| | - Samuele De Minicis
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, 92093
| | - Sayaka Inokuchi
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, 92093
| | - Kojiro Taura
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, 92093
| | - Katsumi Miyai
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, 92093
| | - Nico Van Rooijen
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Vrije Universiteit Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Robert F. Schwabe
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University, College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10026
| | - David A. Brenner
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, 92093
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Fini MA, Orchard-Webb D, Kosmider B, Amon JD, Kelland R, Shibao G, Wright RM. Migratory activity of human breast cancer cells is modulated by differential expression of xanthine oxidoreductase. J Cell Biochem 2009; 105:1008-26. [PMID: 18767115 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.21901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Xanthine oxidoreductase (XOR) may exert an important, but poorly defined, role in the pathogenesis of breast cancer (BC). Loss of XOR expression was linked to aggressive BC, and recent clinical observations have suggested that decreasing XOR may be functionally linked to BC aggressiveness. The goal of the present investigation was to determine whether the decreased XOR observed in clinically aggressive BC was an intrinsic property of highly invasive mammary epithelial cells (MEC). Expression of XOR was investigated using HC11 mouse MEC, HB4a and MCF-10A normal human MEC, and several human mammary tumor cells including MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231. Consistent with clinical observations, data shown here revealed high levels of XOR in normal HC11 and MCF-10A cells that was markedly reduced in highly invasive mammary tumor cells. The contribution of XOR to tumor cell migration in vitro was investigated using MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 cells and clonally selected derivatives of HC11 that exhibit either weak or strong migration in vitro. We observed that over-expression of an XOR cDNA in MDA-MB-231 and in HC11-C24, both possessing weak XOR expression and high migratory capacity, inhibited their migration in vitro. Conversely, pharmacological inhibition of XOR in MCF-7 and HC11-C4, both possessing high XOR expression and weak migratory capacity, stimulated their migration in vitro. Further experiments suggested that XOR derived ROS mediated this effect and also modulated COX-2 and MMP levels and function. These data demonstrate a functional link between XOR expression and MEC migration and suggest a potential role for XOR in suppressing BC pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi A Fini
- Webb-Waring Institute for Cancer, Aging and Antioxidant Research, 4200 East 9th Ave, Denver, Colorado 80262, USA
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Lo IC, Lin TM, Chou LH, Liu SL, Wu LW, Shi GY, Wu HL, Jiang MJ. Ets-1 mediates platelet-derived growth factor-BB-induced thrombomodulin expression in human vascular smooth muscle cells. Cardiovasc Res 2008; 81:771-9. [PMID: 19091791 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvn351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Thrombomodulin (TM), a potent anticoagulant, is not detected in quiescent vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). In diseased vessels, VSMC expresses TM, but the mechanisms are unclear. This study examined molecular mechanisms for TM expression in VSMCs. METHODS AND RESULTS Platelet-derived growth factor-BB (PDGF-BB) induced TM expression in cultured human aortic VSMCs. PDGF-induced TM is functional in activating protein C. TM induction was eliminated by inhibitors of Src kinase, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3-kinase), and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) and by expressing dominant-negative Akt while expressing active Akt-stimulated TM expression. PDGF-BB activated the TM promoter, and the deletion of a sequence segment -394/-255 drastically reduced TM promoter activity. Transcription factor E26 transformation-specific sequence-1 (Ets-1) was upregulated by PDGF-BB in a PI3-kinase- and mTOR-dependent manner. RNA interference of Ets-1 inhibited PDGF induction of TM, and overexpressing Ets-1 increased TM expression. Chromatin immunoprecipitation and electrophoretic mobility shift assay detected increased Ets-1 binding to the TM promoter after PDGF treatment. Following carotid artery ligation of C57/BL6 mice, PDGF-BB and TM were co-expressed in the media and neointima. CONCLUSION In VSMCs, PDGF-BB stimulates TM expression that is mainly mediated by Ets-1 via the Src kinase/PI3-kinase/Akt/mTOR signalling pathway. Furthermore, PDGF-BB may regulate TM expression in VSMCs during vascular remodelling.
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Affiliation(s)
- I-Chung Lo
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, National Cheng Kung University College of Medicine, Tainan, Taiwan, Republic of China
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Huang YL, Shi GY, Jiang MJ, Lee H, Chou YW, Wu HL, Yang HY. Epidermal growth factor up-regulates the expression of nestin through the Ras-Raf-ERK signaling axis in rat vascular smooth muscle cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2008; 377:361-366. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2008.09.143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2008] [Accepted: 09/27/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Chang HH, Lo SJ. RHODOSTOMIN, A SNAKE VENOM DISINTEGRIN, SERVED AS A MOLECULAR TOOL TO DISSECT THE INTEGRIN FUNCTION. TOXIN REV 2008. [DOI: 10.1080/15569540701209823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Allen CL, Bayraktutan U. Differential mechanisms of angiotensin II and PDGF-BB on migration and proliferation of coronary artery smooth muscle cells. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2008; 45:198-208. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2008.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2008] [Revised: 05/12/2008] [Accepted: 05/29/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Abstract
Accumulating evidence supports the importance of redox signaling in the pathogenesis and progression of hypertension. Redox signaling is implicated in many different physiological and pathological processes in the vasculature. High blood pressure is in part determined by elevated total peripheral vascular resistance, which is ascribed to dysregulation of vasomotor function and structural remodeling of blood vessels. Aberrant redox signaling, usually induced by excessive production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and/or by decreases in antioxidant activity, can induce alteration of vascular function. ROS increase vascular tone by influencing the regulatory role of endothelium and by direct effects on the contractility of vascular smooth muscle. ROS contribute to vascular remodeling by influencing phenotype modulation of vascular smooth muscle cells, aberrant growth and death of vascular cells, cell migration, and extracellular matrix (ECM) reorganization. Thus, there are diverse roles of the vascular redox system in hypertension, suggesting that the complexity of redox signaling in distinct spatial spectrums should be considered for a better understanding of hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moo Yeol Lee
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
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Mu H, Wang X, Lin PH, Yao Q, Chen C. Chlorotyrosine promotes human aortic smooth muscle cell migration through increasing superoxide anion production and ERK1/2 activation. Atherosclerosis 2008; 201:67-75. [PMID: 18281051 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2007.12.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2007] [Revised: 11/17/2007] [Accepted: 12/20/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Chlorotyrosine is an oxidative product of hypochlorous acid and l-tyrosine, and is considered as a biomarker for oxidative stress and cardiovascular disease. However, it is not clear whether chlorotyrosine could directly contribute to vascular pathogenesis. In this study, we investigated the effect and potential mechanisms of chlorotyrosine on human aortic smooth muscle cell (AoSMC) migration. With Boyden chamber and wound healing assays, chlorotyrosine significantly increased AoSMC migration in a concentration- and time-dependent manner. In addition, chlorotyrosine significantly increased the expression of several key molecules related to cell migration including PDGF receptor-B (PDGFR-B), matrix metalloproteinases (MMP-1 and MMP-2) and integrins (alpha3, alphaV, and beta3) in AoSMC at both mRNA and protein levels. Furthermore, chlorotyrosine also increased superoxide anion generation in AoSMC with the fluorescent dye dihydroethidium (DHE) staining. Activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) was analyzed with Bio-Plex Luminex immunoassay and Western blotting. Chlorotyrosine induced a transient phosphorylation of ERK1/2, but not JNK and p38 MAPKs. Antioxidants including selenomethionine (SeMet) and Mn(III) tetrakis (4-benzoic acid) porphyrin (MnTBAP) as well as ERK1/2 inhibitor PD98059 effectively blocked chlorotyrosine-induced AoSMC migration. Thus, these findings demonstrate new biological functions of chlorotyrosine in human SMC migration, which may play a crucial role in the vascular lesion formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Mu
- Molecular Surgeon Research Center, Division of Vascular Surgery and Endovascular Therapy, Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, and Michael E. DeBakey VA Medical Center, Houston, TX 77030, United States
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von Luettichau I, Segerer S, Wechselberger A, Notohamiprodjo M, Nathrath M, Kremer M, Henger A, Djafarzadeh R, Burdach S, Huss R, Nelson PJ. A complex pattern of chemokine receptor expression is seen in osteosarcoma. BMC Cancer 2008; 8:23. [PMID: 18215331 PMCID: PMC2257957 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-8-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2007] [Accepted: 01/24/2008] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Osteosarcoma is the most frequent bone tumor in childhood and adolescence. Patients with primary metastatic disease have a poor prognosis. It is therefore important to better characterize the biology of this tumor to define new prognostic markers or therapeutic targets for tailored therapy. Chemokines and their receptors have been shown to be involved in the development and progression of malignant tumors. They are thought to be active participants in the biology of osteosarcoma. The function of specific chemokines and their receptors is strongly associated with the biological context and microenvironment of their expression. In this report we characterized the expression of a series of chemokine receptors in the complex environment that defines osteosarcoma. Methods The overall level of chemokine receptor mRNA expression was determined using TaqMan RT-PCR of microdissected archival patient biopsy samples. Expression was then verified at the protein level by immunohistochemistry using a series of receptor specific antibody reagents to elucidate the cellular association of expression. Results Expression at the RNA level was found for most of the tested receptors. CCR1 expression was found on infiltrating mononuclear and polynuclear giant cells in the tumor. Cells associated with the lining of intratumoral vessels were shown to express CCR4. Infiltrating mononuclear cells and tumor cells both showed expression of the receptor CCR5, while CCR7 was predominantly expressed by the mononuclear infiltrate. CCR10 was only very rarely detected in few scattered infiltrating cells. Conclusion Our data elucidate for the first time the cellular context of chemokine receptor expression in osteosarcoma. This is an important issue for better understanding potential chemokine/chemokine receptor function in the complex biologic processes that underlie the development and progression of osteosarcoma. Our data support the suggested involvement of chemokines and their receptors in diverse aspects of the biology of osteosarcoma, but also contradict aspects of previous reports describing the expression of these receptors in this tumor.
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Papaharalambus CA, Griendling KK. Basic mechanisms of oxidative stress and reactive oxygen species in cardiovascular injury. Trends Cardiovasc Med 2007; 17:48-54. [PMID: 17292046 PMCID: PMC1934425 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcm.2006.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 249] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2006] [Revised: 11/16/2006] [Accepted: 11/22/2006] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The development of vascular disease has its origins in an initial insult to the vessel wall by biological or mechanical factors. The disruption of homeostatic mechanisms leads to alteration of the original architecture of the vessel and its biological responsiveness, contributing to acute or chronic diseases such as stroke, hypertension, and atherosclerosis. Endothelial dysfunction, macrophage infiltration of the vessel wall, and proliferation and migration of smooth muscle cells all involve different types of reactive oxygen species produced by various vessel wall components. Although basic science and animal research have clearly established the role of reactive oxygen species in the progression of vascular disease, the failure of clinical trials with antioxidant compounds has underscored the need for better antioxidant therapies and a more thorough understanding of the role of reactive oxygen species in cardiovascular physiology and pathology.
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Hasan RN, Schafer AI. Hemin upregulates Egr-1 expression in vascular smooth muscle cells via reactive oxygen species ERK-1/2-Elk-1 and NF-kappaB. Circ Res 2007; 102:42-50. [PMID: 17967787 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.107.155143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and oxidant stress are important mediators of cardiovascular pathologies including atherosclerosis. One source of ROS in the vasculature is free heme released from hemoglobin. Because Egr-1, the regulator of cell proliferation and apoptosis, is also induced by oxidant stress and is likewise implicated in atherosclerosis, we examined the regulation of Egr-1 by heme in vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs). Hemin increased Egr-1 expression (mRNA, protein) within 30 minutes and ERK-1/2 phosphorylation and nuclear translocation within 5 minutes. Inhibiting hemin-induced ERK-1/2 activation by U0126 (MAPK-inhibitor), the antioxidant N-acetyl cysteine, the NADPH oxidase inhibitors apocynin and diphenyleneiodonium chloride, the superoxide scavenger tiron, or tricarbonyldichlororuthenium(II)-dimer (carbon-monoxide donor; CORM-2) blocked hemin-induced Egr-1 expression. Hemin activated Elk-1, SRF, and NF-kappaB and promoted their interaction with the Egr-1 promoter. Downregulating Elk-1 (via siRNA) or blocking NF-kappaB activation (via BAY-11-7082) abolished hemin induction of Egr-1. Finally, hemin-induced Egr-1 bound the promoters of tissue factor (TF), Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor (PAI)-1, and NGF-1A Binding (NAB)-2, upregulating their expression, and increased the biochemical activity of TF and PAI-1. Upregulation of Egr-1 and its target genes by heme-induced oxidant stress may be an important event in the initiation and progression of inflammatory vascular diseases such as atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rukhsana N Hasan
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, USA
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Differential role of reactive oxygen species in the activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases and Akt by key receptors on B-lymphocytes: CD40, the B cell antigen receptor, and CXCR4. J Cell Commun Signal 2007; 1:33-43. [PMID: 18481208 DOI: 10.1007/s12079-007-0006-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2007] [Revised: 03/27/2007] [Accepted: 04/04/2007] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antibodies produced by B-lymphocytes play a key role in the host defense against infection. The development, survival, and activation of B cell is regulated by multiple receptors including the B cell antigen receptor (BCR), which detects the presence of pathogens, CD40, which binds co-stimulatory molecules on activated T cells, and chemokines such as SDF-1 (CXCL12) that play key roles in B cell development and trafficking. Signaling by many receptors results in the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) that function as second messengers by regulating the activity of redox-sensitive kinases and phosphatases. We investigated the role of ROS in signaling by the BCR, CD40, and CXCR4, the receptor for SDF-1. We focused on activation of ERK, JNK, p38, and Akt, kinases that regulate multiple processes including cell survival, proliferation, and migration. RESULTS Using the anti-oxidants N-acetyl L-cysteine (NAC) and ebselen to deplete intracellular ROS, we identified a differential requirement for ROS in the activation of ERK, JNK, p38, and Akt by these receptors. We found that CD40 activated JNK, p38, and Akt via redox-dependent pathways that were sensitive to ROS depletion by NAC and ebselen. In contrast, BCR-induced activation of ERK, JNK, p38, and Akt was not affected by ROS depletion. We also found that CXCR4-induced Akt activation was ROS-dependent even though activation of the ERK, JNK, and p38 MAP kinases by CXCR4 occurred via ROS-independent pathways. CONCLUSION The differential requirement for ROS in the activation of ERK, JNK, p38, and Akt by the BCR, CD40, and CXCR4 likely reflects the multiplicity of upstream activators for each of these kinases, only some of which may be regulated in a redox-dependent manner. These findings support the idea that ROS are important second messengers in B cells and suggest that oxidants or anti-oxidants could be used to modulate B cell activation.
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Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are recently proposed to be involved in tumor metastasis which is a complicated processes including epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), migration, invasion of the tumor cells and angiogenesis around the tumor lesion. ROS generation may be induced intracellularly, in either NADPH oxidase- or mitochondria-dependent manner, by growth factors and cytokines (such as TGFbeta and HGF) and tumor promoters (such as TPA) capable of triggering cell adhesion, EMT and migration. As a signaling messenger, ROS are able to oxidize the critical target molecules such as PKC and protein tyrosine phosphates (PTPs), which are relevant to tumor cell invasion. PKC contain multiple cysteine residues that can be oxidized and activated by ROS. Inactivation of multiple PTPs by ROS may relieve the tyrosine phosphorylation-dependent signaling. Two of the down-stream molecules regulated by ROS are MAPK and PAK. MAPKs cascades were established to be a major signal pathway for driving tumor cell metastasis, which are mediated by PKC, TGF-beta/Smad and integrin-mediated signaling. PAK is an effector of Rac-mediated cytoskeletal remodeling that is responsible for cell migration and angiogenesis. There are several transcriptional factors such as AP1, Ets, Smad and Snail regulating a lot of genes relevant to metastasis. AP-1 and Smad can be activated by PKC activator and TGF-beta1, respectively, in a ROS dependent manner. On the other hand, Est-1 can be upregulated by H2O2 via an antioxidant response element in the promoter. The ROS-regulated genes relevant to EMT and metastasis include E-cahedrin, integrin and MMP. Comprehensive understanding of the ROS-triggered signaling transduction, transcriptional activation and regulation of gene expressions will help strengthen the critical role of ROS in tumor progression and devising strategy for chemo-therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Sheng Wu
- Department of Medical Technology, Tzu Chi University, No. 701, Chung Yang Rd, Sec 3, Hualien 970, Taiwan.
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Dragomir E, Simionescu M. Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1--a major contributor to the inflammatory process associated with diabetes. Arch Physiol Biochem 2006; 112:239-44. [PMID: 17178597 DOI: 10.1080/13813450601094672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
There is evidence that strongly suggests that inflammation plays an important role in diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. The high glucose-induced inflammatory process is characterised by the cooperation of a complex network of inflammatory molecules such as cytokines, adhesion molecules, growth factors, and chemokines. Among the chemokine family, monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP-1) is a potent chemotactic factor, which is upregulated at sites of inflammation being in control of leukocytes trafficking. Here, we review the current knowledge on MCP-1 and its regulation by high glucose level in vascular cells involved in diabetes-induced accelerated atherosclerosis. The signalling pathways involved in MCP-1 modulation by high glucose, the proximal signalling events that stimulate downstream effects and the role of this chemokine in the pathophysiology of diabetes and its complications, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Dragomir
- Institute of Cellular Biology and Pathology Nicolae Simionescu, Bucharest, Romania.
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Lyle AN, Griendling KK. Modulation of vascular smooth muscle signaling by reactive oxygen species. Physiology (Bethesda) 2006; 21:269-80. [PMID: 16868316 DOI: 10.1152/physiol.00004.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Modulation of signaling in vascular cells by reactive oxygen species (ROS) affects many aspects of cellular function, including growth, migration, and contraction. NADPH oxidases, important sources of ROS, regulate many growth-specific and migration-related signaling pathways. Identifying the precise intracellular targets of ROS enhances understanding of their role in cardiovascular physiology and pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia N Lyle
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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44
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Schwartz EA, Reaven PD. Molecular and signaling mechanisms of atherosclerosis in insulin resistance. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 2006; 35:525-49, viii. [PMID: 16959584 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecl.2006.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Although the prevalence of cardiovascular complications is increased in insulin-resistant individuals, the underlying causes of this link have been elusive. Recent work suggests that several intracellular signal transduction pathways are inappropriately activated by hyperinsulinemia, hyperglycemia, increased free fatty acids, dyslipidemia, various inflammatory cytokines and adipokines--factors that are increased in insulin resistance. Once activated, substantial cross talk occurs between these pathways, especially a self-reinforcing cascade of vascular inflammation and cell dysfunction, greatly increasing the risk and severity of atherosclerosis in the insulin-resistant individual. We review several key cell-signalling pathways, describe how they are activated in they insulin-resistant state and the damage they induce, and discusses possible therapeutic approaches to limit vascular damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric A Schwartz
- Division of Research, Carl T. Hayden VA Medical Center, 650 East Indian School Road, Phoenix, AZ 85012, USA
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Clempus RE, Griendling KK. Reactive oxygen species signaling in vascular smooth muscle cells. Cardiovasc Res 2006; 71:216-25. [PMID: 16616906 PMCID: PMC1934427 DOI: 10.1016/j.cardiores.2006.02.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 263] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2006] [Revised: 02/22/2006] [Accepted: 02/27/2006] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) have been shown to function as important signaling molecules in the cardiovascular system. Vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) contain several sources of ROS, among which the NADPH oxidases are predominant. In VSMCs, ROS mediate many pathophysiological processes, such as growth, migration, apoptosis and secretion of inflammatory cytokines, as well as physiological processes, such as differentiation, by direct and indirect effects at multiple signaling levels. Therefore, it becomes critical to understand the different roles ROS play in the physiology and pathophysiology of VSMCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roza E. Clempus
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Emory University, 319 WMB, 1639 Pierce Dr. Atlanta, GA 30322, United States
| | - Kathy K. Griendling
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Emory University, 319 WMB, 1639 Pierce Dr. Atlanta, GA 30322, United States
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Laplante MA, de Champlain J. The interrelation of the angiotensin and endothelin systems on the modulation of NAD(P)H oxidaseThis paper is one of a selection of papers published in this Special issue, entitled Young Investigator's Forum. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2006; 84:21-8. [PMID: 16845887 DOI: 10.1139/y05-146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The NAD(P)H oxidase is an enzyme assembled at the cellular membrane able to produce superoxide anion from NADH or NAD(P)H (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate). It is one of the main sources of superoxide anion in cardiovascular tissues and its role in a variety of cardiovascular disorders such as atherosclerosis, cardiac hypertrophy, and endothelial dysfunction was recently proposed. Although, many factors and receptors were shown to lead to the activation of the enzyme, particulary the type 1 angiotensin receptor, the pathways involved are still widely unknown. Despite the identification of factors such as c-Src and protein kinase C implicated in the acute activation of NAD(P)H oxidase, the signalling involved in the sustained activation of the enzyme is probably far more complex than was previously envisioned. In this review, we describe the role of endothelin-1 in NAD(P)H oxidase signalling after a sustained stimulation by angiotensin II. Since most pathologies caused by an NAD(P)H oxidase overactivation develop over a relatively long period of time, it is necessary to better understand the long-term signalling of the enzyme for the development or use of more specific therapeutic tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc-André Laplante
- Research Group on Autonomic Nervous System, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Succursale Centre-ville, Canada
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Marganski WA, Gangopadhyay SS, Je HD, Gallant C, Morgan KG. Targeting of a novel Ca+2/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II is essential for extracellular signal-regulated kinase-mediated signaling in differentiated smooth muscle cells. Circ Res 2005; 97:541-9. [PMID: 16109919 DOI: 10.1161/01.res.0000182630.29093.0d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Subcellular targeting of kinases controls their activation and access to substrates. Although Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) is known to regulate differentiated smooth muscle cell (dSMC) contractility, the importance of targeting in this regulation is not clear. The present study investigated the function in dSMCs of a novel variant of the gamma isoform of CaMKII that contains a potential targeting sequence in its association domain (CaMKIIgamma G-2). Antisense knockdown of CaMKIIgamma G-2 inhibited extracellular signal-related kinase (ERK) activation, myosin phosphorylation, and contractile force in dSMCs. Confocal colocalization analysis revealed that in unstimulated dSMCs CaMKIIgamma G-2 is bound to a cytoskeletal scaffold consisting of interconnected vimentin intermediate filaments and cytosolic dense bodies. On activation with a depolarizing stimulus, CaMKIIgamma G-2 is released into the cytosol and subsequently targeted to cortical dense plaques. Comparison of phosphorylation and translocation time courses indicates that, after CaMKIIgamma G-2 activation, and before CaMKIIgamma G-2 translocation, vimentin is phosphorylated at a CaMKII-specific site. Differential centrifugation demonstrated that phosphorylation of vimentin in dSMCs is not sufficient to cause its disassembly, in contrast to results in cultured cells. Loading dSMCs with a decoy peptide containing the polyproline sequence within the association domain of CaMKIIgamma G-2 inhibited targeting. Furthermore, prevention of CaMKIIgamma G-2 targeting led to significant inhibition of ERK activation as well as contractility. Thus, for the first time, this study demonstrates the importance of CaMKII targeting in dSMC signaling and identifies a novel targeting function for the association domain in addition to its known role in oligomerization.
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Biomedical Vignette. J Biomed Sci 2005. [DOI: 10.1007/s11373-005-4564-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
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