Interplay between TGF-β signaling and receptor tyrosine kinases in tumor development

Evaluation of nintedanib efficacy: Attenuating the lens fibrosis in vitro and vivo

PURPOSE

Organ fibrosis is a huge challenge in clinic. There are no drugs for fibrotic cataracts treatments in clinic. Nintedanib is approved by the FDA for pulmonary fibrosis treatments. This study aims to investigate the efficacy and mechanism of nintedanib on fibrotic cataracts.

METHODS

Drug efficacy was validated through TGFβ2-induced cell models and injury-induced anterior subcapsular cataract (ASC) mice. A slit lamp and the eosin staining technique were applied to access the degree of capsular fibrosis. The CCK-8 assay was used to evaluate the toxicity and anti-proliferation ability of the drug. The cell migration was determined by wound healing assay and transwell assay. The anti-epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT) and anti-fibrosis efficacy were evaluated by qRT-PCR, immunoblot, and immunofluorescence. The inhibition of nintedanib to signaling pathways was certified by immunoblot.

RESULTS

Nintedanib inhibited the migration and proliferation of TGFβ2-induced cell models. Nintedanib can also repress the EMT and fibrosis of the lens epithelial cells. The intracameral injection of nintedanib can also allay the anterior subcapsular opacification in ASC mice. The TGFβ2/ Smad and non-Smad signaling pathways can be blocked by nintedanib in vitro and in vivo.

CONCLUSION

Nintedanib alleviates fibrotic cataracts by suppressing the TGFβ2/ Smad and non-Smad signaling pathways. Nintedanib is a potential drug for lens fibrosis.

Tobacco Smoke Condensate Induces Morphologic Changes in Human Papillomavirus-Positive Cervical Epithelial Cells Consistent with Epithelial to Mesenchymal Transition (EMT) with Activation of Receptor Tyrosine Kinases and Regulation of TGFB

High-risk human papillomavirus (HR-HPV; HPV-16) and cigarette smoking are associated with cervical cancer (CC); however, the underlying mechanism(s) remain unclear. Additionally, the carcinogenic components of tobacco have been found in the cervical mucus of women smokers. Here, we determined the effects of cigarette smoke condensate (CSC; 3R4F) on human ectocervical cells (HPV-16 Ect/E6E7) exposed to CSC at various concentrations (10-6-100 μg/mL). We found CSC (10-3 or 10 μg/mL)-induced proliferation, enhanced migration, and histologic and electron microscopic changes consistent with EMT in ectocervical cells with a significant reduction in E-cadherin and an increase in the vimentin expression compared to controls at 72 h. There was increased phosphorylation of receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs), including Eph receptors, FGFR, PDGFRA/B, and DDR2, with downstream Ras/MAPK/ERK1/2 activation and upregulation of common EMT-related genes, TGFB SNAI2, PDGFRB, and SMAD2. Our study demonstrated that CSC induces EMT in ectocervical cells with the upregulation of EMT-related genes, expression of protein biomarkers, and activation of RTKs that regulate TGFB expression, and other EMT-related genes. Understanding the molecular pathways and environmental factors that initiate EMT in ectocervical cells will help delineate molecular targets for intervention and define the role of EMT in the initiation and progression of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia and CC.

Differential Expression of LMNA/C and Insulin Receptor Transcript Variants in Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells of Leukemia Patients

Background: Recent research has identified alternative transcript variants of LMNA/C (LMNA, LMNC, LMNAΔ10, and LMNAΔ50) and insulin receptors (INSRs) as potential biomarkers for various types of cancer. The objective of this study was to assess the expression of LMNA/C and INSR transcript variants in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of leukemia patients to investigate their potential as diagnostic biomarkers. Methods: Quantitative TaqMan reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) was utilized to quantify the mRNA levels of LMNA/C (LMNA, LMNC, LMNAΔ10, and LMNAΔ50) as well as INSR (IR-A and IR-B) variants in PBMCs obtained from healthy individuals (n = 32) and patients diagnosed with primary leukemias (acute myeloid leukemia (AML): n = 17; acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL): n = 8; chronic myeloid leukemia (CML): n = 5; and chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL): n = 15). Results: Only LMNA and LMNC transcripts were notably present in PBMCs. Both exhibited significantly decreased expression levels in leukemia patients compared to the healthy control group. Particularly, the LMNC:LMNA ratio was notably higher in AML patients. Interestingly, IR-B expression was not detectable in any of the PBMC samples, precluding the calculation of the IR-A:IR-B ratio as a diagnostic marker. Despite reduced expression across all types of leukemia, IR-A levels remained detectable, indicating its potential involvement in disease progression. Conclusions: This study highlights the distinct expression patterns of LMNA/C and INSR transcript variants in PBMCs of leukemia patients. The LMNC:LMNA ratio shows promise as a potential diagnostic indicator for AML, while further research is necessary to understand the role of IR-A in leukemia pathogenesis and its potential as a therapeutic target.

HER2 phosphorylation induced by TGF-β promotes mammary morphogenesis and breast cancer progression

Transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) and HER2 signaling collaborate to promote breast cancer progression. However, their molecular interplay is largely unclear. TGF-β can activate mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and AKT, but the underlying mechanism is not fully understood. In this study, we report that TGF-β enhances HER2 activation, leading to the activation of MAPK and AKT. This process depends on the TGF-β type I receptor TβRI kinase activity. TβRI phosphorylates HER2 at Ser779, promoting Y1248 phosphorylation and HER2 activation. Mice with HER2 S779A mutation display impaired mammary morphogenesis, reduced ductal elongation, and branching. Furthermore, wild-type HER2, but not S779A mutant, promotes TGF-β-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition, cell migration, and lung metastasis of breast cells. Increased HER2 S779 phosphorylation is observed in human breast cancers and positively correlated with the activation of HER2, MAPK, and AKT. Our findings demonstrate the crucial role of TGF-β-induced S779 phosphorylation in HER2 activation, mammary gland development, and the pro-oncogenic function of TGF-β in breast cancer progression.

Comprehensive landscape of TGFβ-related signature in osteosarcoma for predicting prognosis, immune characteristics, and therapeutic response

Osteosarcoma (OS) is a highly heterogeneous malignant bone tumor, and its tendency to metastasize leads to a poor prognosis. TGFβ is an important regulator in the tumor microenvironment and is closely associated with the progression of various types of cancer. However, the role of TGFβ-related genes in OS is still unclear. In this study, we identified 82 TGFβ DEGs based on RNA-seq data from the TARGET and GETx databases and classified OS patients into two TGFβ subtypes. The KM curve showed that the Cluster 2 patients had a substantially poorer prognosis than the Cluster 1 patients. Subsequently, a novel TGFβ prognostic signatures (MYC and BMP8B) were developed based on the results of univariate, LASSO, and multifactorial Cox analyses. These signatures showed robust and reliable predictive performance for the prognosis of OS in the training and validation cohorts. To predict the three-year and five-year survival rate of OS, a nomogram that integrated clinical features and risk scores was also developed. The GSEA analysis showed that the different subgroups analyzed had distinct functions, particularly, the low-risk group was associated with high immune activity and a high infiltration abundance of CD8 T cells. Moreover, our results indicated that low-risk cases had higher sensitivity to immunotherapy, while high-risk cases were more sensitive to sorafenib and axitinib. scRNA-Seq analysis further revealed that MYC and BMP8B were strongly expressed mainly in tumor stromal cells. Finally, in this study, we confirmed the expression of MYC and BMP8B by performing qPCR, WB, and IHC analyses. To conclude, we developed and validated a TGFβ-related signature to accurately predict the prognosis of OS. Our findings might contribute to personalized treatment and making better clinical decisions for OS patients.

Novel Thioether-Bridged 2,6-Disubstituted and 2,5,6-Trisubstituted Imidazothiadiazole Analogues: Synthesis, Antiproliferative Activity, ADME, and Molecular Docking Studies

In this study, starting from 2-amino-1,3,4-thiadiazole derivatives (3-5), a new series of 2,6-disubstituted (compounds 7-15) and 2,5,6-trisubstituted (compounds 16-33) imidazo[2,1-b][1,3,4]-thiadiazole derivatives were synthesized using cyclization and Mannich reaction mechanisms, respectively. All synthesized compounds were characterized by ¹ H-NMR, ¹³ C-NMR, FT-IR, elemental analysis, and mass spectroscopy techniques. Also, X-ray diffraction analysis were used for compounds 4, 7, 11, 17, and 19. The cytotoxic effects of the new compounds on the viability of colon cancer cells (DLD-1), lung cancer cells (A549), and liver cancer cells (HepG2) were investigated using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) method in vitro. Compound 15 was found to be the most potent anticancer drug candidate in this series with an IC₅₀ value of 3.63 μM against HepG2 for 48 h. Moreover, the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) parameters of the synthesized compounds were calculated and thus, their potential to be safe drugs was evaluated. Finally, to support the biological activity experiments, molecular docking studies of these compounds were carried out on three different target cancer protein structures (PDB IDs: 5ETY, 1M17, and 3GCW), and the amino acids that play key roles in the binding of the compounds to these proteins were determined.

Physical and functional interactome atlas of human receptor tyrosine kinases

Much cell‐to‐cell communication is facilitated by cell surface receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs). These proteins phosphorylate their downstream cytoplasmic substrates in response to stimuli such as growth factors. Despite their central roles, the functions of many RTKs are still poorly understood. To resolve the lack of systematic knowledge, we apply three complementary methods to map the molecular context and substrate profiles of RTKs. We use affinity purification coupled to mass spectrometry (AP‐MS) to characterize stable binding partners and RTK–protein complexes, proximity‐dependent biotin identification (BioID) to identify transient and proximal interactions, and an in vitro kinase assay to identify RTK substrates. To identify how kinase interactions depend on kinase activity, we also use kinase‐deficient mutants. Our data represent a comprehensive, systemic mapping of RTK interactions and substrates. This resource adds information regarding well‐studied RTKs, offers insights into the functions of less well‐studied RTKs, and highlights RTK‐RTK interactions and shared signaling pathways.

HDAC2 Facilitates Pancreatic Cancer Metastasis

The mortality of patients with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is strongly associated with metastasis, a multistep process that is incompletely understood in this disease. Although genetic drivers of PDAC metastasis have not been defined, transcriptional and epigenetic rewiring can contribute to the metastatic process. The epigenetic eraser histone deacetylase 2 (HDAC2) has been connected to less differentiated PDAC, but the function of HDAC2 in PDAC has not been comprehensively evaluated. Using genetically defined models, we show that HDAC2 is a cellular fitness factor that controls cell cycle in vitro and metastasis in vivo, particularly in undifferentiated, mesenchymal PDAC cells. Unbiased expression profiling detected a core set of HDAC2-regulated genes. HDAC2 controlled expression of several prosurvival receptor tyrosine kinases connected to mesenchymal PDAC, including PDGFRα, PDGFRβ, and EGFR. The HDAC2-maintained program disabled the tumor-suppressive arm of the TGFβ pathway, explaining impaired metastasis formation of HDAC2-deficient PDAC. These data identify HDAC2 as a tractable player in the PDAC metastatic cascade. The complexity of the function of epigenetic regulators like HDAC2 implicates that an increased understanding of these proteins is needed for implementation of effective epigenetic therapies.

SIGNIFICANCE

HDAC2 has a context-specific role in undifferentiated PDAC and the capacity to disseminate systemically, implicating HDAC2 as targetable protein to prevent metastasis.

A transcriptomic analysis based on aberrant methylation levels revealed potential novel therapeutic targets for nasopharyngeal carcinoma

Background

This study aimed to identify potential novel therapeutic targets for nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) by identifying aberrantly methylated-differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and pathways based on a comprehensive bioinformatics analysis.

Methods

Eight gene expression data sets and 2 methylation microarray data sets that included NPC and control groups from the Gene Expression Omnibus were identified. Meta-analyses of the DEGs were performed using the online analysis database “NetworkAnalyst”. Aberrantly methylated gene loci were obtained from the GEO2R. Aberrantly methylated DEGs were obtained from Venn diagrams. The enrichment analysis was carried out on the “Metascape” website, and the protein-protein interaction (PPI) network construction, network analysis, and visualization of the analysis results were carried out on the “String” website using “Cytoscape” software.

Results

In total, 544 hypomethylation high-expression genes and 164 hypermethylation low-expression genes were obtained. The enrichment and PPI network analyses suggested that several pathways and hub genes with abnormal gene expression accompanied by methylation change, including inositol-trisphosphate 3-kinase B (ITPKB), G protein subunit beta 5 (GNB5), FYN proto-oncogene, Src family tyrosine kinase (FYN), LCK proto-oncogene, Src family tyrosine kinase (LCK), nuclear factor of activated T cells 1 (NFATC1), GNAS complex locus (GNAS), protein kinase C beta (PRKCB), zeta chain of T cell receptor associated protein kinase 70 (ZAP70), lysophosphatidic acid receptor 1 (LPAR1), protein kinase C epsilon (PRKCE), tumor protein p53 (TP53), glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), fibronectin 1 (FN1), cyclin D1 (CCND1), vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA), HRas proto-oncogene, GTPase (HRAS), signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2), amyloid beta precursor protein (APP), and matrix metallopeptidase 2 (MMP2), may be related to the occurrence of nasopharyngeal carcinoma .

Conclusions

The identification of novel and important pathways and hub genes and their roles in the occurrence and development of NPC will guide clinical research and the development of pharmaceutical targets.

Signal processing capacity of the cellular sensory machinery regulates the accuracy of chemotaxis under complex cues

Chemotaxis is ubiquitous in many biological processes, but it still remains elusive how cells sense and decipher multiple chemical cues. In this study, we postulate a hypothesis that the chemotactic performance of cells under complex cues is regulated by the signal processing capacity of the cellular sensory machinery. The underlying rationale is that cells in vivo should be able to sense and process multiple chemical cues, whose magnitude and compositions are entangled, to determine their migration direction. We experimentally show that the combination of transforming growth factor-β and epidermal growth factor suppresses the chemotactic performance of cancer cells using independent receptors to sense the two cues. Based on this observation, we develop a biophysical framework suggesting that the antagonism is caused by the saturation of the signal processing capacity but not by the mutual repression. Our framework suggests the significance of the signal processing capacity in the cellular sensory machinery.

Panel biomarkers associated with cancer invasion and prognostic prediction for head-neck cancer

Aim: Cell invasion leading to metastasis is a major cause of treatment failure in head-neck cancers (HNCs). Identifying prognostic molecules associated with invasiveness is imperative for clinical applications. Materials & methods: A systemic approach was used to globally survey invasion-related genes, including transcriptomic profiling, pathway analysis, data mining and prognostic assessment using TCGA-HNSC dataset. Results: Six functional pathways and six hub molecules (LAMA3, LAMC2, THBS1, IGF1R, PDGFB and TGFβ1) were identified that significantly contributed to cell invasion, leading to poor survival in HNC patients. Combinations of multiple biomarkers substantially increased the probability of accurately predicting prognosis. Conclusion: Our six defined invasion-related molecules may be used as a panel signature in precision medicine for prognostic indicators or molecular therapeutic targets for HNC.

Molecular Interplays Between Cell Invasion and Radioresistance That Lead to Poor Prognosis in Head-Neck Cancer

Background

Cancer metastasis and recurrence after radiotherapy are the significant causes of poor prognosis in head-neck cancer (HNC). Clinically, it is commonly found that patients with either condition may accompany the outcome of the other. We hypothesized that HNC cells might exhibit a cross-phenotypic attribute between cell invasion and radioresistance. To discover effective biomarkers for the intervention of aggressive cancer at one time, the potential molecules that interplay between these two phenotypes were investigated.

Materials and Methods

Three isogenic HNC cell sublines with high invasion or radioresistance properties were established. Transcriptomic and bioinformatic methods were used to globally assess the phenotypic-specific genes, functional pathways, and co-regulatory hub molecules. The associations of gene expressions with patient survival were analyzed by Kaplan-Meier plotter, a web-based tool, using the HNSCC dataset (n=500). The molecular and cellular techniques, including RT-qPCR, flow cytometry, cell invasion assay, and clonogenic survival assay, were applied.

Results

The phenotypic crosstalk between cell invasion and radioresistance was validated, as shown by the existence of mutual properties in each HNC subline. A total of 695 genes was identified in associations with these two phenotypes, including 349 upregulated and 346 downregulated in HNC cells. The focal adhesion mechanism showed the most significant pathway to co-regulate these functions. In the analysis of 20 up-regulatory genes, a general portrait of correlative expression was found between these phenotypic cells (r=0.513, p=0.021), and nine molecules exhibited significant associations with poor prognosis in HNC patients (HR>1, p<0.050). Three hub genes were identified (ITGA6, TGFB1, and NDRG1) that represented a signature of interplayed molecules contributing to cell invasion, radioresistance and leading to poor prognosis. The ITGA6 was demonstrated as a prominent biomarker. The expression of ITGA6 correlated with the levels of several extracellular and apoptotic/anti-apoptotic molecules. Functionally, silencing ITGA6 suppressed cell migration, invasion, and attenuated radioresistance in HNC cells.

Conclusions

A panel of interplay molecules was identified that contribute to cell invasion and radioresistance, leading to poor prognosis. These panel molecules, such as ITGA6, may serve as predictive markers of radioresistance, prognostic markers of metastasis, and molecular therapeutic targets for refractory HNC.

A Potential Role for Integrin-Linked Kinase in Colorectal Cancer Growth and Progression via Regulating Senescence and Immunity

Integrin-linked kinase (ILK) has been implicated as a molecular driver and mediator in both inflammation and tumorigenesis of the colon. ILK functions as an adaptor and mediator protein linking the extracellular matrix with downstream signaling pathways. ILK is broadly expressed in many human tissues and cells. It is also overexpressed in many cancers, including colorectal cancer (CRC). Inflammation, as evidenced by inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), is one of the highest risk factors for initiating CRC. This has led to the hypothesis that targeting ILK therapeutically could have potential in CRC, as it regulates different cellular processes associated with CRC development and progression as well as inflammation in the colon. A number of studies have indicated an ILK function in senescence, a cellular process that arrests the cell cycle while maintaining active metabolism and transcription. Senescent cells produce different secretions collectively known as the senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP). The SASP secretions influence infiltration of different immune cells, either positively for clearing senescent cells or negatively for promoting tumor growth, reflecting the dual role of senescence in cancer. However, a role for ILK in senescence and immunity in CRC remains to be determined. In this review, we discuss the possible role for ILK in senescence and immunity, paying particular attention to the relevance of ILK in CRC. We also examine how activating Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and their agonists in CRC could trigger immune responses against cancer, as a combination therapy with ILK inhibition.

Progress in Research on Tumor Metastasis Inhibitors

Tumor metastasis is a significant cause of malignant cancer-related death. Therefore, inhibiting tumor metastasis is an effective means of treating malignant tumors. Increasing our understanding of the molecular mechanisms that govern tumor metastasis can reveal new anti-cancer targets. This article will discuss the breakthroughs in this area and the corresponding recent developments in anti-cancer drug discovery.

Increasing the effectiveness of tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) in combination with a statin in reducing liver fibrosis

It has been shown that both nilotinib as a tyrosine kinase inhibitor, and atorvastatin as a rho-kinase inhibitor, have antifibrotic effects. Therefore, considering the relationship between these two pathways, this study aimed to investigate the effects of their co-treatment against hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) activation and liver fibrosis. For this purpose, the activation of HSCs coincided with these therapies. Also, liver fibrosis by carbon tetrachloride (CCl₄ ) was induced in male Wistar rats and treated simultaneously with these compounds. The expression of alpha-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), connective tissue growth factor (CTGF), Ras homolog gene family, and member A (RhoA)/Rho-associated protein kinase (ROCK) in HSCs were measured. The expression of transforming growth factor beta-1 (TGF-β1), its receptor (TβRII), CTGF, and platelets derived growth factor (PDGF), in the livers, were also investigated, all by real-time PCR and western blot analysis. Also, histopathologic and immunohistochemical evaluations were performed to evaluate changes in liver fibrosis during treatment. The results indicated the down-regulation of RhoA/ROCK, CTGF, and α-SMA, and inhibition of the HSCs activation toward myofibroblasts. The results also showed that the combined use of atorvastatin and nilotinib has significantly higher inhibitory effects. The antifibrotic effects of atorvastatin and nilotinib co-administration were also observed by histopathologic and immunohistochemical observations, and inhibiting the expression of TGF-β1, TβRII, CTGF, and PDGF. Taken together, this study revealed that co-administration of nilotinib-atorvastatin has novel antifibrotic effects, by inhibiting RhoA/ROCK, and CTGF pathway. Therefore, the importance of the common pathway of RhoA/ROCK and CTGF, in reducing fibrosis may almost be concluded.

Systematic expression analysis of ligand-receptor pairs reveals important cell-to-cell interactions inside glioma

Background

Glioma is the most commonly diagnosed malignant and aggressive brain cancer in adults. Traditional researches mainly explored the expression profile of glioma at cell-population level, but ignored the heterogeneity and interactions of among glioma cells.

Methods

Here, we firstly analyzed the single-cell RNA-seq (scRNA-seq) data of 6341 glioma cells using manifold learning and identified neoplastic and healthy cells infiltrating in tumor microenvironment. We systematically revealed cell-to-cell interactions inside gliomas based on corresponding scRNA-seq and TCGA RNA-seq data.

Results

A total of 16 significantly correlated autocrine ligand-receptor signal pairs inside neoplastic cells were identified based on the scRNA-seq and TCGA data of glioma. Furthermore, we explored the intercellular communications between cancer stem-like cells (CSCs) and macrophages, and identified 66 ligand-receptor pairs, some of which could significantly affect prognostic outcomes. An efficient machine learning model was constructed to accurately predict the prognosis of glioma patients based on the ligand-receptor interactions.

Conclusion

Collectively, our study not only reveals functionally important cell-to-cell interactions inside glioma, but also detects potentially prognostic markers for predicting the survival of glioma patients.

Electronic supplementary material

The online version of this article (10.1186/s12964-019-0363-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Analysis of status and countermeasures of cancer incidence and mortality in China

Cancer is the leading cause of human deaths in the world and produces serious economic burdens. On September 12, 2018, the academic journal A Cancer Journal for Clinicians published an article about the latest statistics of cancers worldwide, which provided a status report on the global burden of 36 cancers in 185 countries worldwide. Cancer has also become a serious public health problem in China and caused more and more attention of the government and people in recent years. This review analyzes the incidence, mortality and prevalent trend of cancers in China, discusses the reasons behind this status, and reviews the potential countermeasures for cancer prevention and control in China.

Comprehensive analysis of the whole coding and non-coding RNA transcriptome expression profiles and construction of the circRNA-lncRNA co-regulated ceRNA network in laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma

Recently, accumulating evidence has demonstrated that non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) play a vital role in oncogenicity. Nevertheless, the regulatory mechanisms and functions remain poorly understood, especially for lncRNAs and circRNAs. In this study, we simultaneously detected, for the first time, the expression profiles of the whole transcriptome, including miRNA, circRNA and lncRNA + mRNA, in five pairs of laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma (LSCC) and matched non-carcinoma tissues by microarrays. Five miRNAs, four circRNAs, three lncRNAs and five mRNAs that were dysregulated were selected to confirm the verification of the microarray data by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) in 20 pairs of LSCC samples. We constructed LSCC-related competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) networks of lncRNAs and circRNAs (circRNA or lncRNA-miRNA-mRNA) respectively. Functional annotation revealed the lncRNA-mediated ceRNA network were enriched for genes involved in the tumor-associated pathways. Hsa_circ_0033988 with the highest degree in the circRNA-mediated ceRNA network was associated with fatty acid degradation, which was responsible for the depletion of fat in tumor-associated cachexia. Finally, to clarify the ncRNA co-regulation mechanism, we constructed a circRNA-lncRNA co-regulated network by integrating the above two networks and identified 9 modules for further study. A subnetwork of module 2 with the most dysregulated microRNAs was extracted to establish the ncRNA-involved TGF-β-associated pathway. In conclusion, our findings provide a high-throughput microarray data of the coding and non-coding RNAs and establish the foundation for further functional research on the ceRNA regulatory mechanism of non-coding RNAs in LSCC.