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Hou X, Hu N, Hu T, Shen R, Chen M, Griffiths MD. The Fear of COVID-19 Scale: Psychometric properties and measurement invariance across 10 months. DEATH STUDIES 2024:1-8. [PMID: 38833272 DOI: 10.1080/07481187.2024.2360442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2024]
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has led to various negative consequences including fear. The Fear of COVID-19 Scale (FCV-19S) has been widely used in diverse cultures, but no study has ever investigated its longitudinal measurement invariance and predictive validity. Therefore, we examined its longitudinal measurement invariance and predictive validity over 10 months. A sample of Chinese undergraduates (N = 682; first wave 842; 682 second wave) completed the FCV-19S as well as measures assessing depression, anxiety, and stress. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses were conducted along with measurement invariance testing. The results showed that the bifactor model fitted well, and significantly predicted stress and anxiety, but not depression. The FCV-19S demonstrated partial measurement invariance (i.e. configural and metric invariances) across time. These findings suggest that the Chinese version of FCV-19S is a reliable tool and could be used in evaluating the severity of fear of COVID-19 among Chinese young adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangling Hou
- The Key Research Institute of Chongqing for Curriculum & Instruction, School of Education, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, China
| | - Na Hu
- The Key Research Institute of Chongqing for Curriculum & Instruction, School of Education, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, China
| | - Tianqiang Hu
- School of Education, China West Normal University, Nanchong, China
| | - Renhong Shen
- The Key Research Institute of Chongqing for Curriculum & Instruction, School of Education, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, China
| | - Miaomiao Chen
- School of Teacher Development, Chongqing University of Education, China
| | - Mark D Griffiths
- International Gaming Research Unit, Psychology Department, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
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Ibrahim N, Wong A, Cham CQ, Chu SY, Kalaman CR, Siau CS. Translation and Validation of the Malay Perceived Stress Scale Modified for COVID-19. Malays J Med Sci 2023; 30:161-171. [PMID: 37102053 PMCID: PMC10125246 DOI: 10.21315/mjms2023.30.2.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 04/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Stress amidst the COVID-19 pandemic is becoming more prevalent. This paper aimed to describe the validation process of the Malay Perceived Stress Scale modified for COVID-19 (PSS-10-C) amongst Malaysian youths. Methods The cross-sectional validation study design was employed in this study. In Phase I, the scale was translated into Malay by using the forward-backward method. In Phase 2, principal axis factoring and confirmatory factor analysis were conducted in Study 1 (n = 267) and Study 2 (n = 324), respectively. Results A two-factor solution, comprising 'distress' and 'coping' domains was derived (cumulative variance = 65.2%) in Phase 2. Concurrent validity evaluated via the Beck Hopelessness Scale revealed a moderate positive correlation (0.528). In Study 2 (n = 324), the confirmatory factor analysis showed that the two-factor model achieved acceptable model fit indices, including χ2/df ratio = 2.57; root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA) = 0.07; 95% CI = 0.05, 0.09; Tucker-Lewis Index (TLI) = 0.95 and Normed Fit Index (NFI) = 0.94. The Cronbach's alpha scale score was 0.855 for the study samples. Conclusion The Malay PSS-10-C is a valid and reliable scale to be used amongst Malaysian youths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norhayati Ibrahim
- Centre for Healthy Aging and Wellness (H-Care), Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Institute of Islam Hadhari, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Andrea Wong
- Centre for Healthy Aging and Wellness (H-Care), Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Choy Qing Cham
- Centre for Healthy Aging and Wellness (H-Care), Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Sin Yee Chu
- Centre for Healthy Aging and Wellness (H-Care), Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Clarisse Roswini Kalaman
- Centre for Healthy Aging and Wellness (H-Care), Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Ching Sin Siau
- Centre for Community Health Studies (ReaCH), Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Alesi M, Giordano G, Gentile A, Caci B. The Switch to Online Learning during the COVID-19 Pandemic: The Interplay between Personality and Mental Health on University Students. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:5255. [PMID: 37047875 PMCID: PMC10094209 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20075255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Revised: 03/04/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
The switching from traditional to online learning during the COVID-19 pandemic was challenging for students, determining an increase in physical and mental health problems. The current paper applied a two-step cluster analysis in a large sample of n = 1028 university students (Mage = 21.10 years, SD = 2.45 years; range: 18-30 years; 78.4% females). Participants responded to an online survey exploring neuroticism, trait/state anxiety, general self-efficacy, academic motivation, fear of COVID-19, the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on physical and mental health, and the help requests. Results showed two significant clusters of students having a Maladaptive Academic Profile (n = 456; 44.4%) or an Adaptive Academic Profile (n = 572; 55.6%). Significant differences were found between the two clusters, where students belonging to the Maladaptive Academic Profile reported higher levels of neuroticism, higher dispositional and situational anxiety, and fear of COVID-19, and lower self-efficacy and academic motivation than students of the Adaptive Academic Profile cluster. In addition, more physical or mental health problems and help requests, mainly to partners during the COVID-19 pandemic, were found in the Maladaptive Academic Profile cluster compared to the Adaptive Academic Profile. Finally, the practical implications of the study's results in implementing university counseling services as protective measures to contrast psychological distress in the long-term COVID-19 pandemic are discussed.
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Pang NTP, Tio VCS, Singh ASB, Tseu MWL, Shoesmith WD, Abd Rahim MA, Mohd Kassim MA. Efficacy of a single-session online ACT-based mindfulness intervention among undergraduates in lockdown during the COVID-19 pandemic. TRENDS IN PSYCHIATRY AND PSYCHOTHERAPY 2023; 44:e20200172. [PMID: 34392668 PMCID: PMC10039730 DOI: 10.47626/2237-6089-2020-0172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION COVID-19 has trickle-down psychological effects on multiple strata of society, particularly university students. Apart from the worry of contracting or spreading COVID-19, Malaysian university students were also locked down on their campuses, suffering significant psychological distress. Hence, an online mindfulness intervention was proposed to alleviate psychological distress and improve psychological flexibility and mindfulness. METHODS This was a quasi-experimental study with university students as participants. Intervention group participants were instructed to complete online questionnaires which covered basic demographics and instruments assessing depression, anxiety, stress, mindfulness, psychological flexibility, and fear of COVID-19 before and after the one-hour intervention. The control group also completed before and after questionnaires and were subsequently crossed over to the intervention group. Repeated measures ANOVA was conducted to assess time*group effects. RESULTS 118 participants were involved in this study. There were significant differences in anxiety (F(1,116) = 34.361, p < 0.001, partial eta-squared = 0.229) and psychological flexibility between the two groups (F(1,116) = 11.010, p = 0.001, partial eta-squared = 0.087), while there were no differences in depression, stress, mindfulness, or fear of COVID-19. CONCLUSION The results of this study corroborate the efficacy of online single-session mindfulness therapy as a viable short-term psychological intervention under financial and time constraints. Since university students are in the age group with the highest incidence of depressive and anxiety disorders, it is crucial to utilize resources to address as many students as possible to ensure maximum benefit.
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Ang CS, Lee KW, Voon SP, Ho MC, Tan CE, Ching SM, Ooi PB. Validation of Malay Version of the COVID-19 Burnout Scale. Oman Med J 2023; 38:e456. [PMID: 36937773 PMCID: PMC10015622 DOI: 10.5001/omj.2023.20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives From early 2020, Malaysia had to implement nationwide lockdowns, quarantines, and other social distancing practices to contain the spread of COVID-19 virus, leading to symptoms of psychosocial burnout among the people. The aim of the present research is to develop and validate a Malay language version of the COVID-19 Burnout Scale (M-COVID-19-BS). Methods This three-phase study was conducted among Malaysian population. Phase 1 involved forward and backward translations of the Scale to Malay language by four professional bilingual translators. In Phase 2, the new M-COVID-19-BS instrument was piloted on 30 participants who suggested minor lexical modifications. Phase 3 consisted of online recruiting of Malaysian citizens to answer a composite questionnaire comprising the M-COVID-19-BS, Copenhagen Burnout Inventory (CBI), World Health Organization Quality of Life Scale Abbreviated Version (WHOQOL-BREF), and Fear of COVID-19 Scale (FCV-19S). Data were statistically analyzed. Results The composite four-part questionnaire in Malay was answered by N = 225 Malaysian citizens. The M-COVID-19-BS instrument demonstrated a good internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha = 0.926) and had a unidimensional factor structure. M-COVID-19-BS scores positively correlated with the three CBI subscales, showing evidence of convergent validity. Negative correlation was reported between M-COVID-19-BS and WHOQOL-BREF, achieving discriminant validity. M-COVID-19-BS also exhibited moderate positive correlations with the FCV-19S, thus supporting its concurrent validity. Conclusions Results demonstrate that M-COVID-19-BS is a valid and reliable instrument to assess burnout symptoms related to COVID-19 among Malay-speaking populations either collectively or as a self-care tool to detect burnout symptoms without needing to further burden the already overwhelmed Malaysian healthcare system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chin Siang Ang
- Centre for Population Health Sciences, Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Mandalay Rd, Singapore
| | - Kai Wei Lee
- Department of Pre-Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Kajang, Malaysia
- Centre for Research on Communicable Diseases, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Kajang, Malaysia
| | - Siok Ping Voon
- Programme of Psychology, Faculty of Cognitive Sciences and Human Development, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, Sarawak, Malaysia
| | - Meng Chuan Ho
- Department of General Studies, Faculty of Social Sciences and Liberal Arts, UCSI University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Chai Eng Tan
- Department of Family Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Siew Mooi Ching
- Department of Family Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
- Centre for Research, Bharath Institute of Higher Education and Research, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Pei Boon Ooi
- Department of Medical Sciences, School of Medical and Life Sciences, Sunway University, Selangor, Malaysia
- Department of General Studies, School of Interdisciplinary Studies, Sunway University, Selangor, Malaysia
- Future Cities Research Institute, Sunway University, Selangor, Malaysia
- Corresponding author:
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Çıkrıkçı Ö, Çıkrıkçı N, Griffiths M. Fear of COVID-19, stress and depression: A meta-analytic test of the mediating role of anxiety. Psychol Psychother 2022; 95:853-874. [PMID: 35670451 PMCID: PMC9348301 DOI: 10.1111/papt.12406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The COVID-19 pandemic has negatively affected the lives of millions of individuals physiologically, behaviorally, socially, and/or psychologically. Moreover, there is now much empirical evidence that mental health problems have increased during the pandemic period and these problems have various consequences. The changes in the mood states of individuals due to the pandemic underpins the rationale of the present study. The aim of the study was to identify the cross-sectional associations between fear of COVID-19, stress, anxiety, and depression by using two stage-meta-analytic structural equation modeling (TS-MASEM). DESIGN This is a meta-analytic structural equation modelling study. METHOD A systematic literature review initially identified 4840 studies. As a result of applying inclusion and exclusion criteria, 25 studies comprising 28 samples (reporting 120 effect sizes) were eligible for inclusion in the current TS-MASEM (N = 16,452). RESULTS The results showed significant associations between fear of COVID-19, stress, anxiety, and depression. Additionally, the mediation role of anxiety in the association between depression and fear of COVID-19 and stress was explored. CONCLUSIONS Although the results did not allow for causal inferences regarding depression, they provide insight into the possible consequences of fear of COVID-19 and comorbid problems for clinicians and researchers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Özkan Çıkrıkçı
- Department of Educational Sciences, Faculty of EducationTokat Gaziosmanpaşa UniversityTokatTurkey
| | - Neslihan Çıkrıkçı
- Department of Child Education, Pazar Vocational School of Higher EducationTokat Gaziosmanpaşa UniversityTokatTurkey
| | - Mark Griffiths
- International Gaming Research Unit, Psychology DepartmentNottingham Trent UniversityNottinghamUK
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Sanchez K, da Graca B, Hall LR, Bennett MM, Powers MB, Warren AM. The Pandemic Experience for People with Depressive Symptoms: Substance Use, Finances, Access to Treatment, and Trusted Sources of Information. Subst Abuse 2022; 16:11782218221126973. [PMID: 36188442 PMCID: PMC9520161 DOI: 10.1177/11782218221126973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Background Mental health impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic are well recognized, but little is known about the pandemic experience among people experiencing mental health symptoms. Methods In June 2020, a national sample of 5023 U.S. adults, including 785 scoring ⩾10 on the PHQ-8 for symptoms of depression, completed survey measures related to their pandemic experience. Results After adjusting for sociodemographic characteristics, aspects of the COVID-19 pandemic experience for which participants scoring PHQ-8 ⩾ 10 had the greatest increase in odds of reporting moderate/severe negative impacts included: mental health treatment access (odds ratio [OR], 95% confidence interval [CI] = 8.81, 6.70-11.57), family stress/discord (OR, 95% CI = 5.21, 4.24-6.42), food access (OR, 95% CI = 3.76, 2.97-4.77), and income/employment (OR, 95% CI = 3.19, 2.66-3.83). They were also significantly more likely to report increased use of prescription painkillers (OR, 95% CI = 8.46, 4.50-15.92) and other drugs (OR, 95% CI = 4.43, 2.85-6.89), and less trust in healthcare authorities/providers, family/friends, and employers, and more trust in websites/blogs/social media, for COVID-19 information (P-values < .05). Conclusions The interplay among depressive symptoms, substance use, lack of trust in healthcare authorities, and negative impact of the pandemic on family, finances, and access to mental health treatment and food indicate the need for robust social and behavioral health safety nets to buffer communities from the shadow epidemics of depression, family violence, and overdose deaths during public health disasters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Sanchez
- Baylor Scott & White Research Institute, Dallas, TX, USA
- University of Texas at Arlington, School of Social Work, Arlington, TX, USA
| | | | - Lauren R Hall
- Baylor Scott & White Research Institute, Dallas, TX, USA
| | | | - Mark B Powers
- Baylor Scott & White Research Institute, Dallas, TX, USA
- Baylor University Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
- Texas A&M University—College of Medicine, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Ann Marie Warren
- Baylor Scott & White Research Institute, Dallas, TX, USA
- Baylor University Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
- Texas A&M University—College of Medicine, Dallas, TX, USA
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Wasimin FS, Thum SCC, Tseu MWL, Kamu A, Ho CM, Pang NTP, Chung S, Wider W. Adaptation and Validation of the Malay Version of the SAVE-9 Viral Epidemic Anxiety Scale for Healthcare Workers. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:10673. [PMID: 36078389 PMCID: PMC9518499 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191710673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Viral epidemics have surfaced frequently over the past quarter-century, with multiple manifestations of psychological distress. This study sought to establish the psychometric properties of the Malay version of SAVE-9 among healthcare workers. A total of 203 healthcare workers across Malaysia participated in the research. The Malay version of SAVE-9 was translated and back-translated using the WHO instrument validation protocols. Classical Test Theory (CTT) and Rasch analysis were used to assess the validity and reliability of the Malay version of the SAVE-9 scale. The analysis was run using IBM SPSS 26.0 and JAPS. Cronbach's alpha was used to measure the internal consistency of SAVE-9, which was found to be satisfactory (Cronbach's α = 0.795). The correlations between the SAVE-9 and other measured scales (GAD-7 and PHQ-9) were statistically significant. A score of 22 was defined as a cut-off point with good sensitivity (0.578) and specificity (0.165). The Malay version of the Stress and Anxiety to Viral Epidemics-9 (SAVE-9) scale is valid and reliable after testing among healthcare workers. It is psychometrically suitable to be used in assessing healthcare workers' stress and anxiety specific to viral epidemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatin Syafiqah Wasimin
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu 88400, Sabah, Malaysia
| | - Sean Chern Choong Thum
- Department of Psychiatry, Universiti Putra Malaysia Teaching Hospital, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mathias Wen Leh Tseu
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu 88400, Sabah, Malaysia
| | - Assis Kamu
- Faculty of Science and Natural Resources, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu 88400, Sabah, Malaysia
| | - Chong Mun Ho
- Faculty of Science and Natural Resources, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu 88400, Sabah, Malaysia
| | - Nicholas Tze Ping Pang
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu 88400, Sabah, Malaysia
| | - Seockhoon Chung
- Department of Psychiatry, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Korea
| | - Walton Wider
- Faculty of Business and Communications, INTI International University, Nilai 71800, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia
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Zivkovic Zaric R, Zaric M, Canovic P, Jankovic S, Stojadinovic M, Zornic N, Nesic J, Spasic M, Jovanovic D, Jug M, Jakovljevic S, Pejcic A. Validation of the fear of COVID-19 scale in a central Balkan country - Serbia. Front Public Health 2022; 10:972668. [PMID: 36081473 PMCID: PMC9445217 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.972668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Validation of the fear of introduction High levels of fear of COVID-19 may be associated with increased levels of stress, anxiety, and depression, as well as decreased resilience and life expectancy. Objective This study aimed to translate and confirm the Serbian version of the Fear of COVID-19 scale as well as to investigate its psychometric properties. Methods The translation and intercultural adaptation of the Fear of COVID-19 scale was performed by the leading standard of the International Society for Pharmacoeconomics and Outcome Research. When the distribution was normal, the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used. The reliability of the Serbian version of FCV-19S was tested by measuring the internal consistency through the value of Cronbach's alpha. Results The original version of the Fear of COVID-19 scale was tested on a sample of 256 subjects with a mean age of 25.38 ± 12.47. The Cronbach's alpha value was 0.864. We divided the scale by the split-half method (Spearman-Brown), and the value of the coefficient for the questionnaire as a whole was 0.882. Divergent criterion validity was tested through the non-parametric correlation between the scores of the Fear of COVID-19 scale and the Fear of Hospitalization scale. A score of the Fear of COVID-19 scale was calculated as the sum of each question for each of the respondents. Convergent criterion validity was tested through the non-parametric correlation between the scores of the Fear of COVID-19 scale and the Emotional Regulation Questionnaire. Conclusion The validated version of the scale in Serbia complements versions available in other cultures and other languages and facilitates global studies related to mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Milan Zaric
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia,*Correspondence: Milan Zaric
| | - Petar Canovic
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Slobodan Jankovic
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia,Clinical Center Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Milorad Stojadinovic
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia,Clinical Center Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Nenad Zornic
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia,Clinical Center Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Jelena Nesic
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia,Clinical Center Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Marko Spasic
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia,Clinical Center Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Dalibor Jovanovic
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Martina Jug
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia,Clinical Center Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Stefan Jakovljevic
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia,Clinical Center Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Ana Pejcic
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
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Balázs PG, Mitev A, Brodszky V. Parallel exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis of the Hungarian Fear of COVID-19 Scale in a large general population sample: a psychometric and dimensionality evaluation. BMC Public Health 2022; 22:1438. [PMID: 35902834 PMCID: PMC9333073 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-022-13789-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aims to confirm validity and reliability of the Hungarian version of Fear of COVID-19 Scale (FCV-19S) and evaluate its dimensional structure. METHODS Cross-sectional survey was carried out in 2021 among Hungarian general population. In addition to classical test theory methods, construct dimensionality of FCV-19S was assessed using EFA with principal axis factoring method and CFA with diagonally-weighted least squares estimation. Fear score was compared in age, gender, educational level, vaccination and infection subgroups. RESULTS Significant differences in FCV-19S mean scores were observed between three subgroups (age, gender, vaccination). Items showed good internal consistency (Cronbach α = 0.88). EFA identified two latent factors (eig = 4.2 and 1.02), though parallel analysis supports the one-factor model. The two-dimensional structure was confirmed by CFA, items 3,4,6,7 correlated with Factor 1 (physiological fear), items 1,2,5 with Factor 2 (emotional fear). CONCLUSION The Hungarian version of FCV-19S seems valid and reliable. The EFA identified two-latent factors (emotional and physiological fear), that was confirmed by CFA. The two-factor structure had better model fit, though its' acceptance is limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Péter György Balázs
- Corvinus University of Budapest, Budapest, Hungary
- Corvinus University of Budapest, Doctoral School of Business and Management, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ariel Mitev
- Corvinus University of Budapest, Budapest, Hungary
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Pang NTP, Hadi NMN, Mohaini MI, Kamu A, Ho CM, Koh EBY, Loo JL, Theng DQL, Wider W. Factors Contributing to Burnout among Healthcare Workers during COVID-19 in Sabah (East Malaysia). Healthcare (Basel) 2022; 10:healthcare10061068. [PMID: 35742119 PMCID: PMC9222411 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare10061068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2022] [Revised: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The third wave of COVID-19 in Malaysia has significantly strained the healthcare system of the country and increased the level of burnout among the healthcare workers (HCWs) in the country. Therefore, this study aimed to identify the various factors associated with burnout among HCWs. A cross-sectional study was conducted among 150 HWCs in Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia. An online survey was administered using the Copenhagen Burnout Inventory, Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support, Brief COPE, and Fear of COVID-19 scales. Pearson correlations were assessed amongst all variables. Subsequently, a multiple linear regression analysis was performed using burnout dimensions as dependent variables. Multiple linear regression results showed: (a) lower work-related burnout (β = −0.217, p < 0.01) among married HCWs; (b) higher personal-related burnout (β = 0.228, p < 0.01), work-related burnout (β = 0.425, p < 0.01), and client-related burnout (β = 0.359, p < 0.01) among doctors; (c) fear towards COVID-19 was significantly associated with client-related burnout (β = 0.243, p < 0.01); (d) an avoidant coping strategy was significantly associated with personal-related burnout (β = 0.322, p < 0.01); (e) social support from family was significantly associated with personal-related burnout (β = −0.264, p < 0.01), work-related burnout (β = −0.186, p < 0.05), and client-related burnout (β = −0.326, p < 0.01);(f) and social support from friends was significantly associated with work-related burnout (β = −0.202, p < 0.05). This study demonstrated significant theoretical contributions and clinical implications in the healthcare system in Sabah by addressing the impact of various factors on burnout among HWCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Tze Ping Pang
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu 88400, Sabah, Malaysia; (N.T.P.P.); (A.K.); (C.M.H.); (J.L.L.); (D.Q.L.T.)
| | - Noor Melissa Nor Hadi
- Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Hospital Tunku Fauziah, Kangar 01000, Perlis, Malaysia
- Correspondence: (N.M.N.H.); (W.W.)
| | - Mohd Iqbal Mohaini
- Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Hospital Tawau, Tawau 91007, Sabah, Malaysia;
| | - Assis Kamu
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu 88400, Sabah, Malaysia; (N.T.P.P.); (A.K.); (C.M.H.); (J.L.L.); (D.Q.L.T.)
| | - Chong Mun Ho
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu 88400, Sabah, Malaysia; (N.T.P.P.); (A.K.); (C.M.H.); (J.L.L.); (D.Q.L.T.)
| | - Eugene Boon Yau Koh
- Department of Psychiatry, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia;
| | - Jiann Lin Loo
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu 88400, Sabah, Malaysia; (N.T.P.P.); (A.K.); (C.M.H.); (J.L.L.); (D.Q.L.T.)
| | - Debbie Quah Lye Theng
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu 88400, Sabah, Malaysia; (N.T.P.P.); (A.K.); (C.M.H.); (J.L.L.); (D.Q.L.T.)
| | - Walton Wider
- Faculty of Business and Communication, INTI International University, Nilai 71800, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia
- Correspondence: (N.M.N.H.); (W.W.)
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12
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Ang CS, Lee KW, Ho MC, Voon SP, Ching SM, Tan CE, Hoo FK, Ooi PB. Validation of the Malay Version of the COVID-19 Anxiety Scale in Malaysia. Malays J Med Sci 2022; 29:122-132. [PMID: 35846496 PMCID: PMC9249424 DOI: 10.21315/mjms2022.29.3.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Malaysians are disillusioned with the increased number of COVID-19 infection cases and the prolonged lockdown period. As a result of COVID-19 mitigation measurements, Malaysians are experiencing emotional and psychological consequences such as anxiety. Thus, there is an urgent need to have an instrument that could serve as a tool to assess the psychological impact of COVID-19 among Malaysians rapidly. Methods This study aimed to adapt and validate the Malay version of the COVID-19 Anxiety Scale (M-CAS) among Malaysian adults. The back-to-back translation was done to produce a M-CAS. Following face validation, M-CAS was self-administered to 225 participants from Malaysia via an online survey. The participants also completed the Generalised Anxiety Disorder 7-item Scale (GAD-7), World Health Organization Quality of Life Scale, Abbreviated Version (WHOQOL-BREF) and the Fear of COVID-19 Scale (FCV-19S). Data analysis was conducted using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences and Analysis of a Moment Structures. The psychometric properties of the M-CAS were examined via Cronbach alpha and confirmatory factor analysis. M-CAS scores were compared with the other tools to provide external validity. Results The statistical analysis revealed that the M-CAS demonstrated adequate internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha = 0.890) and presented with a unidimensional factor structure. M-CAS scores were strongly correlated with GAD-7 (r = 0.511, P < 0.001) and FCV-19S (r = 0.652, P < 0.001). Lack of correlation between M-CAS and WHOQOL-BREF showed that M-CAS scores did not reflect perceived quality of life. Conclusion The M-CAS is a valid and reliable tool in the Malay language that can be self-administered among Malaysians to assess anxiety levels induced by COVID-19. The M-CAS has only 7 items and utilised little time in real-life clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chin Siang Ang
- School of Psychology, TMC Academy, Singapore,Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Kai Wei Lee
- Department of Pre-Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Selangor, Malaysia,Centre for Research on Communicable Diseases, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Meng Chuan Ho
- Department of General Studies, Faculty of Social Sciences and Liberal Arts, UCSI University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Siok Ping Voon
- Programme of Psychology, Faculty of Cognitive Sciences and Human Development, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, Sarawak, Malaysia
| | - Siew Mooi Ching
- Department of Family Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia,Malaysian Research Institute on Ageing, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia,Department of Medical Sciences, School of Medical and Life Sciences, Sunway University, Selangor, Malaysia,Centre for Research, Bharath Institute of Higher Education and Research, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Chai Eng Tan
- Department of Family Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Fan Kee Hoo
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Pei Boon Ooi
- Department of Medical Sciences, School of Medical and Life Sciences, Sunway University, Selangor, Malaysia
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13
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Relationships between Coping Styles, Emotional Distress, and Fear of COVID-19 among Workers in the Oil and Gas Industry in Malaysia during the COVID-19 Pandemic. SUSTAINABILITY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/su14095398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has had serious impacts on psychological health globally. However, very little is currently known regarding the link between fear of COVID-19 with psychological health and various coping styles, especially among oil and gas workers. This study aims to assess the prevalence of depression and anxiety among oil and gas workers, and subsequently examine the role of sociodemographic and occupational variables, various coping styles, and emotional distress in contributing to fear of COVID-19. A total of 299 oil and gas workers participated in this study. The DASS-21, Brief COPE, and Fear of COVID-19 (FCV-19) were used to assess the research variables. The descriptive analyses of DASS-21 indicated a prevalence of 26.8%, 33.5%, and 17.1% for depression, anxiety, and stress, respectively, among oil and gas workers. The results also indicated that all types of coping styles (problem-oriented, emotion-oriented, and dysfunctional-oriented) were significant predictors of fear of COVID-19. Sociodemographic and occupational variables and emotional distress variables were not significant predictors of fear of COVID-19. The study suggests how crucial it is for occupational mental health surveillance and prompt intervention for oil and gas workers.
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Alimoradi Z, Ohayon MM, Griffiths MD, Lin CY, Pakpour AH. Fear of COVID-19 and its association with mental health-related factors: systematic review and meta-analysis. BJPsych Open 2022; 8:e73. [PMID: 35307051 PMCID: PMC8943231 DOI: 10.1192/bjo.2022.26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The severity of COVID-19 remains high worldwide. Therefore, millions of individuals are likely to suffer from fear of COVID-19 and related mental health factors. AIMS The present systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to synthesize empirical evidence to understand fear of COVID-19 and its associations with mental health-related problems during this pandemic period. METHOD Relevant studies were searched for on five databases (Scopus, ProQuest, EMBASE, PubMed Central, and ISI Web of Knowledge), using relevant terms (COVID-19-related fear, anxiety, depression, mental health-related factors, mental well-being and sleep problems). All studies were included for analyses irrespective of their methodological quality, and the impact of quality on pooled effect size was examined by subgroup analysis. RESULTS The meta-analysis pooled data from 91 studies comprising 88 320 participants (mean age 38.88 years; 60.66% females) from 36 countries. The pooled estimated mean of fear of COVID-19 was 13.11 (out of 35), using the Fear of COVID-19 Scale. The associations between fear of COVID-19 and mental health-related factors were mostly moderate (Fisher's z = 0.56 for mental health-related factors; 0.54 for anxiety; 0.42 for stress; 0.40 for depression; 0.29 for sleep problems and -0.24 for mental well-being). Methodological quality did not affect these associations. CONCLUSIONS Fear of COVID-19 has associations with various mental health-related factors. Therefore, programmes for reducing fear of COVID-19 and improving mental health are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zainab Alimoradi
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Research Institute for Prevention of Non-Communicable Diseases, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Iran
| | - Maurice M. Ohayon
- Stanford Sleep Epidemiology Research Center (SSERC), School of Medicine, Stanford University, California, USA
| | - Mark D. Griffiths
- International Gaming Research Unit, Department of Psychology, Nottingham Trent University, UK
| | - Chung-Ying Lin
- Institute of Allied Health Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan; Biostatistics Consulting Center, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan; Department of Public Health, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan; and Department of Occupational Therapy, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan
| | - Amir H. Pakpour
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Research Institute for Prevention of Non-Communicable Diseases, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Iran; and Department of Nursing, School of Health and Welfare, Jönköping University, Sweden
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15
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Alimoradi Z, Lin CY, Ullah I, Griffiths MD, Pakpour AH. Item Response Theory Analysis of the Fear of COVID-19 Scale (FCV-19S): A Systematic Review. Psychol Res Behav Manag 2022; 15:581-596. [PMID: 35300204 PMCID: PMC8922366 DOI: 10.2147/prbm.s350660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The COVID-19 pandemic is still ongoing and is not yet under control. Evidence regarding the impacts of COVID-19 on psychological distress has been widely reported worldwide, and one of the primary concerns regarding psychological distress is fear (ie, fear of COVID-19). Therefore, having a robust instrument for assessing fear of COVID-19 is important. The present systematic review aimed to synthesize the psychometric evidence evaluated using item response theory (IRT) on the Fear of COVID-19 Scale (FCV-19S). Methods Utilizing the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, four academic databases (Scopus, PubMed Central, ProQuest, and ISI Web of Knowledge) were used to search target papers. Keywords used for search were "Fear of COVID-19 Scale" and its abbreviation (ie, "FCV-19S") and IRT-related terms. The COnsensus-based Standards for the selection of health status Measurement INstruments (COSMIN) checklist was then applied to evaluate the methodological quality of the reviewed papers. Moreover, psychometric properties using IRT methods were synthesized using a qualitative method. Results The initial search resulted in 552 papers (73 duplicates) and 479 were screened based on their titles and abstracts. Finally, 16 papers were included for review regarding their methodological quality (via COSMIN) to synthesize the psychometric evidence for FCV-19S. The 16 papers included 21 countries with 16 language versions of FCV-19S. Conclusion All the psychometric evidence indicated that the seven items in the FCV-19S fit with the concept of fear. The FCV-19S is a strong and valid instrument for assessing fear across different languages. The seven items in the FCV-19S appear to be unidimensional in assessing fear, which indicates that all items are necessary in the FCV-19S.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zainab Alimoradi
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Research Institute for Prevention of Non-Communicable Diseases, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
| | - Chung-Ying Lin
- Institute of Allied Health Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Biostatistics Consulting Center, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Department of Public Health, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Department of Occupational Therapy, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Irfan Ullah
- Kabir Medical College, Gandhara University, Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Mark D Griffiths
- International Gaming Research Unit, Psychology Department, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
| | - Amir H Pakpour
- Department of Nursing, School of Health and Welfare, Jönköping University, Jönköping, Sweden
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Giolo SR, Giordani RCF, Zanoni da Silva M, Dias PCA, Estavela A, Ismael Mabuie J. Cross-cultural measurement invariance of the fear of COVID-19 scale in three Portuguese-speaking countries. J Health Psychol 2022; 27:2997-3012. [DOI: 10.1177/13591053221076578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This study evaluated the measurement invariance of the Portuguese version of the Fear of COVID-19 Scale (FCV-19S) across three countries: Brazil (South America), Mozambique (East Africa), and Portugal (Southwest Europe). A total of 8694 participants were recruited through convenience sampling (7430 Brazilians, 387 Mozambicans, and 877 Portuguese adults). The unidimensional structure of the FCV-19S fitted well with each country’s data. Multigroup confirmatory factor analysis showed that the FCV-19S was partially invariant across countries and fully invariant across gender and age groups, thus providing a solid basis for cross-group comparisons. Structural invariance tests revealed different levels of fear across countries and genders but not across age groups.
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17
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Scoppetta O, Cassiani-Miranda CA, Arismendy-López YA, Tirado-Otálvaro AF. Psychometric Properties of an Instrument to Assess the Fear of COVID-19 in a Sample in Argentina: a Mixed Approach. Int J Ment Health Addict 2022; 21:1-14. [PMID: 35069043 PMCID: PMC8759603 DOI: 10.1007/s11469-021-00742-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The FCV-19S was the first instrument designed to assess the severity of fear related to COVID-19 and has already been validated in many languages. The objective of this study was to evaluate the homogeneity and construct validity of the 5-item version of the FCV19S, using an online questionnaire in 599 people. The participants' age ranged from 18 to 65 years. Age, gender, marital status, educational level, employment status, and socioeconomic status were analyzed. In the evaluation process we assessed interitem correlation, item rest-correlation, confirmatory factor analysis: Root Mean Square Error of Approximation, Comparative Fix Index, Tucker-Lewis Index; internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha, McDonald's omega), and the Rasch model was assessed for learning more about the psychometric properties of the scale, which allows a detailed knowledge of the strengths and weaknesses of a scale. The FCV-5S has adequate psychometric indicators from the perspective of the Classical Theory of Items. The major limitations were using a self-reported measure and having a convenience sample not necessarily representative of the general population of Argentina.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Carlos Arturo Cassiani-Miranda
- Medicine Programme, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad de Santander (UDES), Calle 70 N° 55-210, Bucaramanga, Colombia
| | - Yinneth Andrea Arismendy-López
- Medicine Programme, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad de Santander (UDES), Calle 70 N° 55-210, Bucaramanga, Colombia
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Patelarou E, Galanis P, Mechili EA, Argyriadi A, Argyriadis A, Asimakopoulou E, Kicaj E, Bucaj J, Carmona-Torres JM, Cobo-Cuenca AI, Doležel J, Finotto S, Jarošová D, Kalokairinou A, Mecugni D, Pulomenaj V, Malaj K, Sopjani I, Zahaj M, Patelarou A. Assessment of COVID-19 Fear in Five European Countries before Mass Vaccination and Key Predictors among Nurses and Nursing Students. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10010098. [PMID: 35062759 PMCID: PMC8778275 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10010098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Revised: 01/02/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Levels of fear have increased since the COVID-19 pandemic outbreak. The absence of a safe and effective vaccine for mass-vaccination deteriorates this situation, which has a significant impact on mental health. This study aimed to assess the feelings of fear among nurses and nursing students in five European countries. Methods: A multicenter cross-sectional study was conducted in five European countries (Greece, Albania, Cyprus, Spain, and Kosovo) before the start of mass vaccination in Europe. Data collection was conducted in December 2020–January 2021 using an online questionnaire for nursing students and professional nurses. Fear of COVID-19 Scale (FCV-19S) was used for measuring levels of fear. IBM SPSS version 21.0 was used for statistical analysis. Results: The study population included 1135 nurses and 1920 nursing students from Kosovo (n = 1085), Spain (n = 663), Greece (n = 534), Albania (n = 529), and Cyprus (n = 244). According to multivariable analysis, females (OR = 2.53, 95% CI = 1.89–3.15), married (OR = 0.86, 95% CI = 0.24–1.48), nurses (OR = 0.87, 95% CI = 0.28–1.45) and those with a chronic disease (OR = 0.86, 95% CI = 0.11–1.62) were more fearful of COVID-19. Conclusions: It is important to decrease fear in the population of nurses who are at the frontlines of the pandemic. The provision of appropriate education and training activities for nurses and students to manage their stress levels is of high importance. Future studies should focus on levels of fear after the administration of several safe and effective vaccines worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evridiki Patelarou
- Department of Nursing, School of Health Sciences, Hellenic Mediterranean University, 714 10 Crete, Greece;
- Correspondence:
| | - Petros Galanis
- Clinical Epidemiology Laboratory, Department of Nursing, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 157 72 Athens, Greece; (P.G.); (A.K.)
| | - Enkeleint A. Mechili
- Clinic of Social and Family Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Crete, 700 13 Crete, Greece;
- Department of Healthcare, Faculty of Health, University of Vlora, 9401 Vlora, Albania; (E.K.); (J.B.); (M.Z.)
| | - Agathi Argyriadi
- Department of Psychology and Social Sciences, Frederick University, Nicosia 3080, Cyprus;
| | | | | | - Emirjona Kicaj
- Department of Healthcare, Faculty of Health, University of Vlora, 9401 Vlora, Albania; (E.K.); (J.B.); (M.Z.)
| | - Jorgjia Bucaj
- Department of Healthcare, Faculty of Health, University of Vlora, 9401 Vlora, Albania; (E.K.); (J.B.); (M.Z.)
| | - Juan Manuel Carmona-Torres
- IMCU Group, Faculty of Physiotherapy and Nursing, University of Castilla-La Mancha, 45004 Toledo, Spain; (J.M.C.-T.); (A.I.C.-C.)
| | - Ana Isabel Cobo-Cuenca
- IMCU Group, Faculty of Physiotherapy and Nursing, University of Castilla-La Mancha, 45004 Toledo, Spain; (J.M.C.-T.); (A.I.C.-C.)
| | - Jakub Doležel
- Department of Nursing and Midwifery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ostrava, 701 03 Ostrava, Czech Republic; (J.D.); (D.J.)
| | - Stefano Finotto
- Department of Surgery, Medicine, Dentistry and Morphological Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41121 Reggio Emilia, Italy; (S.F.); (D.M.)
- Degree Course in Nursing, Azienda USL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, 41121 Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Darja Jarošová
- Department of Nursing and Midwifery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ostrava, 701 03 Ostrava, Czech Republic; (J.D.); (D.J.)
| | - Athina Kalokairinou
- Clinical Epidemiology Laboratory, Department of Nursing, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 157 72 Athens, Greece; (P.G.); (A.K.)
| | - Daniela Mecugni
- Department of Surgery, Medicine, Dentistry and Morphological Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41121 Reggio Emilia, Italy; (S.F.); (D.M.)
| | - Velide Pulomenaj
- Faculty of Nursing, AAB College, P.O. Box 10000 Pristina, Kosovo; (V.P.); (I.S.)
| | - Krenar Malaj
- Research Centre of Public Health, Faculty of Health, University of Vlora, 9401 Vlora, Albania;
| | - Idriz Sopjani
- Faculty of Nursing, AAB College, P.O. Box 10000 Pristina, Kosovo; (V.P.); (I.S.)
| | - Majlinda Zahaj
- Department of Healthcare, Faculty of Health, University of Vlora, 9401 Vlora, Albania; (E.K.); (J.B.); (M.Z.)
| | - Athina Patelarou
- Department of Nursing, School of Health Sciences, Hellenic Mediterranean University, 714 10 Crete, Greece;
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Ito Y, Kako J, Kajiwara K, Kimura Y, Kakeda T, Hamanishi S, Sasaki S, Yamanaka M, Kiyohara H, Wakiguchi Y, Endo Y, Harada K, Koga Y, Ishida M, Nishida Y, Kobayashi M, Tsubaki M. Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the mental health of nursing students in Japan: a cross-sectional study. Environ Health Prev Med 2022; 27:40. [PMID: 36244760 PMCID: PMC9640737 DOI: 10.1265/ehpm.22-00128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/11/2022] [Indexed: 08/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The effect of the prolonged coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic on the mental health of nursing students is unclear. This study assesses the prevalence of anxiety, depression, and insomnia among nursing students in Japan during the pandemic and determines the risk factors associated with such symptoms. METHODS An online survey-based cross-sectional study was conducted from August 16 to October 16, 2021. Participants were first- to fourth-year nursing students enrolled in undergraduate programs at the eight universities in Japan. Anxiety, depression, and insomnia were assessed using the Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7, Patient Health Questionnaire-9, and Insomnia Severity Index-7, respectively. We calculated descriptive statistics for each measurement item and performed univariate and logistic regression analyses to evaluate the potential risk factors. RESULTS We received responses from 1,222 of 3,056 nursing students (response rate: 40.0%). After 25 participants were excluded due to missing outcome values, 1,197 students (valid response rate: 98.0%) were included in the analysis. The prevalence of anxiety, depression, and insomnia was 4.8%, 12.4%, and 18.0%, respectively. The risk of anxiety was lower among participants who did not have any relatives or friends who had been infected with SARS-CoV-2 than among those who did (aOR 0.36, 95% CI 0.14-0.94). The risk of depression was higher among participants whose financial status had worsened during the pandemic than among those whose financial status had not changed (aOR 3.44; 95% CI 1.98-5.96). Common factors that increased the risk of anxiety, depression, and insomnia were life satisfaction and fear of COVID-19. CONCLUSION Mental health-related symptoms among nursing students in Japan have not necessarily worsened with the spread of COVID-19 but were exacerbated by the intensity of changes in daily living and fear, which are psychosocial effects associated with the pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiyasu Ito
- College of Nursing Art and Science, University of Hyogo, Akashi 673-8588, Japan
- Graduate School of Health Sciences, Kobe University, Kobe 654-0142, Japan
| | - Jun Kako
- College of Nursing Art and Science, University of Hyogo, Akashi 673-8588, Japan
| | - Kohei Kajiwara
- Faculty of Nursing, Japanese Red Cross Kyushu International College of Nursing, Munakata 811-4157, Japan
| | - Yasutaka Kimura
- Department of Nursing, Meio University, Nago 905-8585, Japan
| | | | - Seiji Hamanishi
- Faculty of Nursing, Kansai University of Social Welfare, Ako 678-0255, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Sasaki
- Department of Nursing Science, Okayama Prefectural University, Soja 719-1197, Japan
| | - Makoto Yamanaka
- School of Nursing, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute 480-1195, Japan
| | - Hana Kiyohara
- College of Nursing Art and Science, University of Hyogo, Akashi 673-8588, Japan
| | - Yuki Wakiguchi
- College of Nursing Art and Science, University of Hyogo, Akashi 673-8588, Japan
| | - Yoji Endo
- Faculty of Nursing, Kansai University of Social Welfare, Ako 678-0255, Japan
| | - Kimie Harada
- Faculty of Nursing, Japanese Red Cross Kyushu International College of Nursing, Munakata 811-4157, Japan
| | - Yuji Koga
- Faculty of Nursing, Kawasaki University of Medical Welfare, Kurashiki 701-0193, Japan
| | - Michiko Ishida
- Faculty of Nursing, Kawasaki University of Medical Welfare, Kurashiki 701-0193, Japan
| | - Yoko Nishida
- Faculty of Nursing, Kawasaki University of Medical Welfare, Kurashiki 701-0193, Japan
| | - Masamitsu Kobayashi
- Graduate of Nursing Science, St. Luke’s International University, Tokyo 104-0044, Japan
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Stankovic M, Papp L, Nyúl B, Ivánkovits L, Pető Z, Töreki A. Adaptation and psychometric evaluation of Hungarian version of the Fear of COVID-19 Scale. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0261745. [PMID: 34965255 PMCID: PMC8716026 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0261745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background COVID-19 pandemic has had a global major healthcare, social and economic impact. In present study we aim to adapt the Fear of COVID-19 Scale to Hungarian. Materials and methods Forward-backward translation method was used to translate the English version of the scale to Hungarian. Participants were a convenience sample of 2175 university students and employees. The study was conducted between January 18th and February 12th 2021. The test battery included Hungarian versions of Fear of COVID-19 scale, short Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-H) and State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI). Results The scale showed one-factor structure, the loadings on the factor were significant and strong (from .47 to .84). Internal consistency was very good (α = .84). Construct validity for the Fear of COVID-19 Scale was supported by significant and positive correlations with STAI (r = 0.402; p < 0.001) and BDI-H (r = 0.270; p < 0.001). Conclusion The Hungarian version of Fear of COVID-19 Scale is a reliable and valid tool in assessing fear of coronavirus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona Stankovic
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Albert Szent-Györgyi Health Centre, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
- * E-mail:
| | - László Papp
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Albert Szent-Györgyi Health Centre, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Boglárka Nyúl
- Department of Social Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - László Ivánkovits
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Albert Szent-Györgyi Health Centre, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Pető
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Albert Szent-Györgyi Health Centre, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Annamária Töreki
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Albert Szent-Györgyi Health Centre, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
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Chia T, Oyeniran OI, Iorfa SK. Validation of the fear of the COVID-19 scale in Nigeria: Implications for public health practice. J Taibah Univ Med Sci 2021; 16:929-934. [PMID: 34803569 PMCID: PMC8590883 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtumed.2021.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The fear of the COVID-19 pandemic has affected a wide range of health-related attitudes and behaviours worldwide. However, within an African population, it is not clear how the fear of the COVID-19 pandemic may be particularly important for formulating public health policies and their consequent implementation. As a first step, it is important to validate a psychometrically sound instrument to assess the fear of the COVID-19 pandemic using an African population. This study presents a preliminary validation of the fear of the COVID-19 Scale (FCV-19S) using a sub-Saharan African population from Nigeria. Methods Three hundred and eighty-nine people responded from a total of 1000 invitees. The participants were requested to fill a web-based (Google forms) FCV-19S questionnaire. The responses, together with their socio-demographic data, were analysed using descriptive statistics and a confirmatory factor analysis. Results The age of the participants ranged between 21 and 30 years (mean 25.84 years). The study participants comprised 220 males (56.6%) and 169 females (43.4%). The factor loadings of all seven items of the FCV-19S questionnaire reached statistical significance and, therefore, were retained. The confirmatory factor analysis indicated that the two-factor structure of the FCV-19S questionnaire was a better fit for the Nigerian subpopulation under consideration. Cronbach's alphas for both subscales were acceptable. Conclusions The FCV-19S is a valid, suitable, and effective tool for the African population. Additionally, the implications of its use for public health practice in Africa are essential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terkuma Chia
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Nile University of Nigeria, Abuja, Nigeria
| | - Oluwatosin I Oyeniran
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Nile University of Nigeria, Abuja, Nigeria
| | - Steven K Iorfa
- Department of Psychology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria
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Hall LR, Sanchez K, da Graca B, Bennett MM, Powers M, Warren AM. Income Differences and COVID-19: Impact on Daily Life and Mental Health. Popul Health Manag 2021; 25:384-391. [PMID: 34652228 DOI: 10.1089/pop.2021.0214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has caused disproportionate suffering among vulnerable and socioeconomically disadvantaged portions of the population. Low-income and minority populations are likely to experience disparate disease and mental health burdens. Currently, there is little evidence regarding how the experience of the early months of the US COVID-19 outbreak differed by income level, and how that related to mental health symptoms. The present study used data from a national sample of US adults (n = 5023) who completed measures related to the COVID experience, the COVID-19 Fear Scale, the Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7), and the Patient Health Questionnaire-8 (PHQ-8). Multivariable regression was performed to determine whether income level (low: <$45,000 vs high: ≥$75,000) was significantly associated with COVID experience measures, PHQ-8, GAD-7, and COVID fear scores. Among the low-income group, COVID-19 had a significantly greater negative impact on: family income/employment, access to food, access to mental health treatment, and stress and discord in the family. Participants in the low-income group also had greater odds of a PHQ-8 score ≥10 (odds ratio [OR] = 1.38, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.08, 1.77) and a GAD-7 score ≥10 (OR = 1.65, 95% CI 1.27, 2.14) compared to those in the high-income group. Study findings suggest substantial differences in how COVID-19 impacted daily life and mental health between adults living in low-income households compared to high-earning households during the early months of the pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren R Hall
- Research, Analytics, and Development Core, Baylor Scott & White Research Institute, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Katherine Sanchez
- Research, Analytics, and Development Core, Baylor Scott & White Research Institute, Dallas, Texas, USA.,University of Texas at Arlington, School of Social Work, Arlington, Texas, USA
| | - Briget da Graca
- Research, Analytics, and Development Core, Baylor Scott & White Research Institute, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Monica M Bennett
- Research, Analytics, and Development Core, Baylor Scott & White Research Institute, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Mark Powers
- Department of Trauma, Critical Care and Acute Care Surgery, Baylor University Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA.,Texas A&M University - College of Medicine, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Ann Marie Warren
- Research, Analytics, and Development Core, Baylor Scott & White Research Institute, Dallas, Texas, USA.,Department of Trauma, Critical Care and Acute Care Surgery, Baylor University Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA.,Texas A&M University - College of Medicine, Dallas, Texas, USA
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23
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Subhas N, Pang NTP, Chua WC, Kamu A, Ho CM, David IS, Goh WWL, Gunasegaran YI, Tan KA. The Cross-Sectional Relations of COVID-19 Fear and Stress to Psychological Distress among Frontline Healthcare Workers in Selangor, Malaysia. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph181910182. [PMID: 34639482 PMCID: PMC8508284 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph181910182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Previous pandemics have demonstrated short and long-term impacts on healthcare workers’ mental health, causing knock-on effects on patient care and professional functioning. Indeed, the present COVID-19 pandemic has created unprecedented disruption in social interactions and working conditions. Malaysia has been under the Recovery Movement Control Order since June 2020; however, with the upsurge of cases, healthcare workers face pressure not only from working in resource-deprived settings but also from the increasing patient load. The primary objective of the present study was to examine the cross-sectional relationship of COVID-19 fear and stress to psychological distress (operationalized as anxiety and depression) in healthcare workers. The present sample included 286 frontline healthcare workers from three hospitals in Selangor, Malaysia. Self-administered questionnaires containing sociodemographic and occupational items, the Malay versions of the Coronavirus Stress Measure scale, the Fear of Coronavirus-19 scale, the Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7, and the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 were distributed via online platforms. Hierarchical multiple regression findings suggest that age, shift work, and COVID-19 stress consistently predicted anxiety and depression among frontline healthcare workers after adjusting for sociodemographic and occupational variables. The present findings suggest that frontline healthcare workers are not only inoculated against COVID-19 itself but also against the psychological sequelae of the pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasha Subhas
- Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Hospital Tengku Ampuan Rahimah, Jalan Langat, Klang 41200, Malaysia;
- Correspondence: (N.S.); (N.T.-P.P.)
| | - Nicholas Tze-Ping Pang
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu 88400, Malaysia; (W.-C.C.); (A.K.); (C.-M.H.)
- Correspondence: (N.S.); (N.T.-P.P.)
| | - Wei-Cheng Chua
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu 88400, Malaysia; (W.-C.C.); (A.K.); (C.-M.H.)
| | - Assis Kamu
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu 88400, Malaysia; (W.-C.C.); (A.K.); (C.-M.H.)
| | - Chong-Mun Ho
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu 88400, Malaysia; (W.-C.C.); (A.K.); (C.-M.H.)
| | - Isabel Shamini David
- Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Hospital Banting, Banting 42700, Malaysia;
| | - William Wei-Liang Goh
- Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Hospital Segamat, KM6, Segamat 85000, Malaysia;
| | - Yogaraja Indran Gunasegaran
- Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Hospital Tengku Ampuan Rahimah, Jalan Langat, Klang 41200, Malaysia;
| | - Kit-Aun Tan
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia;
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24
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Pang NTP, James S, Giloi N, Rahim SSSA, Omar A, Jeffree MS, Hayati F, Lim MC, Kassim MAM, Ng JR. Relationships between Psychopathology, Psychological Process Variables, and Sociodemographic Variables and Comparison of Quarantined and Non-Quarantined Groups of Malaysian University Students in the COVID-19 Pandemic. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18189656. [PMID: 34574581 PMCID: PMC8467044 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18189656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has had considerable psychological health impacts across the globe. This study aimed to establish the psychological process variables underlying psychopathology in Malaysian public university students during the national Movement Control Order (MCO). The aim was to craft structured and sustainable psychological support programs with these students. We conducted a cross-sectional study involving Malaysian university students subjected to the Malaysian MCO. Structured questionnaires measuring sociodemographic factors, measures of depression, anxiety, stress, psychological mindedness, psychological flexibility and state mindfulness were employed. A total of 515 students participated in this study with 12 students (2.3%) being quarantined at the time. Many of them scored 'moderate' or above on the Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS) with 20.2%, 25.0% and 14.2%, respectively. Quarantined students had higher depressive symptoms, with female students scoring significantly higher for depression, anxiety, and stress. Multiple regressions suggested gender and quarantine status predicted depression scores. However, only gender significantly predicted anxiety and stress. Psychological flexibility and psychological mindedness (Insight subscale) are significantly correlated with depression, anxiety, and stress, with psychological mindedness predicting all three psychopathologies. This study demonstrates that gender, psychological flexibility, and psychological mindedness are key demographic and psychological factors impacting students. Targeting psychological flexibility and psychological mindedness may enable timely prevention and intervention programs for our students to support their mental and physical health as we move through, and out of, the pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Tze Ping Pang
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu 88400, Sabah, Malaysia; (N.T.P.P.); (S.J.); (N.G.); (S.S.S.A.R.); (A.O.); (M.S.J.); (F.H.); (M.C.L.); (J.R.N.)
| | - Sandi James
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu 88400, Sabah, Malaysia; (N.T.P.P.); (S.J.); (N.G.); (S.S.S.A.R.); (A.O.); (M.S.J.); (F.H.); (M.C.L.); (J.R.N.)
- Department of Social Work and Social Policy, School of Science, Health and Engineering, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Melbourne, VIC 3086, Australia
| | - Nelbon Giloi
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu 88400, Sabah, Malaysia; (N.T.P.P.); (S.J.); (N.G.); (S.S.S.A.R.); (A.O.); (M.S.J.); (F.H.); (M.C.L.); (J.R.N.)
| | - Syed Sharizman Syed Abdul Rahim
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu 88400, Sabah, Malaysia; (N.T.P.P.); (S.J.); (N.G.); (S.S.S.A.R.); (A.O.); (M.S.J.); (F.H.); (M.C.L.); (J.R.N.)
| | - Azizan Omar
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu 88400, Sabah, Malaysia; (N.T.P.P.); (S.J.); (N.G.); (S.S.S.A.R.); (A.O.); (M.S.J.); (F.H.); (M.C.L.); (J.R.N.)
| | - Mohammad Saffree Jeffree
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu 88400, Sabah, Malaysia; (N.T.P.P.); (S.J.); (N.G.); (S.S.S.A.R.); (A.O.); (M.S.J.); (F.H.); (M.C.L.); (J.R.N.)
| | - Firdaus Hayati
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu 88400, Sabah, Malaysia; (N.T.P.P.); (S.J.); (N.G.); (S.S.S.A.R.); (A.O.); (M.S.J.); (F.H.); (M.C.L.); (J.R.N.)
| | - Mei Ching Lim
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu 88400, Sabah, Malaysia; (N.T.P.P.); (S.J.); (N.G.); (S.S.S.A.R.); (A.O.); (M.S.J.); (F.H.); (M.C.L.); (J.R.N.)
| | - Mohd Amiruddin Mohd Kassim
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu 88400, Sabah, Malaysia; (N.T.P.P.); (S.J.); (N.G.); (S.S.S.A.R.); (A.O.); (M.S.J.); (F.H.); (M.C.L.); (J.R.N.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +60-16-8814058
| | - Jun Rong Ng
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu 88400, Sabah, Malaysia; (N.T.P.P.); (S.J.); (N.G.); (S.S.S.A.R.); (A.O.); (M.S.J.); (F.H.); (M.C.L.); (J.R.N.)
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25
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Ullah I, Jaguga F, Ransing R, Pereira-Sanchez V, Orsolini L, Ori D, de Filippis R, Pakpour AH, Adiukwu F, Kilic O, Hayatudeen N, Shoib S, Ojeahere MI, Nagendrappa S, Handuleh JI, Dashi E, Musami UB, Vahdani B, Ashrafi A, Jatchavala C, Abbass Z, El Halabi S, OGUNNUBI OP, Pinto da Costa M, Ramalho R. Fear During COVID-19 pandemic: Fear of COVID-19 Scale Measurement Properties. Int J Ment Health Addict 2021; 20:2493-2502. [PMID: 34512215 PMCID: PMC8415186 DOI: 10.1007/s11469-021-00528-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Irfan Ullah
- Kabir Medical College, Gandhara University, Peshawar, Pakistan
| | | | - Ramdas Ransing
- Department of Psychiatry, BKL Walawalkar Rural Medical College, Ratnagiri, Maharashtra 415606 India
| | - Victor Pereira-Sanchez
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, USA
| | - Laura Orsolini
- Unit of Clinical Psychiatry, Department of Neurosciences/DIMSC, School of Medicine, Polytechnic University of Marche, 60126 Ancona, Italy
| | - Dorottya Ori
- Department of Mental Health, Heim Pal National Pediatric Institute, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Renato de Filippis
- Psychiatric Unit, Department of Health Sciences, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Amir H Pakpour
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Research Institute for Prevention of Non-Communicable Diseases, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Shahid Bahounar BLV, Qazvin, 3419759811 Iran
- Department of Nursing, School of Health and Welfare, Jönköping University, Jönköping, Sweden
| | - Frances Adiukwu
- Department of Mental Health, University of Port Harcourt, Port Harcourt, Rivers state Nigeria
| | - Ozge Kilic
- Department of Psychiatry, Bezmialem Vakif University, Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | | | - Sheikh Shoib
- Independent Public Health and Clinical Researcher, Mind Wellness Center, Nawab bazar, Srinagar, Kashmir India
| | | | | | | | - Elona Dashi
- Department of Neuroscience, University Hospital Center “Mother Theresa”, Tirana, Albania
| | - Umar Baba Musami
- University of Maiduguri /Federal Neuropsychiatric Hospital Maiduguri, Maiduguri, Nigeria
| | - Bita Vahdani
- Clinical Research Development Unit, 22 Bahman Hospital, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
| | - Agaah Ashrafi
- Psychiatry Department, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Roozbeh Hospital, Tehran, Iran
| | - Chonnakarn Jatchavala
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand
| | | | - Sarah El Halabi
- Psychiatry Department, Westchester Medical Center, Valhalla, New York, USA
| | | | - Mariana Pinto da Costa
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Rodrigo Ramalho
- Department of Social and Community Health, School of Population Health, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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26
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Matsushima M, Tsuno K, Okawa S, Hori A, Tabuchi T. Trust and well-being of postpartum women during the COVID-19 crisis: Depression and fear of COVID-19. SSM Popul Health 2021; 15:100903. [PMID: 34485675 PMCID: PMC8403755 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssmph.2021.100903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
During crisis, trust has been found to have a buffering effect in the prevention of the deterioration of mental well-being, as trust is considered to reflect the individual's capability to gain social resources including both formal and informal support. Additionally, during the COVID-19 pandemic, political trust has been found to reduce anxiety. Taking these findings into account, this study explores the association of generalised and political trust with mental well-being on current postpartum women who were particularly at risk due to a decline in social support leaving them an increased burden of caring newborns during the pandemic. We conducted a crosssectional survey in October 2020 in Japan (n=558). Depressive symptoms (above the cutoff of the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS)) and Fear of Coronavirus-19 Scale (FCV-19S) scores were used as mental well-being indicators. Generalised and political trust were captured by binary variables. Results of regression analyses, in which covariates were fully adjusted, showed that higher generalised trust had a statistically significant association with lower possibility of depressive symptoms and a lower FCV-19S score, while political trust was not significantly associated with either indicator. For further understanding, we divided respondents into two groups; women living in cities where higher COVID-19 cases were reported and women living in areas with lower COVID-19 cases, to test whether the role of trust differs depending on the infection spread status. It was found that a higher generalised trust was significantly associated with a lower probability of having depressive symptoms in the areas with lower COVID-19 cases. However, statistical significance was not observed in the areas with high COVID-19 cases. This highlighted that even postpartum women who were normally capable of receiving formal and informal social support need to be taken care of in the current situation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Midori Matsushima
- Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences/R&D Center for Smart Wellness City Policies, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Kanami Tsuno
- School of Health Innovation, Kanagawa University of Human Services, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Sumiyo Okawa
- Institute for Global Health Policy Research, Bureau of International Health Cooperation, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Japan
| | - Ai Hori
- Department of Global Public Health, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Takahiro Tabuchi
- Cancer Control Center, Osaka International Cancer Institute, Osaka, Japan
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27
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Kassim MAM, Pang NTP, Kamu A, Arslan G, Mohamed NH, Zainudin SP, Ayu F, Ho CM. Psychometric Properties of the Coronavirus Stress Measure with Malaysian Young Adults: Association with Psychological Inflexibility and Psychological Distress. Int J Ment Health Addict 2021; 21:819-835. [PMID: 34466131 PMCID: PMC8390072 DOI: 10.1007/s11469-021-00622-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in multiple physical and psychological stressors, which require quantification and establishment of association with other psychological process variables. The Coronavirus Stress Measure (CSM) is a validated instrument with acceptable validity and reliability. This study aimed to examine the psychometric properties of the CSM in a Malaysian population. University participants were recruited via convenience sampling using snowball methods. The reliability and validity of the Malay CSM (CSM-M) were rigorously evaluated, utilising both confirmatory factor analysis and Rasch analysis, in relation to sociodemographic variables and response to the depression, anxiety, and stress subscales of the Malay validation of the DASS-21, and also perceived stress (measured by the PSS) and psychological flexibility (AAQ-II). The sample comprised of 247 Malaysian participants. The McDonald's omega value for the Malay CSM was 0.935 indicating very good internal reliability. The CSM was significantly correlated with stress, anxiety, depression, perceived stress, and psychological flexibility. The Malay CSM properties were examined also with Rasch analysis, with satisfactory outcomes. There was positive correlated error between items 1 and 3, as well as negative correlated error between items 1 and 4. Hence, item 1 was excluded, leaving with 4 items. Confirmatory factor analysis demonstrated good data-model fit, and model fit statistics confirmed that Malay CSM showed a single-factor model. The Malay CSM hence demonstrates good validity and reliability, with both classical and modern psychometric methods demonstrating robust outcomes. It is therefore crucial in operational and research settings in establishing the true extent of stress levels as a consequence of the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Amiruddin Mohd Kassim
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Jalan UMS, 88400 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
| | - Nicholas Tze Ping Pang
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Jalan UMS, 88400 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
| | - Assis Kamu
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Jalan UMS, 88400 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
| | | | - Noor Hassline Mohamed
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Jalan UMS, 88400 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
| | - Syaza Putri Zainudin
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Jalan UMS, 88400 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
| | - Friska Ayu
- Universitas Nahdlatul Ulama Surabaya, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Chong Mun Ho
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Jalan UMS, 88400 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
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28
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Nazari N, Safitri S, Usak M, Arabmarkadeh A, Griffiths MD. Psychometric Validation of the Indonesian Version of the Fear of COVID-19 Scale: Personality Traits Predict the Fear of COVID-19. Int J Ment Health Addict 2021; 21:1-17. [PMID: 34456653 PMCID: PMC8382103 DOI: 10.1007/s11469-021-00593-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is a global health crisis that has generated fear and negative psychological consequences. The present study evaluated the validity and factor structure of Fear of COVID-19 Scale (FCV-19S) among a sample from the general Indonesian population. The English version of the FCV-19S was translated and back-translated into Indonesian language, followed by a pilot study. Using convenience sampling method, a total of 728 participants completed an online survey distributed on various social media platforms. The survey included the FCV-19S, personality traits (neuroticism and extraversion), Positive and Negative Affect Scale (PANAS), Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale (GAD-7), and the nine-item Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9). The Indonesian FCV-19S had very good internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha and McDonald's omega) and composite reliability (alpha = 0.88, omega = .86, composite reliability = .87). Maximum likelihood confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was conducted to test construct validity (χ 2/df = 2.51, CFI = .984, SRMR = .028, PCLOSE = .15 > .05, RMSEA = .06, 90% CI [.03, .09]). As for criterion-related validity, the FCV-19S score positively correlated with the score on PHQ-9, GAD-7, negative affect, and neuroticism and negatively correlated with extraversion. Negative affect was identified as the most important predictor of the fear of COVID-19. Personality traits also predicted the fear of COVID-19. The findings provide evidence that the FCV-19S is a reliable and valid instrument for assessing fear generated by COVID-19 among a healthy Indonesian-speaking population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nabi Nazari
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Human Sciences, Lorestan University, Khorramabad, Iran
| | - Shahnaz Safitri
- Department of Educational Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, Universitas Indonesia, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Muhammet Usak
- Kazan (Volga region) Federal University, Kazan, Russia
| | - Arman Arabmarkadeh
- Faculty of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mark D. Griffiths
- International Gaming Research Unit, Psychology Division, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
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29
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Makhubela M, Mashegoane S. Psychometric properties of the Fear of COVID-19 Scale amongst black South African university students. AFRICAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT 2021. [PMCID: PMC8335795 DOI: 10.4102/ajopa.v3i0.57] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has spread widely leading to a global public health crisis of a pandemic proportion. Whilst infection rates tend to fluctuate in South Africa, COVID-19 remains a life-threatening disease with the capacity to wreak fear and concern. The present study evaluated the psychometric qualities of the Fear of COVID-19 Scale (FCV-19S) amongst black South African university students (N = 433; Female: 58%; Mage = 23.51 [SD = 4.18]). The FCV-19S demonstrated a unidimensional factor structure and acceptable internal consistency (α = 0.87), Omega (ω = 0.88) and the greatest lower bound (GLB = 0.90) reliabilities. In addition, discriminant validity was demonstrated when FCV-19S items loaded separately from ordinary fear. The FCV-19S can be used as a measure of COVID-19-related fear amongst black South African university students.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malose Makhubela
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Humanities, University of Limpopo, Polokwane, South Africa
| | - Solomon Mashegoane
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Humanities, University of Limpopo, Polokwane, South Africa
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30
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Mailliez M, Griffiths MD, Carre A. Validation of the French Version of the Fear of COVID-19 Scale and Its Associations with Depression, Anxiety, and Differential Emotions. Int J Ment Health Addict 2021; 20:2057-2071. [PMID: 34335119 PMCID: PMC8300066 DOI: 10.1007/s11469-021-00499-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 crisis represents a global health concern, including mental health. Regarding the necessity to assess anxiety related to COVID-19, a scale was developed (Ahorsu et al., 2020). The goal of the present study was to validate the Fear of COVID-19 Scale (FCV-19S) in French (official language in 29 countries), and investigate its relationship with indicators of affective disturbances. The sample comprised 316 participants (271 females) recruited online during the French lockdown. They were from several regions of France. The FCV-19S underwent a forward-backward translation procedure. Its psychometric properties were evaluated with the confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). The French FCV-19S demonstrated a stable unidimensional structure with robust psychometric properties (strong internal consistency, good convergent and divergent validity, and good test-retest validity). With its robust psychometric properties in assessing the unidimensional construct of the fear of COVID-19, this scale will help to provide a better understanding of the relationship between emotions and psychological or psychiatric disorders during the pandemics in French-speaking countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mélody Mailliez
- ISAE-SUPAERO (Institut supérieur de l’aéronautique et de l’espace), University Toulouse (Université Fédérale de Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées), F-31000 Toulouse, France
| | - Mark D. Griffiths
- International Gaming Research Unit, Psychology Department, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, NGI 4FQ UK
| | - Arnaud Carre
- Univ. Savoie Mont Blanc, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, LIP/PC2S, Rue Jean-Baptiste Richard, BP1104, F-73000 Chambéry, France
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Pang NTP, Kamu A, Mohd Kassim MA, Ho CM. Monitoring the impact of Movement Control Order (MCO) in flattening the cummulative daily cases curve of Covid-19 in Malaysia: A generalized logistic growth modeling approach. Infect Dis Model 2021; 6:898-908. [PMID: 34377875 PMCID: PMC8326389 DOI: 10.1016/j.idm.2021.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION COVID-19 has affected almost every country in the world, which causing many negative implications in terms of education, economy and mental health. Worryingly, the trend of second or third wave of the pandemic has been noted in multiple regions despite early success of flattening the curve, such as in the case of Malaysia, post Sabah state election in September 2020. Hence, it is imperative to predict ongoing trend of COVID-19 to assist crucial policymaking in curbing the transmission. METHOD Generalized logistic growth modelling (GLM) approach was adopted to make prediction of growth of cases according to each state in Malaysia. The data was obtained from official Ministry of Health Malaysia daily report, starting from 26 September 2020 until 1 January 2021. RESULT Sabah, Johor, Selangor and Kuala Lumpur are predicted to exceed 10,000 cumulative cases by 2 February 2021. Nationally, the growth factor has been shown to range between 0.25 to a peak of 3.1 throughout the current Movement Control Order (MCO). The growth factor range for Sabah ranged from 1.00 to 1.25, while Selangor, the state which has the highest case, has a mean growth factor ranging from 1.22 to 1.52. The highest growth rates reported were in WP Labuan for the time periods of 22 Nov - 5 Dec 2020 with growth rates of 4.77. States with higher population densities were predicted to have higher cases of COVID-19. CONCLUSION GLM is helpful to provide governments and policymakers with accurate and helpful forecasts on magnitude of epidemic and peak time. This forecast could assist government in devising short- and long-term plan to tackle the ongoing pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Tze Ping Pang
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Jalan UMS, 88400, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
| | - Assis Kamu
- Mathematics With Economics Programme, Faculty of Science and Natural Resources, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Jalan UMS, 88400, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Amiruddin Mohd Kassim
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Jalan UMS, 88400, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
| | - Chong Mun Ho
- Mathematics With Economics Programme, Faculty of Science and Natural Resources, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Jalan UMS, 88400, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
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Pang NTP, Nold Imon G, Johoniki E, Mohd Kassim MA, Omar A, Syed Abdul Rahim SS, Hayati F, Jeffree MS, Ng JR. Fear of COVID-19 and COVID-19 Stress and Association with Sociodemographic and Psychological Process Factors in Cases under Surveillance in a Frontline Worker Population in Borneo. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:7210. [PMID: 34281147 PMCID: PMC8296931 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18137210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
COVID-19 stress and fear of COVID-19 is an increasingly researched construct in the general population. However, its prevalence and association with sociodemographic factors and psychological process variables has not been explored in frontline workers under surveillance in a Bornean population. This study was a cross-sectional study using a sociodemographic questionnaire incorporating two specific epidemiological risk variables, namely specific questions about COVID-19 surveillance status (persons under investigation (PUI), persons under surveillance (PUS), and positive cases) and the nature of frontline worker status. Furthermore, five other instruments were used, with three measuring psychopathology (namely depression, anxiety and stress, fear of COVID-19, and stress due to COVID-19) and two psychological process variables (namely psychological flexibility and mindfulness). Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney tests were performed to assess if there were significant differences in psychopathology and psychological process variables between sociodemographic and epidemiological risk variables. Hierarchical multiple regression was further performed, with depression, anxiety, and stress as dependent variables. There were significant differences in the fear of COVID-19 between positive cases, PUI, and PUS. The fear of COVID-19 scores were higher in positive cases compared to in PUS and PUI groups. Upon hierarchical multiple regression, mindfulness and psychological flexibility were significant predictors of depression, anxiety, and stress after controlling for sociodemographic and epidemiological risk factors. This study demonstrates that exposure to COVID-19 as persons under investigation or surveillance significantly increases the fear of COVID-19, and brief psychological interventions that can positively influence mindfulness and psychological flexibility should be prioritized for these at-risk groups to prevent undue psychological morbidity in the long run.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Mohd Amiruddin Mohd Kassim
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu 88400, Sabah, Malaysia; (N.T.P.P.); (G.N.I.); (E.J.); (A.O.); (S.S.S.A.R.); (F.H.); (M.S.J.); (J.R.N.)
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Lin C, Hou W, Mamun MA, Aparecido da Silva J, Broche‐Pérez Y, Ullah I, Masuyama A, Wakashima K, Mailliez M, Carre A, Chen Y, Chang K, Kuo Y, Soraci P, Scarf D, Broström A, Griffiths MD, Pakpour AH. Fear of COVID-19 Scale (FCV-19S) across countries: Measurement invariance issues. Nurs Open 2021; 8:1892-1908. [PMID: 33745219 PMCID: PMC8186712 DOI: 10.1002/nop2.855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM The threats of novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) have caused fears worldwide. The Fear of COVID-19 Scale (FCV-19S) was recently developed to assess the fear of COVID-19. Although many studies found that the FCV-19S is psychometrically sound, it is unclear whether the FCV-19S is invariant across countries. The present study aimed to examine the measurement invariance of the FCV-19S across eleven countries. DESIGN Cross-sectional study. METHODS Using data collected from prior research on Bangladesh (N = 8,550), United Kingdom (N = 344), Brazil (N = 1,843), Taiwan (N = 539), Italy (N = 249), New Zealand (N = 317), Iran (N = 717), Cuba (N = 772), Pakistan (N = 937), Japan (N = 1,079) and France (N = 316), comprising a total 15,663 participants, the present study used the multigroup confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and Rasch differential item functioning (DIF) to examine the measurement invariance of the FCV-19S across country, gender and age (children aged below 18 years, young to middle-aged adults aged between 18 and 60 years, and older people aged above 60 years). RESULTS The unidimensional structure of the FCV-19S was confirmed. Multigroup CFA showed that FCV-19S was partially invariant across country and fully invariant across gender and age. DIF findings were consistent with the findings from multigroup CFA. Many DIF items were displayed for country, few DIF items were displayed for age, and no DIF items were displayed for gender. CONCLUSION Based on the results of the present study, the FCV-19S is a good psychometric instrument to assess fear of COVID-19 during the pandemic period. Moreover, the use of FCV-19S is supported in at least ten countries with satisfactory psychometric properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chung‐Ying Lin
- Institute of Allied Health SciencesCollege of MedicineNational Cheng Kung University HospitalNational Cheng Kung UniversityTainanTaiwan
| | - Wen‐Li Hou
- College of NursingKaohsiung Medical UniversityKaohsiungTaiwan
- Department of Medical ResearchKaohsiung Medical University HospitalKaohsiungTaiwan
| | - Mohammed A. Mamun
- CHINTA Research Bangladesh (Centre for Health Innovation, Networking, Training, Action and Research ‐ Bangladesh)Savar, DhakaBangladesh
| | | | - Yunier Broche‐Pérez
- Psychology DepartmentUniversidad Central “Marta Abreu” de Las Villas Km 5 ½Santa ClaraCuba
| | - Irfan Ullah
- Kabir Medical CollegeGandhara UniversityPeshawarPakistan
| | | | | | - Mélody Mailliez
- ISAE‐SUPAERO (Institut Supérieur de l'aéronautique et de l'espace)University of ToulouseUniversité Fédérale de Toulouse Midi‐Pyrénées)ToulouseFrance
| | - Arnaud Carre
- LIP/PC2SUniversity of Savoie Mont BlancUniversity of Grenoble AlpesChambéryFrance
| | - Yu‐Pin Chen
- Department of Orthopedic SurgeryWan Fang HospitalTaipei Medical UniversityTaipeiTaiwan
- Department of Orthopedic SurgerySchool of MedicineCollege of MedicineTaipei Medical UniversityTaipeiTaiwan
| | - Kun‐Chia Chang
- Jianan Psychiatric CenterMinistry of Health and WelfareTainanTaiwan
- Department of Natural BiotechnologyNanHua UniversityChiayiTaiwan
| | - Yi‐Jie Kuo
- Department of Orthopedic SurgeryWan Fang HospitalTaipei Medical UniversityTaipeiTaiwan
- Department of Orthopedic SurgerySchool of MedicineCollege of MedicineTaipei Medical UniversityTaipeiTaiwan
| | - Paolo Soraci
- Group Cognitive Behavioral Psychology AssociationRomeItaly
| | - Damian Scarf
- Department of PsychologyUniversity of OtagoDunedinNew Zealand
| | - Anders Broström
- Department of NursingSchool of Health and WelfareJönköping UniversityJönköpingSweden
- Department of Clinical NeurophysiologyUniversity Hospital LinköpingLinköpingSweden
| | - Mark D. Griffiths
- International Gaming Research UnitPsychology DepartmentNottingham Trent UniversityNottinghamUK
| | - Amir H. Pakpour
- Department of NursingSchool of Health and WelfareJönköping UniversityJönköpingSweden
- Social Determinants of Health Research CenterResearch Institute for Prevention of Non‐Communicable DiseasesQazvin University of Medical SciencesQazvinIran
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Are older adults of Rohingya community (Forcibly Displaced Myanmar Nationals or FDMNs) in Bangladesh fearful of COVID-19? Findings from a cross-sectional study. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0253648. [PMID: 34161389 PMCID: PMC8221477 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0253648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim This study aimed to assess the fear of COVID-19 and its associates among older Rohingya (Forcibly Displaced Myanmar Nationals or FDMNs) in Bangladesh. Method We conducted a cross-sectional survey among 416 older FDMNs aged 60 years and above living in camps of Cox’s Bazar, Bangladesh. A semi-structured questionnaire was used to collect information on participants’ socio-demographic and lifestyle characteristics, pre-existing non-communicable chronic conditions, and COVID-19 related information. Level of fear was measured using the seven-item Fear of COVID-19 Scale (FCV-19S) with the cumulative score ranged from 7 to 35. A multiple linear regression examined the factors associated with fear. Results Among 416 participants aged 60 years or above, the mean fear score was 14.8 (range 8–28) and 88.9% of the participants had low fear score. Participants who were concerned about COVID-19 (β: 0.63, 95% CI: -0.26 to 1.53) and overwhelmed by COVID-19 (β: 3.54, 95% CI: 2.54 to 4.55) were significantly more likely to be fearful of COVID-19. Other factors significantly associated with higher level of fear were lesser frequency of communication during COVID-19, difficulty in obtaining food during COVID-19, perception that older adults are at highest risk of COVID-19 and receiving COVID-19 related information from Radio/television and friends/family/neighbours. Conclusions Our study highlighted that currently there little fear of COVID-19 among the older Rohingya FDMNs. This is probably due to lack of awareness of the severity of the disease in. Dissemination of public health information relevant to COVID-19 and provision of mental health services should be intensified particularly focusing on the individual who were concerned, overwhelmed or fearful of COVID-19. However, further qualitative research is advised to find out the reasons behind this.
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Al-Shannaq Y, Mohammad AA, Khader Y. Psychometric Properties of the Arabic Version of the Fear of COVID-19 Scale (FCV-19S) Among Jordanian Adults. Int J Ment Health Addict 2021; 20:3205-3218. [PMID: 34177393 PMCID: PMC8212791 DOI: 10.1007/s11469-021-00574-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
There is an urgent need to assess the impacts of the Coronavirus-19 disease (COVID-19) outbreak on mental health among the general population such as the Fear of COVID-19. The current study aimed to provide further validation of the Arabic version of the Fear of COVID-19 Scale (FCV-19S) for use among Jordanian adults. A cross-sectional study was conducted using an anonymous online survey between 1 and 12 May 2020. The forward-backward translation method was adopted to translate the FCV-19S into Arabic. The study sample included 725 Jordanian adults. The internal consistency (Cronbach's α) was 0.91 indicating excellent internal consistency. As for convergent validity, a significant positive correlation was found between the Fear of COVID-19 Scale (FCV-19S) and the three subscales of the Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale-21 (DASS-21), with the highest correlation being between the FCV-19S and the anxiety subscale (r = 0.54, p < .05), followed by the stress subscale (r = 0.51, p < .05), and lastly, the depression subscale (r = 0.46, p < .05). Construct validity was assessed using exploratory factor analysis (EFA), confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), and item response theory (IRT). The unidimensional factor structure of the FCV-19S was confirmed on the study sample. The Arabic version of the FCV-19S is a reliable and valid instrument with good psychometric properties. The use of this scale for assessing the severity of fear related to the COVID-19 pandemic among Arabic-speaking populations is recommended. The findings may guide future COVID-19-related research and further validation testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasmin Al-Shannaq
- Department of Community and Mental Health Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Anas A. Mohammad
- Department of Adult Health Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Yousef Khader
- Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
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Bharatharaj J, Alyami M, Henning MA, Alyami H, Krägeloh CU. Tamil Version of the Fear of COVID-19 Scale. Int J Ment Health Addict 2021; 20:2448-2459. [PMID: 34155437 PMCID: PMC8208065 DOI: 10.1007/s11469-021-00525-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Mohsen Alyami
- Department of Psychological Medicine, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Marcus A. Henning
- Centre of Medical and Health Sciences Education, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Hussain Alyami
- College of Medicine, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
| | - Christian U. Krägeloh
- PAIR Lab, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
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Gélinas C, Maheu C, Lavoie-Tremblay M, Richard-Lalonde M, Gallani MC, Gosselin É, Hébert M, Tchouaket Nguemeleu E, Côté J. Translation of the Fear of COVID-19 Scale into French-Canadian and English-Canadian and Validation in the Nursing Staff of Quebec. SCIENCE OF NURSING AND HEALTH PRACTICES 2021. [DOI: 10.7202/1077985ar] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: During the COVID-19 pandemic, Quebec has been one of the most affected provinces in Canada. Rising fear of COVID-19 is inevitable among healthcare workers, and a new scale was developed to measure this type of fear, the Fear of COVID-19 Scale (FCV-19S). Aims: To translate the FCV-19S into French-Canadian and English-Canadian, and to validate both versions in the nursing staff from Quebec. Methods: A cross-sectional online survey was sent to approximately 15 000 nursing staff including nurses and licensed practical nurses among those who had consented to their respective Order to be contacted for research. The forward-backward method was used to translate the FCV-19S into French-Canadian and English-Canadian. Both versions along with stress and work-related questionnaires, were used to establish validity. Results: A total of 1708 nursing staff, with a majority of women, completed the survey (1517 and 191 completed the French-Canadian and English-Canadian versions). A unidimensional scale was confirmed for both versions with Cronbach alphas of 0.90 and 0.88. Discriminative values showed higher fear levels in women, and in generation X (40-56 years old). Higher fear levels were also found in nursing staff working in long-term care facilities, provided care to COVID-19 patients who died, and those who felt less prepared to provide safe care. Convergent associations were found between fear levels, stress, work satisfaction, and turnover intention. Discussion and conclusion: A rigorous approach was used to translate the fear of COVID-19 scale into French-Canadian and English-Canadian. Both Canadian versions of the FCV-19S supported a valid unidimensional scale in Quebec nursing staff.
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Affiliation(s)
- Céline Gélinas
- Inf., Ph. D., Professeure titulaire, École des sciences infirmières Ingram, Université McGill, 680, rue Sherbrooke Ouest, 18e étage, suite 1800, Montréal, QC, Canada, H3A 2M7, Chercheuse, Centre de recherche en sciences infirmières et Institut Lady Davis, CIUSSS Centre-Ouest-de-l’Île-de-Montréal, Hôpital général juif
| | - Christine Maheu
- Inf., Ph. D., Professeure agrégée, École des sciences infirmières Ingram, Université McGill, Chercheuse, Centre universitaire de santé de McGill
| | | | - Mélissa Richard-Lalonde
- Inf., M. Sc., Ph. D.(c), École des sciences infirmières Ingram, Université McGill, Coordonnatrice de recherche clinique, Centre de recherche en sciences infirmières, CIUSSS Centre-Ouest-de l’Île-de-Montréal, Hôpital général juif
| | - Maria Cecilia Gallani
- Inf., Ph. D., Professeure titulaire, Faculté des sciences infirmières, Université Laval, Chercheuse, Centre de recherche de l’Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec
| | - Émilie Gosselin
- Inf., Ph. D., Professeure adjointe, École des sciences infirmières, Université de Sherbrooke
| | - Maude Hébert
- Inf., Ph. D., Professeure agrégée, Département des sciences infirmières, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières
| | - Eric Tchouaket Nguemeleu
- Ph. D., Professeur agrégé, Département des sciences infirmières, Université du Québec en Outaouais
| | - José Côté
- Inf., Ph. D., Professeure titulaire, Faculté des sciences infirmières, Université de Montréal, titulaire de la Chaire de recherche sur les nouvelles pratiques de soins infirmiers, Chercheuse, Centre de recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal
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Pilch I, Kurasz Z, Turska-Kawa A. Experiencing fear during the pandemic: validation of the fear of COVID-19 scale in Polish. PeerJ 2021; 9:e11263. [PMID: 33981502 PMCID: PMC8083179 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.11263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Fear of COVID-19 Scale (FCV-19S) is a brief self-report measure developed at the beginning of the coronavirus pandemic. The scale evaluates the emotional responses to COVID-19. To date, the FCV-19S has been translated and validated in about 20 languages and has been used in many published research. The current study aimed to validate the Polish version of the FCV-19S. METHOD The FCV-19S was translated into Polish using forward- and back-translation. From May 15th to June 15th 2020, a total of 708 community members (Sample 1: 383 persons, 209 females, Sample 2: 325 persons, 198 females) participated in the online study. The participants were recruited using online advertisements in social media. Participation was anonymous, voluntary, and without compensation. A confirmatory factor analysis was performed to test the one-factor structure of the FCV-19S. Then, measurement invariance was analyzed across samples, gender and age groups. To assess the validity of the scale, correlations between the FCV-19S and the remaining scales were computed. RESULTS Internal consistency of the FCV-19S was good in both samples (Cronbach's alpha 0.89 and 0.85). The CFA showed that the one-factor model fits the data well (RMSEA = 0.067, 90% CI [0.059-0.094], CFI = 0.977, TLI = 0.965, GFI = 0.986). The criteria for configural, metric, scalar and strict invariance were met for all models tested. The FCV-19S scores correlated significantly with age, subjective vulnerability to the disease, neuroticism, self-reported compliance with the pandemic measures, and three kinds of preventive behavior (i.e., social distancing, hand hygiene, and disinfecting things). CONCLUSION The Polish version of the FCV-19S had a unidimensional structure, good reliability, and correlated as predicted with other variables. With the FCV-19S and the obtained results, healthcare professionals, researchers, and the government can gain more valuable information about people who may be at risk for negative psychological outcomes during the pandemic or who are not implementing protective behavior. The tool can be used in hospitals to quickly screen the level of fear in patients and minimize its severe adverse consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irena Pilch
- Institute of Psychology, University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Zofia Kurasz
- Institute of Psychology, University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
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Belen H. Fear of COVID-19 and Mental Health: The Role of Mindfulness in During Times of Crisis. Int J Ment Health Addict 2021; 20:607-618. [PMID: 33935608 PMCID: PMC8075278 DOI: 10.1007/s11469-020-00470-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has had a significant impact on all aspects of individuals' lives, particularly their mental health due to the fear associated with the pandemic. Thus, the current study explored the relationship between the fear of COVID-19 and aspects of mental health, namely anxiety and depression, and will consider whether this relationship can be mediated by mindfulness. Data were collected from a student sample of 355 participants (71.5% female and 28.5% male) ranging between 18 and 41 years of age (M = 22.41 ± 3.27), with participants completing a fear of COVID-19 scale (FCV-19S), Mindfulness Attention and Awareness Scale (MAAS), and the anxiety and depression subscale of the Symptom Checklist-90-Revised (SCL-90-R). In terms of the results, correlational analyses indicated that fear of COVID-19 is inversely associated with mindfulness, while positive correlations were found with anxiety and depression. Structural equation modeling analyses demonstrated that mindfulness mediated the relationship between fear of COVID-19 and depression and anxiety. Associated implications are further discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hacer Belen
- Educational Sciences, Psychological Counseling and Guidance, Bursa Uludag University, Ozluce, Gorukle Campus, 16059 Nilüfer, Bursa Turkey
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Muller AE, Himmels JPW, Van de Velde S. Instruments to measure fear of COVID-19: a diagnostic systematic review. BMC Med Res Methodol 2021; 21:82. [PMID: 33892631 PMCID: PMC8064424 DOI: 10.1186/s12874-021-01262-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The COVID-19 pandemic has become a source of fear across the world. Measuring the level or significance of fear in different populations may help identify populations and areas in need of public health and education campaigns. We were interested in diagnostic tests developed to assess or diagnose COVID-19-related fear or phobia. METHODS We performed a systematic review of studies that examined instruments diagnosing or assessing fear or phobia of COVID-19 (PROSPERO registration: CRD42020197100). We utilized the Norwegian Institute of Public Health's Live map of covid-19 evidence, a database of pre-screened and pre-categorized studies. The Live map of covid-19 evidence identified references published since 1 December 2019 in MEDLINE, Embase, and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Following biweekly searches, two researchers independently categorized all studies according to topic (seven main topics, 52 subordinate topics), population (41 available groups), study design, and publication type. For this review, we assessed for eligibility all studies that had been categorized to the topic "Experiences and perceptions, consequences; social, political, economic aspects" as of 25 September 2020, in addition to hand-searching included studies' reference lists. We meta-analyzed correlation coefficients of fear scores to the most common reference tests (self-reports of anxiety, depression, and stress), and reported additional concurrent validity to other reference tests such as specific phobias. We assessed study quality using the QUADAS-2 for the minority of studies that presented diagnostic accuracy statistics. RESULTS We found 18 studies that validated fear instruments. Fifteen validated the Fear of COVID-19 scale (FCV-19S). We found no studies that proposed a diagnosis of fear of COVID-19 or a threshold of significant/clinical versus non-significant/subclinical fear. Study quality was low, with the most common potential biases related to sampling strategy and un-blinded data analysis. The FSV-19S total score correlated strongly with severe phobia (r = 0.703, 95%CI 0.634-0.761) in one study, and moderately with anxiety in a meta-analysis. CONCLUSIONS The accuracy of the FSV-19S needs to be measured further using fear-related reference instruments, and future studies need to provide cut-off scores and normative values. Further evaluation of the remaining three instruments is required.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Stijn Van de Velde
- Norwegian Institute of Public Health, PO Box 222 Skøyen, 0213, Oslo, Norway
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Sotomayor-Beltran C, Matta-Solis H, Perez-Siguas R, Matta-Solis E, Matta-Zamudio L. Fear of COVID-19 among Peruvian People Living in Disadvantaged Communities: A Cross-Sectional Study. Clin Pract Epidemiol Ment Health 2021; 17:19-25. [PMID: 34040650 PMCID: PMC8097400 DOI: 10.2174/1745017902117010019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 04/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The COVID-19 crisis is fuelling a state of fear among the human population at global level. Especially, those living in informal settlements and slums worldwide have been profoundly impacted by this pandemic. Individuals living in these places are already leading underprivileged lives. Thus, the economic and mental health problems caused by the COVID-19 crisis have further exacerbated their living standards, which has resulted, for instance, in tragedies such as suicides. OBJECTIVE In this study, we have sought to identify those individuals most at risk of displaying high levels of fear of COVID-19 in an informal settlement located in the capital city of Peru. METHODS A questionnaire was administered to 449 inhabitants living in the Carmen Alto informal settlement. The questionnaire was made up of two parts: the first one inquired about demographic data and the second part consisted of the Fear of COVID-19 Scale. RESULTS The demographic variables of age, gender, marital status, educational level, occupation, whether a relative from the household was infected with COVID-19, and whether one of them died of this showed significant differences. It could be observed as well that the groups of females, stable workers, unemployed and those having completed a workforce education are at higher odds of displaying high levels of fear of COVID-19. As expected, the groups that had either a relative infected with COVID-19 or a relative death by this had the highest levels of fear towards the virus. CONCLUSION The female participants are more likely to display higher levels of fear of COVID-19 due to the terrible effect that unfavorable events have on them. In the cases of the unemployed and stable workers, their proneness to show high levels of fear towards the virus is because they have lost their incomes, due to the loss of their jobs, and because of fear of infection, respectively. Hence, we hope that this work serves Peruvian (and other) health authorities to develop strategies that help individuals living in informal settlements and are in urgent need of mitigating mental health problems.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hernan Matta-Solis
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Ciencias y Humanidades, Lima, Peru
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Maria Auxiliadora, Lima, Peru
| | - Rosa Perez-Siguas
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Maria Auxiliadora, Lima, Peru
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Can Psychological Empowerment Prevent Emotional Disorders in Presence of Fear of COVID-19 in Health Workers? A Cross-Sectional Validation Study. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10081614. [PMID: 33920260 PMCID: PMC8068957 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10081614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The global emergency produced by COVID-19 has been a turning point for health organizations. Healthcare professionals have been exposed to high levels of stress and workload. Close contact with infected patients and the infectious capacity of COVID-19 mean that this group is especially vulnerable to contagion. In various countries, the Fear of COVID-19 Scale has been shown to be a fast and reliable tool. Early detection of fear complements clinical efforts to prevent emotional disorders. Thus, concepts focused on positive occupational health, such as Job Crafting or psychological empowerment (PE), have been examined as a tool to prevent mental health problems at work. In this work, we intended to adapt and validate the 7-item Fear of COVID-19 Scale in health workers (N = 194). The interpretation of the measurement model indicates adequate values of internal consistency reliability, and convergent and discriminant validity. The overall goodness of fit of the model was also adequate. The structural model indicates that the implementation of job crafting measures in health services leads to workers’ greater PE. High levels of anxiety and depression prevent health professionals from psychologically detaching from work. In turn, PE can reduce the emotional disorders caused by the fear of COVID-19.
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Giordani RCF, Giolo SR, Muhl C, Estavela AJ, Mabuie Gove JI. Validation of the FCV-19 Scale and Assessment of Fear of COVID-19 in the Population of Mozambique, East Africa. Psychol Res Behav Manag 2021; 14:345-354. [PMID: 33776494 PMCID: PMC7989366 DOI: 10.2147/prbm.s298948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to validate the Portuguese version of the Fear of COVID-19 Scale (FCV-19S) and investigate its association with sociodemographic and pandemic-related variables in the population of Mozambique. PARTICIPANTS AND METHODS A cross-sectional online survey recruited 387 Mozambicans aged 18 to 70 years. The psychometric properties of the Portuguese version of the FCV-19S were evaluated using confirmatory factor analysis and Rash analysis. Additionally, the association of the FCV-19S with sociodemographic and pandemic-related variables was investigated using the two-sample t-test, one-way analysis of variance, and logistic regression. RESULTS The unidimensional factor structure of the Portuguese version of the FCV-19S was confirmed, and the scale showed good internal consistency reliability. The FCV-19S properties tested from the Rasch analysis were satisfactory. Women and those with lower education levels had higher scores of fear. Moreover, significantly higher levels of fear were observed among those being in an at-risk group for COVID-19, having family members or friends diagnosed or with death confirmed by COVID-19, and not being confident that they would receive adequate care from the public health services in case of COVID-19 infection. CONCLUSION The Portuguese version of FCV-19S has strong psychometric properties and can be used to assess the fear of COVID-19 in the Portuguese-speaking population of Mozambique. As the adverse impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on mental health represents a challenge to clinical psychiatry, and information on mental health in African countries is still scarce, our findings may assist in the planning of public mental health policies, aimed mainly at specific segments of the population, such as women and people in extreme poverty.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Suely Ruiz Giolo
- Department of Statistics, Federal University of Parana, Curitiba, Parana, Brazil
| | - Camila Muhl
- Department of Psychology, FAE University, Curitiba, Parana, Brazil
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Magano J, Vidal DG, Sousa HFPE, Dinis MAP, Leite Â. Validation and Psychometric Properties of the Portuguese Version of the Coronavirus Anxiety Scale (CAS) and Fear of COVID-19 Scale (FCV-19S) and Associations with Travel, Tourism and Hospitality. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:E427. [PMID: 33430397 PMCID: PMC7827056 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18020427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Revised: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study is to determine the anxiety and fear related to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and their associations with travel, tourism and hospitality, in the Portuguese population. The Coronavirus Anxiety Scale (CAS) and Fear of COVID-19 Scale (FCV-19S) were validated for the Portuguese population and correlations with issues related to travel, tourism and hospitality were established. CAS and FCV-19S presented a good adjustment model and solid reliability and validity. Correlations between CAS and FCV-19S and the perception of the impact of COVID-19 in travel, tourism and hospitality were found. Participants considered that COVID-19 mainly affected their holidays and leisure time. However, the strongest correlation established was between total FCV-19S and emotional fear FCV-19S and the fear of attending hotel facilities. The Portuguese versions of CAS and FCV-19S are reliable psychological tools to assess anxiety and fear in relation to COVID-19 for the general population. The use of hotel facilities is the most threatening issue related to travel, tourism and hospitality. The results suggest that hotels should invest in hygiene and safety measures that allow users to regain confidence in hotel equipment.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Magano
- ISCET—Higher Institute of Business Sciences and Tourism, Rua de Cedofeita, 285, 4050-180 Porto, Portugal
- Research Center in Business and Economics (CICEE), Universidade Autónoma de Lisboa, Rua Sta. Marta 47, 5.° Andar, 1150-293 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Diogo Guedes Vidal
- UFP Energy, Environment and Health Research Unit (FP-ENAS), University Fernando Pessoa (UFP), Praça 9 de Abril 349, 4249-004 Porto, Portugal;
| | - Hélder Fernando Pedrosa e Sousa
- Department of Mathematics (DM.UTAD), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Quinta de Prados, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal;
| | - Maria Alzira Pimenta Dinis
- UFP Energy, Environment and Health Research Unit (FP-ENAS), University Fernando Pessoa (UFP), Praça 9 de Abril 349, 4249-004 Porto, Portugal;
| | - Ângela Leite
- School of Human and Social Sciences (ECHS), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Quinta de Prados, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal;
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Kassim MAM, Pang NTP, Mohamed NH, Kamu A, Ho CM, Ayu F, Rahim SSSA, Omar A, Jeffree MS. Relationship Between Fear of COVID-19, Psychopathology and Sociodemographic Variables in Malaysian Population. Int J Ment Health Addict 2021; 20:1303-1310. [PMID: 33437224 PMCID: PMC7790330 DOI: 10.1007/s11469-020-00444-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 10/29/2022] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 has affected Malaysia in multitude aspects. Although Malaysia is on the right track to flatten the curve attributed to swift and decisive actions by the government, it is important to assess the psychological after effect that caused by the pandemic and the movement control order. This study performed in Borneo, Malaysia, was conducted using principles of snowballing, and by invitation through university students and staffs mailing list to participate. The survey collected data on sociodemographic, along with measuring psychological impact by using the newly validated Malay version Fear of COVID-19 Scale and DASS-21 scale. There were a total of 255 respondents. The majority of the respondents' age was 25 years and below, with a female male ratio of 2:1 and around 70% respondents were students. Below 25-year-old age group, and females are having significantly higher levels of fear of COVID-19, depression, anxiety, and stress. Single people have higher depression level. There was a significant difference between students and non-students for depression, anxiety, and stress, but not for fear of COVID-19. It is imperative to allay the fears and psychological sequalae of COVID-19, especially those individuals at higher risks. Psychological interventions as well as telepsychiatry mobilisation could prove useful in dealing with the distress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Amiruddin Mohd Kassim
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Jalan UMS, 88400 Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia
| | - Nicholas Tze Ping Pang
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Jalan UMS, 88400 Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia
| | - Noor Hassline Mohamed
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Jalan UMS, 88400 Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia
| | - Assis Kamu
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Jalan UMS, 88400 Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia
| | - Chong Mun Ho
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Jalan UMS, 88400 Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia
| | - Friska Ayu
- Universitas Nahdlatul Ulama Surabaya, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | | | - Azizan Omar
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Jalan UMS, 88400 Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia
| | - Mohammad Saffree Jeffree
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Jalan UMS, 88400 Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia
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Duplaga M, Grysztar M. The Association between Future Anxiety, Health Literacy and the Perception of the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Cross-Sectional Study. Healthcare (Basel) 2021; 9:43. [PMID: 33466487 PMCID: PMC7824811 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare9010043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Increased anxiety related to the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic in society and specific professional groups has been reported by many authors. Most have applied tools enabling assessing the general traits of anxiety. Tools specifically designed for an assessment of anxiety or fear related to COVID-19 have also been developed. However, no study has assessed the future anxiety in relation to the pandemic. This concept was defined by Zaleski in the end of the 20th century as the state of apprehension, fear, worry, and concern regarding unfavourable changes in the more remote personal future. The aim of this study was an analysis to establish the level and the determinants of future anxiety in Polish society related to the COVID-19 pandemic three months after the introduction of the state of epidemic. The analysis reported in the paper is based on the data obtained through a web-based survey carried out on a representative sample of 1002 Polish adults aged 18-74 years. The hierarchical linear regression model was developed for the analysis of the determinants of future anxiety from the responses to a questionnaire consisting of five items. The independent variables selected for inclusion in the model, apart from sociodemographic characteristics, encompassed health literacy (HL) and ehealth literacy (eHL), perceived health threat related to COVID-19 (PHTC19), and a COVID-19-related conspiracy belief score (CCBS) derived from three items asking about the most popular conspiracy theories. The regression model developed in the final step showed that the future anxiety scale score (FASS) was significantly associated with gender, vocational status, HL, PHTC19, and CCBS. The FASS was lower among men than women (regression coefficient (B) (standard error, SE) = -1.28 (0.39), p = 0.001), among entrepreneurs or farmers rather than among employees of the public or private sector (B(SE) = -1.55, p = 0.010), in persons with a higher HL (B(SE) = -0.43 (0.06), p < 0.001). A higher FASS was observed in respondents with higher rather than lower PHTC19 (B(SE) = 1.49 (0.17), p < 0.001) and in those with a higher CCBS (B(SE) = 0.33 (0.07), p < 0.001). The model accounted for 15.2% of the variance of the FASS. In conclusion, the COVID-19 pandemic is not only a cause of increased mental symptoms, but also of increased future anxiety. Health-related measures are significantly associated with the FASS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariusz Duplaga
- Department of Health Promotion and e-Health, Institute of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Skawińska Str. 8, 31-066 Krakow, Poland;
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Elemo AS, Satici SA, Griffiths MD. The Fear of COVID-19 Scale: Psychometric Properties of the Ethiopian Amharic Version. Int J Ment Health Addict 2020; 21:878-889. [PMID: 33293906 PMCID: PMC7714254 DOI: 10.1007/s11469-020-00448-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Fear is an adaptive response that alerts individuals to the presence of a danger or threat. However, in the context of the current novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, the fear experienced could be intense because the number of victims of the virus is continuously increasing globally and is inducing severe mental health concerns. The seven-item Fear of COVID-19 Scale (FCV-19S) assesses the severity of fear related to COVID-19 and has already been validated in many languages. The present study evaluated the psychometric properties of the Amharic (Ethiopian) version of the FCV-19S. An online survey including the Amharic versions of the FCV-19S and the six-item UCLA Loneliness Scale (ULS-6) was administered to 307 Amharic-speaking participants using convenience sampling. The participants' age ranged between 18 and 70 years. In the evaluation process, confirmatory factor analysis, Item Response Theory, concurrent validity, and reliabilities (Cronbach's alpha, McDonald's omega, Guttman's lambda, and composite reliability) of the Amharic version of the FCV-19S were performed. The uni-dimensional structure of the FCV-19S was confirmed and the Amharic version of the FCV-19S had strong psychometric properties. All reliability coefficients of the Amharic FCV-19S were satisfactory, with sound concurrent validity shown by significant and positive correlations with loneliness. The results indicate that the FCV-19S can be used in research to assess the fear of COVID-19 among Amharic-speaking populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aman Sado Elemo
- Psychology Department, İstanbul Gelisim University, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Seydi Ahmet Satici
- Department of Psychological Counselling, Artvin Coruh University, Artvin, Turkey
| | - Mark D. Griffiths
- International Gaming Research Unit, Psychology Department, Nottingham Trent University, Burton Street, Nottingham, NG1 4FQ UK
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Nikopoulou VA, Holeva V, Parlapani E, Karamouzi P, Voitsidis P, Porfyri GN, Blekas A, Papigkioti K, Patsiala S, Diakogiannis I. Mental Health Screening for COVID-19: a Proposed Cutoff Score for the Greek Version of the Fear of COVID-19 Scale (FCV-19S). Int J Ment Health Addict 2020; 20:907-920. [PMID: 33199975 PMCID: PMC7654349 DOI: 10.1007/s11469-020-00414-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic elicited fear. The Fear of COVID-19 Scale (FCV-19S) is a newly developed self-reported measure, originally developed in Persian to assess COVID-19-related fear. To date, the scale has been translated and validated in 19 other languages, among which Greek. This study, conducted through an online survey, aimed to further explore the validity of the Greek FCV-19S version, as well as to identify appropriate cutoff scores. A total of 538 respondents completed the sociodemographic data sheet, the Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7-item scale, the Short Health Anxiety Inventory, and the Posttraumatic Stress Disorder-8 inventory. According to the results, a cutoff point score of 16.5 or higher revealed a significant predictive power for anxiety, health anxiety, and posttraumatic stress symptoms. Altogether, although the cutoff scores of the Greek FCV-19S version were explored to further evaluate the scale's validity, they may facilitate discrimination of adults with extreme COVID-19-related fear from those with normal fear reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- V. A. Nikopoulou
- 1st Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, General Hospital “Papageorgiou”, Ring Road Thessaloniki, N. Efkarpia, 54603 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - V. Holeva
- 1st Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, General Hospital “Papageorgiou”, Ring Road Thessaloniki, N. Efkarpia, 54603 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Eleni Parlapani
- 1st Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, General Hospital “Papageorgiou”, Ring Road Thessaloniki, N. Efkarpia, 54603 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - P. Karamouzi
- 1st Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, General Hospital “Papageorgiou”, Ring Road Thessaloniki, N. Efkarpia, 54603 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - P. Voitsidis
- 1st Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, General Hospital “Papageorgiou”, Ring Road Thessaloniki, N. Efkarpia, 54603 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - G. N. Porfyri
- 1st Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, General Hospital “Papageorgiou”, Ring Road Thessaloniki, N. Efkarpia, 54603 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - A. Blekas
- 1st Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, General Hospital “Papageorgiou”, Ring Road Thessaloniki, N. Efkarpia, 54603 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - K. Papigkioti
- 1st Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, General Hospital “Papageorgiou”, Ring Road Thessaloniki, N. Efkarpia, 54603 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - S. Patsiala
- 1st Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, General Hospital “Papageorgiou”, Ring Road Thessaloniki, N. Efkarpia, 54603 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - I. Diakogiannis
- 1st Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, General Hospital “Papageorgiou”, Ring Road Thessaloniki, N. Efkarpia, 54603 Thessaloniki, Greece
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