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Gaucher M, Juillard A, Nguyen BH, Viller N, Ernenwein C, Marion D, Brisset MN, Bakan B. Formulated hydroxy fatty acids from fruit pomaces reduce apple scab development caused by Venturia inaequalis through a dual mode of action. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 14:1322638. [PMID: 38259942 PMCID: PMC10800985 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1322638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
The outermost hydrophobic layer of plants, i.e. the cuticle, is mainly composed of cutin, a polyester of hydroxy fatty acids with reported eliciting and/or antimicrobial activities for some of them. By-products of the fruit processing industry (fruit pomaces), often strongly enriched in cuticular material, are therefore a potential source of bioactive compounds for crop protection against pathogen attack. We investigated the utilization of tomato and apple pomaces in the development of a cutin-based biocontrol solution against apple scab, a major apple disease caused by Venturia inaequalis. Several cutin monomer extracts obtained through different strategies of depolymerization and purification were first compared for their ability to induce a targeted set of defense genes in apple seedlings after foliar application. After a step of formulation, some extracts were chosen for further investigation in planta and in vitro. Our results show that formulated cutin monomers could trigger a significant transcriptome reprogramming in apple plants and exhibit an antifungal effect on V. inaequalis. Cutin monomers-treated apple seedlings were significantly protected against infection by the apple scab agent. Altogether, our findings suggest that water-dispersed cutin monomers extracted from pomaces are potential new bio-based solutions for the control of apple scab.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthieu Gaucher
- Univ Angers, Institut Agro, INRAE, IRHS, SFR QUASAV, Angers, France
| | - Anthony Juillard
- Univ Angers, Institut Agro, INRAE, IRHS, SFR QUASAV, Angers, France
| | - Bao-Huynh Nguyen
- Univ Angers, Institut Agro, INRAE, IRHS, SFR QUASAV, Angers, France
| | - Noémie Viller
- INRAE, Biopolymers Interactions Assemblies, Nantes, France SDP Rovensa Company, Laon, France
| | | | - Didier Marion
- INRAE, Biopolymers Interactions Assemblies, Nantes, France SDP Rovensa Company, Laon, France
| | | | - Bénédicte Bakan
- INRAE, Biopolymers Interactions Assemblies, Nantes, France SDP Rovensa Company, Laon, France
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2
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Zelman AK, Berkowitz GA. Plant Elicitor Peptide (Pep) Signaling and Pathogen Defense in Tomato. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:2856. [PMID: 37571010 PMCID: PMC10421127 DOI: 10.3390/plants12152856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
Endogenous signaling compounds are intermediaries in signaling pathways that plants use to respond to the perception of harmful and beneficial organisms. The plant elicitor peptides (Peps) of plants are important endogenous signaling molecules that induce elements of defense responses such as hormone production, increased expression of defensive genes, the activation of phosphorelays, and the induction of cell secondary messenger synthesis. The processes by which Peps confer resistance to pathogenic microorganisms have been extensively studied in Arabidopsis but are less known in crop plants. Tomato and many other solanaceous plants have an endogenous signaling polypeptide, systemin, that is involved in the defense against herbivorous insects and necrotrophic pathogens. This paper explores the similarity of the effects and chemical properties of Pep and systemin in tomato. Additionally, the relationship of the Pep receptor and systemin receptors is explored, and the identification of a second tomato Pep receptor in the literature is called into question. We suggest future directions for research on Pep signaling in solanaceous crops during interactions with microbes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gerald Alan Berkowitz
- Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA;
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3
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Zhang J, Ma M, Liu Y, Ismayil A. Plant Defense and Viral Counter-Defense during Plant-Geminivirus Interactions. Viruses 2023; 15:v15020510. [PMID: 36851725 PMCID: PMC9964946 DOI: 10.3390/v15020510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2023] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Geminiviruses are the largest family of plant viruses that cause severe diseases and devastating yield losses of economically important crops worldwide. In response to geminivirus infection, plants have evolved ingenious defense mechanisms to diminish or eliminate invading viral pathogens. However, increasing evidence shows that geminiviruses can interfere with plant defense response and create a suitable cell environment by hijacking host plant machinery to achieve successful infections. In this review, we discuss recent findings about plant defense and viral counter-defense during plant-geminivirus interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianhang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Phytomedicine Resource and Utilization of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China
| | - Mengyuan Ma
- Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Phytomedicine Resource and Utilization of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China
| | - Yule Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Center for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Asigul Ismayil
- Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Phytomedicine Resource and Utilization of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China
- Correspondence:
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4
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Man M, Zhu Y, Liu L, Luo L, Han X, Qiu L, Li F, Ren M, Xing Y. Defense Mechanisms of Cotton Fusarium and Verticillium Wilt and Comparison of Pathogenic Response in Cotton and Humans. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:12217. [PMID: 36293072 PMCID: PMC9602609 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232012217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cotton is an important economic crop. Fusarium and Verticillium are the primary pathogenic fungi that threaten both the quality and sustainable production of cotton. As an opportunistic pathogen, Fusarium causes various human diseases, including fungal keratitis, which is the most common. Therefore, there is an urgent need to study and clarify the resistance mechanisms of cotton and humans toward Fusarium in order to mitigate, or eliminate, its harm. Herein, we first discuss the resistance and susceptibility mechanisms of cotton to Fusarium and Verticillium wilt and classify associated genes based on their functions. We then outline the characteristics and pathogenicity of Fusarium and describe the multiple roles of human neutrophils in limiting hyphal growth. Finally, we comprehensively compare the similarities and differences between animal and plant resistance to Fusarium and put forward new insights into novel strategies for cotton disease resistance breeding and treatment of Fusarium infection in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingwu Man
- Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang 455000, China
| | - Yaqian Zhu
- Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang 455000, China
| | - Lulu Liu
- Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang 455000, China
| | - Lei Luo
- Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang 455000, China
| | - Xinpei Han
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang 455000, China
| | - Lu Qiu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China
| | - Fuguang Li
- Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang 455000, China
- Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Sanya 572000, China
| | - Maozhi Ren
- Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Sanya 572000, China
- Institute of Urban Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu 610000, China
| | - Yadi Xing
- Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang 455000, China
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5
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Hussain A, Asif N, Pirzada AR, Noureen A, Shaukat J, Burhan A, Zaynab M, Ali E, Imran K, Ameen A, Mahmood MA, Nazar A, Mukhtar MS. Genome wide study of cysteine rich receptor like proteins in Gossypium sp. Sci Rep 2022; 12:4885. [PMID: 35318409 PMCID: PMC8941122 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-08943-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Cysteine-rich receptor-like-kinases (CRKs), a transmembrane subfamily of receptor-like kinase, play crucial roles in plant adaptation. As such cotton is the major source of fiber for the textile industry, but environmental stresses are limiting its growth and production. Here, we have performed a deep computational analysis of CRKs in five Gossypium species, including G. arboreum (60 genes), G. raimondii (74 genes), G. herbaceum (65 genes), G. hirsutum (118 genes), and G. barbadense (120 genes). All identified CRKs were classified into 11 major classes and 43 subclasses with the finding of several novel CRK-associated domains including ALMT, FUSC_2, Cript, FYVE, and Pkinase. Of these, DUF26_DUF26_Pkinase_Tyr was common and had elevated expression under different biotic and abiotic stresses. Moreover, the 35 land plants comparison identified several new CRKs domain-architectures. Likewise, several SNPs and InDels were observed in CLCuD resistant G. hirsutum. The miRNA target side prediction and their expression profiling in different tissues predicted miR172 as a major CRK regulating miR. The expression profiling of CRKs identified multiple clusters with co-expression under certain stress conditions. The expression analysis under CLCuD highlighted the role of GhCRK057, GhCRK059, GhCRK058, and GhCRK081 in resistant accession. Overall, these results provided primary data for future potential functional analysis as well as a reference study for other agronomically important crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athar Hussain
- Genomics Lab, School of Food and Agricultural Sciences (SFAS), University of Management and Technology (UMT), Lahore, 54000, Pakistan.
| | - Naila Asif
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Science, University of Management and Technology (UMT), Lahore, 54000, Pakistan
| | - Abdul Rafay Pirzada
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Science, University of Management and Technology (UMT), Lahore, 54000, Pakistan
| | - Azka Noureen
- National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (NIBGE), College of Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences (PIEAS), Faisalabad, 38000, Pakistan.,PMAS-Arid Agriculture University Rawalpindi, Rawalpindi, 46300, Pakistan
| | - Javeria Shaukat
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Science, University of Management and Technology (UMT), Lahore, 54000, Pakistan
| | - Akif Burhan
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Science, University of Management and Technology (UMT), Lahore, 54000, Pakistan
| | - Madiha Zaynab
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresource & Eco-Environmental Sciences, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 51807, China
| | - Ejaz Ali
- Center of Excellence in Molecular Biology, University of Punjab, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan
| | - Koukab Imran
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Science, University of Management and Technology (UMT), Lahore, 54000, Pakistan
| | - Ayesha Ameen
- Office of Research Innovation and Commercialization, University of Management and Technology (UMT), Lahore, 54000, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Arslan Mahmood
- National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (NIBGE), College of Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences (PIEAS), Faisalabad, 38000, Pakistan
| | - Aquib Nazar
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Science, University of Management and Technology (UMT), Lahore, 54000, Pakistan
| | - M Shahid Mukhtar
- Department of Biology, the University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1300 University Blvd., Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
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6
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Abebe AM, Oh CS, Kim HT, Choi G, Seo E, Yeam I, Lee JM. QTL-Seq Analysis for Identification of Resistance Loci to Bacterial Canker in Tomato. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 12:809959. [PMID: 35154207 PMCID: PMC8826648 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.809959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial canker caused by Clavibacter michiganensis (Cm) is one of the most economically important vascular diseases causing unilateral leaf wilting, stem canker, a bird's-eye lesion on fruit, and whole plant wilting in tomato. There is no commercially available cultivar with bacterial canker resistance, and genomics-assisted breeding can accelerate the development of cultivars with enhanced resistance. Solanum lycopersicum "Hawaii 7998" was found to show bacterial canker resistance. A Quantitative trait loci (QTL)-seq was performed to identify the resistance loci using 909 F2 individuals derived from a cross between S. lycopersicum "E6203" (susceptible) and "Hawaii 7998," and a genomic region (37.24-41.15 Mb) associated with bacterial canker resistance on chromosome 6 (Rcm6) was found. To dissect the Rcm6 region, 12 markers were developed and several markers were associated with the resistance phenotypes. Among the markers, the Rcm6-9 genotype completely matched with the phenotype in the 47 cultivars. To further validate the Rcm6 as a resistance locus and the Rcm6-9 efficiency, subsequent analysis using F2 and F3 progenies was conducted. The progeny individuals with homozygous resistance allele at the Rcm6-9 showed significantly lower disease severity than those possessing homozygous susceptibility alleles. Genomes of five susceptible and two resistant cultivars were analyzed and previously known R-genes were selected to find candidate genes for Rcm6. Nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat, receptor-like kinase, and receptor-like protein were identified to have putative functional mutations and show differential expression upon the Cm infection. The DNA markers and candidate genes will facilitate marker-assisted breeding and provide genetic insight of bacterial canker resistance in tomato.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alebel Mekuriaw Abebe
- Department of Horticultural Science, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Chang-Sik Oh
- Department of Horticultural Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, South Korea
| | - Hyoung Tae Kim
- Department of Horticultural Science, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Giwon Choi
- Department of Horticultural Science, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Eunyoung Seo
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Inhwa Yeam
- Department of Horticulture and Breeding, Andong National University, Andong, South Korea
| | - Je Min Lee
- Department of Horticultural Science, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
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7
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Peng J, Wang P, Fang H, Zheng J, Zhong C, Yang Y, Yu W. Weighted Gene Co-Expression Analysis Network-Based Analysis on the Candidate Pathways and Hub Genes in Eggplant Bacterial Wilt-Resistance: A Plant Research Study. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222413279. [PMID: 34948076 PMCID: PMC8706084 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222413279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Solanum melongena L. (eggplant) bacterial wilt is a severe soil borne disease. Here, this study aimed to explore the regulation mechanism of eggplant bacterial wilt-resistance by transcriptomics with weighted gene co-expression analysis network (WGCNA). The different expression genes (DEGs) of roots and stems were divided into 21 modules. The module of interest (root: indianred4, stem: coral3) with the highest correlation with the target traits was selected to elucidate resistance genes and pathways. The selected module of roots and stems co-enriched the pathways of MAPK signalling pathway, plant pathogen interaction, and glutathione metabolism. Each top 30 hub genes of the roots and stems co-enriched a large number of receptor kinase genes. A total of 14 interesting resistance-related genes were selected and verified with quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). The qPCR results were consistent with those of WGCNA. The hub gene of EGP00814 (namely SmRPP13L4) was further functionally verified; SmRPP13L4 positively regulated the resistance of eggplant to bacterial wilt by qPCR and virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS). Our study provides a reference for the interaction between eggplants and bacterial wilt and the breeding of broad-spectrum and specific eggplant varieties that are bacterial wilt-resistant.
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8
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Gupta N, Reddy K, Bhattacharyya D, Chakraborty✉ S. Plant responses to geminivirus infection: guardians of the plant immunity. Virol J 2021; 18:143. [PMID: 34243802 PMCID: PMC8268416 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-021-01612-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Geminiviruses are circular, single-stranded viruses responsible for enormous crop loss worldwide. Rapid expansion of geminivirus diversity outweighs the continuous effort to control its spread. Geminiviruses channelize the host cell machinery in their favour by manipulating the gene expression, cell signalling, protein turnover, and metabolic reprogramming of plants. As a response to viral infection, plants have evolved to deploy various strategies to subvert the virus invasion and reinstate cellular homeostasis. MAIN BODY Numerous reports exploring various aspects of plant-geminivirus interaction portray the subtlety and flexibility of the host-pathogen dynamics. To leverage this pool of knowledge towards raising antiviral resistance in host plants, a comprehensive account of plant's defence response against geminiviruses is required. This review discusses the current knowledge of plant's antiviral responses exerted to geminivirus in the light of resistance mechanisms and the innate genetic factors contributing to the defence. We have revisited the defence pathways involving transcriptional and post-transcriptional gene silencing, ubiquitin-proteasomal degradation pathway, protein kinase signalling cascades, autophagy, and hypersensitive responses. In addition, geminivirus-induced phytohormonal fluctuations, the subsequent alterations in primary and secondary metabolites, and their impact on pathogenesis along with the recent advancements of CRISPR-Cas9 technique in generating the geminivirus resistance in plants have been discussed. CONCLUSIONS Considering the rapid development in the field of plant-virus interaction, this review provides a timely and comprehensive account of molecular nuances that define the course of geminivirus infection and can be exploited in generating virus-resistant plants to control global agricultural damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Gupta
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067 India
| | - Kishorekumar Reddy
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067 India
| | - Dhriti Bhattacharyya
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067 India
| | - Supriya Chakraborty✉
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067 India
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Billah M, Li F, Yang Z. Regulatory Network of Cotton Genes in Response to Salt, Drought and Wilt Diseases ( Verticillium and Fusarium): Progress and Perspective. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:759245. [PMID: 34912357 PMCID: PMC8666531 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.759245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
In environmental conditions, crop plants are extremely affected by multiple abiotic stresses including salinity, drought, heat, and cold, as well as several biotic stresses such as pests and pathogens. However, salinity, drought, and wilt diseases (e.g., Fusarium and Verticillium) are considered the most destructive environmental stresses to cotton plants. These cause severe growth interruption and yield loss of cotton. Since cotton crops are central contributors to total worldwide fiber production, and also important for oilseed crops, it is essential to improve stress tolerant cultivars to secure future sustainable crop production under adverse environments. Plants have evolved complex mechanisms to respond and acclimate to adverse stress conditions at both physiological and molecular levels. Recent progresses in molecular genetics have delivered new insights into the regulatory network system of plant genes, which generally includes defense of cell membranes and proteins, signaling cascades and transcriptional control, and ion uptake and transport and their relevant biochemical pathways and signal factors. In this review, we mainly summarize recent progress concerning several resistance-related genes of cotton plants in response to abiotic (salt and drought) and biotic (Fusarium and Verticillium wilt) stresses and classify them according to their molecular functions to better understand the genetic network. Moreover, this review proposes that studies of stress related genes will advance the security of cotton yield and production under a changing climate and that these genes should be incorporated in the development of cotton tolerant to salt, drought, and fungal wilt diseases (Verticillium and Fusarium).
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Affiliation(s)
- Masum Billah
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, China
| | - Fuguang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, China
- *Correspondence: Fuguang Li,
| | - Zhaoen Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, China
- Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Zhaoen Yang,
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10
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Cantila AY, Saad NSM, Amas JC, Edwards D, Batley J. Recent Findings Unravel Genes and Genetic Factors Underlying Leptosphaeria maculans Resistance in Brassica napus and Its Relatives. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 22:E313. [PMID: 33396785 PMCID: PMC7795555 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22010313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Revised: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Among the Brassica oilseeds, canola (Brassica napus) is the most economically significant globally. However, its production can be limited by blackleg disease, caused by the fungal pathogen Lepstosphaeria maculans. The deployment of resistance genes has been implemented as one of the key strategies to manage the disease. Genetic resistance against blackleg comes in two forms: qualitative resistance, controlled by a single, major resistance gene (R gene), and quantitative resistance (QR), controlled by numerous, small effect loci. R-gene-mediated blackleg resistance has been extensively studied, wherein several genomic regions harbouring R genes against L. maculans have been identified and three of these genes were cloned. These studies advance our understanding of the mechanism of R gene and pathogen avirulence (Avr) gene interaction. Notably, these studies revealed a more complex interaction than originally thought. Advances in genomics help unravel these complexities, providing insights into the genes and genetic factors towards improving blackleg resistance. Here, we aim to discuss the existing R-gene-mediated resistance, make a summary of candidate R genes against the disease, and emphasise the role of players involved in the pathogenicity and resistance. The comprehensive result will allow breeders to improve resistance to L. maculans, thereby increasing yield.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Jacqueline Batley
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia; (A.Y.C.); (N.S.M.S.); (J.C.A.); (D.E.)
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11
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Larkan NJ, Ma L, Haddadi P, Buchwaldt M, Parkin IA, Djavaheri M, Borhan MH. The Brassica napus wall-associated kinase-like (WAKL) gene Rlm9 provides race-specific blackleg resistance. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 104:892-900. [PMID: 32794614 PMCID: PMC7756564 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Revised: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
In plants, race-specific defence against microbial pathogens is facilitated by resistance (R) genes which correspond to specific pathogen avirulence genes. This study reports the cloning of a blackleg R gene from Brassica napus (canola), Rlm9, which encodes a wall-associated kinase-like (WAKL) protein, a newly discovered class of race-specific plant RLK resistance genes. Rlm9 provides race-specific resistance against isolates of Leptosphaeria maculans carrying the corresponding avirulence gene AvrLm5-9, representing only the second WAKL-type R gene described to date. The Rlm9 protein is predicted to be cell membrane-bound and while not conclusive, our work did not indicate direct interaction with AvrLm5-9. Rlm9 forms part of a distinct evolutionary family of RLK proteins in B. napus, and while little is yet known about WAKL function, the Brassica-Leptosphaeria pathosystem may prove to be a model system by which the mechanism of fungal avirulence protein recognition by WAKL-type R genes can be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J. Larkan
- Armatus Genetics IncSaskatoonSKCanada
- Agriculture & Agri‐Food CanadaSaskatoonSKCanada
| | - Lisong Ma
- Agriculture & Agri‐Food CanadaSaskatoonSKCanada
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12
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Lu LM, Yang SY, Liu L, Lu YF, Yang SM, Liu F, Ni S, Zeng FC, Ren B, Wang XY, Li LQ. Physiological and quantitative proteomic analysis of NtPRX63-overexpressing tobacco plants revealed that NtPRX63 functions in plant salt resistance. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2020; 154:30-42. [PMID: 32521442 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2020.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Revised: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
High salinity is harmful to crop yield and productivity. Peroxidases (PRXs) play crucial roles in H2O2 scavenging. In our previous study, PRX63 significantly upregulated in tobacco plants under salt stress. Thus, in order to understand the function of PRX63 in tobacco salt response, we overexpressed this gene in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.), investigated the morphological, physiological and proteomic profiles of NtPRX63-overexpressing tobacco transgenic lines and wild type. The results showed that, compared with the wild type, the transgenic tobacco plants presented enhanced salt tolerance and displayed lower ROS (reactive oxygen species), malondialdehyde (MDA) and Na+ contents; higher biomass, potassium content, soluble sugar content, and peroxidase activity; and higher expression levels of NtSOD, NtPOD and NtCAT. Protein abundance analysis revealed 123 differentially expressed proteins between the transgenic and wild-type plants. These proteins were functionally classified into 18 categories and are involved in 41 metabolic pathways. Furthermore, among the 123 proteins, eight proteins involved in the ROS-scavenging system, 12 involved in photosynthesis and energy metabolism processes, two stress response proteins, one signal transduction protein and one disulfide isomerase were significantly upregulated. Furthermore, three novel proteins that may be involved in the plant salt response were also identified. The results of our study indicate that an enhanced ROS-scavenging ability, together with the expression of proteins related to energy mobilization and the stress response, functions in the confirmed salt resistance of transgenic tobacco plants. Our data provide valuable information for research on the function of NtPRX63 in tobacco in response to abiotic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Ming Lu
- Agriculture College, Sichuan Agriculture University, Chengdu, 611130, PR China
| | - Shang-Yu Yang
- Agriculture College, Sichuan Agriculture University, Chengdu, 611130, PR China
| | - Lun Liu
- Agriculture College, Sichuan Agriculture University, Chengdu, 611130, PR China
| | - Yi-Fei Lu
- Agriculture College, Sichuan Agriculture University, Chengdu, 611130, PR China
| | - Shi-Min Yang
- Agriculture College, Sichuan Agriculture University, Chengdu, 611130, PR China
| | - Fan Liu
- Agriculture College, Sichuan Agriculture University, Chengdu, 611130, PR China
| | - Su Ni
- Agriculture College, Sichuan Agriculture University, Chengdu, 611130, PR China
| | - Fu-Chun Zeng
- Agriculture College, Sichuan Agriculture University, Chengdu, 611130, PR China
| | - Bi Ren
- Agriculture College, Sichuan Agriculture University, Chengdu, 611130, PR China
| | - Xi-Yao Wang
- Agriculture College, Sichuan Agriculture University, Chengdu, 611130, PR China
| | - Li-Qin Li
- Agriculture College, Sichuan Agriculture University, Chengdu, 611130, PR China.
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13
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Abstract
G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are the largest family of transmembrane receptors in fungi. These receptors have an important role in the transduction of extracellular signals into intracellular sites in response to diverse stimuli. They enable fungi to coordinate cell function and metabolism, thereby promoting their survival and propagation, and sense certain fundamentally conserved elements, such as nutrients, pheromones, and stress, for adaptation to their niches, environmental stresses, and host environment, causing disease and pathogen virulence. This chapter highlights the role of GPCRs in fungi in coordinating cell function and metabolism. Fungal cells sense the molecular interactions between extracellular signals. Their respective sensory systems are described here in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abd El-Latif Hesham
- Department of Genetics Faculty of Agriculture, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
| | | | | | | | - Vijai Kumar Gupta
- AgroBioSciences and Chemical & Biochemical Sciences Department, University Mohammed VI Polytechnic (UM6P), Benguerir, Morocco
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Sequencing of a Wild Apple ( Malus baccata) Genome Unravels the Differences Between Cultivated and Wild Apple Species Regarding Disease Resistance and Cold Tolerance. G3-GENES GENOMES GENETICS 2019; 9:2051-2060. [PMID: 31126974 PMCID: PMC6643876 DOI: 10.1534/g3.119.400245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Malus baccata is one of four wild apple species that can hybridize with the cultivated apple species (Malus domestica). It is widely used in high-latitude apple-producing areas as a rootstock and breeding resource because of its disease resistance, and cold tolerance. A lack of a reference genome has limited the application of M. baccata for apple breeding. We present a draft reference genome for M. baccata. The assembled sequence consisting of 665 Mb, with a scaffold N50 value of 452 kb, included transposable elements (413 Mb) and 46,114 high-quality protein-coding genes. According to a genetic map derived from 390 sibling lines, 72% of the assembly and 85% of the putative genes were anchored to 17 linkage groups. Many of the M. baccata genes under positive selection pressure were associated with plant–pathogen interaction pathways. We identified 2,345 Transcription factor-encoding genes in 58 families in the M. baccata genome. Genes related to disease defense and cold tolerance were also identified. A total of 462 putative nucleotide-binding site (NBS)-leucine-rich-repeat (LRR) genes, 177 Receptor-like kinase (RLK) and 51 receptor-like proteins (RLP) genes were identified in this genome assembly. The M. baccata genome contained 3978 cold-regulated genes, and 50% of these gene promoter containing DREB motif which can be induced by CBF gene. We herein present the first M. baccata genome assembly, which may be useful for exploring genetic variations in diverse apple germplasm, and for facilitating marker-assisted breeding of new apple cultivars exhibiting resistance to disease and cold stress.
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DNA Methylation Analysis of the Citrullus lanatus Response to Cucumber Green Mottle Mosaic Virus Infection by Whole-Genome Bisulfite Sequencing. Genes (Basel) 2019; 10:genes10050344. [PMID: 31067797 PMCID: PMC6562589 DOI: 10.3390/genes10050344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Revised: 05/01/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
DNA methylation is an important epigenetic mark associated with plant immunity, butlittle is known about its roles in viral infection of watermelon. We carried out whole-genomebisulfite sequencing of watermelon leaves at 0 h (ck), 48 h, and 25 days post-inoculation withCucumber green mottle mosaic virus (CGMMV). The number of differentially methylated regions(DMRs) increased during CGMMV infection and 2788 DMR-associated genes (DMGs) werescreened out among three libraries. Most DMRs and DMGs were obtained under the CHH context.These DMGs were significantly enriched in the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG)pathways of secondary biosynthesis and metabolism, plant-pathogen interactions, Toll-likereceptor signaling, and ABC transporters. Additionally, DMGs encoding PR1a, CaMs, calciumbindingprotein, RIN4, BAK1, WRKYs, RBOHs, STKs, and RLPs/RLKs were involved in thewatermelon-CGMMV interaction and signaling. The association between DNA methylation andgene expression was analyzed by RNA-seq and no clear relationship was detected. Moreover,downregulation of genes in the RdDM pathway suggested the reduced RdDM-directed CHHmethylation plays an important role in antiviral defense in watermelon. Our findings providegenome-wide DNA methylation profiles of watermelon and will aid in revealing the molecularmechanism in response to CGMMV infection at the methylation level.
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Raad M, Glare TR, Brochero HL, Müller C, Rostás M. Transcriptional Reprogramming of Arabidopsis thaliana Defence Pathways by the Entomopathogen Beauveria bassiana Correlates With Resistance Against a Fungal Pathogen but Not Against Insects. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:615. [PMID: 30984142 PMCID: PMC6449843 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.00615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana can adopt an endophytic lifestyle by colonising a wide array of plant species. Beauveria-colonised plants can show enhanced resistance against insects and plant pathogens alike. However, little is known about the molecular and physiological mechanisms that govern such interactions. Here, we assessed the effects of two B. bassiana strains (BG11, FRh2) on the growth of Arabidopsis thaliana and its resistance against two herbivore species and a phytopathogen. Plant responses were studied on the transcriptomic and metabolic level using microarrays and by measuring changes in defence-related phytohormones and glucosinolates (GLSs). Root inoculation with B. bassiana BG11 significantly increased plant growth, while FRh2 had no such effect. Both Beauveria strains decreased leaf lesion area caused by the phytopathogen Sclerotinia sclerotiorum but did not affect population growth of the aphid Myzus persicae or the growth of Plutella xylostella caterpillars. Microarray analyses of leaves from endophyte-inoculated A. thaliana provided evidence for transcriptional reprogramming of plant defence pathways, with strain-specific changes in the expression of genes related to pathogenesis, phytoalexin, jasmonic (JA), and salicylic acid (SA) signalling pathways. However, B. bassiana colonisation did not result in higher concentrations of JA and SA or major changes in leaf GLS profiles. We conclude that the endophyte B. bassiana induces plant defence responses and hypothesise that these contribute to enhanced resistance against S. sclerotiorum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maya Raad
- Bio-Protection Research Centre, Lincoln University, Lincoln, New Zealand
| | - Travis R Glare
- Bio-Protection Research Centre, Lincoln University, Lincoln, New Zealand
| | - Helena L Brochero
- Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Caroline Müller
- Department of Chemical Ecology, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Michael Rostás
- Bio-Protection Research Centre, Lincoln University, Lincoln, New Zealand.,Department of Crop Sciences, Agricultural Entomology, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
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17
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Sun Y, Fan M, He Y. Transcriptome Analysis of Watermelon Leaves Reveals Candidate Genes Responsive to Cucumber green mottle mosaic virus Infection. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20030610. [PMID: 30708960 PMCID: PMC6387395 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20030610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Revised: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Cucumber green mottle mosaic virus (CGMMV) is a member of the genus Tobamovirus, which cause diseases in cucurbits, especially watermelon. In watermelon, symptoms develop on the whole plant, including leaves, stems, peduncles, and fruit. To better understand the molecular mechanisms of watermelon early responses to CGMMV infection, a comparative transcriptome analysis of 24 h CGMMV-infected and mock-inoculated watermelon leaves was performed. A total of 1641 differently expressed genes (DEGs) were identified, with 886 DEGs upregulated and 755 DEGs downregulated after CGMMV infection. A functional analysis indicated that the DEGs were involved in photosynthesis, plant⁻pathogen interactions, secondary metabolism, and plant hormone signal transduction. In addition, a few transcription factor families, including WRKY, MYB, HLH, bZIP and NAC, were responsive to the CGMMV-induced stress. To confirm the high-throughput sequencing results, 15 DEGs were validated by qRT-PCR analysis. The results provide insights into the identification of candidate genes or pathways involved in the responses of watermelon leaves to CGMMV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuyan Sun
- Institute of Vegetables, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China.
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100081, China.
| | - Min Fan
- Institute of Vegetables, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China.
| | - Yanjun He
- Institute of Vegetables, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China.
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18
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Kim B, Hwang IS, Lee HJ, Lee JM, Seo E, Choi D, Oh CS. Identification of a molecular marker tightly linked to bacterial wilt resistance in tomato by genome-wide SNP analysis. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2018; 131:1017-1030. [PMID: 29352323 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-018-3054-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Accepted: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Genotyping of disease resistance to bacterial wilt in tomato by a genome-wide SNP analysis Bacterial wilt caused by Ralstonia pseudosolanacearum is one of the destructive diseases in tomato. The previous studies have identified Bwr-6 (chromosome 6) and Bwr-12 (chromosome 12) loci as the major quantitative trait loci (QTLs) contributing to resistance against bacterial wilt in tomato cultivar 'Hawaii7996'. However, the genetic identities of two QTLs have not been uncovered yet. In this study, using whole-genome resequencing, we analyzed genome-wide single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that can distinguish a resistant group, including seven tomato varieties resistant to bacterial wilt, from a susceptible group, including two susceptible to the same disease. In total, 5259 non-synonymous SNPs were found between the two groups. Among them, only 265 SNPs were located in the coding DNA sequences, and the majority of these SNPs were located on chromosomes 6 and 12. The genes that both carry SNP(s) and are near Bwr-6 and Bwr-12 were selected. In particular, four genes in chromosome 12 encode putative leucine-rich repeat (LRR) receptor-like proteins. SNPs within these four genes were used to develop SNP markers, and each SNP marker was validated by a high-resolution melting method. Consequently, one SNP marker, including a functional SNP in a gene, Solyc12g009690.1, could efficiently distinguish tomato varieties resistant to bacterial wilt from susceptible varieties. These results indicate that Solyc12g009690.1, the gene encoding a putative LRR receptor-like protein, might be tightly linked to Bwr-12, and the SNP marker developed in this study will be useful for selection of tomato cultivars resistant to bacterial wilt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boyoung Kim
- Department of Horticultural Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, 17104, South Korea
| | - In Sun Hwang
- Department of Horticultural Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, 17104, South Korea
| | - Hyung Jin Lee
- Department of Horticultural Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, 17104, South Korea
| | - Je Min Lee
- Department of Horticultural Science, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, South Korea
| | - Eunyoung Seo
- Department of Plant Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, South Korea
| | - Doil Choi
- Department of Plant Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, South Korea
| | - Chang-Sik Oh
- Department of Horticultural Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, 17104, South Korea.
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Baghban Kohnehrouz B, Bastami M, Nayeri S. In Silico Identification of Novel microRNAs and Targets Using EST Analysis in Allium cepa L. Interdiscip Sci 2017; 10:771-780. [PMID: 28660536 DOI: 10.1007/s12539-017-0240-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2016] [Revised: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
microRNAs (miRNAs) are a newly discovered class of non-coding small RNAs roughly 22 nucleotides long. Increasing evidence has shown that miRNAs play multiple roles in biological processes, including development, cell proliferation, apoptosis and stress responses. The identification of miRNAs and their targets is an important need to understand their roles in the development and physiology of sweet onion (Allium cepa). In this research, several computational approaches were combined to make concise prediction of the potential miRNAs and their targets. We used previously known miRNAs from other plant species against Expressed Sequence Tags (EST) database to search for the potential miRNAs. As a result, nine potential miRNAs were identified in eight ESTs of A. cepa, belonging to eight families. We could further BLAST the mRNA database and found total 154 number of the potential targets in A. cepa based on these potential miRNAs. According to the mRNA target information provided by NCBI, most of the target mRNAs appeared to be involved in plant growth, signal transduction, development, and stress responses. Gene ontology (GO) analysis implicated these targets in 32 biological processes such as protein ubiquitination, plant hormone signalling pathways and heme biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Meysam Bastami
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Faculty of Engineering, Imam Khomeini International University, 34149, Qazvin, Iran
| | - Shahnoush Nayeri
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of New Technologies and Energy Engineering, Shahid Beheshti University, 19839, Tehran, Iran
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20
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Petit-Houdenot Y, Fudal I. Complex Interactions between Fungal Avirulence Genes and Their Corresponding Plant Resistance Genes and Consequences for Disease Resistance Management. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:1072. [PMID: 28670324 PMCID: PMC5472840 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.01072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2017] [Accepted: 06/02/2017] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
During infection, pathogens secrete an arsenal of molecules, collectively called effectors, key elements of pathogenesis which modulate innate immunity of the plant and facilitate infection. Some of these effectors can be recognized directly or indirectly by resistance (R) proteins from the plant and are then called avirulence (AVR) proteins. This recognition usually triggers defense responses including the hypersensitive response and results in resistance of the plant. R-AVR gene interactions are frequently exploited in the field to control diseases. Recently, the availability of fungal genomes has accelerated the identification of AVR genes in plant pathogenic fungi, including in fungi infecting agronomically important crops. While single AVR genes recognized by their corresponding R gene were identified, more and more complex interactions between AVR and R genes are reported (e.g., AVR genes recognized by several R genes, R genes recognizing several AVR genes in distinct organisms, one AVR gene suppressing recognition of another AVR gene by its corresponding R gene, two cooperating R genes both necessary to recognize an AVR gene). These complex interactions were particularly reported in pathosystems showing a long co-evolution with their host plant but could also result from the way agronomic crops were obtained and improved (e.g., through interspecific hybridization or introgression of resistance genes from wild related species into cultivated crops). In this review, we describe some complex R-AVR interactions between plants and fungi that were recently reported and discuss their implications for AVR gene evolution and R gene management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohann Petit-Houdenot
- UMR BIOGER, Institut National De La Recherche Agronomique, AgroParisTech, Université Paris SaclayThiverval-Grignon, France
| | - Isabelle Fudal
- UMR BIOGER, Institut National De La Recherche Agronomique, AgroParisTech, Université Paris SaclayThiverval-Grignon, France
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21
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Chen Y, Yin H, Gao M, Zhu H, Zhang Q, Wang Y. Comparative Transcriptomics Atlases Reveals Different Gene Expression Pattern Related to Fusarium Wilt Disease Resistance and Susceptibility in Two Vernicia Species. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:1974. [PMID: 28083008 PMCID: PMC5186792 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2016] [Accepted: 12/13/2016] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Vernicia fordii (tung oil tree) is a promising industrial crop. Unfortunately, the devastating Fusarium wilt disease has caused its great losses, while its sister species (Vernicia montana) is remarkably resistant to this pathogen. However, the genetic mechanisms underlying this difference remain largely unknown. We here generated comparative transcriptomic atlases for different stages of Fusarium oxysporum infected Vernicia root. The transcriptomes of V. fordii and V. montana were assembled de novo and contained 258,430 and 245,240 non-redundant transcripts with N50 values of 1776 and 2452, respectively. A total of 44,310 pairs of putative one-to-one orthologous genes were identified in Vernicia species. Overall, the vast majority of orthologous genes shared a remarkably similar expression mode. The expression patterns of a small set of genes were further validated by quantitative real-time PCR. Moreover, 157 unigenes whose expression significantly correlated between the two species were defined, and gene set enrichment analysis indicated roles in increased defense response and in jasmonic and salicylic acid signaling responses during pathogen attack. Co-expression network analysis further identified the 17 hub unigenes, such as the serine/threonine protein kinase D6PK, leucine-rich repeat receptor-like kinase (LRR-RLK), and EREBP transcription factor, which play essential roles in plant pathogen resistance. Intriguingly, the expression of most hub genes differed significantly between V. montana and V. fordii. Based on our results, we propose a model to describe the major molecular reactions that underlie the defense responses of resistant V. montana to F. oxysporum. These data represent a crucial step toward breeding more pathogen-resistant V. fordii.
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22
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Larkan NJ, Ma L, Borhan MH. The Brassica napus receptor-like protein RLM2 is encoded by a second allele of the LepR3/Rlm2 blackleg resistance locus. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2015; 13:983-92. [PMID: 25644479 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.12341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2014] [Revised: 12/15/2014] [Accepted: 12/19/2014] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Leucine-rich repeat receptor-like proteins (LRR-RLPs) are highly adaptable parts of the signalling apparatus for extracellular detection of plant pathogens. Resistance to blackleg disease of Brassica spp. caused by Leptosphaeria maculans is largely governed by host race-specific R-genes, including the LRR-RLP gene LepR3. The blackleg resistance gene Rlm2 was previously mapped to the same genetic interval as LepR3. In this study, the LepR3 locus of the Rlm2 Brassica napus line 'Glacier DH24287' was cloned, and B. napus transformants were analysed for recovery of the Rlm2 phenotype. Multiple B. napus, B. rapa and B. juncea lines were assessed for sequence variation at the locus. Rlm2 was found to be an allelic variant of the LepR3 LRR-RLP locus, conveying race-specific resistance to L. maculans isolates harbouring AvrLm2. Several defence-related LRR-RLPs have previously been shown to associate with the RLK SOBIR1 to facilitate defence signalling. Bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC) and co-immunoprecipitation of RLM2-SOBIR1 studies revealed that RLM2 interacts with SOBIR1 of Arabidopsis thaliana when co-expressed in Nicotiana benthamiana. The interaction of RLM2 with AtSOBIR1 is suggestive of a conserved defence signalling pathway between B. napus and its close relative A. thaliana.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J Larkan
- Saskatoon Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Lisong Ma
- Saskatoon Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
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23
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Investigating the Association between Flowering Time and Defense in the Arabidopsis thaliana-Fusarium oxysporum Interaction. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0127699. [PMID: 26034991 PMCID: PMC4452756 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0127699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2015] [Accepted: 04/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants respond to pathogens either by investing more resources into immunity which is costly to development, or by accelerating reproductive processes such as flowering time to ensure reproduction occurs before the plant succumbs to disease. In this study we explored the link between flowering time and pathogen defense using the interaction between Arabidopsis thaliana and the root infecting fungal pathogen Fusarium oxysporum. We report that F. oxysporum infection accelerates flowering time and regulates transcription of a number of floral integrator genes, including FLOWERING LOCUS C (FLC), FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT) and GIGANTEA (GI). Furthermore, we observed a positive correlation between late flowering and resistance to F. oxysporum in A. thaliana natural ecotypes. Late-flowering gi and autonomous pathway mutants also exhibited enhanced resistance to F. oxysporum, supporting the association between flowering time and defense. However, epistasis analysis showed that accelerating flowering time by deletion of FLC in fve-3 or fpa-7 mutants did not alter disease resistance, suggesting that the effect of autonomous pathway on disease resistance occurs independently from flowering time. Indeed, RNA-seq analyses suggest that fve-3 mediated resistance to F. oxysporum is most likely a result of altered defense-associated gene transcription. Together, our results indicate that the association between flowering time and pathogen defense is complex and can involve both pleiotropic and direct effects.
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Klemptner RL, Sherwood JS, Tugizimana F, Dubery IA, Piater LA. Ergosterol, an orphan fungal microbe-associated molecular pattern (MAMP). MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2014; 15:747-61. [PMID: 24528492 PMCID: PMC6638689 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Fungal pathogens continue to pose a significant threat to crop production and food supply. The early stages of plant-fungus interactions are mostly mediated by microbe-associated molecular pattern (MAMP) molecules, perceived by plant pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). Currently, the identified fungal MAMP molecules include chitin, chitosan, β-glucans, elicitins and ergosterol. Although the molecular battles between host plants and infecting fungal phytopathogens have been studied extensively, many aspects still need to be investigated to obtain a holistic understanding of the intrinsic mechanisms, which is paramount in combating fungal plant diseases. Here, an overview is given of the most recent findings concerning an 'orphan' fungal MAMP molecule, ergosterol, and we present what is currently known from a synopsis of different genes, proteins and metabolites found to play key roles in induced immune responses in plant-fungus interactions. Clearly, integrative investigations are still needed to provide a comprehensive systems-based understanding of the dynamics associated with molecular mechanisms in plant-ergosterol interactions and associated host responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robyn L Klemptner
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, 2006, South Africa
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25
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Zhang W, Fraiture M, Kolb D, Löffelhardt B, Desaki Y, Boutrot FF, Tör M, Zipfel C, Gust AA, Brunner F. Arabidopsis receptor-like protein30 and receptor-like kinase suppressor of BIR1-1/EVERSHED mediate innate immunity to necrotrophic fungi. THE PLANT CELL 2013; 25:4227-41. [PMID: 24104566 PMCID: PMC3877809 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.113.117010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2013] [Revised: 08/03/2013] [Accepted: 09/20/2013] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Effective plant defense strategies rely in part on the perception of non-self determinants, so-called microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs), by transmembrane pattern recognition receptors leading to MAMP-triggered immunity. Plant resistance against necrotrophic pathogens with a broad host range is complex and yet not well understood. Particularly, it is unclear if resistance to necrotrophs involves pattern recognition receptors. Here, we partially purified a novel proteinaceous elicitor called sclerotinia culture filtrate elicitor1 (SCFE1) from the necrotrophic fungal pathogen Sclerotinia sclerotiorum that induces typical MAMP-triggered immune responses in Arabidopsis thaliana. Analysis of natural genetic variation revealed five Arabidopsis accessions (Mt-0, Lov-1, Lov-5, Br-0, and Sq-1) that are fully insensitive to the SCFE1-containing fraction. We used a forward genetics approach and mapped the locus determining SCFE1 sensitivity to receptor-like protein30 (RLP30). We also show that SCFE1-triggered immune responses engage a signaling pathway dependent on the regulatory receptor-like kinases brassinosteroid insensitive1-associated receptor kinase1 (BAK1) and Suppressor of BIR1-1/evershed (SOBIR1/EVR). Mutants of RLP30, BAK1, and SOBIR1 are more susceptible to S. sclerotiorum and the related fungus Botrytis cinerea. The presence of an elicitor in S. sclerotiorum evoking MAMP-triggered immune responses and sensed by RLP30/SOBIR1/BAK1 demonstrates the relevance of MAMP-triggered immunity in resistance to necrotrophic fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiguo Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry, Center for Plant Molecular Biology, Eberhard Karls University, D-72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Malou Fraiture
- Department of Biochemistry, Center for Plant Molecular Biology, Eberhard Karls University, D-72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Dagmar Kolb
- Department of Biochemistry, Center for Plant Molecular Biology, Eberhard Karls University, D-72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Birgit Löffelhardt
- Department of Biochemistry, Center for Plant Molecular Biology, Eberhard Karls University, D-72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Yoshitake Desaki
- Department of Biochemistry, Center for Plant Molecular Biology, Eberhard Karls University, D-72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | | | - Mahmut Tör
- National Pollen and Aerobiology Research Unit, Institute of Science and the Environment, University of Worcester, Worcester WR2 6AJ, United Kingdom
| | - Cyril Zipfel
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
| | - Andrea A. Gust
- Department of Biochemistry, Center for Plant Molecular Biology, Eberhard Karls University, D-72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Frédéric Brunner
- Department of Biochemistry, Center for Plant Molecular Biology, Eberhard Karls University, D-72076 Tuebingen, Germany
- Address correspondence to
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Sun XL, Yu QY, Tang LL, Ji W, Bai X, Cai H, Liu XF, Ding XD, Zhu YM. GsSRK, a G-type lectin S-receptor-like serine/threonine protein kinase, is a positive regulator of plant tolerance to salt stress. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2013; 170:505-15. [PMID: 23276523 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2012.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2012] [Revised: 11/13/2012] [Accepted: 11/17/2012] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Receptor-like protein kinases (RLKs) play vital roles in sensing outside signals, yet little is known about RLKs functions and roles in stress signal perception and transduction in plants, especially in wild soybean. Through the microarray analysis, GsSRK was identified as an alkaline (NaHCO3)-responsive gene, and was subsequently isolated from Glycine soja by homologous cloning. GsSRK encodes a 93.22kDa protein with a highly conserved serine/threonine protein kinase catalytic domain, a G-type lectin region, and an S-locus region. Real-time PCR results showed that the expression levels of GsSRK were largely induced by ABA, salt, and drought stresses. Over expression of GsSRK in Arabidopsis promoted seed germination, as well as primary root and rosette leaf growth during the early stages of salt stress. Compared to the wild type Arabidopsis, GsSRK overexpressors exhibited enhanced salt tolerance and higher yields under salt stress, with higher chlorophyll content, lower ion leakage, higher plant height, and more siliques at the adult developmental stage. Our studies suggest that GsSRK plays a crucial role in plant response to salt stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Li Sun
- Plant Bioengineering Laboratory, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China.
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Larkan NJ, Lydiate DJ, Parkin IAP, Nelson MN, Epp DJ, Cowling WA, Rimmer SR, Borhan MH. The Brassica napus blackleg resistance gene LepR3 encodes a receptor-like protein triggered by the Leptosphaeria maculans effector AVRLM1. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2013; 197:595-605. [PMID: 23206118 DOI: 10.1111/nph.12043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2012] [Accepted: 10/05/2012] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
LepR3, found in the Brassica napus cv 'Surpass 400', provides race-specific resistance to the fungal pathogen Leptosphaeria maculans, which was overcome after great devastation in Australia in 2004. We investigated the LepR3 locus to identify the genetic basis of this resistance interaction. We employed a map-based cloning strategy, exploiting collinearity with the Arabidopsis thaliana and Brassica rapa genomes to enrich the map and locate a candidate gene. We also investigated the interaction of LepR3 with the L. maculans avirulence gene AvrLm1 using transgenics. LepR3 was found to encode a receptor-like protein (RLP). We also demonstrated that avirulence towards LepR3 is conferred by AvrLm1, which is responsible for both the Rlm1 and LepR3-dependent resistance responses in B. napus. LepR3 is the first functional B. napus disease resistance gene to be cloned. AvrLm1's interaction with two independent resistance loci, Rlm1 and LepR3, highlights the need to consider redundant phenotypes in 'gene-for-gene' interactions and offers an explanation as to why LepR3 was overcome so rapidly in parts of Australia.
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Affiliation(s)
- N J Larkan
- Saskatoon Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 107 Science Place, Saskatoon, SK, Canada, S7N 0X2
- School of Plant Biology, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - D J Lydiate
- Saskatoon Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 107 Science Place, Saskatoon, SK, Canada, S7N 0X2
| | - I A P Parkin
- Saskatoon Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 107 Science Place, Saskatoon, SK, Canada, S7N 0X2
| | - M N Nelson
- School of Plant Biology, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia
- The UWA Institute of Agriculture, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - D J Epp
- Saskatoon Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 107 Science Place, Saskatoon, SK, Canada, S7N 0X2
| | - W A Cowling
- The UWA Institute of Agriculture, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - S R Rimmer
- Saskatoon Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 107 Science Place, Saskatoon, SK, Canada, S7N 0X2
| | - M H Borhan
- Saskatoon Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 107 Science Place, Saskatoon, SK, Canada, S7N 0X2
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Bagnaresi P, Biselli C, Orrù L, Urso S, Crispino L, Abbruscato P, Piffanelli P, Lupotto E, Cattivelli L, Valè G. Comparative transcriptome profiling of the early response to Magnaporthe oryzae in durable resistant vs susceptible rice (Oryza sativa L.) genotypes. PLoS One 2012; 7:e51609. [PMID: 23251593 PMCID: PMC3520944 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0051609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2012] [Accepted: 11/02/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Durable resistance to blast, the most significant fungal disease of rice, represents an agronomically relevant character. Gigante Vercelli (GV) and Vialone Nano (VN) are two old temperate japonica Italian rice cultivars with contrasting response to blast infection: GV displays durable and broad resistance while VN is highly susceptible. RNA-seq was used to dissect the early molecular processes deployed during the resistance response of GV at 24 h after blast inoculation. Differential gene expression analysis identified 1,070 and 1,484 modulated genes, of which 726 and 699 were up regulated in response to infection in GV and VN, respectively. Gene ontology (GO) enrichment analyses revealed a set of GO terms enriched in both varieties but, despite this commonality, the gene sets contributing to common GO enriched terms were dissimilar. The expression patterns of genes grouped in GV-specific enriched GO terms were examined in detail including at the transcript isoform level. GV exhibited a dramatic up-regulation of genes encoding diterpene phytoalexin biosynthetic enzymes, flavin-containing monooxygenase, class I chitinase and glycosyl hydrolase 17. The sensitivity and high dynamic range of RNA-seq allowed the identification of genes critically involved in conferring GV resistance during the early steps of defence perception-signalling. These included chitin oligosaccharides sensing factors, wall associated kinases, MAPK cascades and WRKY transcription factors. Candidate genes with expression patterns consistent with a potential role as GV-specific functional resistance (R) gene(s) were also identified. This first application of RNA-seq to dissect durable blast resistance supports a crucial role of the prompt induction of a battery of responses including defence-related genes as well as members of gene families involved in signalling and pathogen-related gene expression regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Bagnaresi
- Consiglio per la Ricerca e la Sperimentazione in Agricoltura-Genomics Research Centre, Fiorenzuola d’Arda, Piacenza, Italy
| | - Chiara Biselli
- Consiglio per la Ricerca e la Sperimentazione in Agricoltura-Rice Research Unit, Vercelli, Italy
| | - Luigi Orrù
- Consiglio per la Ricerca e la Sperimentazione in Agricoltura-Genomics Research Centre, Fiorenzuola d’Arda, Piacenza, Italy
| | - Simona Urso
- Consiglio per la Ricerca e la Sperimentazione in Agricoltura-Genomics Research Centre, Fiorenzuola d’Arda, Piacenza, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Elisabetta Lupotto
- Consiglio per la Ricerca e la Sperimentazione in Agricoltura-Department of Plant Biology and Crop Production, Roma, Italy
| | - Luigi Cattivelli
- Consiglio per la Ricerca e la Sperimentazione in Agricoltura-Genomics Research Centre, Fiorenzuola d’Arda, Piacenza, Italy
| | - Giampiero Valè
- Consiglio per la Ricerca e la Sperimentazione in Agricoltura-Genomics Research Centre, Fiorenzuola d’Arda, Piacenza, Italy
- Consiglio per la Ricerca e la Sperimentazione in Agricoltura-Rice Research Unit, Vercelli, Italy
- * E-mail:
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